A Review of Antibacterial action of Local Plants Used In

Management of Infection In Azad Kashmir.

REVIEW ARTICLE

Department of Zoology
Faculty of basic and applied sciences
The University of Poonch Rawalakot
Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Submitted by
Najeeb Sarwar
Submitted to
Dr. Majid Mahmood
Roll No. 07
M.phil Zoology
2nd Semester
1
 A Review of Antibacterial action of Local Plants Used In Management of
Infection In Azad Kashmir

Abstract:

Background:
Globally, antimicrobial resistance poses a severe threat to human health.The cost and return on
investment of bringing a novel antibiotic from discovery to market are both considerable. Furthermore,
after the 1950s' golden age of discovery, the creation of new antibiotics has slowed significantly. A wide
range of bioactive secondary metabolites that are produced by plants could be employed as fuel for the
pipeline of future discoveries. A thorough examination of the antibacterial potential of regional herbal
plants/products has never been performed, despite the fact that numerous research have concentrated on
particular elements of plants and plant natural products with antibacterial capabilities.

Objectives:
This review attempts to assess information on local plants' antibacterial efficacy when used to
treat infections in Azad Kashmir.

Methods:
I used the PRISMA model to search Sci-Hub and Google Scholar using the keywords
"plant," "antibacterial," and "inhibitory concentration."

Results:
This article's examination of the antibacterial properties of native Azad Kashmiri plants revealed the
presence of 29 plant groups with antibacterial properties that can combat a variety of bacterial infections
that cause infectious diseases. Asteraceae had the highest antibacterial action family rating with 16%,
Lamiaceae came in second with 14%, and Polygonaceae came in third with 10%. Other plant groups that
contributed 4% each to the treatment of bacterial illnesses include Ranunculaceae, Punicaceae,
Solanaceae, Caprifoliaceae, and Pinaceae. The remaining plant families, which each contributed 2%, were
Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Apocynaceae, Araliaceae, Brassicaceae, Caprifoliaceae,
Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Mimosaceae,
Oleaceae.

Conclusion:
This study presents the current state of understanding on plant-based antibacterials and offers
compelling suggestions for future research directions.

Keywords: antibacterial, antimicrobial, inhibitory concentration, herbal plants

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INTRODUCTION:
Antimicrobial resistance poses a challenge to the ability to successfully treat infectious
diseases globally (AMR). The antibacterial properties of many therapeutic plants used by locals
are the main topic of this review. Out of the 5700 plant species reported, 600 of them are used as
medicines by Pakistan's population for basic healthcare [1]. Similar to this, the folk
pharmacopeia's phyto-heritage 3 knowledge plays a significant part in the health care system of
the local community in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan [2-3]. Traditional herbal practises are practised
practically everywhere in the world, and the demand for folkloric medicine services is growing
daily due to their effectiveness and reliability when compared to manufactured pharmaceuticals
[4]. Though synthetic medications and antibiotics are more efficient than herbal remedies, they
also carry a higher risk of side effects [5].

A rich biodiversity of medicinal plants has been bestowed upon Azad Jammu and Kashmir. In
many regions of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, studies on the traditional medical uses of plants by
the local inhabitants have been documented [6-7]. Studied the ethnobotanical significance of 168
species in Azad Kashmir and its surrounding areas and reported on their conservation status, 140
of these plants have therapeutic applications[8]. Conducted a vegetation survey in a few
locations in the Poonch valley, Azad Kashmir, and identified 56 species of medicinal plants.
They came to the conclusion that women in their 50s and older were the source of indigenous
knowledge [9].

In five villages in Bangion Rawalakot, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted, and 26

significant medicinal plants from 19 households were found. Azad Kashmir is abundant in
medicinal plants, and the indigenous population heavily relies on plants for home and
commercial needs as well as for remedies. Azad Jammu and Kashmir features a diverse range of
ecoregions, including temperate, humid, subtropical, and sub-alpine. This region is endowed
with a remarkable floral diversity because of its distinct geographic and climatic circumstances
[11]. People in rural areas chose herbal plants as their primary source of health care due to a
number of reasons, including high price and the unavailability of modern synthetic medications.
Compared to allopathic medications, herbal medications have fewer or no documented negative
effects [12].

The plants are potential antibacterial and antioxidant agents because they contain a variety of
bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, favonoids, lignins, tannins, terpenoids, polyphenols,
and vitamins [13–14]. Plants contain bioactive substances that have significant effects on
parasitic and pathogenic organisms [15–16]. Crude aqueous or alcohol extraction procedures are
frequently used for the initial screening of plants for potential antimicrobial properties, and other
organic extraction methods may be used as a follow-up. The majority of the plant components
that have been found to be effective against microbes are aromatic or saturated organic
compounds, thus they are frequently extracted initially using ethanol or methanol[17].

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 Plants are a good source of antibacterial agents that are effective against bacteria and other
infectious organisms [18]. A new supply of antibacterial, antifungal, and antimicrobial
compounds may be found in the natural products of medicinal plants[19]. In attempt to identify a
natural source of antibacterial compounds, four medicinal herbs, including cumin, cinnamon,
turmeric powder, and carum, were tested using the agar disc diffusion method against human
bacterial pathogens. On the basis of their conventional applications, several medications like
aspirin, reserpine, morphine, and tubocurarine have been discovered[21]. The majority of people
used medicinal plants to treat everything from simple illnesses like colds and coughs to
catastrophic illnesses like cancer[22].

Colebrookea oppositifolia leaf paste is used to treat epilepsy and wounds, and the same plants
have been shown to have potent antibacterial and antifungal properties[23]. Pathogen resistance,
which is currently a global health issue, jeopardises the effectiveness of existing antibiotics [24].
This threat is getting worse every day, necessitating the development of novel medicines with
useful bactericidal properties. Due to their environmental friendliness, drugs based on plants are
becoming important. Potential sources of antibacterial medicines include medicinal plants. Many
synthetic medications have been shown to come from plants, either directly or indirectly [25].

Lycium Berberis The royle plant was harvested in the Azad Kashmir districts of Chinari,
Jhelum Valley, and Battangi Mughalan. An ethnophytologist from the University of Azad
Jammu and Kashmir (UAJK) Muzaffarabad's Department of Botany identified the plant[26].

Modern medications are also widely utilised, but they are highly expensive. However,
traditional medications continue to play a significant role in healthcare. This is particularly true
in complex cases, such as those involving surgical procedures. Especially in serious situations
where the mother's physical state swiftly deteriorates due to substantial blood loss, as it does in
postpartum women. Due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial qualities,
medicinal plants are employed in such situations in postpartum herbal baths and dietary
supplements[27].

Since ancient times, A. bracteosa has been used for a variety of medical purposes. It is used as
an anthelmintic, astringent, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and to
treat digestive disorders in ethnomedicine[28].

For the treatment of numerous difficult bacterial infections, a variety of medicinal plants have
been identified as substantial sources of natural antibacterial compounds [29]. The World Health
Organization (WHO) claims that many medicinal plants could be used in the development of
different medications since their metabolic production of phytochemicals has antibacterial
capabilities [30–31]. Flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and phenolic compounds are a few examples
of the numerous secondary metabolites produced by these plants and discovered to have in vitro
antibacterial properties [32–33].

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 Numerous laboratory studies on plants' antibacterial capabilities have been conducted since
the 1940s. However, a comprehensive examination of this body of literature using stringent
inclusion and exclusion criteria depending on the calibre of the scientific technique used in the
research. Despite the fact that it is well known that some plants have antibacterial effects in
laboratory experiments, it is still unknown whether specific botanical species have, to date,
demonstrated the most promising activity against harmful bacteria. In order to provide a full
examination of the literature on plants used as antibacterials, we here concentrate on their
claimed growth inhibitory activity.

Objective:

This review aims to evaluate reports on antibacterial action of local plants/products used in
management of infection in Azad Kashmir.

Methods:

PROTOCOL OF REVIEW:

These reviews were compiling after a tendency to report items, all disseminated research
articles available on Antibacterial action of Local Plants/Products Used In Management of
Infection In Azad Kashmir.The various developments included were composing search, joining
procedures, limiting topic relevance, and extracting key data to achieve the research objective.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

The design of the search was compiled for research and distributed from 2000 to 2022 on
Antibacterial action of Local Plants/Products Used In Management of Infection In Azad Kashmir
using (Google scholar, PubMed, NCBI, Research entryway and -Web of Science). A
combination of different expressions used to obtain full text research articles and reference
programs evaluated simultaneously to select key articles. A total of 62 different studies
(articles/reports) were found in the literature search, 53 of which were published between 2000
and 2022 and were used in the current study. However 16 were excluding due to duplication and
33 articles were included for review writing. The literature assessment and selection review are
showing in Figure 1.

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 Records identified through online database searching (n=62)

Duplicates Removed (n=16) Article Removed due to

unapproachability data (n=2)

Full text articles considered for eligibility (n=35)

Lack of sufficient data (n=0) Article excluded on the basis of Study did not spport interest
abstract (n=2) (n=1)

Studies included for preparing review (33)

Figure 1 an overview of Preferred Reporting Items for Review

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Data Analysis:
Data obtained from the literature search was maintained and organized in Microsoft Excel,
then analyzed and visualized data.

Results and Discussion:

Literature Assessmesssnt:
A total of 62 different studies (articles/reports) were found in the literature search, 53 of
which were published between 2000 and 2022 and were used in the current study. However 16
were excluding due to duplication and 33 articles were included for review writing. The
literature assessment and selection review are showing in Figure 1.

Table 1: Common Medicinal Plants used for Antimicrobial Action in Azad

Kashmir

Plant Name Family Disease Treated & Citation

Fagopyrum Polygonaceae Antimicrobial, diuretic and bactericidal [34]
acutatum
(Lehm.)
Mansf. ex K.
Hammer
Fagopyrum Polygonaceae Antimicrobial, diuretic and bactericidal [34]
esculentum
Moench
Lonicera Caprifoliaceae Acute fever, headache, respiratory infection, antibacterial,
quinquelocular antitumor [35]
is
Melissa Lamiaceae sedative, spasmolytic and antibacterial [36]
officinalis L.
Origanum Lamiaceae Antibacterial, antioxidant, tranquilizer, sedative [37] [38]
majorana L. [39]
Stevia Asteraceae Antibacterial, noncarcingic, natural Sweetener [40][41]
rebaudiana
(Bertoni)
Justatia Acanthaceae Anti-diabetic, spleen disorders, antibacterial, cure phlegm
adhatoda and cough, appetizer and diuretic [42]
Adiantum Pteridaceae Fern plant is used for headache, cold and also used as
venustum antiviral an Antibacterial drug. [43]
Artemisia Asteraceae The plant antibacterial, stomachic, anthelmintic and
scoparia purgative. It is also used as fodder [44]

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Chenopodium Amaranthacea antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic,
album e antiseptic, antipruritic, anti-nociceptic, sperm
immobilizing immunomodulating, antiparasitic,
antispasmodic, antibacterial, anti-helminthic, hypotensive,
spasmolytic, hepatoprotective[45][46]
Allium sativum Amaryllidacea anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, reno-
e protective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal,
antihypertensive, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal,
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer [47][48]
Taraxacum Asteraceae antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, diuretic,
officinale hepatoprotective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory [49][50]
Sonchus Asteraceae anti-fatigue activity, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, kidney-
arvensis protective, antidiabetic, antibacterial [51][52]
Achillea Asteraceae antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, hemostyptic, anti-
millefolium inflammatory, antispasmodic, antioxidant, anticancer,
hepatoprotective [53][54]
Lagenaria Cucurbitaceae analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, diuretic,
siceraria hepatoprotective, anthelminthic, antibacterial,
immunomodulatory, antistress, hepatoprotective,
antioxidant[55]
Vitex negundo Lamiaceae anxiolytic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective,
antibacterial, antipyretic, anticancer, antioxidant [56]
Ajuga Lamiaceae antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial [57]
parviflora
Punica Punicaceae antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory,
granatum anticoagulant, antimutant, cardioprotective, antifungal,
antidiabetic [58]
Melia Meliaceae analgesic, immunomodulatory, antifeedant, antifungal,
azedarach antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic, anthelminthic, antilithic,
antifertility [59]
Cedrus Pinaceae anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-spasmodic,
deodara immunomodulatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anticancer,
antibacterial [60]
Plantago Plantaginaceae antiulcerative, antidiabetic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-
lanceolata inflammatory, anticancer, antinociceptive, antioxidant,
anti-fatigue, antibacterial, antiviral [61]
Rumex Polygonaceae astringent, antioxidant, antibacterial [62]
dentatus
Persicaria Polygonaceae antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelminthic,
hydropiper cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, neuroprotective
[63]
Salix alba Salicaceae antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant [64]
Bergenia Saxifragaceae antidiabetic, anticancer, antiulcer, antibacterial,
ciliata antimalarial, antifungal, antiviral [65]
Acacia nilotica Fabaceae Antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, antipyretic and

8
 (L.) Delile . antiasthmatic, antimicrobial, antifertility, anti-hypertensive
and antispasmodic [66]
A. modesta Mimosaceae Antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic [66]
Artemisia Asteraceae Anticholesterolemic, antipyretic, antiseptic, antibacterial,
scoparia cholagogue, diuretic, purgative and vasodilator properties
Waldst and kit [66]
Brachiaria Poaceae Antioxidant, antibacterial [66]
eruciformis Sm
Chenopodium Amaranthacea Hypoglycemic, antibacterial, spasmolytic, antipruritic,
album L e antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antican
[66]
Cichorium Asteraceae Anti-malarial, anti-fungal, gastroprotective,
intybus L antihelminthic, analgesic, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective,
antibacterial, antioxidant [66]
Convolvulus Convolvulacea Antioxidant, diuretic, immunostimulant, hypoglycemic,
arvensis L e antihemorrhagic, antibacterial and antifugal [66]
Cyperus iria L Cyperaceae Antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic [66]
Ziziphus Rhamnaceae Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antiulcer, Anti-inflammatory,
jujuba Mill. Cognitive, Antispastic, Antifertility/contraception,
Hypotensive and Antinephritic, Cardiotonic, Antioxidant,
Immunostimulant, and Wound healing [66]
Dodonaea Sapindaceae Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant
viscosa (L.) [66]
Jacq
Dryopteris Dryopteridace Antibacterial, antioxidant [66]
stewartii Fress. ae
Eruca sativa Brassicaceae Antitumor, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antioxidative
Garsault. and antibacterial [66]
O. ferruginea Oleaceae Antiaggregant, antiarrhythmic, antibacterial, antidote,
antioxidant, antipyretic, antisclerotic, antispasmodic,
astringent, cardioprotective, cholagogue[66]
P. roxburghii Pinaceae Antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antiseptic, diuretic
[66]
Punica Punicaceae Antioxidant, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial [66]
granatum L.
Physalis Solanaceae Antioxidant, antibacterial [66]
divaricata D.
Don.
Ranunculus Ranunculaceae Antioxidant, antibacterial, antihemorrhagic, cytotoxic [66]
muricatus L.
Rumex Polygonaceae Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, diuretic,
nepalensis and antipyretic agent, antibacterial, mycotic infection,
Spreng cytotoxic, anticonvulsant [66]
Solanum Solanaceae Antebacterial [66]
nigrum L.

9
 Themeda Poaceae Antioxidant and antibacterial [66]
anathera
(Hack.)
Vitex negundo Lamiaceae Antidibetic, antibacterial, antioxidant [66]
L.
Xanthium Asteraceae Antibacterial, antitumour, antitussive, antifungal, anti-
strumarium L inflammatory, antinociceptive, hypoglycaemic,
antimitotic, antioxidant [66]
Colebrookea Lamiaceae Antibacterial, antifungal [67]
Otostegia Lamiaceae Antibacterial [67]
limbata
Hedera helix Araliaceae Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant [68]
Nerium Apocynaceae Antibacterial and anticancer [69]
oleander

According to a research done in University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad,

Pakistan, the aqueous extract of fresh S. oleracea inhibited the growth of E. coli while on the
other hand; the aqueous extract of fresh S. oleracea has minimum effect on the Micrococcus
luteus. Similarly, the aqueous extract of discarded S. oleracea had no effect on the growth of M.
luteus while the greater zone of inhibition was shown by E. coli [70]. The antibacterial effect of
Berberis lycium Royle root bark aqueous extract (BLR-Ex) against various disease-causing
bacteria. From the current study, it was observed that BLR extract was toxic against tested
pathogenic bacteria[26].

Organic solvent extracts of Olea cuspidata Wall. had different levels of antibacterial activity
and that they can be used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by common human
bacterial pathogens[71]. Phytochemicals present in rhizome extracts of B. ciliata exhibit
biological properties. The various extracts of rhizome showed antibacterial, antifungal,
antioxidants, cytotoxic and antihaemolytic activities[72].

Zone of inhibition produced by whole plant extracts of N. thomsonianum against bacteria.

Petroleum, chlorofoam, methanol and equeous used in extracts. The plant extracts showed great
effectiveness against gram positive bacteria include Streptococcus faecelis and Staphylococcus
aureus than gram negative bacteria include E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pathogen organisms growth inhibited to greater extend by N. thosonianum[73]. Cuminum

cyminum (Cumin; Zeera), Cinnnamomum zylanicum (Cinnamon; Dalchini), Trachiyspirum
ammi (Carom seeds; Ajwain), Curcuma long (Turmeric powder), herbal medicines showed great
growth inhibition zone against K. pneumonia, S. Pyogenes, S. epidermidis , S. aureus, S.
marcesens and P. aeruginosa [74].

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 Antimicrobial Activity of Euphorbia helioscopia against P. syringae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli E.
faecium and A. flavus higher in Tetracycline, Methanol, Ethanol, Chloroform solvents and no
activity in Acetone solvent. Antimicrobial Activity of Solanum xanthocarpum against P.
syringae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, E. faecium and A. flavus higher in Tetracycline, Methanol,
Ethanol, Acetone solvents and no activity in Chloroform solvent. Antimicrobial Activity of
Solanum nigrum against P. syringae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, E. faecium and A. flavus high
antimicrobial againt almost in all solvents except little bit in cholofoam solvent[75].
Antibacterial activity of extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and methanol) of A. millefolium, B. ciliata,
and A. vera against S. aureus and E. coli. Showed great antibacterial activities[76].

This article's examination of the antibacterial properties of native Azad Kashmiri plants
revealed the presence of 29 plant groups with antibacterial properties that can combat a variety
of bacterial infections that cause infectious diseases. Asteraceae had the highest antibacterial
action family rating with 16%, Lamiaceae came in second with 14%, and Polygonaceae came in
third with 10%. Other plant groups that contributed 4% each to the treatment of bacterial
illnesses include Ranunculaceae, Punicaceae, Solanaceae, Caprifoliaceae, and Pinaceae. The
remaining plant families, which each contributed 2%, were Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae,
Amaryllidaceae, Apocynaceae, Araliaceae, Brassicaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Convolvulaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Cyperaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Fabaceae, Meliaceae, Mimosaceae, Oleaceae.
Figure 2 shows the percentages of each family.

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 Antimicrobial abilities of different plant familes
Acanthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaryllidaceae Apocynaceae Araliaceae
Asteraceae Brassicaceae Caprifoliaceae Convolvulaceae Cucurbitaceae
Cyperaceae Dryopteridaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Meliaceae
Mimosaceae Oleaceae Pinaceae Plantaginaceae Poaceae
Polygonaceae Pteridaceae Punicaceae Ranunculaceae Rhamnaceae
Salicaceae Sapindaceae Saxifragaceae Solanaceae

2% 2% 2%
2% 2%
2% 4% 2% 4% 2%
2%

2% 4%
16%

10%

4%

4% 2%
2% 2%
2%
14% 2%
2% 2%
2%
2%
2% 2%

Figure 2 an overview of Percentages of Plants Families involved in bacterial diseases treatments

12
Conclusion:

This article reviews the local plants of Azad Kashmir with the antibacterial ability, along
with awareness status and risk factors. Studies are needed to characterize the ability of local
plants of Azad Kashmir against the treatment of different types of diseases. Azad Kashmir
natural flora is rich in medicinal plants. Beyond extending and improving bioprospecting and the
aforementioned in vitro investigations, additional preclinical research would considerably aid
efforts to discover ethnobotanical antibiotic drugs. Compound isolation from bioactive extracts,
mechanism of action studies, in vivo testing on infection-modeling animals, structural
modification of compounds to improve pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, structure-
activity relationship (SAR) analyses, and integrating new technologies into the established
workflow are a few examples of these studies. In order to uncover the mechanism behind these
compounds' antibacterial activity as well as synergistic interactions within plant extracts and
between plant compounds and antibiotics, further research needs to be done on these topics. The
ethnobotanical approach provides the keys to unlock and implement a number of tactics that will
be needed to address the danger of antibiotic resistance.

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