1, Watis electrochemistry? gudy of chemical energy and electrical energy and how one can be conve “Ans THe sted into another is called celecinehemistry 2, Gyeany two importance of electrochemistry. ‘Am ()Alrge number of metals, NaOH, Ch, Fs ete are prepared by electrochemical methods. {The reactions carried out electrochemically can be energy efficient and less polluting 3, Wuttype of reactions are fundamental reactions of electrochemistry? ‘Ans:Redox reactions. 2.1 Electrochemical Cells 4, What are galvanic cells or voltaic cells? Give an examples. ‘Ans: The cells in which chemical energy of spontaneous redox reaction 1s converted into electrical energy are called galvanic cells. Examples: Daniel cell, dry cell (Leclanche cell), merc {ithiumion cell (mobile cel!) 5. Mention the accepted IUPAC convention while represent As (i)Keep anode on the left and cathode on the right n metal and electrolyte solution des to indicate the salt bridge. ‘ury cell, lead — storage battery, nickel ~ cadmium cell, ing the symbolic notation of galvanic cell. _ (iA single vertical line is written betwee! (ii) double vertical line is written between the two electro Anode || Cathode eae M, |Mj* || M3"|M,- itis a salt bridge? Ans: HItis U-shaped glass tube filled with a gel called agar-agar conlaining KCl or KNO; of NH:NOs. 1" Whats the rote of salt bridge in connecting anode and cathode or (wo half cells? Ans, i a Timaintains electrical neutrality on both sides. i) It prevents the accumulation of charges in the half cell. & we avoids liquid — liquid junction potential. happens when a sult bridge Is removed from the electrochemical cell? yp, Potential drops to zero. a Is KCI used in the prepar ion of salt bridges? both K* and CI” ions are almost same, The Study transport number or the veloc Pinna — MPU Chemistry10. Explain the construction and working of Daniel cel Ans: Daniel cell consists of a zine rod dipped in IM Sepa % ZnSO, solution and a copper rod dipped in 1M CuSOs solution. The two solutions are interconnected using ¢ salt bridge and the two rods are externally connected using a metallic wire. Itstarts to produce electricity. Flectrons are liberated at the anode and received at cathode. Hence electrons flow from zinc electrode to copper electrode and electric current flows ffOM yng anode copper to zinc. The total cell reaction in Daniel cells as shown below. Anode (oxidation) Zn —>Zn™ + ae Cathode (Reduction) Cu” + 26 Zn+Cu* —>Zn™ +Cu Net cell reaction snto electricity oF electrical energy. The cel pote ‘Thus the loss of electrons i.e., chemical energy is converted (emf) (voltage) of the Daniel cell 1.10 'V. 1s 11. What is the standard cell potential of the Daniel cell? : ‘ Ans: 1.1V Be 12, Write the half cell reaction occurs in the cathode of the Daniel cell. * tt ‘Ans; Cu” +26, x 13, Write the half cell reaction occurs in the anode of the Daniel cell. A ‘Ans: Zn——> Za 428 x potential when concentration of cathodic solution is increased? 3 14, What happens the cell ntial incteases. Ans: Cell pote the current flow when electrons are moving from anode to cathode during 15. Mention the direction 0! working of Galvanic cell. ‘Ans: The direction of current flow is opposite to that of electron flow. i A 16, What happens when an.external OPED potential of 1.1 V is applied i fel cell? aepem ean a Galvanic cell become af clestrolyts cell? pplied in the Daniel cell? OR 2 ‘Ans: When external opposite potential is applied more than the A electrolytic cell standard cell potential, Galvanic cell be ‘Ans: Reaction stops and no current flows through the cell. tt 17. What happens when an external opposite potential is applied more I “ams: Reaction takes piace the opposite direction and cell functions as el han 1,1 V in Daniel cell- i 18. Write the symbolic notation of Daniel cell. lectrolytic cell. i ‘Ans: Zn|Z0bc Ho | a ‘student's muminetor Po NNed = = cA she electrode at which oxidation takes place. % ; 20. js reduction? 4 ion less i called reduction Cu +2e° —>Cu ap tamethe electrode at which reduction takes place, ‘Ans Cathode. 2. wats redox reaction? 3 caret in which both oxidation and reduction takes place simultaneously is called redox reaction. ax — zn +Cu +24, Viatis an electrode? Give an example, “an Ametl rod dipped in its own Zon solution is called electrode. Fxandle: (i) Zine rod dipped in Zn’ ion (ZnSO,) solution is ‘called zine electrode. {ii) Copper rod dipped in Cu" ion (CuSO,) solution is called copper electrode. +25, What is electrode potential or single electrode. potential? ‘Ans; The potential developed between a metal rod and its own ions in a solution at equilibrium is called electrode poteislor single electrode potential. Itisenoed by E and expressed in volts. 26. Name the unit to measure electrode potential. ‘Ans: Volt (V) 27, What is standard electrode potential? Ans The potential developed between a metal rod and its own ion in a Sol andal equilibrium is called standard electrode potential. It is denoted by E° Note: According to IUPAC standard electrode potential ° also called as standard reduetion potential (SRP). 28. How does electrode potential changes with concentration? ution at 298 K and 1 M concentration Ats:Fectrode potential increases. 29. What is cell potential? Bs difference between the electrode potentials (SRP values) a cell or cell potential. The cell potential i also called as ele th the cell. of two electrodes of the galvanic cell is called .otromotive fore when no current is drawn ot Bly = Bhan ~ Pritaen Et, = Bo. EE OF Note: Among the given two SRP values, more value is cathode and less value is anode in the galvanic cell nol: The b? values of Zn and Cu are - 0.76 V and + 0.34 V ate respectively. - 'Sanode and Cu is cathode Ina Galvanic cell the following cell reaction takes jena notation of the cell. "Cu | CuPaq) | Ag'(aq) | AB place Cu+2Ag’ —> Cu? +2Ag. Write the ders iuinator38 fe ex 31. Explain Stand: i trode (NHE). lard Hydroge rod jal Hydrogen Elect q Re ae Or aterch 014, July 2014, July 2015, July 2017, July 2019) Ans: ii ay: SHE is a primary reference electrode because its SRP value (B°) is assumed as zero V, : \ connected with Platinum wire with mercury, A copper wire is connected from mercury for external circuit. The platinum foil is dipped in IM HCI solution as shown in the figure. ‘Working: Pass pure and dry hydrogen gas continuously at 1 bar Pressure from inlet. The hydrogen gas gets adsorbed on the Surface of the Pt foil. The adsorbed hydrogen gas is in contact with the H’ ions of 1 M HCI solution. The electrode reaction is W(aq+e —3311,(@) Symbolic notation of standard hydrogen electrode is Pt(s),H;(g,1bar) | H* (IM) The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) potential is zero Note: At 298K, the emf of the cell, constructed by combining standard hydrogen electrode as anode (refere half cell) and the other half cell as cathode, gives the standard reduction potential of other half cell by assuming SRP of SHE is ZERO. 32. What is the value assigned to the electrode potential of SHE at 300K? Ans: Zero 33. Platinised platinum is used for the construction of SHE. Give reason. Ans: Platinised platinum provides more surface area for adsorption of hydrogen gas 34. How to determine the SRP of copper electrode using SHE? Ans: ¢ Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is the reference electrode ¢ The given copper electrode is coupled with SHE, ¢ The emf of the cell formed is measured using a potentiometer. . The measured emf of the cell P(s)| Ha(g, I bar)| H'(aq, 1M) || Cu*(1M) | Cu corresponding to ti | equation, Cu’’ (aq) + 2e ~——> Cu(s) is 0.34V. Therefore, SRP of Cu”"| Cu electrode is + 0,34V. 35. How to determine the SRP of zinc electrode using SHE? ‘The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is the reference electrode, Ans: ¢ ¢ The given zine electrode is coupled with SHE, ¢ The measured emf of the cell PU) | Ha (G1 bat | (aq), 1M) | Zn"(1M) [2m using « paren “N using a pote is — 0.76V corresponding tothe half cell reaction, Zn" (aq) +2¢- A = re S) Therefore, SRP of Zn’”| Zn electrode is ~ 0. 76y. 436. A galvanic cell is constructed using SHE and silver electrode, [4g') — 2 cell potential? me 0 BE? =0.8-0 = 08V a fuss 1M and Beng = +0,8V. W Ans: Eo ‘Student's illuminator2 Feps ener lostrodes?. Give an ceample eg electrodes which do not participate in the reaction but provide their surface for ‘oxidation or reduction Te forthe conduction of the electrons are called inert electrodes. F 1 gor gold are used as inert electrodes. role of platinum in the hydrogen electrode Pt(s) | H2(g) | H’(aq)’ provides surface for the adsorption of hydrogen gas and the following half reaction occurs on the , p ‘gg, wast is ‘Ans. Fistium surface: H*(aq) +e" 5 H®) 49. viats the role of platinum in the bromine eleetrode Pt(s) | Bri(aq) | Br ( “ans nis eletrode, platinum provides surface forthe following half reaction 1 ae (aq) +e" —>Br (aq) 40, Differentiate between reactive and inert electrodes. Ans: Reactive electrodes Inert Electrodes =| They do not participate in the reaction. (i) They participate in the reaction. “They provides surface for oxidation and reduction reaction. (2)| Themselves undergo oxidation and reduction. 41. What are the importance of SRP values? Ans: () Standard electrode potential (E°) value can standard elec be used to predict the ability of the species is an oxidising agent ora reducing agent. Higher the trode potential, greater is the oxidizing ability and lesser is the reducing ability. For example, potential for fluorine has : the highest value indicating that fluorine gas (F2) has * The standard electrode fe ions (F) and therefore fluorine gas is the strongest the maximum tendency to get reduced to fluorid oxidising agent and fluoride ion is the weakest reducing agent. + Lithium has the lowest electrode potential indicating that lithium ion is the weakest oxidising agent while lithium metal is the most powerful reducing agent. ba @ the aandard electrode potential ofan element is greater than zero, then its ion is reduced by hydrogen. If the standard electrode potential of an element is negative then hydrogen ion is reduced by the metal to hydrogen gas. * Following are the values of Ej values of certain elements, Arrange them in the descending order of = oxidizing power : ; Reng =-2.36 V; Boag =-025 VoEhones “077s Fagin 408V, EP, =2.87V Ee 0 0 0 0 Ange aE nghing Encino >E Apt ni? Ens ; ‘Oxidising power decreases 3, Mention an observation made when an iron rod is di Ans; app, blue colour of CuSO, solution, will be discharged du ue to oxidation of Fe to Fes Soon iuminator —_— jpped into 0.1M CuSO, solution? fe to reduction of Cu°* to Cu and green colour will beEle 40 wre stable in reduced form? 44. Given E, Ni?* 424g 2 ened o RT IN] 0-0591, [Niz* jemst equation is E=E°~ — or E=E°— [Nit] The OF [Ag a eek 50, Write the Nernst equation for a general electrochemical reaction of the type aA+bB —"*—> cC+dD. po, RT ,, (Cry : Q en wi DEAT IBY : 451, Write the Nernst equation for a general electrochemical reaction of the type aA + bB —“® > cC + dD interms of eee quotient. : where Qis reaction quotient. 52. Write Nernst equation for the cell reaction: 2Al(s) +3Ni’* (aq) —> 3Ni(s) + 2AI** (aq) po 00591, (AIF 6 S[NE 53. Write Nernst equation for the cell. Zn | Zn** (aq) || HC1|H, | Pt Ans: Zn+2H* —>Zn™ +H, » 0-059, [Zn** 8 oy OB rere 2 (H"} 4. When reaction quotient does is equal to equilibrium constant in the galvanic cell? at 25°C. Ans’ Bay E. Ans: When cell reaction attains equilibrium and cell potential (E..u) is zero, reaction quotient is equal to quilibrium constant. 55. Give the relation between standard emf of a cell and equilibrium constant. Ans: _ 2-303] RT el log where Ke = equilibrium consiant. Fe, =emf of acell AL298 K or 25°C Bog hog, K. where n= change in the number of electrons. *. Give the relation hetween electrode potential or emf of a cell and Gibb’s free energy. Ans: 4g —nFE® Where AG? Gibb’s free energy change, n= change in the number of electrons, F = Faraday (96500 C) mee : x Q Studeny, = Bhs ats 'Siuminator2 fie Etectrochen, il eS J Eu = emf ofac = ell or electrode potential of a cell. : ion and equilibrium constay, 6 57. Write the relation between standard ction and eq) bbs free energy change of the rea Ans: AG* =-RTINK or AG®=-2,303RTlogi)K 58: Represent the cell in which the following reaction takes place 4 Ms(8)+2Ag*(0-0001M)—> Mig" (0. 130M) + 2Ag(9 ‘Ans: The cell can be represented as Mg | Mg* (0.130 M) |] Ag’ (0.0001 M) | Ag: Problems 59. Calculate the value of A,G° at 298 K for the cell reaction. oe. 3Mg,, + 2A, —>3Mg%, +2Al,, [Given: E%,, =-2.36 V, E’, =-1.66 V, and F = 96487 C]. Ans: E° “ ot Eat En te -66—(-2.36) =-1.66+2.36 =0.7V OFS, = ~6 x 96487 x0.7 =405245.4 J =—405.2454 1 60. Using the Nernst equation for the following cell at 298K and calculate the EMF. ANS) | Alston lI Ctgeunr| Cu, Given =-1.66 V and EY... = +0.34V. AG? Ams: Al——>AP* 4 3€ x2 Cu + 26 —>0ux3 2Al+3Cu* —>2AP* +3Cu : ; nl 6 A s ‘Student's illuminatorours ra yate the emf of the cell in which the following reaction taki ai : a kes place: GE 6)+ 288 (0-002 M)—> Ni*(0-160M) + 2Ag(6) Given that Ez, =1-08V {July 2015, July 2018, March 2020] Eon 09-0591, [Ni] ying Nernst equation, E, peste ss: APP ou orenthents =1-05—6-02955]og-(0-160)_ (0-002 = 1.05 — 0.02955 log 4 x 104 - = 1.05 ~ 0.02955 (log 10000 + log 4) = 1.05 — 0.02955 (4 + 0.6021) =0.914 V 62. The cell in which the following reactions occurs: 2Fe%,,, + 21,,,, > 2Fe¥,, +14, has Et, =0-236V at 198 K. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant of the cell reaction. /July 2020] ‘Ans We know that: AG? =-nFE®. eal =—2 x 96500 x 0.236 =— 45548] mol * AG® =-2.303RTlogK., sO Rees 2-303 RT <. Kg = Antilog (7.982) = 9.48 = 10" log, = 63. Find the value of AG® at 25°C for the following electrochemical cell. Cu| Cu (1 M) |] Ag’ (1. M)| Ag. (Eg, =0-34V and Ei, =0-8V) [July 2016] ‘Ans: Step 1: Determine the E%., Bt, =B4, —E2, =0-8-0-34=0-46V Step2: Determine the number of moles of electrons transferred. Cu—, Cur +2e [Ag’ +e— Ag] x2 Cu+2Ag*—>Cu™ +2Ag ” n=2 moles of electrons Step: Determine standard free energy change. AG? =-nFE’, AG =~ 2 96500 0.46 « AG° =~ 887803 a, Represent ‘the cell in which the following reaction takes place [March 2015) Mg(s) +2Ag" (0-0001M)—> Mg (0.001 M) + 2Ag(s). Calculate its Ecey if Eee a2 aTY and’ E),.j,, = 9-80 V- 00591 ,,, [Me™] [ag [oI mr .Electrochen =3 Pavey 0.001 a (0-0001)* = 3.17009? l og 105 =3.0225V 1 for the reaction Fe-+ Cu? —> Fe” + Cu if the equilibrium constant for 65. Caleulate the value of E° reaction is 2.18 x 1075 S91 see ioe ny oRK Ans: Be 0.0591 Slope 18108 0.0591 =~ [!082. 18+logi0*] 0.0591 =—— [0.33844 26] =0.776V 66. Calculate the equilibrium constant of the reaction Cu(s) + 2Ag”(aq)——>Cu**(aq) + 2Ag(s) Given: E%,, =0-46 Vv. [July 2017] _ 0.0591 Ans: Bi, = logK, n In the cell reaction, 2 moles of electrons are transferred n 046 eee Ke 5 Hog ke = eter ag 0-0591 K, =Antilog (15-6) ; K.=3-981x10'. 67. The standard electrode potential for Daniel cell reaction Zn(s) + Cu” (aq)——> Zn** (aq) + Cu(s) . TV. Calculate the standard Gibbs energy for th [March 2014 = —2.x96500x1-1 =—212300 J mol. 2.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions 68. What are conductors? Ans: The substances which allow the passage of electric curent are called condueto 8, 69. Name the types of conductors. ‘Ans: There are two types of conductors (3) Metallic conductors (i) Electrolytic cong y ¢ conductors 0, What are metallic conductors? cl ch allow the movement of electri The conductors whicl care conductors. Examples: Al, Cu, ete. Pe | An: metallic 71. Name the type of mat 150 K. ‘Ams: Ceramic materials and mixed oxides, ns: iaaromie stor ‘student's ill