SMART DUSTBIN USING ARDUINO

A PROJECT PHASE-I REPORT

Submitted by

CHANDRU. L (18105010)

KIRUBAKA. C (18105027)

RAVI. M (18105052)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PAAVAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAMAKKAL

(AUTONOMOUS)

JANUARY 2022
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Project reporttitled “SMART DUSTBIN USING ARDUINO” is the bonafide
work of CHANDRU. L (18105010), KIRUBAKAR. C (18105027), RAVI. M 18105052)” who
carried out the research under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. M. SUDHA, ME., MBA., Ph.D., Mr. S. VIJAYAKUMAR, M.E.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Professor Associate Professor

Department of ECE Department of ECE

Paavai Engineering College Paavai Engineering College

Namakkal -637 018. Namakkal -637 018.

Submitted for End Semester Examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DECLARATION

We Chandru. L, Kirubakar. C, Ravi. M, Hereby declare that the project title “Design Of An

Industrial IOT Based Monitoring System For Power Substations” done by us under the guidance of Mr.

S. Vijayakumar, M.E., Associate Professor at Paavai Engineering College, Pachal, Namakkal is submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in

Electronics and Communication Engineering. Certifiedfurther that, to the best of our knowledge, the

work reported
here in does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree

or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

1.

2.

DATE : 3.

PLACE: PACHAL SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A great deal of arduous work and efforts has been spent in implementing this project work.
Several special people have guided us and have contributed significantly to this work and so this
becomes obligatory to record our thanks to them.

We express our profound gratitude to our honorable Chairman, Shri.CA.N.V.NATARAJAN,

B.com.,FCA., and also to our Correspondent Smt.N.MANGAINATARAJAN, M.Sc., for providing all
necessary facilities for the successful completion of this project.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our respected Director Administration, Dr.K.K.
RAMASAMY, M.E., Ph.D., for all the blessing and help provided during the period of project work.

We would like to thank our respected Principal Dr.M.PREMKUMAR, M.E.,Ph.D., for allowing us
to do this project and providing require time to complete the same.

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Dr.M.SUDHA, ME., MBA., Ph.D., Head of
Electronics and Communication Engineering department for her extended encourage to fulfill this
project.

We express our sincere thanks to Mr.S.VIJAYAKUMAR, M.E., Project Coordinator for the
useful suggestions, which helped us for completing the project work in time.

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to Mr. S. VIJAYAKUMAR, M.E., Supervisor, for
giving this opportunity to do this project and also for his inspiring guidance, generous help and
support.

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all our department staff members and to our
parents for their advice and encouragement to do the project work with full interest and enthusiasm.
 ABSTRACT

The main objective of the project is to design a smart dustbin which will help in keeping our environment
clean and also eco-friendly. We are inspired from Swaach Bharat Mission. Nowadays technologies
are getting smarter day-by-day so, as to clean the environment we are designing a smart dustbin by
using Arduino. This smart dustbin management system is built on the microcontroller-based system
having ultrasonic sensors on the dustbin. If dustbin is not maintained than these can cause an
unhealthy environment and can cause pollute that affect our health. In this proposed technology
we have designed a smart dustbin using Arduino UNO, along with ultrasonic sensor, servo motor,
and battery jumper wire. After all hardware and software connection, now Smart Dustbin program
will be run. Dustbin lid will when someone comes near at some range than wait for user to put
garbage and close it. It’s properly running or not. For social it will help toward health and hygiene,
for business for we try to make it affordable to many as many possible. So that normal people to
rich people can take benefit from it.
 6

Contents
CHAPTER – 1………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5
CHAPTER – 2....................................................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE SURVEY...................................................................................................................................7
2.1 An Insole Point Pressure Monitoring System......................................................................................7
2.1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Methods and Materials....................................................................................................................8
2.1.3 Result............................................................................................................................................10
2.1.4 Drawback......................................................................................................................................10
2.2 An Early Detection System for Foot Ulceration in Diabetic Patients................................................10
2.2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................10
2.2.2 Architecture of system..................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Result............................................................................................................................................12
2.2.4 Drawbacks....................................................................................................................................13
2.3 Development of Wireless Insole Foot Pressure Data Acquisition Device........................................13
2.3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................13
2.3.2 Design Objectives and Architecture..............................................................................................14
2.3.3 Main Acquistion unit insole and foot pressure unit and GUI........................................................15
2.3.4 Result............................................................................................................................................15
2.3.5 Drawback......................................................................................................................................16
2.4 Sensor Architectural Tradeoff for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Monitoring..................................................16
2.4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................16
2.4.2 Data Acquistion Platform..............................................................................................................17
2.4.3 Architectural Tradeoff...................................................................................................................18
2.4.4 Result............................................................................................................................................19
2.4.5 Drawback......................................................................................................................................19
2.5 Novel Low-Cost Wireless Footwear System for Monitoring Diabetic Foot Patients........................19
2.5.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................19
2.5.2 Sensor Integration and Packaging.................................................................................................20
2.5.3 Result............................................................................................................................................21
2.5.4 Drawback......................................................................................................................................21
2.6 Performance of insole in Reducing Planter Pressure on Diabetic patients in the Early stages of the
Disease..........................................................................................................................................................21
2.6.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................22
2.6.2 Material and methods....................................................................................................................22
2.6.3 Design of Startegies for data Processing.......................................................................................24
2.6.4 Data Analysis................................................................................................................................24
2.6.5 Result............................................................................................................................................24
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2.6.6 Drawback......................................................................................................................................25
2.7 Effectiveness of Moulded Insoles in Reducing Plantar Pressure in Diabetic Patients..................25
2.7.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................25
2.7.2 Explanation of system...................................................................................................................26
2.7.3 Result............................................................................................................................................27
2.7.4 Drawback......................................................................................................................................27
2.8 A low Cost Smart Insole for Diabetic Foot Prevention.....................................................................27
2.8.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................27
2.8.2 Architecture System......................................................................................................................27
2.8.3 Temperature And Humidity Sensor..............................................................................................29
2.8.4 Sensor Insole.................................................................................................................................29
2.8.5 Smart mobile Application.............................................................................................................29
2.8.6 Result............................................................................................................................................30
2.8.7 Drawback......................................................................................................................................30
2.9 Design of a Smart in-Sole to Model and Control the Pressure under Diabetic Patients' Feet....30
2.9.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................31
2.9.2 Literature Review..........................................................................................................................32
2.9.3 Result............................................................................................................................................33
2.9.4 Drawbacks....................................................................................................................................34
2.10 A prototype design of a smart shoe insole system for real-time monitoring Of patients..................34
2.10.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................34
2.10.2 Proposed System...........................................................................................................................35
2.10.3 Proposed Model............................................................................................................................37
2.10.4 Result............................................................................................................................................38
2.10.5 Drawback......................................................................................................................................38
CHAPTER 3.....................................................................................................................................................41
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND..................................................................................................................41
3.1 Existing System............................................................................................................................41
3.2 Proposed Block Diagram..............................................................................................................41
CHAPTER 4.....................................................................................................................................................43
SYSTEM SPECIFICATION............................................................................................................................43
4.1 Hardware Components......................................................................................................................43
4.1.1 Transformer..................................................................................................................................43
4.1.2 Potential Transformer Theory...................................................................................................44
4.1.3 Power Supply................................................................................................................................44
4.1.4 Power Supply Unit Block..............................................................................................................45
4.1.5 Transformer..................................................................................................................................45
4.1.6 Rectifier........................................................................................................................................46
4.1.7 Filters............................................................................................................................................46
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4.1.8 IOT...............................................................................................................................................47
Benefits of IoT..........................................................................................................................................47
IoT Hardware............................................................................................................................................48
LCD 16×2 Pin Diagram............................................................................................................................50
Features of LCD16x2................................................................................................................................51
Registers of LCD......................................................................................................................................52
16×2 LCD Commands..............................................................................................................................52
LCD 16×2 Arduino...................................................................................................................................53
4.2 Software Requirements.................................................................................................................60
4.2.2 Android Studio (IDE)....................................................................................................................61
4.2.3 Embedded C..................................................................................................................................61
CHAPTER 5.....................................................................................................................................................63
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................69
CHAPTER 6.....................................................................................................................................................70
PROTOTYPE MODEL............................................................................................................................70
CHAPTER 7.....................................................................................................................................................72
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................................72

CHAPTER 1
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INTRODUCTION

The rate increasing population in our country has increasing rapidly and also, we have increase in garbage
which have increased environmental issue. Dustbin is a container which collects garbage’s or stores items
which recyclable or non-recyclable, decompose and non- decompose. They are usually used in homes, office
etc, but in case they are full no one is there to clean it and the garbage are spilled out. The surrounding of a
dustbin is also conducive for increasing the pollution level [2]. Air pollution due to a dustbin can produce
bacteria and virus which can produce life harmful diseases for human. Therefore, we have designed a smart
dustbin using ARDUINO UNO, ultrasonic sensor which will sense the item to be thrown in the dustbin and
open the lid with the help of the motor. It is an IOT based project that will bring a new and smart way of
cleanliness. It is a decent gadget to make your home clean, due to practically all offspring of home
consistently make it grimy and spread litter to a great extent by electronics, rappers and various other things.
Since the smart dustbin is additionally intriguing and children make fun with it so it will help to maintain
cleanliness in home. It will be applied for various type of waste. Dustbin will open its lid when
someone/object is near at some range then it will wait for given time period than it will close automatically.
Here lid will close when you don’t want to use and it will only open when it required.as well as inside the city
with keeping all security aspects in mind. These systems will also help us in waste management. The
authorities would also have a track record of each and every user which would help them to monitor the
cleanliness in the city user which would help them.

CHAPTER – 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 An Insole Point Pressure Monitoring System

Dr. N. K. Rana, “Application of Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) in Design of Conference on

Computer and Electrical Engineering, pp. 678-685 Pressure Scanning System for Plantar Pressure
Measurement,” in Second International.

2.1.1 Introduction

Foots problems such as heel pains are common in middle aged people or who are on their feet
a lot. This symptom may be found in patients with diabetes mellitus, plantar fasciitis or changes in
Biomechanics causing of foot injuries due to unsuitable force. Neuropathic and vascular changes may
appear also in these patients. Moreover sensory neuropathy will result in a loss of feeling in the lower
extremities, often resulting in ulceration at locations of high plantar pressure. If patients are not
treated, they will cause infection. Ulceration finally may be resulted in amputation of the foot.
Assessment of plantar pressure by plantar mat is necessary to identify its location. Early treatment will
be carried on to avoid bony deformities to which lead superficial ulcer or pains in some cases. Shoe
modifications with serial exams are good treatments for this case. Custom made shoe with insole is
tailored in order to suitably distribute pressure on the plantar and also minimize the peak pressures on
the skin intact.
 10

Unfortunately in-shoe pressure assessment is required special measurement device notably

which one is able to capture dynamic pressure information feedback to clinician. x Technically
challenging aspects are sensor under insole, interface between clinician and the device, long-term
stability and reliability.

If Sensor under insole is too thick, patients will uncomfortable inside their shoes. Long-term
stability and reliability is required to enable the observing by clinician in quantitative measurement.
Timo J. Salpavaara in and developed a wearable device based on capacitive sensor system to support
rehabilitation after Hip Surgery.

The offset values and drifts of capacitive sensor are handled by software based compensation.
N. K. Rana used Force Sensing Resistor (FSR) for plantar pressure measurement. According to plantar
pressure recorded during normal walking condition with 8 force sensing resistors installed under a
walking mat. Lin Shu presented an in-shoe plantar pressure measurement and analysis based on a
textile fabric sensor array, which is soft and light. The system in showed that discrete pressures were
able to indicate plantar pressure change. . This study aims to develop in-shoe dynamic plantar pressure
assessment system based on a piezoresistive force sensor to determine quantitative plantar pressure. A
system was hopeful to find the quantitative plantar pressure before and after tailoring custom insole by
a clinician. This approach of study requires cost effective material and easy replaceable.

2.1.2 Methods and Materials

In this study, an in-shoe point pressure measurement system has been designed by using a
piezoresistive force sensor. Very thin and easy to install inside shoes are preferable for this kind of
sensor. This advantages offer non-annoyance to the patient. Piezoresistive force sensor acts as a force
sensing resistor in an electrical circuit. This ultra-thin device is physically constructed of two layers of
substrate (polyester) film. The device exhibits decrease in resistance with an increase in then force
applied to the active surface. x We have chosen an embedded MCU (Microcontroller Unit) core to
polling analog values from the sensor and send it to thePC via serial communication. The MCU has an
on-chip FLASH program memory with in-system programming (ISP) which makes it is adaptable and
easy to install or upgrade. C# programming was developed in PC for clinical analysis of data for plantar
pressure assessment.

The piezoresistive force sensor model A201™ from TekScan Inc, in figure 1 was calibrated by
using Triaxial Tester T400™ machine. The testing was setup forcesup to 50 kilogram-force/cm2 with the
step of 1 kilogram-force/cm2 and at a constant speed of 0.2 mm/min. Change of resistance was
 11

indicated by using digital multi- meter. The resistance change by applying force is plotted on the graph is
shown in figure 2. This shows that piezoresistive force sensor is a nonlinear device. This
sensormeasurement ranges are from 0 to 50 kilogramforce/cm2 , suitable for a wide varietyof force
quantitative measurement

application.Although the applied force was in kilogram-force/cm2 but for ease of a single unit
throughout the work, values are converted into kPa. (1 kilogram-force/cm2 = 98.0665 kPa) The System
measurementranges are limited maximum force to 1200 kPa for normal plantar pressure. This means
we used sensor measurement ranges in only 0 to 12 kilogram- force/cm2 for plantar point pressure
measurement.

A wearable, serial data acquisition system was developed as an electronic interface for the
piezoresistive force sensor. Figure 3 shows the data acquisition system diagram. Analog voltage signals
on the sensor are sent to the embedded analogto-digital (A/D) converter channels in the MCU
dsPIC30F4011. The digital voltage values are forwarded to computer through serial port connection.
Finally, these values are transmitted to PC and converted digital data to quantitative point.

The system is powered with one 9-volt battery and for the data acquisition purposes a serial
communication. During measurements, the batteries anddata acquisition hardware were fastened to
the ankle of the user with an elastic belt.

Figure 2.1 Typical pressure resistance curve of piezoresistive force sensor.

Software in the GUI Interface estimate the force between foot and insole, Total force estimated
is calculated by using the graph shown in figure 4. This GUI Interface monitors also the acquired
 12

signals, receives and calculates the data, visualizes and stores

them. The application is developed under Microsoft Visual Studio platform with the following
features:

 Communication with portable front-end device

 Pressure visualization

 Data storage

Figure 2.2 Block diagram of the system.

2.1.3 Result

An innovative force sensor system for quantities planter pressure assessment and processing
software has been presented. The system is shown being suitable for research laboratory or clinical
usages. For instance the system has been developed using single piezo resistive force sensor for
installing in shoes. With incorporating GUI software, the total planter point pressure can be estimate
and give instant feedback to a user in a real- time. The system measures force and calculates the peak
pressure estimted online. We had just calibrated sensor for the range of a variable pressure applied and
found that it works well in the required range.

2.1.4 Drawback

The system measures force and calculates the peak pressure estimated online. We had just
calibrated sensor for the range of a variable pressure applied and found that it works not well in the
required range.
 13

2.2 An Early Detection System for Foot Ulceration in Diabetic Patients

R. G. Frykberg, L. A. Lavery, H. Pham, C. Harvey, L. Harkless, A. Veves, "Role of Neuropathy and

High Foot Pressures in Diabetic Foot Ulceration," Diabetes Care,

vol. 21 , no. 10, Oct.

2.2.1 Introduction

The aim of this project is to design a device that is capable of detecting when a patient is at an
elevated risk for ulcer formation. Because the patient likely suffers from some degree of peripheral
neuropathy, the device must be able to sense the things that he or she cannot. There are several subtle
warning signs that precede ulcer formation. The two most notable of these warning signs are
inflammation and dryness.

Inflammation indicates that tissue in the area has been damaged. This presents a detectable
symptom: increased temperature. A minimum of 2.2°C of difference between "hot spots" on the soles
of the feet can occur days before the skin breaks. The Diapetic insole will have components that
measure this increase and alert the patient to the elevated risk.

Dryness indicates the cessation of autonomic nervous function in the affected area. As sweating
ceases, the skin becomes dry and stiff causing it to become more brittle and therefore more likely to
crack. Stiffness in plantar tissue will cause areas of higher stress concentration. Foot pressures greater
than 6kglcm2 are twice as likely to experience ulceration. Pressure sensors will be able to measure
these stress levels and compare them.

2.2.2 Architecture of system

Upon conception of the design objectives, research commenced to identify key parameters that
would determine design direction. Critical items essential to the design objectives were identified as a
rudimentary insole, pressure sensors, temperature sensors, and a data acquisition processor. In
addition, specific quantifiable parameters concerning pressure and temperature involvement during
ulcer formation in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients were obtained to ensure accurate,
reproducible diagnoses. Three 5.0kn

Thermistor and three l1.3kg load sensors were mounted on an insole to be used in conjunction with a
01-700 DATAQ data acquisition system. Research indicated generic Thermistor with -5.0kn resistance
connected to an operational amplifier would provide an acceptable level of precision for our purposes.
 14

The load sensors offer a similarly pertinent level of precision (lcm diameter sensing area) with a
significant degree of design practicality afforded by their low profiles and flexibility. The 01-700 DATAQ
data acquisition system features a 16-Bit AID Converter with 16 single-ended inputs that more than
suffice for the twelve data outputs that will extend from the insoles. The 01-700 includes PC software
for both recording and analysis purposes. Under hard, soft, folded, and kinked configurations, a
constant circumferential load of 55N (50% of the load cell capacity) will be applied to the load cell of
each pressure sensor. The sensor output will be obtained and the difference will be taken from the
input to determine the offset.

Each configuration will be tested three times using three individual sensors. Upon acquisition of
each configuration offset, an average value will be taken, and the configuration with the lowest average
value will be deemed the most efficacious configuration. Sensors will undergo static and dynamic
loading to determine sensor output drift. A static load of 55N will be applied for a period of 120 minutes
as well as dynamically applied to simulate one year of strenuous use (-1,500 cycles per sensor per day)
to each of three pressure sensor load cells. Corresponding differences between input and output will be
evident of output drift.

Utilizing a load applicator head with a small diameter, sensor output will be measured at
various points across the load cell diameter under a constant load of 55N. Based on the radius at which
the point response is equivalent to the value of the input, we will determine the minimum degree of
precision required for patient templating. A series of device tests will be conducted to ensure sensory
isolation and prevent erroneous outputs. The conditions to which the device will be subjected are high
and low temperature settings, submergence under water, and sensor behave- ion when walking on
uneven terrain.

The tester will be subjected to hot (>38°C) and cold temperatures «-12°C). The data outputs will
be monitored for equal readings from the Thermistor, as the coincidence of

their values is imperative to the temperature monitoring ulceration process. The tester will step in
water as the outputs are monitored to account for high moisture levels that can be experienced by the
user. Lastly, the patient will be instructed to walk on an inclined surface, over steps, and on uneven
terrains to determine the potential for a false reading to be generated. Upon recognition of significant
accuracy deviation, respective compensatory measures will be taken and testing will be repeated until
all significant environmental sources of error are accounted for.

2.2.3 Result
 15

Tekscan Flexiforce sensors were placed on three locations of the foot of a 7 Skg healthy male as
depicted. Values were recorded while the patient was standing and walking. The waveform while the
patient was walking of the three locations on the foot. Fig. IC indicates the maximum force calculated by
the DATAQ for both of these conditions. When the patient stands, the waveform indicates a sharp
increase and plateau of force distributed among the three leads.

As expected, the majority of the weight is distributed on his heel, then on the ball of plantar and
fmally the big toe. However, the opposite is experienced by the patient during walking. While walking,
the waveform indicates a rhythmic peak and valley trend. During ambulation, the patient exerts the
most pressure on the big toe, while the least amount of pressure is placed on the heel.

The innovation of this device comes from its ability to analyze a wide range of temperature and
pressure combinations in specific areas of the foot at the same time. The programming of the early
warning alarm system is designed to acquire pressure and temperature data changes and compare
them with what research has shown to fit dangerously in the range of levels for ulceration to form.

The comparison of the patient's foot is accomplished with a pre-programmed set of indicators
that detect and analyze temperature and pressure abnormalities The insole itself incorporates more
than one important variable when testing for the formation of ulceration. Through research, it has been
determined that a pressure of greater than 6kglcm2 puts a patient with peripheral neuropathy at risk
of creating a foot wound. This pressure variable

is an important indicator of ulcer formation for two reasons. Firstly, the presence of high pressure
around a centralized area can create wound on the foot by the increased friction on that point.
Secondly, pressure may indicate inflammation.

2.2.4 Drawbacks

When the irrigation system is faulty if we use fustigation and it is suitable for readily
soluble or liquid Fertilizers

2.3 Development of Wireless Insole Foot Pressure Data Acquisition Device

R. Karkokli, Member, IEEE and K.M.Valter McConville, Ph.D, Member, IEEE, "Design and
Development of a Cost Effective Plantar Pressure Distribution Analysis System for the Dynamically
Moving Feet", Proceedings of the 28th IEEE EMBS Annual International Conference New York City, USA.

2.3.1 Introduction
 16

Clinical gait analysis currently involves either an expensive analysis in a motion lab using highly
accurate kinematic system or a qualitative analysis with a physician making visual observations. There is
a need of a low cost device that falls in between these two methods and can provide quantitative and
repetitive result. In addition, continuous monitoring of gait would be useful for real time physical
rehabilitation.

The load distribution process at the foot to ground interface is still the subject of advanced
investigations. Accurate analysis of planter force variations forms the basis for the characterizing of
human walking strategies and provides useful data for modeling the dynamic equilibrium of the body.
The distribution of load under the foot can be measured either by subject walking over the pressure
sensitive surface or by introducing a thin transducer between the foot and the supporting surface.
Pedobarography is another popular technique of analyzing foot pressure distribution and abnormality
associated with it .

A wearable, wireless insole pressure acquisition system has been developed incorporating
capacitive pressure sensors in the footwear along with associated circuitry for measuring the pressure
exerted at various points on the sole of the foot during walking.

2.3.2 Design Objectives and Architecture

The developed system consists of a shoe insole containing capacitive pressure sensors
developed indigenously for this purpose located at four foot pressure points for each foot. Pressure
points are selected from loading pattern of foot. The magnitude of the compression is a balance
between the intensity of the loading force and the area of the foot in contact with the floor. Pressure
points selected are heel, toe, and metatarsal.

Capacitive sensors are interfaced with a special capacitance to digital (C to D) converter IC which
provides an equivalent digital reading proportional to capacitance and thus pressure applied. C to D is
interfaced with ATMEGA8 microcontroller using IIC communication. Acquisition board is a wireless unit
containing ATMEGA8, wireless RF module XBEE and associated electrical components. A graphical user
interface has been developed in C#.net platform for visualizing and analyzing pressure plots.

A capacitive force sensor typically comprises of a base containing a capacitance electrode, a

cover with a second capacitance electrode and a spacer establishing a gap between the electrodes.
When a compressing force is applied to reduce the gap, this alters the capacitance. Pressure sensors for
gait analysis mostly use force sensitive resistors. Fiber optics and piezoresistive sensors are also used.
 17

Capacitive sensors are more accurate and robust over their life span than resistive sensors and
therefore regular and expensive re-calibration is not necessary. The simplicity of a capacitor element
allows for a great deal of flexibility in both design and construction. Operating principle and
construction of the pressure sensor developed is quite simple and at low cost. There are basically 2
plates of glass epoxy material (PCB board material) which are non-compressible. PCB boards have
Copper plating of I sq cm area. These 2 plates act as the capacitive plate. In between thePCB plate, a
thin layer of rubber foam is placed (1 mm in thickness) which is compressible.

On application of pressure on one of the plate, thickness of the compressible material between
the plate changes, this results in change of capacitance. Capacitance change with varying thickness and
thickness of the material varies with applied pressure which makes pressure measurement or sensing
possible. Operating equation: C = E.AjD E

= Dielectric constant; A= plate area D= thickness In between the two copper layers, rubber layer in the
middle is in form of a 4 wall boundary creating a closed cavity of air in between. Capacitance to digital
converter forms the heart of electronic circuitry. Pressure sensed by the capacitance sensor is changed
to an equivalent digital value of 12 bit by this Ie. The converter consists of a second-order sigma delta
(L-ll), charge balancing modulator and a third-order digital filter.

The measured capacitance CX is connected between an excitation source and the L- ll

modulator input. The excitation signal is applied on the CX during the conversion, and the modulator
continuously samples the charge going through the CX. The digital filter processes the modulator
output, which is a stream of Os and Is containing the information in 0 and 1 density. Present electronics
has been developed by AD7150 which is a dual channel, 12 bit single ended C to D.

The AD7150 uses Analog Devices, Inc., capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) technology, which
combines features important for interfacing to real sensors, such as high input sensitivity and high
tolerance of both input parasitic ground capacitance and leakage current. The input capacitance can be
calculated from the output data using the following equation.

2.3.3 Main Acquistion unit insole and foot pressure unit and GUI

The wireless acquisition unit consists of A TMEGA8, XBEE module and associated electrical
components. For wireless acquisition and realtime display of sensor data, a high speed wireless
transmission and high speedcomputer interface is required.
 18

The XBEE module has internal error detection and recovery system, which ensures glitch free
operation. Four capacitive pressure sensors as discussed above was developed, two sensors being
controlled from 1 C to D board. The sensors were placed beneath an insole of a shoe at four pressure
points. Electronics board was placed nearby with the wireless acquisition board. The receiver of wireless
module was connected to the computer where a GUI has been created for foot pressure analysis. Front
end of the GUI consists of two display panel. One for displaying raw sensor data which shows real time
pressure distribution of fourpressure points with walking, sway or any other such physical activity.

2.3.4 Result

The capacitive sensor developed was tested in a UTM machine with varying load for calibration
and to note sensor response, hysteresis, linearity, reliability. The sensor was calibrated under linearly
varying weight by a UTM. Both change in output value with load applied and compression distance was
monitored. Loading unloading curves were traced to determine hysteresis effect. Capacitance varies
inversely with distance between the plates. As pressure is applied uniformly, thickness in between the
plate decreases from initial 2mm to minimum of about Imm at about l OOkg load and capacitance
increases due to decrease in distance between plate separations.

2.3.5 Drawback

There are more cyber security risks because of theusage of IIOT.

2.4 Sensor Architectural Tradeoff for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Monitoring

N. Singh, D. Armstrong, and B. Lipsky, “Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes,” JAMA:
the journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 293, no. 2, pp. 217–228.

2.4.1 Introduction

Studies show about 5.1% of the United States population suffers from diabetes. Up to 25% of
diabetic individuals will develop a foot ulcer during their lifetime and many of these patients eventually
must undergo amputations as a result of infection due to untreated foot ulcer. Any reduction in the rate
of diabetic foot complications would be significant to healthcare providers, and more importantly,
would improve the quality of life for many individuals.

Diabetic patients have problems with their feet mainly because of poor blood flow, poor
sensation (diabetic neuropathy), decreased wound healing rate, and trouble fighting off infection. With
diabetes, even a wound as small as a blister, e.g. due to a tight shoe, can cause considerable damage. In
such patients, the injuries heal slowly because of decreased blood flow.
 19

The primary recommendations for preventing diabetic foot ulcers are daily foot inspections,
temperature monitoring, and orthotic shoes. Educating patients to perform daily self examination and
properly care for their feet is inexpensive and universally recommended.

A promising variant of this is daily measurement of foot temperature. Finding elevated

temperature in the foot is a significant early indicator of ulceration. Proper diabetic footwear has been
shown to be effective in reducing the rate of neuropathic foot ulceration. Despite the proven
effectiveness of appropriate diabetic footwear, patient compliance is a major issue. Surveys show
patients are not wearing these shoes regularly due to some practical and personal reasons, including
atheistic, comfort, durability, and cost.

All preventive techniques require patients to perform certain tasks regularly (foot care,
temperature measurement, or wearing shoes). The biggest challenge, then, is patient compliance. An
electronic in-shoe monitoring system would be able to track compliance continuously and give the
results to the care staff. By taking advantage of current technology, these devices can be placed as an
insole into normal shoes. Also, considering aesthetic in their designs can lead to understand what
design factors can increase patients compliance. Several systems for measuring plantar pressure in the
foot are commercially available, such as Pedar and F-Scan systems. These systems are extremely
expensive and aim at athletic activities/exercises and cost tens of thousands of dollars per unit.

For such a system to be affordable to patients, it would need to be at a much better price. This
price point can be reached with some compromising: primarily the number of sensors in the shoe would
be very limited. Several studies have examined such systems, which consist of several resistive force
sensors laid out on an insole. These studies looked at sensor placement and proved that such a system
was possible, although both systems required a computing device/gateway attached to the waist.

Our system is similarly a lab prototype attachable to the shoe. The main contribution of our
work is showing the importance of architectural tradeoff (the number and location of sensors and the
sensor size) to design an individualized pressure-sensing insole. We validate our system with an 11-
person walking trial and show that our results

are consistent with other studies. We also compare the use of 1 inch and 3.75 inch diameter sensors and
examine the tradeoffs for each choice.

2.4.2 Data Acquistion Platform

To measure the pressure on different plantar areas of human feet we sandwiched Flexi Force
 20

force sensors between two inexpensive shoe insoles. Two sizes of sensors were used: a 1 inch diameter
force sensor and a 0.375 inch diameter sensor. Our custom-made insole with two size sensors that have
different number of sensors. Sensor placement could easily be changed based on subject and
experiment.

For these experiments, we are using a prototype sensor board that uses the TekScan-
recommended circuitry for linearizing force data [9], shown in Fig. 2a. To achieve the higher range of
force measurement, as it was suggested by the sensor datasheet, we reduced the drive voltage to VDD
= 2.5 V , and the resistance value of the feedback to Rf = 20 KΩ.

Figure 2.3 Recommended drive circuit

The data was collected with a custom data acquisition platform based on the MSP430
microprocessor from Texas Instruments. An on-board 1GB micro SD card stored the data for later
retrieval. The sensor data was sampled at 250Hz from up to eight force sensors.

2.4.3 Architectural Tradeoff

From a medical standpoint, it is the pressure on various parts of the foot responsible for
forming foot ulcers. Several key areas have been identified where ulcers are most likely to develop .
Continuously monitoring sensors placed in those areas will allow us to predict at-risk areas and
ulceration onset sites based on known indicators such as peak pressure.

Insole includes the number and location of sensors and the sensor size. The question of sensor
size has not been formally addressed in the context of pressure ulcers, but has many interesting
implications. The most common pressure sensors are actually force sensors, which can be used to
compute average pressure over the surface of the sensor. Larger sensors cover more area, but will
underestimate the peak pressure. Smaller sensors are more vulnerable to misplacement, but have
potential to measure pressure more accurately at certain spots.
 21

A study that was conducted on 87 patients, with 103 existing foot ulcers, showed that ulcers
were located mostly under the metatarsal heads (56.3%), under the toes (32.1%), and at the heel
(1.9%) . It is also known that the majority of diabetic foot ulcers are developed on the plantar surface of
the foot at sites of high pressure. Based on this observation, we decided to use five sensors placed in
the toe area (T), metatarsal heads (MT1, MT2, MT3/5) and heel (H). Since sensors should be placed in
the sites of the highest pressure, the exact position was determined per-patient using a footprint, as
recommended

The Even though those are the area’s most likely forming pressure ulcers, the exact location of
the pressure sensor is not clear. Sixteen 1-inch sensors were placed around the foot and two subjects
were asked to stand still. The average force readings the total weight picked up by all sensors is almost
70% of the subject’s weight. The peak force sites in each region are shown with lighter color in the
figure. The two people show different distribution of forces,and clearly the peak pressure is not limited
to a single area.

2.4.4 Result

Foot complications are common in diabetic patients and are considered one of the most
expensive complications to treat. The current method to prevent diabetic foot ulcers is

doctor prescribed shoes and orthotic inserts to reduce the risk of ulceration by decreasing high plantar
pressure. Unfortunately, there is no precise and practical way to determine the effect of prescribed
shoes and shoe modifications on diabetic feet without performing in- shoe pressure monitoring. In this
paper, we showed the importance of sensor’s architectural parameters in designing a pressure-sensing
insole including the number, location and size of sensors

2.4.5 Drawback

Zigbee requires knowledge of the system for the owner to Operate zigbee compliant devices

2.5 Novel Low-Cost Wireless Footwear System for Monitoring Diabetic Foot Patients

X. Lin, and B. Seet, “Battery-Free Smart Sock for Abnormal Relative Plantar Pressure
Monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 464-473, 2017.

2.5.1 Introduction
 22

Diabetes has now become a global public health problem in the 21st century. The International
Diabetes Federation reported that there were 463 million adults with diabetes worldwide in 2019. If the
trend continues, the number of adults living with diabetes will grow to 578 million by 2030, and 629
million by 2045. Diabetic foot is one of the most common complications of diabetes which is hard in
treatment.

Diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathy and vascular system damage can cause excessive
mechanical pressure on the foot, which can cause muscle dysfunction and foot bone abnormalities, and
finally lead to foot ulcers. About 15% of patients suffer from foot ulcer at least once during the course of
the disease. People with low-risk diabetic foot need to evaluate the condition of the foot once a year,
and those with high-risk risk should be evaluated once a month. This puts a great burden on doctors
and patients, so it is necessary to develop a low-cost and effective diagnostic device for diabetic feet.
Studies have shown that the plantar pressure of patients with diabetic foot is abnormal, and the
plantar pressure

of patients with different degrees of peripheral neuropathy is also irregular. Proper pressure offloading
can promote the healing of foot ulcers. Therefore, increased plantar pressure of diabetic patients is
considered to be the main sign of diabetic foot, and early diagnosis and prevention can be achieved by
monitoring and reduction of plantar pressure.

There are a number of analysis systems that are able to measure plantar pressure such as
platforms, in-shoe systems and wearable sensors. The platform system can provide accurate and
detailed measurement data, but it is limited indoors. The in-shoe system can be used to record the
pressure distribution of the sole in the shoe, which has more practical and reference value than the
platform system.).

According to this, we developed a composite piezoresistive flexible sensor to meet long-term

monitoring requirement. The pressure-sensitive conductive flexible pressure sensor was prepared by
filling carbon black into silicon rubber as the sensing unit, and then vulcanizing, molding and packaging.
The mass fraction of carbon black was 60%. The carbon black and silicone were produced by Shenzhen
Hongchangxin Rubber and plastic Products Co., Ltd. The dry carbon was added to silicone, then the
open mill was adopted to mix them together to form a uniform sheet. Then the sheet was held between
molds and cured at 160 ° C for 20 minutes, and finally post cured at 180° C for 2 hours in drying oven.

The manufacturing process of the sensor was relatively common and rough, so it could be
observed that the aggregation-state carbon black was not uniformly doped, but the clear conductive
network had been formed. The average particle diameter was around 100nm. This doping process was
 23

relatively simple and could be realized by ordinary factories, which enabled the possibility of low-cost
production of this pressure sensor.

2.5.2 Sensor Integration and Packaging

The sensing insole was connected as a whole by two layers. After determination of positions,
sensors were soldered to the foot-shaped flexible polymer circuit board, combined by the insole
adhesive with polyurethane (PU) cover to be a sensing insole. The flexible printed circuit (FPC) and PU
insole were made by Shenzhen Hongyang Circuit Technology Co., Ltd. and Dongguan Hongwei Shoes
Material Co., Ltd. respectively.

The flexible circuit board was attached to the upper layer of the sensing insole and

fits interference with the cavity of the PU insole hole. The bottom of the PU insole was carved with a
honeycomb mesh that penetrates the surface layer. The honeycomb mesh included a number of
detachable hexagon-shaped modules. Each hexagon-shaped module was intertwined with its adjacent
hexagon-shaped modules.

Figure 2.4. The circuit schematic of the data acquisition system.

2.5.3 Result

The resistance–pressure (R–P) curves of a sensor sample are shown in Fig. 9a. It can be seen
that the resistance of the sensor decreases as the load increases. According to , the sensitivity can be
calculated as 0.0105N-1 in the force range from 0N to 45N, and the change of resistance can reach The
response time of the sensor is 90ms, which is much shorter than the stance phase and swing phase in
 24

the gait cycle. Even if a person's stride frequency during running can reach 5Hz, the response time of
90ms can also meet the measurement requirements, which shows that the sensor can be used for
pressure monitoring in daily activities.

2.5.4 Drawback

Visual monitoring systems are full compatible,providing total usage interoperability and
homogeneity. But it is not fully available and easily usable.

2.6 Performance of insole in Reducing Planter Pressure on Diabetic patients in the Early stages of
the Disease

Montague J.R., Bovarnick M., Effren S.C. & Southerland C.C. (1998) The demography of limb
dominance, Body-Mass- Index, and metatarsus adductus deformity. 88(9), 432-433.

2.6.1 Introduction

In this pilot study, the insoles evaluated were prescribed by an orthopedics doctor, with
experience in diabetic foot care, after physical examination of the diabetic patient’s feet; two of the four
insoles selected were designed and manufactured with the traditional techniques known in Colombia
with materials available in the market, based on the experience of the technician, with the indications
from the doctor and based on the recommendations of the computer model developed in this project.
The other one was imported from Germany and the last one corresponded to the insole produced by
the computer model technology.

Various materials and structure design are used to reduce forces on the foot and many
materials have been tested for their capability to dissipate vertical forces. This study assessed the
effectiveness of four different insoles produced by various methods in reducing plantar pressure in a
group of diabetic patients, included the insole designed by the computer model.

2.6.2 Material and methods

The main condition for the group of patients evaluated was that they had to bring their own
shoes for the first test and wear them during a week before and after changing to different insoles.

No history of ulcers The patients consented to participate in the study and were informed that
this study was a non-invasive test with minimal risk the study was supervised by a clinical team with
 25

experience in diabetic foot care. Before the study started a physical foot examination was made to all
the patients by the orthopedic doctor,

Despite A sample of 13 diabetic patients was chosen randomly for this study. (“type 1” and
“type 2”). Most of the patient’s age was over 50 years old. Six of the patients had diabetes for more
than fifteen years and seven of them had diabetes in a range between five and ten years.

It was found that most of the adult males and females were within normal ranges of body mass
according to that define normal ranges of body weight average (80 kg for males, and 63 kg for females).
Another four patients, two females “type 2” and two males “type 1” were found moderate overweight
with IBM value over 25 kg/m2 .Following the preliminary testing phase of the project, this
computational device was changed to the Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless due to its affordability, similar
features, and smaller size.

The patient’s chosen had not received prior orthotics treatment. The range of American shoe
sizes worn by females and males were from 35/36 to 41/42 (Figure 1). The ethics committee of the
Javeriana University approved investigation and before starting all patients signed the consent form. The
study was carried out in a specialized clinic, for treating diabetic patients, and there was support from
the orthopedic surgeons, orthotics technicians and nurses during the evaluation of the orthotics
treatment of the patients.

To allow a patient to walk normally a spacious room of 15 meters length was used for recording
the plantar pressure measurements. Custom- made and in – depth (type of Shoe) and the insoles were
supplied to the 13 patients and they were fitted according to individual requirements.

The insoles N1 and N2 were chosen for this study due to the fact that they are used very often
for diabetic foot care in Colombia and those are traditionally prescribed from the orthopedic doctor
and the technician in orthotics field. N3 were chosen in order to made a comparison between the
effectiveness in reduction plantar pressure using the recommendations from the expert system
developed for each patient as an individual in order to design the personalized insole and the
combination with handmade fabrication using the materials available in the workshops
 26

Figure 2.5 Moulded insole prescribed

The data of plantar pressure distribution from the Parotec system (figure 5), obtained from this
study was used to find the highest risk plantar pressure areas on the ten foot regions of interest, in
order to establish the best insole in reduction of pressure by using an upper-limit of 150 kPa based on
the results found in the analysis of the pressure data from a previous pilot study . Due to the fact that in
literature review it was also found, “It is no possible to take the foot pressure distribution of the
healthy population and assume that similar values are safe for patients with insensitive feet” and “The
range of “normal” regional peak pressure values defined as mean+- 2SD is very wide, with peaks values
approaching 600 kPa at several regions”. It was found an upper limit for normal threshold of 1.1Mpa.

Figure 2.6 T h e computer model used to design insole N4 and manufacture by using CAD/CAM

2.6.3 Design of Startegies for data Processing

The average peak pressures of 48 sensors of the Parotec insoles were taken from the 2nd, 3rd
and 4th steps of the three trials from both feet. This procedure was made for the whole cycle of
measurements
 27

2.6.4 Data Analysis

The To evaluate the four insoles N1, N2, N3 an N4, the sensors which reported highest pick
pressures greater than 150 kPa were defined by the category of high pressure and the sensors located
at the regions such as heel, metatarsal heads and hallux were chosen according to the literature
review, where it was found that these areas correspond to the regions with highest risk of foot injury.

It was decided to calculate the median pressure, as well as the 25 and 75 percentiles for each of
the sensors. The median pressure was calculated for each in ten foot regions according to diabetic
status and gender of the patients. A statistical analysis was carried out and significant differences were
found in the four insoles in the left foot in the sensor located on the heel (p= 0.044), and also in the
sensor located on the hallux ( p= 0.001). In addition it was found significant differences on the right foot,
in sensors located on the heel region (p=0.004 and p= 0.006) and in sensors located on the metatarsal
heads (p=0.0123). The pattern of pressure measurements wearing orthopedic and standard shoes was
also analyzed.

2.6.5 Result

By changing from conventional shoes to orthopedic shoes with the insole N1, four areas of high
pressure were partially reduced. The N4 insole, produced by the expert system and Cad-Cam system, it
was the best for one of patient evaluated and it reduced pressures from as high as 230 kPa in the hallux
region, to acceptable levels. Pressures in the metatarsal heads were also hugely reduced. In almost
every areas of the foot, this insole produced the greatest reduction in pressure. However, an
unexpected new pressure peak was found in the second toe. It is possible that the Parotec insole was
not properly placed inside the shoe due to lack of space, perhaps because of the wrong type of socks.

2.6.6 Drawback

There is missing the MMCInternal storage in raspberrypi so it requires a micro SD card to work
as an internal storage.

2.7 Effectiveness of Moulded Insoles in Reducing Plantar Pressure in Diabetic Patients

Montague JR, Bovarnick M, Effren S, et al. The demography of limb dominance, Body-Mass-
Index, and metatarsus adductus deformity. 1998; 88;9: 432-433.

2.7.1 Introduction

In this study the insoles evaluated were prescribed by an orthopedic doctor with 10 years of
 28

experience in diabetic foot care, after carrying out a physical examination of the diabetic patients’ feet;
two of the four insoles selected were designed and fabricated by using the traditional and known
techniques in Colombia and the materials available in the market, based on the experience of the
technician and the indications from the doctor and also based on the recommendations of the
knowledge system developed in this project.

One of the other two insoles was imported from Germany and the last one corresponded to the
insole produced by the computer model technology. Most of the patient’s were aged over 50 years,
maybe because 11 of the total group were type 2 diabetics and only four were type 1diabetics. Six of
the patients had suffered diabetes for more than fifteen years, two of them have had diabetes during a
range between five and ten years and five patients had suffered diabetes for less than 5 years. It was
found that most of the adult males and females were within normal ranges of body mass according to
other four patients, two “type 2” females and two “type 1” males were found moderately overweighed
with IBM value over 25 kg/m2. Normal ranges of body weight were defined as 65 to 100 kg for males,
and 45 to 82 kg for females. Various materials and structure design are used to reduce forces on the foot
and many materials have been tested for their ability to dissipate vertical forces. This study assessed the
effectiveness of four different insoles produced by different methods in reducing plantar pressure in a
group of diabetic patients at the early stageof the disease, included the insole proposed in this project.

This procedure was repeated. Finally, the patient returned to conventional shoes, before
starting the trials of the next insole. This cycle was repeated for all four insoles. Data of the average of
peak pressure measurements in 10 different foot regions for each test repeated three times was taken
and data of average of peak pressure measurements classified by different foot areas for evaluating
insoles N1, N2 N3 and N4.

2.7.2 Explanation of system

Data of plantar pressure distribution from the Parotec system was used for identification of
high plantar pressure areas in order to establish the appropriate insole for plantar pressure reduction,
using an upper-limit of 150 kPa based, on the results found in the analysis of the pressure data from a
pilot study carried out within this research.

This limit was chosen according to a literature review where we found that, “It is no possible to
take the foot pressure distribution of the healthy population and assume that similar values are safe for
patients with insensitive feet” and “The range of “normal” regional peak pressure values defined as
mean+- 2SD is very wide, with peaks values approaching 600 kPa at several regions”. An upper limit for
normal threshold of 1.1MPa was found. Insoles 3 and 4 use the same total-contact concept as does the
 29

total contact cast. (Sinacore, 1993). The total contact insole is composed by a shell, the layer of
materialnext to the foot and in total contact with the foot and the posting - the material that fills in the
space between the shell and the shoe. The insoles were placed in the rear area of the shoes, and the
measuring insoles were placed on top of the outhouses. Each measuring insole was connected by a
thincable to the controller, which fastened around the patient’s waist and recorded in– shoe pressures
on a 64 Kb SREM memory card at 100Hz sampling rate as the patientwalked.

There was no connection between the subject and the computer during walking. The patient
walked at a self- chosen comfortable speed along a walkway 10 m long after three practice sessions
before recording the pressure measurements wearing the insoles evaluated in this study. The in–shoe
pressures were measured for more than five sequential steps. Because of software limitations, only the
pressure data of five steps in each foot were used in the analysis. The peak pressure values of the first
and the last step were not registered for processing data, in order to reduce the stand-to- walk
and walk–to–stop

transition factor. In order to relieve the high-pressure areas, a customized insole (N4) was designed
according to the recommendations of the computer system. The patients were instructed to maintain
the same speed at all times during the test. This data was downloaded from the controller to the
computer.

2.7.3 Result

The new method proposed in this study also confirms the importance of combining clinical
information, anthropometric information and pressure measurements for the prescription, design and
fabrication of a proper insole. It is important to integrate the design of the insole with the shoe in order
to get the best fit by using the correct size, shape and material. It would be recommended that this
study be reproduced with bigger sample groups in order to obtain more conclusive findings.

2.7.4 Drawback

The costs of hardware and software of CAC are high and the templates are not billed properly
to ensure accurate code selection.

2.8 A low Cost Smart Insole for Diabetic Foot Prevention

Stephen Mizzi, “The influence of seasonal variation on in-shoe temperature and relative
humidity during moderate exercise in a maltese population: implications for diabetic foot ulceration,”
Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Canterbury Christ Church University, p.68.
 30

2.8.1 Introduction

Diabetes is one of the challenges facing the health care sector today. One of the major diseases
of diabetic patients is peripheral neuropathy where diabetic patients develop pressure ulcers in their
feet. It is estimated that 15% of diabetic patients develop foot ulcerations and more than 85% of foot
amputations in cases of diabetes are due to foot ulcerations. Most foot ulcers are the consequence of a
trauma and followed by amputation. Previous studies have suggested that effective care could reduce
foot ulcer and amputation.

A bad plantar pressure distribution, an excessive humidity and a high temperature are factors
depending of the quality of shoes that affect feet and may cause disease like ulcer. A hot and humid
environment is factors for the development of virus and microbes. A high pressure in specific point of
the insole increases the risk of these pathologies. There is a need to measure all these parameter
simultaneously in a daily shoe for feet’s disease prevention.

2.8.2 Architecture System

The aim of our system is to provide a flexible, low-cost solution with precise and real-time
measurements. We used a Smartphone for data processing and visualization tasks for both feet, in
order to be informed about the risk of ulcer formation during the patient's daily activities and warns in
case of danger. For each foot, the system consists of an instrumented insole pressure distribution
sensor, with three coupled humidity / temperature sensors.

The insoles pressure distribution sensors are developed in our laboratory, which contains eight
pressure sensors developed by ourselves based on Hall Effect sensors. The temperature and humidity
sensors are located in a high risk area. For both feet, the communication is wirelessly with the mobile
application through Bluetooth. The data of all sensors acquired by the mobile application are
represented in an event list, in real time graphs and in SVG images.
 31

Figure 2.7 Picture of First and Second Feet

The pressure sensors are connected to an eight-input multiplexer, the output of the multiplexer
is connected to a conditioning circuit which contains an amplification stage followed by an active low-
pass filtering, the output of the filter is connected to an Analog input in the microcontroller, and the
temperature / humidity sensors communicate with the microcontroller with an I2C bus.

Figure 2.8 Atmega 168A

2.8.3 Temperature And Humidity Sensor

A three coupled temperatures / humidity SHT1X sensors are placed in the shoe where the
friction between the skin and the shoe is high. High temperatures with loss of sensation predispose to
foot ulceration. The frictions can cause skin damage and may end with injuries which increase the risk of
ulcer. Studies show that a difference of 2.2°C between two risky areas may become an ulcer.

Temperature and humidity, termed as ‘microclimate’ between the skin and the supporting
surface, are important extrinsic factors implicated in ulcer development, together with pressure and
shear. This was confirmed in a mathematical study (Gefen 2011), which demonstrated that an increase
in humidity levels around the skin, decreases skin tolerance to superficial pressure. The authors stated
that an increase in RH by 25%, decreased skin tolerance by 24%, making it more vulnerable to pressure
ulcer formation.

2.8.4 Sensor Insole

To have a good flexibility that protects the foot of the patient and allows having a precise
measurement through the insole. This has been developed using silicone and contains eight pressure
sensors that can be removed and placed in different insole

according to the size of the foot. Sensor insole The transducer consists of a HALL sensor and a
permanent magnet separated by a thin layer of 5 mm of elastic polymer material. Under the effect of a
 32

compressive force the sensor approaches the magnet.

2.8.5 Smart mobile Application

The mobile application allows the diabetic patient to have an analysis of the plantar pressure in
static and in dynamic daily activities, so the patient can be informed about the state of his foot and
warns in case of danger. The application contains several windows, for authentication, to activate the
Bluetooth of the phone, to search a different Bluetooth enabled devices, to connect and disconnect
with devices already found. It also contains a menu allowing the user to access all the options of the
application.

Authentication, menu and Bluetooth windows The application also contains a window that
represents the patient's profile with an event list, contains real-time alerts to warn the patient about
the degree of danger, and the alerts are processed for both feet by three thresholds for each sensors.
Profile and event windows The application also contains a menu that provides access to the event list
and different SVG images. An SVG image represents the pressure applied in real-time on the different
points of the foot, when you click on one of these points you can monitor the pressure in a real-time
graph

Figure 2.9 User Application

For each foot, the temperature and humidity can be monitored in an SVG image that contains
the average value for the three temperature and humidity sensors, in another window we can
monitored in a real-time the value for each sensor, you can click on one of the three points to monitor
temperature and humidity in real-time graphs. To monitor the real-time variation of several graphs at
the same time, we can configure up to an eight graphs. For each graphs, the foot, the type, and the
name of the point must first be selected.
 33

2.8.6 Result

An instrumented insole with specified sensors has been developed for monitoring foot pressure
distribution. This instrument can be used as intelligent footwear in order to prevent ulcer formation of
diabetics. Currently, tests are underway for variable pressure applied in the required range and the
same for variable size of foot sole. The developed system is flexible and portable for field studies and
also advantageous due to large memory size, dynamic recording of pressure and no fear of foot step
modification.

2.8.7 Drawback

The system have the disadvantage of being no flexible and thus influencing the measurement
and large memory data required. GPR requires more intensive training than EM locating

2.9 Design of a Smart in-Sole to Model and Control the Pressure under Diabetic Patients' Feet

S. Ganesan and R. Ranganathan, "Design and development of customised split insole using
additive manufacturing technique", International Journal of Rapid Manufacturing, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 295.

2.9.1 Introduction

Diabetes is a disease that impairs the pancreas’ ability to provide adequate insulin levels into
the blood stream, which results in other health complications such as renal failure, cardiovascular
diseases and diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the

main concerns for diabetic patients; because their foot wounds, and cuts are hard to heal. Also, the
continual high pressures exerted on the diabetic foot enhances damage to the surface of the foot sole
as well as to the capillaries underneath, which in accordance progresses foot ulcers. Moreover, diabetic
foot ulcer requires a special care; since lack of awareness would let the ulcer grows deeper into the
muscles, and in advanced cases, to the bone where the clinicians would suggest to perform an
amputation to save the patient’s life.

Every thirty seconds, an amputation is performed on a diabetic patient in the world. Despite
significant prevention efforts and sophisticated techniques, diabetes whether type 1 or 2 remains the
major cause of lower limb amputation. Furthermore, 85 percent of amputations in diabetics are
preceded by a plantar ulcer mainly due to high pressure.
 34

Diabetic foot ulcers are of chronic and difficult-to-heal wounds, and pressure increases the
progress of ulcer leading to the need of amputation. The existing treatments for ulcer prevention
require regular hospital visits and high costs. The proposed insole modulates the pressure under the
patients' feet to help in offloading the foot ulcers.

Figure 2.10 Foot factors

2.9.2 Literature Review

Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the world. It refers to dysfunction in the use of
blood sugar in the body. Alterations in the blood sugar levels lead to serious health complications, such
as cardiovascular diseases, kidney failure, nerve damage, foot

wounds, ulcers etc. In this paper, the focus is on the effect of diabetes on lower extremities, more
specifically the foot. The foot ulceration is a mutual concern for diabetic patients and it can be caused
by various reasons, such as nerve damage or vascular damage. Nevertheless, ulcers are hard- to-heal
wounds for diabetic patients and with the presence of high pressure on the foot, the ulcer can develop
and lead to the risk of amputation of the foot.

In this literature review several studies investigated the effect of pressure distribution under
the foot and discussed possible solutions for foot ulcers. The aim of this design is to prevent foot ulcers
mainly for diabetic patients and to enhance their awareness about the importance of foot care. One of
the major complications of diabetes mellitus is the diabetic foot. Pendsey (2010) discussed that the
diabetic foot exposes the patient to secondary infections, ulcers and other risks such as amputation.
Amputation subjects the patient to morbidity and mortality. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), Saudi Arabia is the seventh for rate of diabetes in the world and 90 amputation
 35

surgeries are performed on diabetic patients each month.

Furthermore, DFUs can arise from various reasons such as diabetic neuropathy, vascular
diseases, skin disorders, infections and others, Although signs of the foot ulcers are difficult to be
identified, there are symptoms that should be taken under consideration, for example: skin
discoloration, pain or any wounds in the foot. The diabetic patients are prone to many types of ulcer,
such as arterial ulcers, venous ulcers, neuropathic ulcers and other. However, about 20% of diabetic
patients with foot ulcers will suffer from insufficient arterial blood flow, while 50% will primarily have
diabetic neuropathy, and 30% will be affected by both conditions. High-plantar pressures are a major
concern associated with the diabetic foot ulcer. According to anatomical studies, the plantar pressure
in humans is distributed onto 8 regions.

The pressure is high mostly on the great toe, metatarsal and the heel regions. Svoboda, et al.
conducted a study to investigate the pressure distribution on each region during gait. The results
indicated that the pressure is mainly concentrated on the first metatarsal, while less pressure is exerted
on second to fifth toe compared to forefoot. Another study by Rai, et al. (2006) showed the results of
pressure distribution for walking levels.

Figure 2.11 Block diagram of hardware

Diabetic individuals develop DFUs faster when the feet are exposed to excessive pressure
caused by external sources like shoes or internal like blood flow deficiency. Since skin is an organ that
needs energy and oxygen, excessive pressure inhibits the proper flow of blood to skin. Due to that, a
deficiency in the skin oxygenation occurrs in a manner that initiates the formation of an ulcer. External
factors can be cuts, wounds, high temperatures or high plantar pressures. While the internal factors can
be vascular and nerves damage caused by diabetes.
 36

Based on the literature there are many solutions to prevent and/or monitor foot ulcer. Since at
warmer temperatures, soft tissue is prone to ulceration and the insulated diabetes shoes most likely
have too high plantar tissue temperatures and increased risk of DFU; a temperature - dependent
solutions were designed.

Figure 2.12 Flow chart of Work flow

2.9.3 Result

As a conclusion, the diabetic foot is an important concern for diabetic patients and to inhibit
foot ulceration a special attention should be given to the foot. This paper aims to design an insole that is
considered also as a medical device. It is proposed to monitor and prevent the high tensions under the
diabetic patients’ feet.

Moreover, the design is integrated by using eight electro-valves and eight pressure sensors
under each zone of the foot to modulate the pressure under those zones and relieve the high pressures.
However, one of the main constraints is that the design is specified to be used in the standing phase
and walking level only. For future, further improvements is recommended such as changing the
geometry and dimensions of the valve to decrease the height of the sole. Also, in order to get better
results and increase the accuracy; adding more FSR sensors and valves. Moreover, to make the design
suitable for more conditions and not be only restrictive for the walking level. Utilizing a proper material
of the insole that does not irritate the skin or cause excessive friction is also necessary.

This project also aims to make the system susceptible for each patient only by entering their
weight and the system should recalibrate itself automatically rather than recalibrate it manually for
each patient.
 37

2.9.4 Drawbacks

The main constraints is that the design is specified to be used in the standing phase and walking
level only. The programming inFPGA is not as simpleas C programming used in processor based
hardware

2.10 A prototype design of a smart shoe insole system for real-time monitoring Of patients

LEITE, Paulo, POSTOLACHE, Octavian, PEREIRA, JM Dias, et al. Gait rehabilitation monitor. In :
Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing.

2.10.1 Introduction

Physical activity is very important in our life, to protect us against many cardiovascular and
chronic diseases, fight against obesity, overweight and increase our immune defenses. Unfortunately,
many people do not consider physical activity as a necessary activity in our lives to exercise regularly,
which affirms that physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth risk factor of death in the world.

The World Health Organization started to introduce a strategy to reduce the rate of physical
inactivity by 10% by 2025 and by 15% in 2030. For this reason, we can find a lot of methods to evaluate
physical activity, such as determining the number of steps, using smart shoes equipped with sensors.

To assess the Physical activity and measure the plantar pressure of the patient, we can use a
subjective method based on multiple-choice tests, even though this method inexpensive and
extensively used, it can cause some error in physical activity reporting. Also, we can use objective
methods such as pedometers, accelerometers, and heart rate monitors; based on user devices to detect
movement (Running, Walking, Jumping), measure the number of steps, heart rate,and temperature of
the patient. The accuracy of such devices depends on the number and types of sensors used in the
monitoring of the activity. However, not all these devices are appropriate for daily use in people with
disabilities. Smart insoles, equipped with sensors appear as a potential solution for unobtrusive
monitoring of daily activities given the fact that humans wear shoes for many hours a day. Moreover, it
has been suggested that instrumented insoles may be less expensive than available activity monitors.

All sensors will be placed on an orthopedic sole to ensure the effective monitoring of gait. The
wearable nature of shoes allows it to collect the user’s motion signal freely. The Pressure data of the
patient was collected over a specific period, and the subject will do different activities; walking,
running, or jumping. Each subject was asked to perform a series of walking tasks, while systems
simultaneously collected data in different periods of time.
 38

During the walking task,the analysis of the plantar pressure depends on the walking pattern of
each individual, which can vary from one cycle to the other and are strongly

influenced by the shape of the foot.Gait analysis is necessary to control the different task during the gait
cycle. A single gait cycle can be measured from any gait event to the same subsequent event on the
same foot , this cycle can be divided into two primary phases, the stance and swing phases.

2.10.2 Proposed System

The proposed system monitoring smart insole architecture for both the medical and the user
versions is composed of four principal parts; the smart insole system, the mobile application, the web
application and the server cloud. The smart insole is equipped with four FSR pressure sensors
accelerometer, gyroscope, and the ECG sensor, this insole communicate with the Smartphone via
secure Bluetooth connection.

During a normal activity of patient (walking, running, or jumping) a press ion is detected on the
insole system then all the signal measurements from the sensors collected and converted using the bus
interface of the microcontroller then send it via Bluetooth interface to the mobile application.

Two different applications have been developed, one for the patient and another for the
medical user (doctor/ clinician). The medical interface utilizes a cloud server to store the data, the main
principal’s task for the medical interface using a web application is to select, edit, remove, add and,
manage the user’s profile via web-based dashboards. After each daily exercise of the patient, all data
recorded and transmitted via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connection to the server for archival and analysis by
the clinician. In fact, for each connection to the server, the user can view the history of its exercises
during the day. The doctor consults the same database via a web application to analyze patient status

A pressure sensor has performance specifications including linearity, hysteresis, temperature

sensitivity, detection size, and pressure range. There are many pressure sensors commercialize such as;
capacitive, piezoelectric, piezoresistive, and resistive sensors.
 39

Figure 2.13 Variations of Pressure

. These sensors provide an electrical output signal proportional to the pressure exerted. In this
study, we used resistive sensors specifically FSRs. The FSR 402 Short was best suited for measuring
different specific points in the plantar regions is selected due to the multiple characteristics and
specifics as it offers several advantages too

This sensor is cheaper than capacitive and piezoelectric sensors. It is very thin; and therefore, its
use in the sole does not bother the patient and it keeps its comfort during the whole test period, and in
case of localized swelling, it does not develop additional pressure. Using the manual mask, we define
the areas for plantar pressure measurement using a four FSR sensors placed as shown in the first sensor
in Hallux, the second in Medial Forefoot, the third in Lateral Forefoot, and the fourth in Heel, placed at
the proposed smart insole.

2.10.3 Proposed Model

We used for the design of the proposed smart insole as materials; four FSR (Force Sensor
Resistor) to measure the physical pressure and weight of patient during their daily activity, ECG
(Electrocardiogram) to count the electrical activity of the heart, Gyroscope gy-521 to determine the
acceleration, orientation, and the inclination of the foot relative to the ground, ARDUINO Card to
control and retrieve data, the realtime counter ATMEGA328P microcontroller, Electric wires to connect
different components, Bluetooth HC05 to send data to the laptop, and Secure Digital card(SD card) to
save all data’s patients.

The concept of this design is to facilitate the reception of specific physiological parameters of
 40

patients in real-time ; all pieces of equipment are interconnected with wires to create a functional
prototype of the insole. The development tool used for the mobile application is the Thunkable. (It is a
platform based on the use of components and allows the addition of extensions which are components
developed by other users) we use Firebase Authentication for authentication and Firebase Real-time
DB for the database. For sending alerts notifications, we used the one signal service. A login interface is
developed for Android mobile to authenticate the user/doctor.

Once the user creates his account, all his information will be saved in a database, he can then
authenticate the second time with the insertion of his email address and password only, The main goal
of this design is to perform a smart wireless shoe insole acquisition system able to measure the plantar
pressure of different anatomic zones on foot, the system also can measure, frequency, heartbeat,
acceleration, angle of the foot, body temperature, the number of steps, all these parameters will be
sent through Bluetooth to a mobile phone.

Using a mobile application. At the same time, the cloud server will send a copy of the
physiological parameters to the doctor via Wi-Fi, and through a web application the doctor can visualize
the curves of different sensors and start analyzing the patient’s status Once the patient is connected to
the smart insole via Bluetooth, an indication of connection appeared on the interface of the mobile
application Patient information’s. Notification. Besides, our system detects bad plantar pressure and
send a notification. The patient has fallen on the right direction, this notification inform that the angle of
the foot of the user compared to the normal angle had deviated from the ground floor.

the patient after surgery using a web application in which the doctor supervises and controls
the health of his patients remotely the doctor should create an account to access the web
application. If the value of collected physiological parameters exceed a threshold value then an alarm
will be triggered and sent in real-time to intervene at the right time.
 41

Figure 2.14 User Login

2.10.4 Result

In the context of patient monitoring. We propose a design of a smart insole based on m-health
technology which allows real-time monitoring of patients without disturbing their comfort zone. The
concept of the design is based on two applications: mobile application and web application, the first
one it will be used by the patient to control his physiological parameters during daily activities.

The second one is used by the doctor to control their patient’s status after surgery and to
intervene at the right time. As future work, we will search for the classification of patients depending on
their gait and plantar pressure to distinguish men and women’s walking cycle.

2.10.5 Drawback

The disadvantage of using CoAP is message unreliability; UDP does not guarantee the delivery of
datagrams. This does not verify that it was received in its entirety and decoded Properly.

Table 2.3 Summary of literature survey

S.NO TITLE TECHNOLOGY DISADVANTAGE

Insole Point Pressure A sub synchronous It affects the materials like

Monitoring System resonance (SSR). Metal and liquid which
1
can impact the
signal.

An Early Detection Web of Things Interface When the irrigation

system for Foot (WTI) technique is that system is faulty if we use
Ulceration in users that connect to IoT fustigation
2
Diabetic Patients devices using various types and it is suitable for
of web browser. readily soluble or liquid
Fertilizers.
 42

Development of The advanced technology There are more cyber

Wireless Insole Foot of IIOT. security risks because of
3
Pressure Data theusage of IIOT.
Acquisition Device

Sensor Architectural Zig Bee technology is used Zigbee requires

Tradeoff for Diabetic to communication in K nowledge of the
4 Foot Ulcer bidirectional. system for the owner to
Monitoring Operate zigbee
compliant devices

A Novel Low Cost SIM - System Integrator de Visual monitoring

Wireless Footwear Monitor systems are
System for Monitoring amento (Integrated fullcompatible, providing
Diabetic MonitoringSystem) total usage
5
Foot Patients interoperability and
homogeneity. But it is not
fully available and
easily usable.

Performance of Insole in The Raspberry Pi There is missing the MMC

Reducing Plantar technology is used for Internal storage in
Pressure on Diabetic monitoring purposes. raspberrypi so it requires a
6
Patients in the Early micro SD card to work as
Stage of the Disease an internal
storage.

Effectiveness of CACs (Condition The costs of hardware and

Moulded Insoles in Information Acquisition software of CAC are high
Reducing Plantar Controller) And CMAs and the templates are not
7
Pressure in Diabetic (Condition Monitoring billed properly to ensure
Patients Agent). accurate code selection.
 43

A Low Cost Smart Insole Ground potential rise GPR requires more
For Diabetic Foot (GPR) at the source intensive training than EM
8 Prevention substation as it transitions locating
from the soil into the
grounding grid.

Design of an Smart Dual modular The programming in FPGA

Insole to Model and redundancy is a way of is not as simpleas C
9 Control the Pressure achieving high degrees of programming used in
under Diabetic Patients reliability in a less costly processor based
Feet solution. hardware

A Prototype Design of a Client-server The disadvantage of using

Smart Shoe Insole communication in CoAP CoAP is message
System for Real-time protocol. unreliability; UDP does not
Monitoring of Patients guarantee the delivery of
10
datagrams. This does not
verify that it was received
in its entirety and
decoded
Properly.

CHAPTER 3

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

3.1 Existing System

Waste management systems here are mostly monitoring systems rather than managing system. It only
detects the presence of waste and the level of waste in the garbage bins. Once detected, the details are send
to the authorities using
GSM which is a slow communication compared to the existing ones. Separation is only done for metallic and
non-metallic wastes, wet and dry wastes. The main challenges are the information is not transferred real
 44

time, Only metallic wastes is separated that means both plastic and bio wastes form in the category of non-
metallic wastes, Moisture sensor will give output as wet wastes if there is very tiny presence of water.
3.1.1 EXISTING SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

Bridge Filter Voltage

Stepdown
Rectifier Circuit Regulator (IC
Transformer
7805 & 7812)
(230 to 12v
AC)

LCD
Display
Ultrasonic PIC16F628
Sensor
UART GSM

Figure 3.1 Block Diagram for Existing System

3.2 Proposed Block Diagram

In this system we are monitoring the level of bins and composition of waste using IoT and cloud. Our main
goal of proposing this system is to remotely monitor the system and send quick notification to official which
can reduce the overflow of bins. The level of bin is identified using ultrasonic sensor. If the bin is filled then
sms alert will be sent through App. The proposed technique will create an IOT-based dustbin. The existing
system is that, it send the notification when the bin is filled. The air will become unsanitary if garbage is not
properly disposed of, and serious disease can spread rapidly. Many of these drawbacks will be addressed by
the proposed scheme. To determine that trashcans were completed or not, their capacity is measured using
actual sustainability. A sensor and a node that gathers and transmits data make up a smart bin. We have to
design the project, where the dustbin are completed and waste for the garbage is measured. To use a
webpage, we can identify a dustbin is completed or otherwise. A dustbin updates its status percentage, and
when more than 70 percent of the dustbin is filled, it sends an sms that the dustbin is almost full. App are
used for collect Node MCU data and, send an email when the trash level exceeds 70%. The device removes
the need for people to regularly monitor the trash cans; instead, we will receive a message once the trash
reaches fully functional.
 45

3.2.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 3.2 Block Diagram of Proposed System

CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

4.1 Hardware Components

4.1.1 Transformer

A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils.
 46

Figure 4.1 Transformer

A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding.
This effect is called mutual induction This is a very useful device, indeed. With it, we can easily
multiply or divide voltage and current in AC circuits. Indeed, the transformer has made long-distance
transmission of electric power a practical reality, as AC voltage can be “stepped up” and current
“stepped down” for reduced wire resistance power losses along power lines connecting generating
stations with loads. At either end (both the generator and at the loads), voltage levels are reduced by
transformers for safer operation and less expensive equipment. A transformer that increases voltage
from primary to secondary (more secondary winding turns than primary winding turns) is called a
step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer designed to do just the opposite is called a step-
down transformer.

This is a step-down transformer, as evidenced by the high turn count of the primary winding
and the low turn count of the secondary. As a step-down unit, this transformer converts low-current
power to high-current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary winding is necessary due
to the increase in current. The primary winding, which doesn't have to conduct as much current, may
be made of smaller gauge wire.

4.1.2 Potential Transformer Theory

 47

Figure 4.2 Potential Transformer

A voltage transformer theory or potential transformer theory is just like a theory of general
purpose step down transformer. Primary of this transformer is connected across the phase and
ground. Just like the transformer used for stepping down purpose, potential transformer i.e. PT has
lower turns winding at its secondary. The system voltage is applied across the terminals of primary
winding of that transformer, and then proportionate secondary voltage appears across the secondary
terminals of the PT.

The secondary voltage of the PT is generally 110 V. In an ideal potential transformer or

voltage transformer, when rated burden gets connected across the secondary; the ratio of primary
and secondary voltages of transformer is equal to the turns ratio and furthermore, the two terminal
voltages are in precise phase opposite to each other. But in actual transformer, there must be an
error in the voltage ratio as well as in the phase angle between primary and secondary voltages.

Potential transformers (PT) (also called voltage transformers (VT)) are a parallel connected
type of instrument transformer. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply being
measured and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary
connected metering.

4.1.3 Power Supply

A power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a device or system that
 48

supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. The term is most
commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

4.1.4 Power Supply Unit Block

All digital circuits work only with low DC voltage. A power supply unit is required to provide
the appropriate voltage supply. This unit consists of transformer, rectifier, filter and a regulator. AC
voltage typically of 230Vrms is connected to a transformer which steps that AC voltage down to the
desired AC voltage level. A diode rectifier then provides a full wave rectified voltage that is initially
filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a DC voltage. This resulting DC voltage usually has
some ripple or AC voltage variations. Regulator circuit can use this DC input to provide DC voltage
that not only has much less ripple voltage but also remains in the same DC value, even when the DC
voltage varies, or the load connected to the output DC voltage changes. The required DC supply is
obtained from the available AC supply after rectification, filtration and regulation.

The main components used in the power supply unit are Transformer, Rectifier, Filter and
Regulator. The 230V AC supply is converted into 9V AC supply through the transformer. The output
of the transformer has the same frequency as in the input AC power. This AC power is converted into
DC power through diodes. Here the bridge diode is used to convert AC supply to the DC power
supply. This converted DC power supply has the ripple content and for normal operation of the
circuit, the ripple content of the DC power supply should be as low as possible. Because the ripple
content of the power supply will reduce the life of the circuit.

This filtered output will not be the regulated voltage. For this purpose IC7805 regulator IC is
used in the circuit.

4.1.5 Transformer

Transformer is a device used either for stepping-up or stepping-down the AC supply voltage
with a corresponding decreases or increases in the current. Here, a transformer is used for stepping-
down the voltage so as to get a voltage that can be regulated to get a constant5V.
 49

4.1.6 Rectifier

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as
rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current. Physically, rectifiers take a number of
forms, including vacuum tube diodes, wet chemical cells, mercury-arc valves, stacks of copper and
selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based
semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have
been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a
crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector".

Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies
and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other
than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals
serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a flame.

Depending on the type of alternating current supply and the arrangement of the rectifier
circuit, the output voltage may require additional smoothing to produce a uniform steady voltage.
Many applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio, television and computer equipment,
require a steady constant DC voltage (as would be produced by a battery). In these applications the
output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter, which may be a capacitor, followed by a
voltage regulator to produce a steady voltage.

4.1.7 Filters

Capacitors are used as filters in the power supply unit. The action of the system depends
upon the fact, that the capacitors stores energy during the conduction period and delivers this
energy to the load during the inverse or non-conducting period. In this way, time during which the
current passes through the load is prolonged and ripple is considerably reduced.directly to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the
current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments.
A current transformer isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the
monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the
electrical power industry.

4.1.8 IOT

The ‘Thing’ in IoT can be any device with any kind of built-in-sensors with the ability to collect
 50

and transfer data over a network without manual intervention. The embedded technology in the
object helps them to interact with internal states and the external environment, which in turn helps
in decisions making process.

In a nutshell, IoT is a concept that connects all the devices to the internet and let them
communicate with each other over the internet. IoT is a giant network of connected devices all of
which gather and share data about how they are used and the environments in which they are
operated.

A developer submits the application with a document containing the standards, logic, errors
& exceptions handled by him to the tester. Again, if there are any issues Tester communicates it back
to the Developer. It takes multiple iterations & in this manner a smart application is created.

Similarly, a room temperature sensor gathers the data and send it across the network, which
is then used by multiple device sensors to adjust their temperatures accordingly. For example,
refrigerator’s sensor can gather the data regarding the outside temperature and accordingly adjust
the refrigerator’s temperature. Similarly, your air conditioners can also adjust its temperature
accordingly. This is how devices can interact, contribute & collaborate.

Benefits of IoT

Since IoT allows devices to be controlled remotely across the internet, thus it created
opportunities to directly connect & integrate the physical world to the computer- based systems
using sensors and internet. The interconnection of these multiple embedded devices will be resulting
in automation in nearly all fields and also enabling advanced applications. This is resulting in
improved accuracy, efficiency and economic benefit with reduced human intervention. It
encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart
cities. The major benefits of IoT are:

 Improved Customer Engagement – IoT improves customer experience by

automating the action. For e.g. any issue in the car will be automatically detected by the sensors. The
driver, as well as the manufacturer, will be notified about it. Till the time driver reaches the service
station, the manufacturer will make sure that the faulty part is available at the service station.

 Technical Optimization – IoT has helped a lot in improving technologies and making
them better. The manufacturer can collect data from different car sensors and analyze them to
improve their design and make them much more efficient.
 51

 Reduced Waste – Our current insights are superficial, but IoT provides real-time
information leading to effective decision making & management of resources. For example, if a
manufacturer finds fault in multiple engines, he can track the manufacturing plant of those engines
and can rectify the issue with manufacturing belt.

Nowadays, we are surrounded by lots of IoT enabled devices which are continuously emitting
data and communicating through multiple devices. Moving ahead, let’s discuss the required
hardware for building an IoT application. We will also look at the IoT devices which we are using in
our day to day life. This is resulting in improved accuracy, efficiency and economic benefit with
reduced human intervention. It encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes,
intelligent transportation and smart cities.

IoT Hardware

Now you would be wondering what the required hardware for preparing an IoT solution is.
The answer to this question is, you’ll first require sensors that will sense the environment, then you
require a remote dashboard to monitor your output and display it in a clearer & conceivable form. At
last, you will require a device with the capability of serving &routing. The key task of the system
would be detecting specific conditions and taking actions accordingly. One thing to keep in mind is
securing the communication between the devices and the dashboard.

Some of the common sensors that you are surrounded by are accelerometers, temperature
sensors, magnetometers, proximity sensors, gyroscopes, image sensors,

acoustic sensors, light sensors, pressure sensors, gas RFID sensors, humidity sensors & micro flow
sensors.

Nowadays we also have many wearable devices like smart watches, shoes & 3D glasses. This
is the best example of a smart solution. 3D glasses adjust television’s brightness and contrast
according to your eye and your smart watches keeps track of your daily activities and fitness.

But I feel the most important device which has tremendously contributed to IoT are the cell
phones. Mobile apps have immensely contributed to revolutionizing the technology world. Cell
phones are already encased with applications and sensors that reveals lots of information about its
 52

user. It has Geo-location information, it can sense and trace light condition, the orientation of your
device and a lot more information. It also comes with multiple connectivity options like Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth and cellular that helps them to communicate with other devices. Thus, due to these
default qualities of cell phones, it is the core of the IoT ecosystem. Today, Smartphone can interact
with smart watch and fitness band to further ease and enhance the user experience.

IoT uses multiple technologies and protocols to communicate with devices based on the
requirements. The major technologies & protocols are Bluetooth, wireless, NFC, RFID, radio protocols
and Wi-Fi-Direct.

4.1.9 LCD 16×2 Pin Configuration and Its Working

Nowadays, we always use the devices which are made up of LCDs such as CD players, DVD players, digital
watches, computers, etc. These are commonly used in the screen industries to replace the utilization of
CRTs. Cathode Ray Tubes use huge power when compared with LCDs, and CRTs heavier as well as bigger.
These devices are thinner as well power consumption is extremely less. The LCD 16×2 working principle is, it
blocks the light rather than dissipate. This article discusses an overview of LCD 16X2, pin configuration and its
working.
What is the LCD 16×2?
The term LCD stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module used in an extensive
range of applications like various circuits & devices like mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc.
These displays are mainly preferred for multi-segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The main
benefits of using this module are inexpensive; simply programmable, animations, and there are no
limitations for displaying custom characters, special and even animations, etc.
 53

LCD 16×2 Pin Diagram

The 16×2 LCD pinout is shown below.

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND terminal of the
microcontroller unit or power source.
 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect the supply pin of the
power source.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to connect a changeable
POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register, used to connect a
microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command mode).
 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes operation, and it is
connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read
Operation).
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write process, and it is
connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These pins are connected in two-
wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode, only four pins are connected to the
microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit
like 0 to 7.
 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
 54

 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND

Features of LCD16x2

The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 he operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit
 These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
 It displays a few custom generated characters
 55

Registers of LCD

A 16×2 LCD has two registers like data register and command register. The RS (register select) is mainly used to
change from one register to another. When the register set is ‘0’, then it is known as command register.
Similarly, when the register set is ‘1’, then it is known as data register.
Command Register
The main function of the command register is to store the instructions of command which are given to the
display. So that predefined tasks can be performed such as clearing the display, initializing, set the cursor
place, and display control. Here commands processing can occur within the register.

Data Register
The main function of the data register is to store the information which is to be exhibited on the LCD screen.
Here, the ASCII value of the character is the information which is to be exhibited on the screen of LCD.
Whenever we send the information to LCD, it transmits to the data register, and then the process will be
starting there. When register set =1, then the data register will be selected.

16×2 LCD Commands

The commands of LCD 16X2 include the following.

 For Hex Code-01, the LCD command will be the clear LCD screen
 For Hex Code-02, the LCD command will be returning home
 For Hex Code-04, the LCD command will be decrement cursor
 For Hex Code-06, the LCD command will be Increment cursor
 For Hex Code-05, the LCD command will be Shift display right
 For Hex Code-07, the LCD command will be Shift display left
 For Hex Code-08, the LCD command will be Display off, cursor off
 For Hex Code-0A, the LCD command will be cursor on and display off
 For Hex Code-0C, the LCD command will be cursor off, display on
 For Hex Code-0E, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on
 For Hex Code-0F, the LCD command will be cursor blinking, Display on
 For Hex Code-10, the LCD command will be Shift cursor position to left
 For Hex Code-14, the LCD command will be Shift cursor position to the right
 For Hex Code-18, the LCD command will be Shift the entire display to the left
 For Hex Code-1C, the LCD command will be Shift the entire display to the right
 56

 For Hex Code-80, the LCD command will be Force cursor to the beginning ( 1st line)
 For Hex Code-C0, the LCD command will be Force cursor to the beginning ( 2nd line)
 For Hex Code-38, the LCD command will be 2 lines and 5×7 matrix

LCD 16×2 Arduino

Please refer to this link to know more about-How to Interface Liquid Crystal Display using An Arduino.
Thus, this is all about LCD 16×2 datasheet, which includes what is a 16X2 LCD, pin configuration, working
principle, and its applications. The main advantages of this LCD device include power consumption is less and
low cost. The main disadvantages of this LCD device include it occupies a large area, slow devices and also
lifespan of these devices will be reduced due to direct current. So these LCDs use AC supply with less than
500Hz frequency. Here is a question for you, what are the applications of LCD?

4.1.10 ARDUINO
An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit which can be either used directly by purchasing
from the vendor or can be made at home using the components, owing to its open source hardware feature.
It is basically used in communications and in controlling or operating many devices.
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. “Uno” means one
in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the
reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and
the reference model for the Arduino platform, for a comparison with previous versions.

4.1.11Arduino Architecture
Arduino’s processor basically uses the Harvard architecture where the program code and program
data have separate memory. It consists of two memories- Program memory and the data memory.The code
is stored in the flash program memory, whereas the data is stored in the data memory. The Atmega328 has
32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0.5 KB is used for the bootloader), 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB
of EEPROM and operates with a clock speed of 16MHz.
 57

Figure4.1 Arduino Board

The most important advantage with Arduino is the programs can be directly loaded to the device
without requiring any hardware programmer to burn the program. This is done because of the presence of
the 0.5KB of Bootloader which allows the program to be burned into the circuit. All we have to do is to
download the Arduino software and writing the code.

4.1.12 Arduino ATMega328 Pin Description

ATMega328 is a 28 pin chip as shown in pin diagram above. Many pins of the chip here have more
than one function. We will describe functions of each pin below.
 58

Figure 4.12 Arduino ATMega328

1. VCC
Digital supply voltage.
2.GND
Ground

3.Port B (PB[7:0]) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending
on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to
the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output
from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source,
PB[7:6] is used as TOSC[2:1] input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set.
 59

4.Port C (PC[5:0])

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors(selected for each bit). The
PC[5:0] output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
5.PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical
characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed,
PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a
Reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset. The various
special features of Port Care elaborated in the Alternate Functions of Port C section.
6.Port D (PD[7:0])
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The
Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As
inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

7.AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC[3:0], and PE[3:2]. It should be externally
connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a
low-pass filter. Note that PC[6:4] use digital supply voltage, VCC.

8.AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

9.ADC[7:6] (TQFP and VFQFN Package Only)

In the TQFP and VFQFN package, ADC[7:6] serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins
arepowered from the analog supply and serve as10-bit ADC channels.
4.1.3 Features of Arduino UNO
 Microcontroller –Atmega328P – 8 bit AVR family microcontroller
 Operating Voltage – 5V
 60

 Analog Input Pins – 6 (A0 – A5)

 Digital I/O Pins – 14 pins
 Flash Memory – 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)
 SRAM – 2 KB

4.1.13 ULTRASONICSENSOR

Ultrasonic transmitter emitted an ultrasonic wave in one direction and started timing when it
launched. Ultrasonic spread in the air and would return immediately when it encountered obstacles on the
way. At last the ultrasonic receiver would stop timing when it receives the reflected wave. The distance of
sensor from the target object is calculated. It offers excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy
and stable readings in an easy-to-use package. It operation is not affected by sunlight or black material. The
supply voltage to the sensor is 5VDC.
The sensor has two pins namely trig and echo which is connected to the controller to give digital
input. It will calculate the distance of the object. The received pulses will have the time variation of the
sending pulses. It have four operating pins namely trigger, ground, echo and supply voltage these determine
the overall performance of the system.

Figure 4.9 Ultrasonic Sensor

4.4.1 Features
 Quiescent current : <2mA
 Working current : 15mA
 Detecting range : 2cm-4.5m
 Trigger input pulse width : 10mS
4.4.2 Applications
 Robot navigation
 61

 Obstacle avoidance
 Industrial control system

4.1.14 GAS SENSOR

Gas sensor is a chemical optical sensor utilizing the acidic nature of alcohol for detection. It consists
of a gas-permeable membrane in which a pH-sensitive luminescence dye is immobilized together with a
buffer and an inert reference luminescent dye. alcohol permeating into the membrane changes the internal
pH of the buffer. With this changes the luminescence of the pH-sensitive dye. Together with the inert
reference dye internal referencing is made for detection of the luminescence lifetime of the sensor. The
measurement signal detected by the alcohol mini correlates to the partial pressure of alcohol ambient.

BUZZER

A buzzer is an mechanical, electromechanical, magnetic, electromagnetic, electro-acoustic or

piezoelectric audio signaling device. A Piezo electric buzzer can be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit
or other audio signal source. A click, beep or ring can indicate that a button has been pressed. A buzzer takes
some sort of input and emits a sound in response to it. They may use various means to produce the sound;
everything from metal clappers to electromechanical devices.
 62

DC MOTOR
An Electric DC motor is a machine which converts electric energy into mechanical energy. The
working of DC motor is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a mechanical force. The direction of mechanical force is given by Fleming’s Left-hand
Rule and its magnitude is given by F =BIl Newton.
A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field aligned with the
center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil can be changed
with the direction and magnitude of the current flowing through it. DC motors were the first type widely
used, since they could be powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems.
A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or
by changing the strength of current in its field winding. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and
appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight motor used for portable
power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists,
or in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors
with AC motor possible in many applications.

Figure 4.14 Dc motor

 63

NODE MCU ESP8266

1) NodeMCU ESP8266 is an open-source Lua-based firmware and development board specially targeted for
IoTbased applications. 2) It includes firmware that runs on the ESP8266 WiFi SoC from Express if Systems and
hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module, and like this, it can also be programmed using Arduino IDE
and can act as both Wi-Fi Hotspot or can connect to one. 3) It has one Analog Input Pin, 16 Digital I/O pins
along with the capability to connect with serial communication protocols like SPI, UART, and I2C. 4)
NodeMCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory to store data and programs

4.2 Software Requirements

 64

4.2.1 Arduino Software (IDE)

 Arduino IDE is open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the
code into the Arduino Module.
 It is official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common
person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.
 It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the
Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that playa vital role for debugging,
editing and compiling the code in the environment.
 A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino
Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more. Each of them contains a

microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and accepts the information in the
form of code.
 The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will
ultimately generate a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.
 The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where
former is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code
into the given Arduino Module.

4.2.2 Android Studio (IDE)

Android Studio is the official integrated development environment (IDE) for Google’s Android
operating system, built on JetBrains’ IntelliJ IDEA software and designed specifically for Android
development It is available for download on Windows, macOS and Linux based operating systems or
as a subscription-based service in 2020. It is a replacement for the Eclipse Android Development
Tools (E-ADT) as the primary IDE for native Android application development.

4.2.3 Embedded C

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language by the

Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different
embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C
language in order to support exotic features such as fixed point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory
banks, and basic I/O operations. In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to
address these issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It
 65

includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as, fixed-point arithmetic, named
address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded C use most of the syntax and
semantics of standard C, e.g.,main () function, variable definition, data type declaration, conditional
statements (if, switch.case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and union, bit
operations, macros, unions, etc.
 66

CHAPTER 5

PROTEUS

Proteuswas initially created as a multiplatform (DOS, Windows, Unix) system utility, to manipulate

text and binary files and to create CGI scripts. The language was later focused on Windows, by adding
hundreds of specialized functions for: network and serial communication, database interrogation, system
service creation, console applications, keyboard emulation, ISAPI scripting (for IIS). Most of these additional
functions are only available in the Windows flavor of the interpreter, even though a Linux version is still
available.
Proteus was designed to be practical (easy to use, efficient, complete), readable and consistent.
 Its strongest points are
 powerful string manipulation
 comprehensibility of Proteus scripts
 availability of advanced data structures: arrays, queues (single or double), stacks, bit maps, sets, AVL
trees
 The language can be extended by adding user functions written in Proteus or DLLs created in C/C++

5.2.1 LANGUAGE FEATURES

At first sight, Proteus may appear similar to Basic because of its straight syntax, but similarities are
limited to the surface:
 Proteus has a fully functional, procedural approach;
 variables are untyped, do not need to be declared, can be local or public and can be passed by value
or by reference;
 all the typical control structures are available (if-then-else; for-next; while-loop; repeat-until; switch-
case);
 new functions can be defined and used as native functions.
 Proteus includes hundreds of functions for:
 accessing file system;
 sorting data;
 manipulating dates and strings;
 interacting with the user (console functions)
 calculating logical and mathematical expressions.
 Proteus supports associative arrays (called sets) and AVL trees, which are very useful and powerful to
quickly sort and lookup values.
Two types of regular expressions are supported:
 extended (Unix like)
 67

 basic (Dos like, having just the wildcards "?" and "*")

5.3 ARDUINO C SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

Follow the steps to Arduino c installation.
Step 1: Visit http://www.arduino.cc/en/main/software to download the latestArduino IDE version for your
computer’s operating system.
Step 2: Save the .exe file to your hard drive.
Step 3: Open the .exe file.
Step 4: Click the button to agree to the licensing agreement.

Figure 5.1 License Agreement

Step 5: Decidewhich components to install, then click “Next”.

 68

Figure 5.2 Installation options

Step 6: Select which folder to install the program to, themclick “Install”.

Figure 5.3 Installation folder

Step 7: Wait for the program to finish installing, then click “Close”.
 69

Figure 5.4 Installing process

Figure 5.5 process completion

Step 8: Now find the Arduino shortcut on your Desktop and click on it. The IDEwill open up and you’ll see the
code editor.
 70

Figure 5.6 Arduino 1.8.8

Step 9: Open new file

Figure 5.7. New File Creation.

Step 10: Type entire program on the new file then save the file in arduino extension.
 71

Figure 5.8. Saving Program.

Step 11: Run the program and view the output details.

Figure 5.9. Execution of Module.

 72

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 5.1 Simulation output

 73

CHAPTER 6

WORK DO BE DONE IN PHASE-II

PROTOTYPE MODEL

Figure 6.1 Prototype

CONCLUSION
This paper mainly concentrated on home automation system (can be used in malls, other public places, etc.)
and this can be done in large scale in future. Compared to the existing systems our system has some
additional benefits. In existing systems, the wastes are only monitored and separates metallic and non
metallic wastes, wet and dry wastes but our system monitors the wastes and also segregates the monitored
waste as metals, degradable and non degradable wastes. The wastes are segregated into their category so
that it is easy to dispose according to the type of the waste. And the waste details aredirectly send to cloud
database in real time. Thus the Smart Garbage Segregation & Management System will be helpful for the
garbage disposal by segregating it according to its type thus contributing in a green means to the society and
to our environment.
 74

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
Cleanliness is one of the most important things which any human being would cherish. In order to
be clean, we must preserve unclean places and make them tidy and neat. Dustbins are often seen as filthy
since it is filled with wastes and spreads foul smell around it. Hence we chose this project which maintains a
Fresh and untarnished environment around the dustbin. This also goes well in protecting the serenity of the
environment. This is a prototype developed for two bins. This system can be easily extended to any number
of bins. All dustbins present in a city can be connected together through a system for totally automating the
process of the wastage collection once the bins are full.

CHAPTER 7

APPENDIX

# define buzzer 12
# define ir A0
# define trig 2
# define ech 3
# define motor 1 6
# define motor 2 7
# define rain 8
# define gas A1
Void setup()
 75

{
pinMode (buzzer ,OUTPUT);
pinMode (trig,OUTPUT);
pinMode (motor1,OUTPUT);
pinMode (motor2,OUTPUT);
pinMode (ech, INPUT);
pinMode (ir, INPUT);
pinMode (rain, INPUT);
pinMode (gas, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
Void loop()
{
int a,b,c,duration,distance;
a = digitalRead(rain);
b = digitalRead(ir);
c = analogRead(gas);
digitalWrite(trig,1);
delay Microseconds(10);
digital Write(trig,0);
duration=pulseIn.(ech,1);
distance=(duration*0.034)/2;
serial. print(“R”);
serial. print(a);
serial. print(“I”);
serial. print(b);
serial. print(“G”);
serial. print(c);
serial. print(“D”);
serial. print(distance);
serial. print(“r”);
if(a==1)
{
Serial. print (“1”);
 76

}
else
{
Serial. print (“0”);
}
Serial. print(“g”);
if(c>100)
{
Serial. print(“1”);
}
else
{
Serial. print(“0”);
}
serial. print(“d”);
if(distance<40)
{
Serial. print(“1”);
}
else
{
Serial. print(“0”);
}
Serial. print(“F”);
Delay (1000);
if(distance<40||a==1||c>100)
{
Digital Write (motor 1,1);
Digital Write (motor 2,0);
Digital Write (buzzer ,1);
Delay (1000);
Digital Write (motor 1,0);
Digital Write (motor 2,0);
Digital Write (motor buzzer,0);
 77

}
else
{
Digital Write (motor 1,0);
Digital Write (motor 2,0);
Digital Write (motor buzzer,0);
}
if(b==1&&distance>40&& a ! =1&&c<100)
{
Digital Write (motor 1,0);
Digital Write (motor 2,1);
delay (1000);
Digital Write (motor 1,0);
Digital Write (motor 2,0);
}
else
{
Digital Write (motor 1,0);
Digital Write (motor 2,0);
}
}

BLYNK CODE:

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
char auth[] = "B15FVdTUR2v6-VYJi992_rLWYxVox8A8";

char ssid[] = "smart";

char pass[] = "smart@123";
short pir_val[4], ldr_val[4], dis_val[4], pirstatus_val[4], ldr_status_val[4], dis_status_val[4],
animal_status_val[4];
short total_pir = 0, total_ldr = 0, total_dis = 0, total_pirstatus, total_ldr_status, total_dis_status,
total_animal_status;
short digit[5] = {1, 10, 100, 1000, 1000};
WidgetTerminal Terminal(V0);

BLYNK_READ(V1)
{
 78

Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, total_pir);
}

BLYNK_READ(V2)
{
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, total_ldr);
}
BLYNK_READ(V3)
{
Blynk.virtualWrite(V3, total_dis);
}
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(D3, OUTPUT);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
}

void loop()
{
short i = 0;
short serial1 = 1, serial2 = 0, serial3 = 0;

char serial[100];
while (Serial.available() > 0)
{
serial[i] = Serial.read();
delayMicroseconds(1050);
i++;
}
if (serial[0] == 'P')
{
total_pir = total_ldr = total_dis = 0, total_animal_status = 0;
for (serial2 = 0; serial[serial1] != 'L'; serial1++, serial2++)
{
pir_val[serial2] = serial[serial1] - '0';
}
serial2 = serial2 - 1;
for (serial3 = 0; serial2 >= 0; serial2--, serial3++)
{
total_pir = total_pir + pir_val[serial2] * digit[serial3];
}
serial1 = serial1 + 1;

for (serial2 = 0; serial[serial1] != 'D'; serial1++, serial2++)

{
ldr_val[serial2] = serial[serial1] - '0';
}
serial2 = serial2 - 1;
 79

for (serial3 = 0; serial2 >= 0; serial2--, serial3++)

{
total_ldr = total_ldr + ldr_val[serial2] * digit[serial3];
}
serial1 = serial1 + 1;

for (serial2 = 0; serial[serial1] != 'd'; serial1++, serial2++)

{
dis_status_val[serial2] = serial[serial1] - '0';
}
serial2 = serial2 - 1;
for (serial3 = 0; serial2 >= 0; serial2--, serial3++)
{
total_dis = total_dis + dis_status_val[serial2] * digit[serial3];
}
serial1 = serial1 + 1;
for (serial2 = 0; serial[serial1] != 'R'; serial1++, serial2++)
{
animal_status_val[serial2] = serial[serial1] - '0';
}
serial2 = serial2 - 1;
for (serial3 = 0; serial2 >= 0; serial2--, serial3++)
{
total_animal_status = total_animal_status + animal_status_val[serial2] * digit[serial3];
}
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
delay(100);
if (total_animal_status == 1)
{
Terminal.println("Animal Detected");
Blynk.notify("Animal Detected");
}
}
delay(800);
Blynk.run();
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
delay(100);
}

REFFRENCES

[1] ‘Smart Garbage Monitoring and Clearance System using Internet of Things’ S. Vinoth Kumar,T. Senthil
Kumaran , A. Krishna Kumar and Mahantesh Mathapati-2017 IEEE International Conference
 80

[2] Abhishek Kumar Singh, Chethan Kumar M, Reshma S, Shwetha G H, Rajashekhar B S ‘IOT Based
Monitoring and Smart Planning of Urban Solid Waste Management’ RATE-2017 National Conference
[3] Krishangi Deka, Krishangi Goswami and Sagarika ‘IoT-Based Monitoring and Smart Planning of Urban Solid
Waste Management’ - Spirnger 2018
[4] Balagugan, Raja S, Maheswaran T , Savitha S ‘Implementation of Automated Waste Segregator at
Household Level’ -IJIRSET 2107
[5] Shinjini Ray, Sayan Tapadar, Suhrid Krishna Chatterjee, Robin Karlose, Sudipta Saha, Himadri Nath Saha.
"Optimizing routine collection efficiency in IoT based garbage collection monitoring systems", 2018 IEEE 8th
Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC), 2018
[6] Himadri Nath Saha, Sourav Gon, Annesha Nayak, Samabrita kundu, Sumandrita Moitra. "Iot Based
Garbage Monitoring and Clearance Alert System", 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics
and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), 2018.
[7] A. Jothimani, A. Shirly Edward, K. Manoj Gowthem and R. Karthikeyan ‘Implementation of Smart Sensor
Interface Network for Water Quality Monitoring in Industry using IoT’ Indian Journal of Science and
Technology-2017
[8] Ratna Patil, Sharavari Tamane. "A Comparative Analysis on the Evaluation of Classification Algorithms in
the Prediction of Diabetes", International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2018
[9] Internet Source https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardMega/
[10] Internet Sourcehttps://
www.tutorialspoint.com/arduino/arduino_ultrasonic_sensor.htm
[11]Internet Sourcehttps://
www.keyence.com/ss/products/sensor/sensorbasics/proximity/info/
[12] Internet Source-http://shallowsky.com/arduino/class/buzzer.html
[13] Internet Sourcehttps://
www.tutorialspoint.com/arduino/arduino_servo_motor.htm
[14] Internet Source https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speeded_up_robust_features
[15] Internet Source https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knearest_neighbors_algorithm
[16] Internet Source-https://kevinzakka.github.io/2016/07/13/knearest-
neighbor