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24lecturepresentation 160331123248
24lecturepresentation 160331123248
24lecturepresentation 160331123248
24
Early Life and
the Diversification
of Prokaryotes
Lecture Presentations by
Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge
Mass of
10 100
0 0
1953 2008 1953 2008
Relative turbidity, an
Precursor molecules plus
montmorillonite clay
0.2
Precursor
molecules only
0
0 20 40 60
Time (minutes)
(a) Self-assembly
Vesicle 1 µm
boundary
20 µm
(b) Reproduction (c) Absorption of RNA
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.4a
0
0 20 40 60
Time (minutes)
(a) Self-assembly
20 µm
(b) Reproduction
Vesicle 1 µm
boundary
30 µm
5 cm
10 µm
Stromatolites
Nonphotosynthetic bacteria
Possible
earliest Cyanobacteria
appearance
in fossil record
4 3 2 1 0
Time (billions of years ago)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.5a
Stromatolites
Nonphotosynthetic bacteria
Possible
earliest Cyanobacteria
appearance
in fossil record
4 3 2 1 0
Time (billions of years ago)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.5b
30 µm
3-billion-year-old
fossil of a cluster of
nonphotosynthetic
prokaryote cells
5 cm
1.1-billion-year-old
fossilized stromatolite
10 µm
1.5-billion-year-old fossil
of a cyanobacterium
1 µm
1 µm
3 µm
(a) Spherical (b) Rod-shaped (c) Spiral
1 µm
(a) Spherical
1 µm
(b) Rod-shaped
3 µm
(c) Spiral
Carbohydrate portion
of lipopolysaccharide
Peptido- Outer
Cell glycan
wall layer Cell membrane
wall Peptidoglycan
Plasma layer
membrane
Plasma membrane
Gram-positive Gram-negative
bacteria bacteria
10 µm
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.7a
(a) Gram-positive
bacteria
Peptido-
Cell glycan
wall layer
Plasma
membrane
(b) Gram-negative
bacteria
Carbohydrate portion
of lipopolysaccharide
Outer
Cell membrane
wall Peptidoglycan
layer
Plasma membrane
Gram-positive Gram-negative
bacteria bacteria
10 µm
Bacterial
Bacterial capsule
cell wall
Tonsil
cell
200 nm
Fimbriae
1 µm
Flagellum
Filament 20 nm
Hook
Cell wall Motor
Plasma Peptidoglycan
membrane Rod layer
20 nm
Hook
Motor
0.2 µm 1 µm
Respiratory
membrane
Thylakoid
membranes
0.2 µm
Respiratory
membrane
1 µm
Thylakoid
membranes
Chromosome
Plasmids
1 µm
Photosynthetic
cells
Heterocyst
20 µm
1.8
(relative to ancestral
population)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
Results
Population growth rate
1.8
(relative to ancestral
1.6
population)
1.4
1.2
1.0
proteins synthesized.
proteins synthesized.
proteins synthesized.
Crossing over
4 Phage with A allele
+
A+
infects bacterial
recipient cell. A− B−
Recipient
cell
proteins synthesized.
Crossing over
4 Phage with A allele
+
A+
infects bacterial
recipient cell. A− B−
Recipient
Recombinant cell
5 Incorporation of phage cell
DNA creates recombinant
cell with genotype A+ B+ . A+ B−
1 µm
Sex pilus
F plasmid Bacterial
chromosome
F+ cell
(donor)
Mating
bridge
F− cell
(recipient) Bacterial
chromosome
1 One strand of
F+ cell plasmid
DNA breaks at
arrowhead.
F plasmid Bacterial
chromosome
F+ cell
(donor)
Mating
bridge
F− cell
(recipient) Bacterial
chromosome
F plasmid Bacterial
chromosome
F+ cell
(donor)
Mating
bridge
F− cell
(recipient) Bacterial
chromosome
F plasmid Bacterial
chromosome
F+ cell
(donor)
F+
cell
Mating
bridge F+
cell
F− cell
(recipient) Bacterial
chromosome
Eukarya
Domain
Eukaryotes
Korarchaeotes
Domain Archaea
Euryarchaeotes
Crenarchaeotes
UNIVERSAL
ANCESTOR Nanoarchaeotes
Proteobacteria
Domain Bacteria
Chlamydias
Spirochetes
Cyanobacteria
Gram-positive
bacteria
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has
allowed for more rapid sequencing of prokaryote
genomes
A handful of soil may contain 10,000 prokaryotic
species
Horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes
obscures the root of the tree of life
Video: Tubeworms
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.UN01
Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria
2.5 µm
1 µm
Rhizobium (arrows) Nitrosomonas
(TEM) (TEM)
300 µm
2 µm
Thiomargarita Chondromyces Helicobacter pylori
namibiensis (LM) crocatus (SEM) (TEM)
Alpha
Beta
Gamma Proteobacteria
Delta
Epsilon
Alpha subgroup
Rhizobium (arrows)
inside a root cell of
a legume (TEM)
2.5 µm
Beta subgroup
Nitrosomonas
(colorized TEM)
1 µm
Gamma subgroup
Thiomargarita
namibiensis containing
sulfur wastes (LM)
200 µm
Delta subgroup
Fruiting bodies of
Chondromyces crocatus,
a myxobacterium (SEM)
300 µm
Epsilon subgroup
Helicobacter pylori
(colorized TEM)
2 µm
40 µm
2.5 µm
5 µm
Chlamydia (arrows) Leptospira Oscillatoria
(TEM) (TEM)
Gram-positive bacteria
2 µm
5 µm
Streptomyces Mycoplasmas
(SEM) (SEM)
Chlamydias
Chlamydia (arrows)
inside an animal cell
(colorized TEM)
2.5 µm
Spirochetes
Leptospira,
a spirochete
(colorized TEM)
5 µm
Cyanobacteria
Oscillatoria,
a filamentous
cyanobacterium
40 µm
Gram-positive bacteria
Streptomyces,
the source of
many antibiotics
(SEM)
5 µm
Gram-positive bacteria
Hundreds of mycoplasmas
covering a human
fibroblast cell
(colorized SEM)
2 µm
Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria
2 µm
2 µm
1.0
Uptake of K by plants (mg)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Seedlings growing in the lab
0
No Strain 1 Strain 2 Strain 3
bacteria
Soil treatment
5 µm
5 µm
(b)
(a)
(a)
(b)
Fimbriae
Cell wall
Circular
chromosome
Capsule
Sex pilus
Internal
organization
Flagella