Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BS 2971 1991
BS 2971 1991
BRITISH STANDARD |
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Specification for
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Class II arc welding of carbon |
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steel pipework for carrying |
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fluids |
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ICS 25.160.10 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998
BSI 1998
Amendments issued since publication
First published April 1961
Second edition October 1977 Amd. No. Date Text affected
Third edition June 1991
9773 February Indicated by a sideline in the margin
1998
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference WEE/21
Draft for comment 90/71692 DC
Summary of pages
The following table identifies the current issue of each page. Issue 1 indicates that a page has been introduced
for the first time by amendment. Subsequent issue numbers indicate an updated page. Vertical sidelining on
replacement pages indicates the most recent changes (amendment, addition, deletion).
BSI 1998 a
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blank
BS 2971 : 1991
Contents
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Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword 3
Section 1. General
1 Scope 4
2 Information and requirements to be agreed and to be documented 4
3 Parent metal 4
4 Weld metal 5
5 Gases for shielding and purging 5
6 Equipment 5
7 Welding processes 6
8 Backing rings 6
9 Joint preparations 6
10 Proximity of welds 6
11 Fusion faces 6
12 Assembly for welding 7
13 Purging 7
14 Damage to parent metal by arc strikes 7
15 Inter-run cleaning 7
16 Cold pull 7
17 Preheating for cutting and welding 7
18 Heat treatment after welding 8
Section 2. Butt joints
19 General 9
20 All types of butt joint 9
21 Gusseted bends 9
Section 3. Branches and small bore connections
22 General 12
23 Branches 12
Section 4. Sleeve joints and socket-welding fittings
24 General 13
25 Sleeve joint details 13
26 Socket joint details 13
Section 5. Structural attachments
27 General 14
28 Welding procedure 14
Section 6. Flanges
29 General 15
30 Welding neck flanges 15
31 Welded-on flanges 15
Section 7. Inspection
32 Requirements for visual examination of completed welds 16
33 Testing of completed welds 16
34 Non-destructive testing 16
35 Flaw limitations 17
1
BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998
Page
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2 BSI 1998
Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
Foreword
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This revision of this British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the
Welding Standards Policy Committee. It embodies the technical developments that
have taken place since the 1977 edition, which is superseded and withdrawn. On
common aspects the standard has generally been aligned with BS 2633.
The relevant application standard, where it exists, should specify whether class II
welding of pipework is required, but the factors to be taken into account in coming to
such a conclusion are the operating conditions of the pipework, the degree of
inspection and the acceptance requirements (see also appendix A).
It is recommended that carbon steels with a carbon content exceeding 0.25 % and all
ferritic alloy steels be welded in accordance with BS 2633 irrespective of the operating
conditions.
Purchasers ordering to this standard are advised to specify in their contracts that the
| manufacturer operates a quality system in compliance with the appropriate standard in
| the BS EN ISO 9000 series to assure themselves that pipework claimed to have been
| welded in accordance with BS 2971 consistently achieves the required level of quality.
The following are companion standards to this standard.
Inspecting authority. For the purposes of this British Standard the term `inspecting
authority' refers to that competent independent body or association which verifies
compliance with this standard.
Contracting parties. For the purposes of this British Standard, the term `contracting
parties' is intended to cover the purchaser, the manufacturer and the inspecting
authority in any relevant combination according to the particular circumstances.
Pipe and tube. For the purposes of this British Standard the word `pipe', alone or in
combination, is used to mean `pipe' or `tube' although these terms are often used for
different categories of product by different industries.
Pipework dimensions. Unless otherwise qualified, for the purposes of this British
Standard `pipe diameter' relates to the nominal value of the outside diameter and `pipe
thickness' relates to the nominal value of the wall thickness specified in the standard
to which the pipe is ordered.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard that the execution of its
provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
BSI 1998 3
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 1
Section 1. General
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Section 1 Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
3.3 While the requirements of this standard apply c) Argon/carbon dioxide mixtures, consisting of |
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also to the welding of cast parts, additional argon with up to 20 % added carbon dioxide with |
precautions in inspection and welding procedure that or without up to 5 % oxygen and complying with |
may be necessary to deal with the presence of BS EN 439. |
non-metallic inclusions or porosity shall be subject d) Argon/hydrogen mixtures, consisting of argon |
to agreement between the contracting parties with up to 5 % added hydrogen and complying |
(see 2.2(b)). with BS EN 439. |
e) Carbon dioxide, complying with BS EN 439. |
4 Weld metal f) Other gases or gas mixtures, that have been
4.1 Mechanical properties and chemical proved to be satisfactory as a result of procedure
composition approval tests.
The mechanical properties of the weld metal shall be NOTE. Certain gases are heavier than air and therefore
precautions should be taken to ensure adequate ventilation and
suitable for the design requirements of the pipework extraction for all welding processes.
system.
NOTE 1. In general, the requirements for yield strength should be 5.2 Gases for back purging
at least equal to the minimum in the specification for the parent For purging the back of a weld during welding, |
metal. argon, argon/hydrogen mixtures or helium as |
The chemical composition of the weld metal, specified in 6.1 one of the following gases shall be |
including that from fusible inserts, shall be used: |
compatible with that of the parent material. The use
of hydrogen-controlled weld metal shall be as given
a) Nitrogen, complying with BS EN 439. |
in 17.3. b) Nitrogen/hydrogen mixtures, consisting of |
nitrogen, with up to 5 % hydrogen and complying |
NOTE 2. The requirements of this clause are met by welding
consumables of the types stated that comply with the following with BS EN 439. |
British Standards:
| covered electrodes for manual metal-arc welding with
| BS EN 499; 6 Equipment
| filler materials for gas-shielded arc welding with BS EN 440; Welding plant, instruments, cables and accessories
| filler wire/flux combinations for submerged-arc welding with shall comply with the appropriate Parts of BS 638, |
| BS EN 756 and BS EN 760; BS EN 50078, BS EN 60974-11 and BS EN 60974-12. |
tubular cored electrodes for arc welding with BS 7084. Their capacity shall be adequate for the welding
As submerged-arc welding conditions can have a procedure proposed to be used.
significant effect on the chemical composition of the The installation, operation and maintenance shall be
weld metal, the welding conditions shall be effected by competent persons in accordance with
controlled to ensure that the correct weld metal the appropriate safety recommendations. All
composition is consistently achieved. electrical equipment used in connection with the
4.2 Storage and handling welding operation shall be adequately earthed.
NOTE. Attention is drawn to the advice on safety precautions
Electrodes, filler wires and rods, and fluxes shall be contained in Guidance Note PM 64 `Arc welding electrical safety'
stored and handled in accordance with the issued by the Health and Safety Executive and published by
manufacturer's recommendations so as to avoid HM Stationery Office.1)
damage or deterioration to them and to the Adequate means of measuring current shall be
containers in which they are transported. Electrodes, available either as part of the welding plant or by the
filler wires and rods, and fluxes that show signs of provision of a portable ammeter. In the case of
damage or deterioration shall not be used. semi-automatic, automatic and mechanized welding,
means shall be provided for measuring the arc
5 Gases for shielding and purging voltage since this may exert considerable influence
on the form, composition and soundness, e.g.
5.1 Shielding gases porosity, of the weld. When using a gas-shielded
| Where appropriate, gases or gas mixtures of the welding process, means of measuring the gas flow
| following quality shall be used. shall be provided.
| a) Argon, complying with BS EN 439. Where necessary, staging and protection from the
| b) Argon/oxygen mixtures, consisting of argon weather shall be provided to enable the welding
| with up to 5 % added oxygen and complying with operation to be performed properly.
| BS EN 439.
1) Available from The Stationery Office, 49 High Holborn, London WC1 for personal callers, or by post from The Stationery Office, |
PO Box 276, London SW8 5DT. |
BSI 1998 5
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 1
6
Section 1 Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
To maintain the specified alignment and gap, where Each run of weld metal shall be clean before a
used, during welding (see 20.1), the parts to be further run is applied, particular attention being paid
welded shall be securely held in position by to the junctions between the weld metal and the
mechanical means, welded-on bridge pieces or by fusion faces. Visible flaws such as cracks, cavities
tack welding. and other deposition faults shall be removed before
NOTE. The dimension of the root gap is the dimension after tack deposition of further weld metal.
welding. It is appreciated that there may be difficulty in complying
strictly with the specified requirements for the root gap. Slight
modifications imposed by practical considerations may be 16 Cold pull
permitted.
The preheating requirements given in clause 17 shall Where the effects of thermal expansion in service
be applied and maintained during tack welding and are to be counteracted by `cold pull' during erection
the welding-on of bridge pieces or other attachments. of the pipe assembly, the `cold pull' shall be
maintained during preheating (where applicable; see
Electrodes or filler materials used for tack welding clause 17), welding, any post-weld heat treatment
shall be of the same type and class as, and of a size and cooling.
not larger than, those to be used for completing the
first run of weld metal. Before applying `cold pull' to a joint, all other joints
in the pipe assembly shall have been welded,
Attention shall be paid to the quality of tack welds.
subjected to any post-weld heat treatment, inspected
The throat thickness of tack welds shall be similar to
and accepted.
that of the initial root run. Where necessary, the
extremities of these tack welds shall be dressed by
grinding or chipping to facilitate proper fusion when 17 Preheating for cutting and welding
they are incorporated in the root run. All cracked
tack welds shall be completely removed. 17.1 General
When used, clamps for aligning pipes shall not be No thermal cutting, welding or tack welding shall be
removed until at least half the root run has been carried out when the temperature of the parent
completed and is uniformly distributed round the material within 150 mm of the joint or cut is less
circumference of the joint. than 5 ÊC.
Where welded-on bridge pieces are used, the pipe 17.2 Preheating for cutting
surfaces shall not be left in a damaged condition Preheating for thermal cutting shall be applied when
after the bridge pieces are removed. the temperature of the parent metal is less than 5 ÊC.
1)
The greatest component thickness at the joint.
2)
Hydrogen controlled weld metal as defined in BS EN 499 contains not more than 15 ml of diffusible hydrogen per 100 g of deposited |
metal when determined by the method given in BS 6693 : Part 2.
BSI 1998 7
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 1
The procedure used shall ensure a satisfactory 18 Heat treatment after welding
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Section 2 BS 2971 : 1991
Table 2. Typical limits for bore difference and alignment for manual welding
Bore Maximum difference in bore (rounded to Maximum out of alignment at the bore
the nearest 0.5 mm) (rounded to the nearest 0.5 mm)
with backing ring without backing ring with backing ring without backing ring
mm mm mm mm mm
Up to and including 150 1.5 3.0 1.5 2.5
Over 150 2.5 5.0 2.5 3.0
1) In this section the term `pipe' is intended to cover pipes and fittings, e.g. welding neck flanges, forged tees, welding elbows.
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BS 2971 : 1991 Section 2
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Section 2
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BS 2971 : 1991
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 3
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Section 4 BS 2971 : 1991
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BS 2971 : 1991 Section 5
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Section 6 BS 2971 : 1991
Section 6. Flanges
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BS 2971 : 1991 Section 7
Section 7. Inspection
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Section 7 BS 2971 : 1991
35 Flaw limitations
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d) Lack of penetration Total length
Lack of root fusion exceeding 25 mm in
any 100 mm length
Lack of side wall of weld, or height
fusion greater than 20 % of
nominal pipe
Lack of inter-run
fusion thickness.
Slag inclusions
Circumferential
wormholes
e) Porosity.
17
BS 2971 : 1991 Section 8
18
Section 9 Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
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BSI 1998 19
BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998 Section 10
20 BSI 1998
Appendix A BS 2971 : 1991
Appendices
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BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998 Appendix B
Table 5. Grades in ASTM and DIN standards of similar weldability to British Standard grades of
pipe
British Standard Grades and types of steel ASTM standard DIN standard
BS 1387 A106 Gr A
BS 3059 : Part 1 320 A106 Gr B (if carbon is
restricted to 0.25 % max.)
BS 3059 : Part 2 360 and 440 DIN 17175 St 35.8
BS 3601 320, 360 and 430 DIN 17177 St 37.8
| BS 3602 : Part 1 360, 430 and 500 Nb DIN 17175 St 45.8
| BS 3602 : Part 2 430 DIN 17177 St 42.8
BS 3606 320 and 440 DIN 17175 17 Mn 4
DIN 17175 19 Mn 5
| BS 3603 430 LT A333 Gr 1 and Gr 6 (if carbon DIN 17173
is restricted to 0.20 % max.) DIN 17174 TT St 35N
22 BSI 1998
Appendix C BS 2971 : 1991
(a) Single-V for use with backing ring (b) Double angle-V for use with backing ring
(pipes up to and including 12.5 thick) (pipes over 12.5 thick)
(c) Normal single-V preparation for use with (d) Permissible alternative preparation to (c)
backing ring (pipes over 12.5 thick) for vertical or nearly vertical pipe
All dimensions are in millimetres.
Figure 7. Typical butt joint preparations for use with backing rings
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BS 2971 : 1991 Appendix C
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(c) Single-V without root face for use with special (d) Double angle-V for pipes over 12.5 thick
welding technique
All dimensions are in millimetres.
Figure 8. Typical butt joint preparations for use without backing rings
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Appendix C BS 2971 : 1991
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NOTE. For design pressures over 10 bar1) an internal seal weld is necessary (see 23.4.2).
1) 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 100 kPa.
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BS 2971 : 1991
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BS 2971 : 1991 Appendix C
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NOTE. For pressures over 10 bar an internal seal weld is necessary (see 23.4.2).
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Appendix C BS 2971 : 1991
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29
BS 2971 : 1991 Appendix C
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A dia. C
50 10
75 12
30
Appendix C BS 2971 : 1991
Figure 16. Where the pressure is more than 10 bar or C.4 Typical forms of welded-on flanges are shown in
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BS 2971 : 1991 Issue 2, February 1998
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Publications referred to
32 BSI 1998
Issue 2, February 1998 BS 2971 : 1991
BS 4872 Specification for approval testing of welders when welding procedure approval is not required
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BSI 1998
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