1

MATHEMATICS
(Limits & Derivatives)
BY
XI-XII
(BOARD EXAMS)

NEERAJ 
IIT-JEE

SOM
(MAIN+ADVANCED)

BASIC CONCEPTS FORMULA SHEET QUESTIONS BASED

QUESTIONS BASED
& RELATED TO EXERCISE RELATED TO
EXERCISE RELATED TO
FORMULE OF LIMITS IMPORTANT FORMULA LIMITS
DIFFERENTIATION
& EXPANSIONS

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

AND
PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS BRANCHES
OF IIT- JEE *******************
SHASTRI NAGAR
SI-7, 2nd FLOOR NEAR
SHASTRI NAGAR CHOWK

CON@9873979490 *******************

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(1) Meaning of ‘x → a’: Let x be a variable and a be the constant. If x assumes values nearer and
nearer to ‘a’ then we say ’x tends to a’ and we write ' x → a ' . It should be noted that as x → a , we
have x  a . By ' x tends to a ' we mean that
(i) x  a (ii) x assumes values nearer and nearer to ‘a’ and
(iii) We are not specifying any manner in which x should approach to ‘a’. x may approach to a
from left or right as shown in figure.
x a a x

(2) Left hand and right-hand limit: Consider the values of the functions at the points which are
very near to a on the left of a. If these values tend to a definite unique number as x tends to a,
then the unique number so obtained is called left-hand limit of f ( x) at x = a and symbolically
we write it as f (a − 0) = lim f ( x) = lim f (a − h)
x → a− h →0

Similarly, we can define right-hand limit of f ( x) at x = a which is expressed as

f (a + 0) = lim f ( x) = lim f (a + h) .
x → a+ h →0

(3) Method for finding L.H.L. and R.H.L.

(i) For finding right hand limit (R.H.L.) of the function, we write (x + h) in place of x, while for left
hand limit (L.H.L.) we write (x – h) in place of x.
(ii) Then we replace x by ‘a’ in the function so obtained.
(iii) Lastly, we find limit h → 0 .
(4) Existence of limit: lim f ( x) exists when,
x→a
(i) lim f ( x) And lim f ( x) exist i.e. L.H.L. and R.H.L. both exists.
x → a− x → a+
(ii) lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) i.e. L.H.L. = R.H.L.
x → a− x → a+

Note:
0 
 If a function f ( x) takes the form or at x = a , then we say that f ( x) is indeterminate
0 
or meaningless at x = a . Other indeterminate forms are  − ,   , 0  , 1 ,00 , 0
 In short, we write L.H.L. for left hand limit and R.H.L. for right hand limit.
 It is not necessary that if the value of a function at some point exists then its limit at that point
must exist.

(5) Sandwich theorem: If f ( x) , g ( x) and h( x) are any three functions such that,
f ( x)  g ( x)  h( x)  x  neighborhood of x = a and lim f ( x ) = lim h ( x ) = l (say) , then
x →a x →a

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 4

lim g ( x) = l. This theorem is normally applied when the lim g ( x) can't be obtained by using
x→a x→a
conventional methods as function f ( x) and h( x) can be easily found.
Some Important Expansions:
In finding limits, uses of expansions of following functions are useful:
n(n − 1) 2 ( x log a ) 2
(1) (1 + x) = 1 + nx +
n
x + ..... (2) a = 1 + x log a +
x
+ .....
2! 2!
x 2 x3 x3 x5
(3) e x = 1 + x + + + ..... (4) sin x = x − + − .......
2! 3! 3! 5!
x 2 x 4 x6 x3 2 x5
(5) cos x = 1 − + − + ...... (6) tan x = x + + + .....
2! 4! 6! 3 15
x3 x5 x 2 x 4 x6
(7) sin h x = x + + + ..... (8) cosh x = 1 + + + + .....
3! 5! 2! 4! 6!

x3 x3 x5
(9) tanh x = x − + 2 x5 − ..... (10) sin −1 x = x + 12. + 32.12. + .....
3 3! 5!

−1 −1 −1 x3 x5 x 7
(11) cos x = ( / 2) − sin x (12) tan x=x− + − + .....
3 5 7
x 2 x3 x 4
(13) log(1 + x) = x − + − + .....,| x |  1
2 3 4
x 2 x3 x 4
(14) log(1 − x) = − x − − − − ......., where | x |  1
2 3 4
1 1 x x2
log(1+ x ) 1− +  x 11 2 
(15) (1 + x) x = ex =e 2 3 ....... = e 1 − + x − ....... 
 2 24 
Some Important Results:
 ax −1  sin x 
lim   = log a lim  =0
x →0  x x →  x 
 
 ex − 1   cos x 
lim  =0
lim   =1 x →  x 
x →0  x 
    1 
 sin x   tan  x  
lim 
x →0  x 
 =1 lim     = 1
x →
  1  
 tanx    x  
lim 
x →0  x 
 =1
lim ( cos x ) = 1
x →0

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 5

  1  1
 sin  x   lim (1 + px ) x = e p
lim     = 1 x →0

  1  
x → 1 1
 x x
  x   lim 1 +  = e p
x →0  p
sin −1 x
lim =1  p
x
x →0 x lim 1 +  = e p
x x→0  x
lim =1
x → 0 sin −1 x x 1
 1 
lim 1 +  =ep
tan −1 x x →0  px 
lim =1
x →0 x  log (1 − x ) 
x
=1
lim   = −1
lim x →0  x 
x → 0 tan −1 x
 log (1 + x ) 
sin x 0  lim   =1
lim = x →0 
x→0 x 180
x 
sin( x − a) log a (1 + x)
lim =1 lim = log a e, a  0,  1
x→a x−a x →0 x
tan( x − a)  (1 + x )n − 1
lim =1 lim  =n
x→a x−a x →0 x
 
lim sin −1 x = sin −1 a, | a |  1
x→a  xn − an  n −1
lim   = n(a)
lim tan −1 x = tan −1 a; −   a   x→a  x − a 
x →a  
  xm − am   m  m − n
e =
lim   =  (a)
e − = 0 x → a  xn − an   n 
 
1

a = , if a  1
n
lim (1 + x ) = e
x lim 
x →0 x →  a n = 0, if a  1
x 
 1
lim 1 +  = e
x →0  x
Fundamental Theorems on Limits
The following theorems are very useful for evaluation of limits if lim f ( x) = l and lim g ( x) = m (l
x →0 x →0
and m are real numbers) then
(1) lim ( f ( x) + g ( x)) = l + m (Sum rule)
x→a
(2) lim ( f ( x) − g ( x)) = l − m (Difference rule)
x→a
(3) lim ( f ( x).g ( x)) = l.m (Product rule)
x→a
(4) lim k f ( x) = k .l (Constant multiple rule)
x→a

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 6

f ( x) l
(5) lim = ,m  0 (Quotient rule)
x → a g ( x) m
1
(6) If lim f ( x) = + or − , then lim =0
x→a x →a f ( x)
(7) lim log{ f ( x)} = log{ lim f ( x)}
x→a x →a
(8) If f ( x)  g ( x) for all x, then lim f ( x)  lim g ( x)
x→a x →a
lim g ( x )
(9) lim [ f ( x)]g ( x ) = { lim f ( x)}x→a
x →a x →a

(10) If p and q are integers, then lim ( f ( x)) p / q = l p / q , provided (l ) p / q is a real number.
x→a
(11) If lim f ( g ( x)) = f ( lim g ( x)) = f (m) provided ‘f’ is continuous at g ( x) = m. e.g.
x→a x →a
lim ln[ f ( x)] = ln(l ), only if l  0.
x→a

( )
(12) Based on the form 1 : To evaluate the exponential form 1 we use the following
results.
f ( x)
lim
If lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = 0 , then lim {1 + f ( x)}1/ g ( x ) = e x→a g ( x)
, or
x→a x →a x→a
when lim f ( x) = 1 and lim g ( x) =  .
x→a x→a
lim ( f ( x ) −1) g ( x )
Then lim{ f ( x)}g ( x ) = lim [1 + f ( x) − 1]g ( x ) = e x→a
x→a x→a

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 7

Questions on Limits
1. lim ( x )
x
x2 − 4 x + 3
x →1 17. lim
x →3 x2 − 2x − 3
2. lim(1 + x)1/ x
x →1 7 x 2 − 11x − 6
18. lim
1 + ( x − 1) x→2 3 x 2 − x − 10
2
3. lim
x →1 1 + x2 x2 − 2
19. lim
2x + 3 x → 2 x2 + 2x − 4
4. lim
x →3 x + 3 x4 − 4
20. lim
x+8 x→ 2 x2 + 3 2x − 8
5. lim
x →1 x x2 −3
21. lim
x 3 − 3x + 1 x→ 3 x 2 + 3 3x − 12
6. lim
x →1 x +1 x 2 − x log x + log x − 1
22. lim
 2 x 2 + 3x + 4  x →1 ( x − 1)
7. lim  2 
x → 0 x + 3x + 2 
  x 1 4− 1
23. lim
8. lim
( 2 x − 3)( x + 1) x →1 x 1 3 − 1
x →1
( 2 x 2 + x − 3) 4 x2 − 1
24. lim
1 2x − 1
x 2 3− 9 x→
9. lim 2
x → 0 x − 27
x3 − 8
10. lim
( x − 4 )( x + 1) 25. lim
−4
(x )
x → 2 x2
x →1 2
+ 3x + 2
1

1+ x + 1− x 1− x3
11. lim 26. lim −2
x →0 1+ x x →1
x− x3
( 2 x − 3) ( x −1 ) 3x / 2 − 3
12. lim 27. lim
x→2 2 x2 + x − 3 x→ 2 3x − 9
 x8 − 16 x 2 − 9  x 2 − 16
13. lim  4 −  28. lim
x→2  x − 4
 x − 3  x→4 x − 2

x2 − x x3 + x 2 + 4 x + 12
14. lim 29. lim
x →1 x −1 x→2 x3 − 3 x + 2
( 2 x − 3)( x − 1) x3 − 8 x 2 + 45
15. lim 30. lim
x →1
( 2 x 2 + x − 3) x →3 2 x2 − 3x − 9
x3 + 3x 2 − 6 x + 2
x2 − 5x + 6 31. lim
16. lim x →1 x3 + 3 x 2 − 3 x − 1
x→2 x −42

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 8

x3 − 6 x 2 + 11x − 6 3 − x −1
32. lim 48. lim
x→2 x2 − 6 x + 8 x →2 2− x
x3 − 3 x 2 + 4 x 2 − 16
33. lim 49. lim
− 8 x + 16 x→4
x →2 x4 2
x2 +9 −5
x3 − 7 x 2 + 15 x − 9 ( x − 3)
34. lim 50. lim
x →3 x4 − 5 x 3 + 27 x − 27 x →3
( x−2 − 4− x )
x 4 − 3 x3 + 2
35. lim x2 + 1 − 5
( x) 51. lim
x →1 3 2
x − + 3x + 1 x→2 ( x − 2)
( x 2 − x − 12 )
18
( 2 x − 3) ( x −1 )
36. lim 52. lim
x →1 3x 2 + 3x − 6
( x − 8x + 16x )
x→4 3 2 9

x2 − 1 + x − 1
53. lim
37. lim ( x 2 − 9 ) 
 1 1  x →1
+  x2 − 1
x →3  x + 3 x − 3
4− 9+ x
 8 x − 3 4 x 2 + 1 54. lim  
38. lim  −  x →7  1 − 8 − x 
1  2 x − 1 4 x2 − 1
x→  
2
1 + x + x2 − x + 1
 1 4  55. lim
39. lim  − 3 x →0 2 x2
x →2  x − 2 
x − 2 x2 
5x − 4 − x
56. lim
40. lim 
 1
− 2
2 
x →3  x − 3 x − 4 x + 3 

x →1
( x3 − 1)
 1 x  1 + x2 − 1 + x
41. lim  2 − 3  57. lim
x →1  x + x − 2 x − 1 x →0
1 + x3 − 1 + x
 1 x ( 2 x − 3) 
42. lim  − 3  1+ 2 + x − 3
x→2  x − 2 x − 3x 2 + 2 x  58. lim
x→2 x−2
1+ x −1 a + 2 x − 3x
43. lim 59. lim
x →0 x x→a 3a + x − 2 x
3− 5+ x  1
44. lim 60. lim  3
1
− 
x →4 x−4 x →0  x 8 + x 2x 
2+ x − 2
45. lim
x →0 x 61. lim
7 + 2x − ( 5+ 2 )
46. lim
1+ x − 1− x
x → 10 ( x2 − 10)
x →0 2x 5 + 2x − ( 3 + 2 )
62. lim
47. lim
x →0
1 + x + x2 − 1
x
x→ 6 ( x2 − 6)
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63. lim
3 + 2x − ( 2+ 1 ) 79. lim
ax 2 + bx + c
x→ 2 ( x2 − 2 ) x → dx 2 + cx + f
6 x3 − 6
x − 343
5 80. lim
64. lim x →
9 + 4 x6
x →1 x2 − 9
( 3x − 1)( 4 x − 2 )
x 4 − 625 81. lim
65. lim x → ( x + 8 )( x − 1)
x → 5 x3 − 125

66. lim
x10 − (1024 ) 82. lim
x →
( x 2 + cx − x )
83. lim ( + 7x − x)
x→2 x5 − 32
x2
x −a 3 3
x →
67. lim
x→a x − a  
x
84. lim  
x9 − a9 x → 
 4 x + 1 − 1 
2
68. lim
x→a x − a
 3 x −1 + 4 x −2 
69. lim
(x 13
+3 x )( 13
−3 ) 85. lim  −1
x → 5 x + 6 x −2 



x → 27 x − 27
 x2 + a 2 − x2 + b2 
x5 − a 5 86. lim  
70. lim = 405 x →  
 x +c − x +d
2 2 2 2
x→a x − a 

71. lim
( x + 2 )3 2 − ( a + 2 )3 2 87. lim
x →
( x +1 − x ) x+2
x→a x−a
 
( x + 1)6 − 1 88. lim  x + x + x − x 
72. lim x →  
x → 0 ( x + 1) 2 − 1
 n2 
89. lim  
x9 + a9 n → 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n 
73. lim  
x →− a x + a
 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n 2 
x x −a a 90. lim  
74. lim n →
 n3 
x →a x−a
8 x3 + 1  13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3 
75. lim 91. lim  
x →−1 2 2 x + 1 n →
 n4 
x3 5 − a3 5  13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3 
76. lim 92. lim  
x→a x 1 3 − a1 3 n →  ( n − 1) 4 
 
x3 2 − 27
77. lim  1 2 n −1
x →9 x − 9 93. lim  2 + 2 + ... + 2 
n →  n n n 
x4 − 1 x3 − k 3
78. lim = lim 2  1 2 n 
x→2 x − 1 x→k x − k 2 94. lim  + + ...... + 
n → 1 − n 2 1 − n2 1 − n2 

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 10

1 1 1  sin 2 x + sin 3 x
95. lim  + 2 + ... + n  112. lim
n→  3 3 3  x → 0 2 x + sin 3 x

 199 + 299 + 399 + .... + n99  5 x cos x + 3sin x

113. lim
96. lim   x →0 3x 2 + tan x
n →  n100
 
cos ax − cos bx
( x + 1)10 + ( x + 2)10 + .... + ( x + 100)10
114. lim
97. lim x → 0 cos cx − cos dx
x→ x10 + 1010 1 − cos mx
115. lim
 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n n  x →0 x2
98. lim  − 
n →  n+2 2
 1 − cos 2mx 
116. lim  
 ( n + 2 )! + ( n + 1)!  x → 0  1 − cos 2nx 
99. lim  
n →  ( n + 2 )! − ( n + 1)!   1 − cos 4 x 
117. lim  
  x → 0  1 − cos6 x 
n!
100. lim  
n →  ( n + 1)!− n!   1 − cos5 x 
118. lim  
x → 0  1 − cos6 x 
 n! 
101. lim    cot 2 x − cosec2 x 
n →  ( n + 1) n!− n!  119. lim  
x →0  x 
1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − 6 + .... + ( 2n − 1) − 2n
102. lim cos3x − cos7 x
n→
n2 + 1 + n2 − 1 120. lim
x →0 x2
1 
103. lim  +
1
+
1
+ ....... +
1 
  tan x − sin x 

n→ 1.3
 3.5 5.7 ( 2n + 1) . ( 2n + 3)  121. lim  
x →0  x3 
n n
x r
−  3r 122. lim 
 tan x − sin x 

r =1 r =1 x →0 
104. lim sin 3 x 
x →3 x−3

105. lim
sin 5 x
123. lim
(
sin x 2 1 − cos 2 x )
x → 0 3x x →0 x6
x2 sin ( 2 + x ) − sin ( 2 − x )
106. lim 124. lim
x → 0 sin x 2 x →0 x
x3 sin ( a + x ) + sin ( a − x ) − 2sin a
107. lim 125. lim
x → 0 sin x 2 x →0 x sin x
1 − cos 2 x
108. lim
sin x cos x 126. lim
x →0 x → 0 cos 2 x − cos8 x
3x
3sin x − 4sin 3x x 2 + 1 − cos x
109. lim 127. lim
x →0 x x→0 x sin x
sin 5 x 1 − cos 2 x + tan 2 x
110. lim 128. lim
x → 0 tan 3 x x →0 x sin x
7 x cos x − 3sin x
111. lim
x →0 4 x + tan x
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 11

sin 2 x ( cos3x − cos x ) 2sin 2 x + sin x − 1

129. lim 144. lim
x →0 x3 x→
 2sin 2 x − 3sin x + 1
6
2 − 1 + cos x
130. lim sin x
x →0 x2 145. lim
x → ( x −  )
sec 4 x − sec 2 x
131. lim
x → 0 sec3 x − sec x x 
146. lim(1 − x) tan  
1 − cos x cos 2 x
x →1  2 
132. lim
x →0 x2  
147. lim  − x  tan x
 2
( x + y ) sec ( x + y ) − x sec x x→  
133. lim 2
x →0 y
1 − sin x
148. lim
 3 sin  6 + x − cos  6 + x 
 ( ) ( ) x→
 cos 2 x
134. lim 2  
( )
2
x→0
 3x 3 cos x − sin x 
 1 − x2 
 tan x + 4 tan 2 x − 3tan 3x  149. lim  
135. lim  x →1 sin 2 x 
  
x →0  x 2 tan x 
1 + cos  x 
 1 − cos x cos 2 x cos3x  150. lim  
136. lim  
x →0  x →1  (1 − x )2 
sin 2 2 x   
1 − cos x + 2sin x − sin 3 x − x 2 + 3x 4 sin 3 x − 3sin x
137. lim 151. lim
x→0 tan 3 x − 6sin 2 x + x − 5 x 3 x → ( − x )3
2 − cosec 2 x 152. lim ( sec x − tan x )
138. lim 
 1 − cot x x→
x→ 2
4
cos3x + 3cos x
1 + sec 3 x 153. lim
139. lim 
 
3
x → tan 2 x x→
2  − x
2 
1 + cosec 3 x
140. lim 1 + cos 2 x
x→
3 cot 2 x 154. lim
x → ( − 2 x )
2  2
2
2 − 1 + sin x
141. lim 1 − sin 2 x
 2 cos x 2 155. lim
x→  1 + cos 4 x
2 x→
4
sec x − 2
2
sin x − sin a
142. lim 156. lim
x→
 tan x − 1 x→a x− a
4
sin x − cos x
1 − sin 2 x 157. lim
143. lim  
 cos 2 x
x→ x −
x→ 4 4
2

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 12

sin x − cos x 4 2 − ( cos x + sin x )

5
158. lim 170. lim
   1 − sin 2 x
x→
4
x− x→
4 4

3 sin x − cos x cot 2 x − 3

159. lim 171. lim
   cosecx − 2
x→
6
x− x→
6
6
3 − tan x x2 − x − 2
160. lim 172. lim
  − 3x x→2 x 2 − 2 x + sin ( x − 2 )
x→
3
 a 
1 − tan x 173. lim 2n sin  n 
161. lim n → 2 
x → 1 − 2 sin x

 a 
174. lim 2n −1 sin  n 
4

2 − 3 cos x − sin x n → 2 
162. lim
x→

( 6 x −  )2    
175. lim n sin   cos  
6
n →  4n   4n 
2 − cos x − sin x
163. lim  a 
x→

( 4x −  ) 2 sin  n
2


4 176. lim
n →  b 
  x  sin  n 
1 − tan  2   1 − sin x  2 
 
164. lim   x 
177. lim cos   cos  2  cos  3  ....cos  n  
x x x
x → 1 + tan  x    − 2 x 3

2    n→  2   2  2   2 
  2 
e x − e  x
  178. lim
 − x  sin x − 2cos x x →0 x
165. lim  
2
   a x − bx
x→
 − x  + cot x 179. lim
2
2  x →0 x

2 − sin x − 1 a x + bx + c x− 3
166. lim 180. lim
 2 x →0 x
x→  
2  − x 5 x + 3x + 2 x − 3
2  181. lim
x →0 x
2 − 1 + sin x
167. lim 3 x + 3 −x − 2
 2
x→ cos x 182. lim
2 x→0 x2
cot x − cos x
168. lim 8 x − 4x − 2x + 1

( − 2 x ) 3 183. lim
x→ x →0 x2
2

tan 3 x − tan x 3 x + 3 3 − x − 12
169. lim 184. lim
x → cos  x +
  x→2 3 3− x − 3 x 2
4  
 4

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 13

9 x − 2.6 x + 4 x ax −1
185. lim 202. lim
x →0 x2 x →0 1+ x −1
e x + e −x − 2 log x − log5
186. lim 203. lim
x→0 x2 x →5 x−5
log x − 1
10 x − 2 x − 5 x + 1 204. lim
187. lim x →e x − e
x →0 x tan x
x −1
3 2x − 1 205. lim
188. lim x → 0 log e x
x→ 0 2 3 x −1
e x − (1 + x)
a −b x x 206. lim
189. lim x→0 x2
x → 0 sin x
e x − 1 + sin x
log(1 + x ) 3 207. lim
190. lim x →0 x
x→0 sin 3 x
e−e 2x x
208. lim
(
x 2x − 1 )
191. lim x →01 − cos x
x → 0 sin 2 x
log(5 + x) − log(5 − x)
2 3 x − 3x 209. lim
192. lim x →0 x
x → 0 sin 3 x
log e (1 + 2 x) − 2log e (1 + x)
a x −1 − 1 210. lim
193. lim x →0 x2
x →1 sin  x
e 3+ x − sin x − e3
a sin x − 1 211. lim
194. lim x →0 x
x → 0 sin x
e x − e sin x
2 −1 x
212. lim
195. lim x → 0 x − sin x
x →0 1+ x −1
2− cos x − 1
5 x −1 213. lim
196. lim
x→0 4+ x −2 x →  2 x ( x −  2)
log10 (1 + x) a cot x − acos x
197. lim 214. lim
x →0 x x → / 2 cot x − cos x

( x − 2) 215. lim ( cos x )

cot x
198. lim x →0
x → 2 log a ( x − 1)
216. lim ( sin x + cos x )
1x
log{1 + ( x − a)} x →0
199. lim
x→a ( x − a) 1 x2
217. lim ( cos 2 x )
log ( 2 + x ) − log 0.5 x →0
200. lim
218. lim ( cos x )
1 sin x
x →0 x
x →0
log(3 + x) − log(3 − x)
201. lim  2
x
x →0 x 219. lim  1 + 
x →  x
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 14
tan  x 1
 3 2a  ax + bx + cx  x
220. lim  2 −  237. lim  
x →3  x x →0  3
 
221. lim (1 + sin x )
2 cot x
1x
x →0   
238. lim  tan  + x  
1 ( x−a) x →0  4 
 sin x 
222. lim   1
x → a  sin a 
−x
 e + e − 2  x 2
x
239. lim  
x →1
(
223. lim log3 3x )log x 3 x →0 
 x 2


 1  (1 + x)1/ x − e
224. lim  a x − 1 x 240. lim
x →0 x
x →  
1
 x
n (1 + x)1/ x − e + ex
225. lim  cos  241. lim 2
n →  n x →0 2
x
c + dx
 1  x + bx 2 − x
226. lim 1 +  242. lim
x →  a + bx  x →0 bx3 2

( )
x
 x +5 x 1 − 1 − x2
227. lim  
x →  x − 1  243. lim
( )
x →0 3
 x + 3
x+2 1 − x 2 sin −1 x
230. lim  
x →  x + 1 
2 x + 2 − 16
1/ n 244. lim
 n!  x→2 4 x − 16
231. lim  n 
n →  n  1 − sin x log sin x
245. lim 
 n2 − n + 1 
n ( n −1) x→

2
( − 2 x ) 2
(
log 1 +  2 − 4 x + 4 x 2 )
232. lim  2 
n →  n − n − 1 
 
246. lim
(
sin  cos 2 x )
 x 2 + 4x + 3 
x x→0 x2
233. lim  2 
x →  x + 2 x − 5  cos 2 x − sin 2 x − 1
  247. lim
x →0
3x − 2 x2 + 1 − 1
 x 2 + 2x + 3  3x + 2
234. lim  2  36 x − 9 x − 4 x + 1
x →  2 x + x + 5  248. lim
  x →0 2 − 1 + cos x
x3
10 x + 7 x − 14 x − 5 x
 3 x 2 + 1 1 + x 249. lim
235. lim  2  x →0 1 − cos x
x →  4 x − 1 
 
( 4x − 1)
3
1− cos ( x −1)
250. lim
 x 3 + 2 x 2 + x + 1  ( x −1)2 x →0 x  x2 
236. lim   sin   log 1 + 
x →1 2
+ +  4   3 
 x 2 x 3 

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 15

sin ( cos x ) − cos x

( )
2
5 sin x − 1 255. lim
251. lim
x →0 x log (1 + 2 x )
x → 2 ( − 2 x )2
1
256. lim
( x + c ) − 11 3
13

252. lim
( 27 − 2 x ) 3 −3 x → 0 ( x + 1)1 2 − 1
x →0 1
9 − 3 ( 243 + 5 x ) 5 sin(e x − 2 − 1)
257. If f ( x) = , then find
1 log( x − 1)
2 − ( 256 − 7 x ) 8
253. lim lim f ( x).
x →0 1 x→2
( 32 + 5 x ) 5 −2

( 4 x − 1)
3

254. lim
( ) (
x → 0 sin ax log 1 + 3 x 2
)
sin x cos x tan x
f ( x)
258. If f ( x) = x3 x2 x , then find lim .
x →0 x2
2x 1 1

 3 x − x3  −1  1 − x 
2
f ( x) − f ( a) 1
259. If f ( x) = cot −1   and g ( x ) = cos   , then find lim , 0  a  .
 1 − 3x 2   1 + x2  → g ( x ) − g ( a ) 2
    x a

2 x−3 2(2 x + 1)
260. If f ( x) = , g ( x) = and h( x) = − 2 then find lim  f ( x) + g ( x) + h( x) .
x−3 x+4 x + x − 12 x →3

261. If lim
(a − n) nx − tan x sin nx = 0, Where n is non-zero real number, then find the value of a.
x →0 x2
1
 f (1 + x)  x
262. Let f : R → R be such that f (1) = 3 and f  (1) = 6 . Then find lim  
x → 0  f (1) 

L’ Hospital’s rule
L’ Hospital’s rule: If f ( x) and g ( x) be two functions of x such that
(i) lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = 0
x→a x →a
(ii) Both are continuous at x = a.
(iii) Both are differentiable at x = a .
f ( x) f '( x)
(iv) f '( x) and g '( x) are continuous at the point x = a , then lim = lim provided that
x →a g ( x) x → a g '( x)
g (a)  0

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 16

Note:
 The above rule is also applicable if lim f ( x) =  and lim g ( x) =  .
x→a x→a
f '( x) 
 If lim assumes the indeterminate form 0 or and f '( x), g '( x) satisfy all the condition
x →a g '( x) 0 
f '( x)
embodied in L’ Hospital rule, we can repeat the application of this rule on to get,
g '( x)
f '( x) f "( x)
lim = lim . Sometimes it may be necessary to repeat this process a number of times
x →a g '( x) x → a g "( x)
till our goal of evaluating limit is achieved.
Questions on L’ Hospital’s rule:
1 − cos mx xe x − log(1 + x)
1 lim 10 lim
x → 0 1 − cos nx x →0 x2
(cos x − 1) (cos x − e x ) sin −1 x − tan −1 x
2 lim 11 lim
x →0 x3 x →0 x3
sin  − cos  1 + log x − x
3 lim
 → / 4  −  / 4 12 lim
x →1 1 − 2x + x2
x3 − a3
4 lim 4x − 9x
x→a x2 − a2 13 lim
x →0 x(4 x + 9 x )
(1 + x) n − 1
5 lim 2− x−3
x →0 x 14 lim
sin 2  − sin 2 
x→7 x 2 − 49
6 lim  x2 
 → 2 − 2 
2
sec t dt 
tan 2 x − x 15 lim  0 
x →0
7 lim  x sin x 
x → 0 3x − sin x  
x+h − x  3sin x − 3 cos x 
8 lim
h →0 h 16 lim  
x → / 6 
 6x −  
sin x + log(1 − x)
9 lim
x →0 x2
1
 f (1 + x)  x
17 Let f : R → R be such that f (1) = 3 and f  (1) = 6 . Then lim   equals
x → 0  f (1) 

G ( x) − G (1)
18 If G ( x) = − 25 − x 2 , then lim
x →1 x −1
g ( x) f ( a ) − g ( a ) f ( x)
19 If f (a) = 2, f '(a ) = 1, g (a) = 1, g '(a) = 2, then lim equals
x→a x−a
f (a ) g ( x) − f ( x) g ( a )
20 If f (a) = 2 , f (a) = 1, g (a ) = −3 , g (a ) = −1 , then lim
x →a x−a
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 17

21 Let f (a ) = g (a) = k and their n th derivatives f n (a ) , g n (a ) exist and are not equal for some n,
f ( a ) g ( x) − f ( a ) − g ( a ) f ( x ) + g (a )
If lim = 4.
x →a g ( x) − f ( x)
f (2h + 2 + h 2 ) − f (2)
Given that f '(2) = 6 and f (1) = 4 , then lim
h→0 f (h − h 2 + 1) − f (1)

1st Principal Method

1 x, x 2 , x 3 ,
1 12 sin x 2
x2 13 sin x
1
2 x+ 14 tan x
x
15 x 2 cos x
3 ( x − 1)( x − 2 )
16 log cos x
4 (x 3
− 27 x ) 17 log tan x
( 2 x + 3) x 2
18 a , e , e , e x
x x
5
( 3x + 2 )
3
19 esin x
6 x, x tan x
20 e
7 2x + 3 sec x
log x 21 a
8
9 log a x 22 e log cosecx
10 sin x, cos x
11 tan x

Formulae of Differentiations
d n d x
(i) x = nx n −1 (vii) a = a x log a
dx dx
d  1  n d
(ii)   = − (viii) sin x = cos x
dx  x n  x n +1 dx
d 1 d
(iii) ( x) = (ix) cos x = − sin x
dx 2 x dx
d
(iv)
d
log x =
1 (x) tan x = sec2 x
dx x dx
d
d
(v) log a x =
1 (xi) cot x = −cosec2 x
dx x log a dx
d
d x (xii) sec x = sec x tan x
(vi) e = ex dx
dx
d
(xiii) cosec x = −cosec x cot x
dx
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 18

Differentiate w.r.t ‘x’

( ( ))
1 Differentiate sin cos x 2 26 Differentiate y = log x ( log x )
27 Differentiate y = logSin x Cos x
2 Differentiate sin x x( ) e2 x + e−2 x
( )(1+ x )(1− x )
1 1 1 28 Differentiate y = 2 x
3 Differentiate y = 1 + x 4 2 4 e − e−2 x

4 Differentiate y = sin x 29 Differentiate y = log x. e

( tan x + x2 )
 1   
5 Differentiate y = log x  x 2 cos  
 x 4
30 Differentiate y =
6 Differentiate y = Sec2 x + Cosec2 x sin x
 Sinx + x 2 
31 Differentiate y = 
 Cot 2x 
2
7 Differentiate e sec x + 3cos x  
8 Differentiate sin ( x 2 )
x3Sinx
2 32 Differentiate y =
9 Differentiate 2Cos x cos x
10 Differentiate 2 (
( )
log Cosx )
33 Differentiate y = log x + x 2 + a 2
11 Differentiate 2 cot x ( ) 2

12 Differentiate Sin Sin ( log 3 x ) log  x + x 2 +1 

=e  
( ( ))
34 Differentiate y
13 Differentiate sec tan x
35 Differentiate y = log x2 x
14 Differentiate y = x3 e x 36 y = e3log x + 5log5 x + 43log 4 x
15 Differentiate y = x sinx 37 f ( x ) = log5 log3 x , then f  ( e )
16 Differentiate y = x3 sinx 38 f ( x) = log(2 x − 1) then find f  ( e )
1
17 Differentiate y = ( ax + b ) ( cx + d )
m n
   x 2   2
39 Differentiate y = log sin  − 1 
(
18 Differentiate y = x 2 + 1 cos x )    3  

(
19 Differentiate y = x −4 3 − 4 x −5 ) 40 Differentiate y = log
1 + Sin x
1 − Sin x
20 Differentiate y = x5e x + x 6 log x 1 − Cos x
41 Differentiate y = log
21 Differentiate y = e x ( x + log x ) 1 + Cos x
22 Differentiate y = ( x + cos x )( x − tan x ) 42 Differentiate y = 4 + 4 + 4 + x 2
23 Differentiate y = e x log x tan x
24 Differentiate y = e x x 3 cos x 43 Differentiate y = a + a + a + x 2

25 Differentiate cos x3 .sin 2 x5 ( )

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 19

1 + tan x dy
44 If y = log , then Prove that = Sec 2 x
1 − tan x dx
1 − Cos 2 x dy
45 If y = log , then Prove that = 2Cosec 2 x
1 + Cos 2 x dx

REGISTRATIONS
TH
FOR CLASS 12
STARTS
FROM
TH
15 OF
MARCH 2021
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