AMTE 116

Lesson 1 - Reciprocating
Engine
Introduction to Reciprocating Engine

- The early days before someone

invented engine, one of the Piston Engine
limiting factor of aircraft - 1860
development is the lack of - First concept na ginamit
efficient and practical propulsion - Uses two propulsion
system (chain of mechanism or system/source; has electrical
composed of systems that and uses fuel (parang hybrid)
provides a propelling motion to
the engine or vehicle)
- Aircraft development is limited
throughout history because of the
lack of efficient and practical
engine (example is what
Leonardo da Vinci made; Aerial
Screw 1483; doesn’t have any
practical use; concept is like a
helicopter doesn’t use engine; in - Cylinder that contains the piston
order to have power, may - Wheels convert to rotational to
humans) gravitational force
- 15 years late after Lenoir’s
engine
- Four-stroke, five-event cycle
 (commonly called/slang term as
piston engine)
- Example of internal heat engine
(picture); happening inside the
engine at the middle

Heat engine

- Convert to heat energy to

mechanical energy
- By combustion of fuel and air;
heat energy is transferred to the
piston - In order to be skillful sa field,
- Either internal (combustion having an understanding of its
process takes place INSIDE the operating principles will make you
combustion) and external a better maintenance technician.
(combustion process takes place - Once you know the names, you
OUTSIDE the engine; commonly can also know how to maintain
ginagamit for trains) and also know the purpose

- In the head of each cylinder, dun

nakalagay yung spark plugs
Reciprocating Engine (one, two or three; mostly one or
two) plugs and valves (dalawa or
- Kaya tinawag because of its
apat)
movement inside the engine;
moving back and forth or
reciprocating
- Can be called piston engine
because it has a piston
MAJOR COMPONENTS - Crankshaft
● Transforms heat energy to
rotational or mechanical
energy

- Crankcase (color brown)

● Kung saan nakaconnect Crankcase
yung cylinder; holds the
- Like our skeletal body; holds the
crankshaft
major components
- Cylinders (silindro)
- Dito nilalagay yung cylinder
● Nakalocate yung piston
- Yung butas doon nilalagay piston
(up and down) and
and connecting rod
connecting rod which
- Houses or encloses the
holds the piston
crankshaft; nagsisilbing
- Pistons
enclosure for the major
● It is inside the cylinder
components
- Connecting Rods
- Integral parts (crankshaft,
● Holds the piston and
connecting rod, piston)
connects it to the
- External accessories (flywheel,
crankshaft
different gears and belts that are
- Valves (valvula)
used for the engine)
● Intake - para sa induction
- Extremely rigid (nagsisilbing case
system; pagpasok ng fuel
and protection of the integral
and air sa loob ng cylinder
parts)
● Exhaust Valve - paglabas
- Light and strong (the materials
ng burned gases
used)
- Spark Plugs
- Aluminium alloy (mixed with other
● Delivers the spark or
metals)
electric shock to burn the
mixture (fuel and air) sa
loob
 ● Crank Pin (madami parts
depends on # of engines)
- Where the connecting rod
is connected
● Crank Cheek (madami
parts depends on # of engines)
- Pisngi ng crankshaft; holds
the crankpin

Crankshaft

- Dito nakaconnect connecting rod

(which holds the piston)
- Transform the reciprocating
motion of the piston and
connecting rod intro rotary motion
(umiikot)
- Forged from a strong alloy such
as chromium-nickel molybdenum
steel

Connecting Rod

- Maliit na bilog piston end;Malaki

na bilog crankpin
- Parang arbed ng engine
SPECIFIC AREA OF CRANKSHAFT
- Without this component, walang
● Main Journal connection yung heat energy to
- Main central line; kung mechanical energy (link which
nasaan both ends ng transmits the force exerted on a
crankshaft piston to a crankshaft)
 - Exposed to extreme stress (main - Bushing/bearing kasi umiikot
arm that holds the heat and (bilog)
transfer to mechanical energy)
- Crankpin end and piston end
(where the piston is connected)

Master-and-Articulated Rod

- Commonly used in radial engines

(piston paikot)
- Master rod (dito nakaconnect
articulated rod); fixed and raged
rod
- Number of cylinders will always
depends sa configuration (8 or
16)

Plain Rod

- First and most common type of

connecting rod which is used
- Used in opposed and inline
engines (depends sa
configuration ng piston) Fork-and-Blade Rod
- Shank is parang stem
- Bearing kung saan nakalagay - Most used sa mga V-type
bearing engines
- Cap of the connecting rod - It can move freely
- Volts that hold the cap

Split Type Rod
- Parang master-and-articulated
rod (can be splitted into half), can
also be used sa radial engine
- More on fixed radial structure
Piston Engine
- Highlight of a reciprocating
engine
- Without this, reciprocating doesn't
mean anything; this component
performs the reciprocating (back
and forth or up and down) motion
- One of the most important parts
from the word piston engine
- Once the mixture is inside the
cylinder, it is compressed then it
is now mixed with heat and
burned; responsible for the purge
burned gases in the cylinder
- Made out of materials that can
withstand these situations (alloy)
Also has structural parts:
Piston Head - top surface of the
component
Ring Groves - area where in the
component is located (pistong
ring)
Piston Pin Boss - holds the
piston in place connecting to the
connecting rod; locking
component
Piston Pin - inserted in the
piston pin boss
Piston Skirt - bottom part; piston
base

Piston Ring
- component being inserted in the
ring groves
- Open ring; has a space
- Embraced in a piston
- It conducts heat; around it
receives heat
3 Functions:
- prevents leakage of gass
pressure from the combustion
chamber (not normal if the
burned glasses is above the
piston skirt; dapat nasa
combustion chamber lang)
- reduce oil seepage into the
combustion chamber (inside the
combustion changer two
elements: fuel and air) oil must
not be mixed with fuel and air it
may cause problems
- transfer heat from the piston to
the cylinder walls
Piston Ring Gap
- It must have a gap in order to
have room; it becomes a solid
ring when the piston expands
- Easier installation and removal; it
is fitted in the piston (without the
gap, it is not easy to install)
 Piston Pin

- component that connects the

piston to the connecting rod
- connected to the piston end boss
(yung malaking pic)

2 Types of Piston Ring:

● Oil Rings - controls the amount

of oil
1. Oil Control - regulates the
amount of oil
2. Oil Scraper/Wiper - wipes
out/scrapes the excessive
amount of oil in the
cylinder; removes
Cylinders
excessive oil
● Compression Ring - serves as the head of the
reciprocating engine
- holds the spark plugs
- Must have a good conducting
heat property
- Must made out of material that
can withstand the heat
- Protects the integral parts of the
engine
- Cooling down the heating
engines (by having the material;
cooling fins; extend the surface of
the cylinder)
 Valves

- Each reciprocating engine has

two valves (intake valve and
exhaust valve)
- They regulate the flow of mixture
in and out of a cylinder (without
this, the engine would not be
operational)
- It typically has four valves (two
intake valve, two exhaust valve; it
gives more output
- Intake valve: regulating the fuel
and air mixture coming in the
cylinder; inject fuel and air
- Exhaust valve: regulating of the
combustion or flow of gasses:
performing the removal of burned
gases
Mountain Flange
- Four basic designs: flat-headed
- where the cylinder can be valve, semi-tulip valve, tulip
connected to the _____ valve, and mushroom valve
 Valve spring or valve key or valve
retainer because they hold the valve
spring

Valve Stem Seal – seal the valve

spring

Valve Spring Seat – holds the valve

spring
Poppet because the intake has the
same functions Faces of the valve

Semi tulip valve – slightly concave area

If the valve stem is not straightened, it

will be insufficient

Camshaft

- Not a major component

- The engine can function even it
doesn’t have a camshaft
- Without the camshaft, the engine
can’t open and close
Must be done ^ - Connected to the crankshaft (it
also rotates)
^ Valve Assembly Internal Combustion Engine

- Using a liquid cooling system

- Location of the components

Spark Plugs

- Heat source of the combustion

process
- Without the spark plug, Operating Principles and Mechanism
combustion process wouldn’t be
successful
- Diesel engine doesn’t need spark
plug; the fuel and air mixture is
very warm once it reaches the
peak of its temperature it will
ignite
- All aircrafts are powered by a
gasoline engine; much more
reliable than diesel engine Energy Transformation
- One or two spark plugs;
additional power and - External combustion; the process
safe/emergency purpose of combustion is happening
outside the engine
 - Internal combustion; fuel used to Four-stroke engine - distance of a
produce heat is burned inside the piston travels between the top dead
engine center and bottom dead center

Five event cycle - five events that are

happening in a one cycle

Two-stroke cycle - two strokes of the

piston; one cycle the piston travels in
two strokes and has four event cycles

How does an engine work?

- Because of the four-stroke five

Steam Engine event cycle then explain

Heat engine - operating in a cycle;

there’s an end in its operation/operating
cycle

One cycle - one complete series of

events (all of the events or operations)

1. Lead content if added to the fuel,

helps the fuel knocking
2. Very hazardous to human beings

Energy Transformation Cycles

5 EVENT CYCLE

Stroke - dealing with the piston

Exhaust - where the burned gases are
movement
scavenged and forced out of a cylinder
through the exhaust port as the piston
moves upward a second time

AFTER EXHAUST, ANOTHER CYCLE

WILL ARISE; INTAKE THEN SO ON
AND SO FORTH

Intake - intake event (intake valve open)

- Vacuum tunog

OPERATING CYCLES

Two stroke - older version of four

stroke cycle; older aircraft and engines
Compression event - Compress the
Four stroke - newer; modern
fuel and air mixture ; TDC going to the
BDC
 - Both valves are closed to prevent
the air and fuel mixture to go
Two stroke cycle
Power or combustion stroke - the
piston went to the TDC to the BDC
- The spark plug , once ignited the
heat energy produced by the
combustion pushed down the
piston downwards
Exhaust stroke - BDC to the TDC;
exhaust valve is open
Stroke - movement of the piston
Event - what is happening in that
stroke/inside
- Five events; intake, compression,
ignition, power, exhaust
- We only have strokes; intake and
compression, power and exhaust
- Doesn’t have intake and exhaust
valve; the piston serves as a
valve
- Fuel and air is mixed through the
cylinder and crankcase
- Not efficient sa four stroke cycle
- Some scooters are powered by a
two cycle since it’s small
-
First stroke – intake and exhaust
Second stroke – compression and
power
First event – intake and exhaust
Second event – compression and
power, combustion
Intake channel closed

The mixture is pushed into combustion

chamber

Exhaust channel opened

The fresh air fuel mixture from crank

chamber, flush the residual

STEP 1 – intake and compression

STEP 2 – combustion and exhaust