Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 1

Business Statistics For Contemporary

Decision Making 8th Edition Black
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Chapter 8
Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

The overall learning objective of Chapter 8 is to help you understand

estimating parameters of single populations, thereby enabling you to:

1. Estimate the population mean with a known population standard

deviation with the z statistic, correcting for a finite population if
necessary.
2. Estimate the population mean with an unknown population standard
deviation using the t statistic and properties of the t distribution.
3. Estimate a population proportion using the z statistic.
4. Use the chi-square distribution to estimate the population variance given
the sample variance.
5. Determine the sample size needed in order to estimate the population
mean and population proportion.
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 2

CHAPTER TEACHING STRATEGY

Chapter 8 is the student's introduction to interval estimation and

estimation of sample size. In this chapter, the concept of point estimate is
discussed along with the notion that as each sample changes in all likelihood so
will the point estimate. From this, the student can see that an interval estimate
may be more usable as a one-time proposition than the point estimate. The
confidence interval formulas for large sample means and proportions can be
presented as mere algebraic manipulations of formulas developed in chapter 7
from the Central Limit Theorem.
It is very important that students begin to understand the difference
between mean and proportions. Means can be generated by averaging some sort
of measurable item such as age, sales, volume, test score, etc. Proportions are
computed by counting the number of items containing a characteristic of interest
out of the total number of items. Examples might be proportion of people
carrying a VISA card, proportion of items that are defective, proportion of market
purchasing brand A. In addition, students can begin to see that sometimes single
samples are taken and analyzed; but that other times, two samples are taken in
order to compare two brands, two techniques, two conditions, male/female, etc.
In an effort to understand the impact of variables on confidence intervals,
it may be useful to ask the students what would happen to a confidence interval if
the sample size is varied or the confidence is increased or decreased. Such
consideration helps the student see in a different light the items that make up a
confidence interval. The student can see that increasing the sample size reduces
the width of the confidence interval, all other things being constant, or that it
increases confidence if other things are held constant. Business students probably
understand that increasing sample size costs more and thus there are trade-offs in
the research set-up.
In addition, it is probably worthwhile to have some discussion with
students regarding the meaning of confidence, say 95%. The idea is presented in
the chapter that if 100 samples are randomly taken from a population and 95%
confidence intervals are computed on each sample, that 95%(100) or 95 intervals
should contain the parameter of estimation and approximately 5 will not. In most
cases, only one confidence interval is computed, not 100, so the 95% confidence
puts the odds in the researcher's favor. It should be pointed out, however, that the
confidence interval computed may not contain the parameter of interest.
This chapter introduces the student to the t distribution for
estimating population means when  is unknown. Emphasize that this applies
only when the population is normally distributed because it is an assumption
underlying the t test that the population is normally distributed albeit that this
assumption is robust. The student will observe that the t formula is essentially the
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 3

same as the z formula and that it is the table that is different. When the population
is normally distributed and  is known, the z formula can be used even for small
samples.
A formula is given in chapter 8 for estimating the population variance; and
it is here that the student is introduced to the chi-square distribution. An
assumption underlying the use of this technique is that the population is normally
distributed. The use of the chi-square statistic to estimate the population variance
is extremely sensitive to violations of this assumption. For this reason, extreme
caution should be exercised in using this technique. Because of this, some
statisticians omit this technique from consideration presentation and usage.
Lastly, this chapter contains a section on the estimation of sample size.
One of the more common questions asked of statisticians is: "How large of a
sample size should I take?" In this section, it should be emphasized that sample
size estimation gives the researcher a "ball park" figure as to how many to sample.
The “error of estimation “ is a measure of the sampling error. It is also equal to
the + error of the interval shown earlier in the chapter.
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 4

CHAPTER OUTLINE

8.1 Estimating the Population Mean Using the z Statistic ( known).

Finite Correction Factor

Estimating the Population Mean Using the z Statistic when the

Sample Size is Small

Using the Computer to Construct z Confidence Intervals for the

Mean

8.2 Estimating the Population Mean Using the t Statistic ( unknown).

The t Distribution

Robustness

Characteristics of the t Distribution.

Reading the t Distribution Table

Confidence Intervals to Estimate the Population Mean Using the t

Statistic

Using the Computer to Construct t Confidence Intervals for the

Mean

8.3 Estimating the Population Proportion

Using the Computer to Construct Confidence Intervals of the

Population Proportion

8.4 Estimating the Population Variance

8.5 Estimating Sample Size

Sample Size When Estimating µ

Determining Sample Size When Estimating p

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 5

KEY WORDS

Bounds Point Estimate

Chi-square Distribution Robust
Degrees of Freedom (df) Sample-Size Estimation
Interval Estimate t Distribution
Lower bound of the confidence interval t Value
Margin of error of the interval Upper bound of the
confidence interval

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 8

8.1 a) x = 25  = 3.5 n = 60
95% Confidence z.025 = 1.96

 3. 5
xz = 25 + 1.96 = 25 + 0.89 = 24.11 < µ < 25.89
n 60

b) x = 119.6  = 23.89 n = 75
98% Confidence z.01 = 2.33

 23.89
xz = 119.6 + 2.33 = 119.6 ± 6.43 = 113.17 < µ < 126.03
n 75

c) x = 3.419  = 0.974 n = 32
90% C.I. z.05 = 1.645

 0.974
xz = 3.419 + 1.645 = 3.419 ± .283 = 3.136 < µ < 3.702
n 32

d) x = 56.7  = 12.1 N = 500 n = 47

80% C.I. z.10 = 1.28

 N −n 12.1 500 − 47
xz = 56.7 + 1.28 =
n N −1 47 500 − 1

56.7 ± 2.15 = 54.55 < µ < 58.85

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 6

8.2 n = 36 x = 211  = 23
95% C.I. z.025 = 1.96

 23
xz = 211 ± 1.96 = 211 ± 7.51 = 203.49 < µ < 218.51
n 36

8.3 n = 81 x = 47  = 5.89
90% C.I. z.05=1.645

 5.89
xz = 47 ± 1.645 = 47 ± 1.08 = 45.92 < µ < 48.08
n 81

8.4 n = 70 2 = 49 x = 90.4

x = 90.4 Point Estimate

94% C.I. z.03 = 1.88

 49
xz = 90.4 ± 1.88 = 90.4 ± 1.57 = 88.83 < µ < 91.97
n 70

8.5 n = 39 N = 200 x = 66  = 11
96% C.I. z.02 = 2.05

 N −n 11 200 − 39
xz = 66 ± 2.05 =
n N −1 39 200 − 1

66 ± 3.25 = 62.75 < µ < 69.25

x = 66 Point Estimate

8.6 n = 120 x = 18.72  = 0.8735

99% C.I. z.005 = 2.575

x = 18.72 Point Estimate

 0.8735
xz = 18.72 ± 2.575 = 8.72 ± .21 = 18.51 < µ < 18.93
n 120
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 7

8.7 N = 1500 n = 187 x = 5.3 years  = 1.28 years

95% C.I. z.025 = 1.96

x = 5.3 years Point Estimate

 N −n 1.28 1500 − 187

xz = 5.3 ± 1.96 =
n N −1 187 1500 − 1

5.3 ± .17 = 5.13 < µ < 5.47

8.8 n = 24 x = 5.625  = 3.23

90% C.I. z.05 = 1.645

 3.23
xz = 5.625 ± 1.645 = 5.625 ± 1.085 = 4.540 < µ < 6.710
n 24

8.9 n = 36 x = 3.306  = 1.17

98% C.I. z.01 = 2.33

 1.17
xz = 3.306 ± 2.33 = 3.306 ± .454 = 2.852 < µ < 3.760
n 36

8.10 n = 36 x = 2.139  = .113

x = 2.139 Point Estimate

90% C.I. z.05 = 1.645

 (.113)
xz = 2.139 ± 1.645 = 2.139 ± .031 = 2.108 < µ < 2.170
n 36
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 8

8.11 95% confidence interval n = 45

x = 24.533  = 5.124 z = + 1.96

 5.124
xz = 24.533 + 1.96 =
n 45

24.533 + 1.497 = 23.036 <  < 26.030

8.12 The point estimate is 0.96 or 96 cents per pound. n = 41

The assumed standard deviation is 0.14

95% level of confidence: z = + 1.96

Confidence interval: 0.917147 < µ < 1.002853

Error of the estimate: 1.002853 - 0.96 = 0.042853

8.13 n = 13 x = 45.62 s = 5.694 df = 13 – 1 = 12

95% Confidence Interval and /2=.025

t.025,12 = 2.179

s 5.694
xt = 45.62 ± 2.179 = 45.62 ± 3.44 = 42.18 < µ < 49.06
n 13

8.14 n = 12 x = 319.17 s = 9.104 df = 12 - 1 = 11

90% confidence interval

/2 = .05 t.05,11 = 1.796

s 9.104
xt = 319.17 ± (1.796) = 319.17 ± 4.72 = 314.45 < µ < 323.89
n 12
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 9

8.15 n = 41 x = 128.4 s = 20.6 df = 41 – 1 = 40

98% Confidence Interval

/2 = .01

t.01,40 = 2.423

s 20.6
xt = 128.4 ± 2.423 = 128.4 ± 7.80 = 120.6 < µ < 136.2
n 41

x = 128.4 Point Estimate

8.16 n = 15 x = 2.364 s2 = 0.81 df = 15 – 1 = 14

90% Confidence interval

/2 = .05

t.05,14 = 1.761

s 0.81
xt = 2.364 ± 1.761 = 2.364 ± .409 = 1.955 < µ < 2.773
n 15

8.17 n = 25 x = 16.088 s = .817 df = 25 – 1 = 24

99% Confidence Interval

/2 = .005

t.005,24 = 2.797

s (.817 )
xt = 16.088 ± 2.797 = 16.088 ± .457 = 15.631 < µ < 16.545
n 25

x = 16.088 Point Estimate

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 10

8.18 n = 51 x = 1,192 s = 279 df = n - 1 = 50

98% CI and /2 = .01 t.01,50 = 2.403

s 279
xt = 1,192 + 2.403 = 1,192 + 93.88 = 1,098.12 <  < 1,285.88
n 51

The figure given by Runzheimer International falls within the confidence

interval. Therefore, there is no reason to reject the Runzheimer figure as
different from what we are getting based on this sample.

8.19 n = 20 df = 19 95% CI t.025,19 = 2.093

x = 2.36116 s = 0.19721

0.1972
2.36116 + 2.093 = 2.36116 + 0.0923 = 2.26886 <  < 2.45346
20

Point Estimate = 2.36116

Error = 0.0923

8.20 n = 28 x = 5.335 s = 2.016 df = 28 – 1 = 27

90% Confidence Interval /2 = .05

t.05,27 = 1.703

s 2.016
xt = 5.335 ± 1.703 = 5.335 + .649 = 4.686 < µ < 5.984
n 28

8.21 n = 10 x = 49.8 s = 18.22 df = 10 – 1 = 9

95% Confidence /2 = .025 t.025,9 = 2.262

s 18.22
xt = 49.8 ± 2.262 = 49.8 + 13.03 = 36.77 < µ < 62.83
n 10
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 11

8.22 n = 14 98% confidence /2 = .01 df = 13

t.01,13 = 2.650

from data: x = 389.88 s = 105.30

confidence interval: xt

s
= 389.88 + 2.65
8.446 =
n 41
389.88 + 74.58 = 315.30 <  < 464.46

The point estimate is 389.88

8.23 n = 41 df = 41 – 1 = 40 99% confidence /2 = .005

t.005,40 = 2.704

from data: x = 11.098 s = 8.446

s 105.30
confidence interval: xt = 11.098 + 2.704 =
n 14

11.098 + 3.567 = 7.531 <  < 14.665

8.24 The point estimate is x which is 25.4134 hours. The sample size is 26 skiffs.
The confidence level is 98%. The confidence interval is:
s s
x t   x t = 22.8124 <  < 28.0145
n n
The error of the confidence interval is 26.011.
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 12

8.25 a) n = 44 p̂ =.51 90% C.I. z.05 = 1.645

pˆ  qˆ (.51)(.49)
pˆ  z = .51 ± 1.645 = .51 ± .124 = .386 < p < .634
n 44

b) n = 300 p̂ = .82 95% C.I. z.025 = 1.96

pˆ  qˆ (.82)(.18)
pˆ  z = .82 ± 1.96 = .82 ± .043 = .777 < p < .863
n 300

c) n = 1150 p̂ = .48 90% C.I. z.05 = 1.645

pˆ  qˆ (.48)(.52)
pˆ  z = .48 ± 1.645 = .48 ± .024 = .456 < p < .504
n 1150

d) n = 95 p̂ = .32 88% C.I. z.06 = 1.555

pˆ  qˆ (.32)(.68)
pˆ  z = .32 ± 1.555 = .32 ± .074 = .246 < p < .394
n 95

8.26 a) n = 116 x = 57 99% C.I. z.005 = 2.575

x 57
p̂ = = = .49
n 116

pˆ  qˆ (.49)(.51)
pˆ  z = .49 ± 2.575 = .49 ± .12 = .37 < p < .61
n 116

b) n = 800 x = 479 97% C.I. z.015 = 2.17

x 479
p̂ = = = .60
n 800

pˆ  qˆ (.60)(.40)
pˆ  z = .60 ± 2.17 = .60 ± .038 = .562 < p < .638
n 800
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 13

c) n = 240 x = 106 85% C.I. z.075 = 1.44

x 106
p̂ = = = .44
n 240

pˆ  qˆ (.44)(.56)
pˆ  z = .44 ± 1.44 = .44 ± .046 = .394 < p < .486
n 240

d) n = 60 x = 21 90% C.I. z.05 = 1.645

x 21
p̂ = = = .35
n 60

pˆ  qˆ (.35)(.65)
pˆ  z = .35 ± 1.645 = .35 ± .10 = .25 < p < .45
n 60

8.27 n = 85 x = 40 90% C.I. z.05 = 1.645

x 40
p̂ = = = .47
n 85

pˆ  qˆ (.47)(.53)
pˆ  z = .47 ± 1.645 = .47 ± .09 = .38 < p < .56
n 85

95% C.I. z.025 = 1.96

pˆ  qˆ (.47)(.53)
pˆ  z = .47 ± 1.96 = .47 ± .11 = .36 < p < .58
n 85

99% C.I. z.005 = 2.575

pˆ  qˆ (.47)(.53)
pˆ  z = .47 ± 2.575 = .47 ± .14 = .33 < p < .61
n 85

All other things being constant, as the confidence increased, the width of the
interval increased.
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 14

8.28 a) n = 1003 p̂ = .255 99% CI z.005 = 2.575

pˆ  qˆ (.255)(.745)
pˆ  z = .255 + 2.575 = .255 + .035 = .220 < p < .290
n 1003

b) n = 10,000 p̂ = .255 99% CI z.005 = 2.575

pˆ  qˆ (.255)(.745)
pˆ  z = .255 + 2.575 = .255 + .011 = .244 < p < .266
n 10,000

The confidence interval constructed using n = 1003 is wider than the

confidence interval constructed using n = 10,000. One might conclude that, all
other things being constant, increasing the sample size reduces the width of the
confidence interval.

8.29 n = 560 p̂ = .47 95% CI z.025 = 1.96

pˆ  qˆ (.47)(.53)
pˆ  z = .47 + 1.96 = .47 + .0413 = .4287 < p < .5113
n 560

n = 560 p̂ = .28 90% CI z.05 = 1.645

pˆ  qˆ (.28)(.72)
pˆ  z = .28 + 1.645 = .28 + .0312 = .2488 < p < .3112
n 560

8.30 n = 1250 x = 997 98% C.I. z.01 = 2.33

x 997
p̂ = = = .80
n 1250

pˆ  qˆ (.80)(.20)
pˆ  z = .80 ± 2.33 = .80 ± .026 = .774 < p < .826
n 1250
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 15

8.31 n = 3481 x = 927

x 927
p̂ = = = .266
n 3481

a) p̂ = .266 Point Estimate

b) 99% C.I. z.005 = 2.575

pˆ  qˆ (.266)(.734)
pˆ  z = .266 + 2.575 = .266 ± .019 =
n 3481

.247 < p < .285

8.32 n = 89 x = 48 85% C.I. z.075 = 1.44

x 48
p̂ = = = .54
n 89

pˆ  qˆ (.54)(.46)
pˆ  z = .54 ± 1.44 = .54 ± .076 = .464 < p < .616
n 89

8.33 p̂ = .63 n = 672 95% Confidence z.025 = + 1.96

pˆ  qˆ (.63)(.37)
pˆ  z = .63 + 1.96 = .63 + .0365 = .5935 < p < .6665
n 672

8.34 n = 275 x = 121 98% confidence z.01 = 2.33

x 121
p̂ = = = .44
n 275

pˆ  qˆ (.44)(.56)
pˆ  z = .44 ± 2.33 = .44 ± .07 = .37 < p < .51
n 275
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 16

8.35 a) n = 12 x = 28.4 s2 = 44.9 99% C.I. df = 12 – 1 = 11

2.995,11 = 2.60320 2.005,11 = 26.7569

(12 − 1)(44.9) (12 − 1)(44.9)

< 2 <
26.7569 2.60320

18.46 < 2 < 189.73

b) n=7 x = 4.37 s = 1.24 s2 = 1.5376 95% C.I. df = 7 – 1 = 6

2.975,6 = 1.23734 2.025,6 = 14.4494

(7 − 1)(1.5376) (7 − 1)(1.5376)
< 2 <
14.4494 1.23734

0.64 < 2 < 7.46

c) n = 20 x = 105 s = 32 s2 = 1024 90% C.I. df = 20 – 1 = 19

2.95,19 = 10.11701 2.05,19 = 30.1435

(20 − 1)(1024) (20 − 1)(1024)

< 2 <
30.1435 10.11701

645.45 < 2 < 1923.10

d) n = 17 s2 = 18.56 80% C.I. df = 17 – 1 = 16

2.90,16 = 9.31224 2.10,16 = 23.5418

(17 − 1)(18.56) (17 − 1)(18.56)

< 2 <
23.5418 9.31224

12.61 < 2 < 31.89

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 17

8.36 n = 16 s2 = 37.1833 98% C.I. df = 16-1 = 15

2.99,15 = 5.22936 2.01,15 = 30.5780

(16 − 1)(37.1833) (16 − 1)(37.1833)

< 2 <
30.5780 5.22936

18.24 < 2 < 106.66

8.37 n = 20 s = 4.3 s2 = 18.49 98% C.I. df = 20 – 1 = 19

2.99,19 = 7.63270 2.01,19 = 36.1908

(20 − 1)(18.49) (20 − 1)(18.49)

< 2 <
36.1908 7.63270

9.71 < 2 < 46.03

Point Estimate = s2 = 18.49

8.38 n = 15 s2 = 3.067 99% C.I. df = 15 – 1 = 14

2.995,14 = 4.07466 2.005,14 = 31.3194

(15 − 1)(3.067) (15 − 1)(3.067)

< 2 <
31.3194 4.07466

1.37 < 2 < 10.54

8.39 n = 14 s2 = 26,798,241.76 95% C.I. df = 14 – 1 = 13

Point Estimate = s2 = 26,798,241.76

2.975,13 = 5.00874 2.025,13 = 24.7356

(14 − 1)(26,798,241.76) (14 − 1)(26,798,241.76)

< 2 <
24.7356 5.00874

14,084,038.51 < 2 < 69,553,848.45

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 18

8.40 a)  = 36 E=5 95% Confidence z.025 = 1.96

z 2 2 (1.96) 2 (36) 2
n= = = 199.15
E2 52

Sample 200

b)  = 4.13 E=1 99% Confidence z.005 = 2.575

z 2 2 (2.575) 2 (4.13) 2
n= = = 113.1
E2 12

Sample 114

c) E = 10 Range = 500 - 80 = 420

1/4 Range = (.25)(420) = 105

90% Confidence z.05 = 1.645

z 2 2 (1.645) 2 (105) 2
n = = = 298.3
E2 10 2

Sample 299

d) E=3 Range = 108 - 50 = 58

1/4 Range = (.25)(58) = 14.5

88% Confidence z.06 = 1.555

z 2 2 (1.555) 2 (14.5) 2
n = = = 56.5
E2 32

Sample 57
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 19

8.41 a) E = .02 p = .40 96% Confidence z.02 = 2.05

z 2 p  q (2.05) 2 (.40)(.60)
n = = = 2521.5
E2 (.02) 2

Sample 2522

b) E = .04 p = .50 95% Confidence z.025 = 1.96

z 2 p  q (1.96) 2 (.50)(.50)
n = = = 600.25
E2 (.04) 2

Sample 601

c) E = .05 p = .55 90% Confidence z.05 = 1.645

z 2 p  q (1.645) 2 (.55)(.45)
n = = = 267.9
E2 (.05) 2

Sample 268

d) E =.01 p = .50 99% Confidence z.005 = 2.575

z 2 p  q (2.575) 2 (.50)(.50)
n = = = 16,576.6
E2 (.01) 2

Sample 16,577

8.42 E = $200  = $1,000 99% Confidence z.005 = 2.575

z 2 2 (2.575) 2 (1000) 2
n = = = 165.77
E2 200 2

Sample 166
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 20

8.43 E = $2  = $12.50 90% Confidence z.05 = 1.645

z 2 2 (1.645) 2 (12.50) 2
n = = = 105.7
E2 22

Sample 106

8.44 E = $100 Range = $2,500 - $600 = $1,900

  1/4 Range = (.25)($1,900) = $475

90% Confidence z.05 = 1.645

z 2 2 (1.645) 2 (475) 2
n = = = 61.05
E2 100 2

Sample 62

8.45 p = .20 q = .80 E = .02

90% Confidence, z.05 = 1.645

z 2 p  q (1.645) 2 (.20)(.80)
n = = = 1082.41
E2 (.02) 2

Sample 1083

8.46 p = .50 q = .50 E = .05

95% Confidence, z.025 = 1.96

z 2 p  q (1.96) 2 (.50)(.50)
n = = = 384.16
E2 (.05) 2

Sample 385
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 21

8.47 E = .10 p = .50 q = .50

95% Confidence, z.025 = 1.96

z 2 p  q (1.96) 2 (.50)(.50)
n = = = 96.04
E2 (.10) 2

Sample 97

8.48 x = 45.6  = 7.75 n = 35

80% confidence z.10 = 1.28

 7.75
xz = 45.6  1.28 = 45.6 + 1.68
n 35

43.92 <  < 47.28

94% confidence z.03 = 1.88

 7.75
xz = 45.6  1.88 = 45.6 + 2.46
n 35

43.14 <  < 48.06

98% confidence z.01 = 2.33

 7.75
xz = 45.6  2.33 = 45.6 + 3.05
n 35

42.55 <  < 48.65

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 22

8.49 x = 12.03 (point estimate) s = .4373 n = 10 df = 9

For 90% confidence: /2 = .05 t.05,9= 1.833

s (.4373)
xt = 12.03  1.833 = 12.03 + .25
n 10

11.78 <  < 12.28

For 95% confidence: /2 = .025 t.025,9 = 2.262

s (.4373)
xt = 12.03  2.262 = 12.03 + .31
n 10

11.72 <  < 12.34

For 99% confidence: /2 = .005 t.005,9 = 3.25

s (.4373)
xt = 12.03  3.25 = 12.03 + .45
n 10

11.58 <  < 12.48

8.50 a) n = 715 x = 329 95% confidence z.025 = 1.96

329
pˆ = = .46
715

pˆ  qˆ (.46)(.54)
pˆ  z = .46  1.96 = .46 + .0365
n 715

.4235 < p < .4965

b) n = 284 p̂ = .71 90% confidence z.05 = 1.645

pˆ  qˆ (.71)(.29)
pˆ  z = .71  1.645 = .71 + .0443
n 284

.6657 < p < .7543

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 23

c) n = 1250 p̂ = .48 95% confidence z.025 = 1.96

pˆ  qˆ (.48)(.52)
pˆ  z = .48  1.96 = .48 + .0277
n 1250

.4523 < p < .5077

d) n = 457 x = 270 98% confidence z.01 = 2.33

270
pˆ = = .591
457

pˆ  qˆ (.591)(.409)
pˆ  z = .591  2.33 = .591 + .0536
n 457

.5374 < p < .6446

8.51 n = 10 s = 7.40045 s2 = 54.7667 df = 10 – 1 = 9

90% confidence, /2 = .05 1 - /2 = .95

2.95,9 = 3.32512 2.05,9 = 16.9190

(10 − 1)(54.7667 ) (10 − 1)(54.7667 )

< 2 <
16.9190 3.32512

29.133 < 2 < 148.235

95% confidence, /2 = .025 1 - /2 = .975

2.975,9 = 2.70039 2.025,9 = 19.0228

(10 − 1)(54.7667 ) (10 − 1)(54.7667 )

< 2 <
19.0228 2.70039

25.911 < 2 < 182.529

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 24

8.52 a)  = 44 E=3 95% confidence z.025 = 1.96

z 2 2 (1.96) 2 (44) 2
n = = = 826.4
E2 32

Sample 827

b) E=2 Range = 88 - 20 = 68

use  = 1/4(range) = (.25)(68) = 17

90% confidence z.05 = 1.645

z 2 2 (1.645) 2 (17) 2
= = 195.5
E2 22

Sample 196

c) E = .04 p = .50 q = .50

98% confidence z.01 = 2.33

z 2 p  q (2.33) 2 (.50)(.50)
= = 848.3
E2 (.04) 2

Sample 849

d) E = .03 p = .70 q = .30

95% confidence z.025 = 1.96

z 2 p  q (1.96) 2 (.70)(.30)
= = 896.4
E2 (.03) 2

Sample 897
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 25

8.53 n = 17 x = 10.765 s = 2.223 df = 17 - 1 = 16

99% confidence /2 = .005 t.005,16 = 2.921

s 2.223
xt = 10.765  2.921 = 10.765 + 1.575
n 17

9.19 < µ < 12.34

8.54 p = .40 E=.03 90% Confidence z.05 = 1.645

z 2 p  q (1.645) 2 (.40)(.60)
n = = = 721.61
E2 (.03) 2

Sample 722

8.55 n = 17 s2 = 4.941 99% C.I. df = 17 – 1 = 16

2.995,16 = 5.14216 2.005,16 = 34.2671

(17 − 1)(4.941) (17 − 1)(4.941)

< 2 <
34.2671 5.14216

2.307 < 2 < 15.374

8.56 n = 45 x = 213  = 48

98% Confidence z.01 = 2.33

 48
xz = 213  2.33 = 213 ± 16.67
n 45

196.33 < µ < 229.67

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 26

8.57 n = 39 x = 37.256  = 3.891

90% confidence z.05 = 1.645

 3.891
xz = 37.256  1.645 = 37.256 ± 1.025
n 39

36.231 < µ < 38.281

8.58  = 6 E=1 98% Confidence z.98 = 2.33

z 2 2 (2.33) 2 (6) 2
n = = = 195.44
E2 12

Sample 196

8.59 n = 1,255 x = 714 95% Confidence z.025 = 1.96

714
pˆ = = .569
1255

pˆ  qˆ (.569)(.431)
pˆ  z = .569  1.96 = .569 ± .027
n 1,255

.542 < p < .596

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 27

8.60 n = 41 s = 21 x = 128 98% C.I. df = 41 – 1 = 40

t.01,40 = 2.423

Point Estimate = $128

s 21
xt = 128  2.423 = 128 + 7.947
n 41

120.053 <  < 135.947

Interval Width = 135.947 – 120.053 = 15.894

8.61 n = 60 x = 6.717  = 3.06 N = 300

98% Confidence z.01 = 2.33

s N −n 3.06 300 − 60
xz = 6.717  2.33 =
n N −1 60 300 − 1

6.717 ± 0.825

5.892 < µ < 7.542

8.62 E = $20 Range = $600 - $30 = $570

1/4 Range = (.25)($570) = $142.50

95% Confidence z.025 = 1.96

z 2 2 (1.96) 2 (142.50) 2
n = = = 195.02
E2 20 2

Sample 196
 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 28

8.63 n = 245 x = 189 90% Confidence z.05= 1.645

x 189
pˆ = = = .77
n 245

pˆ  qˆ (.77)(.23)
pˆ  z = .77  1.645 = .77 ± .044
n 245

.726 < p < .814

8.64 n = 90 x = 30 95% Confidence z.025 = 1.96

x 30
pˆ = = = .33
n 90

pˆ  qˆ (.33)(.67)
pˆ  z = .33  1.96 = .33 ± .097
n 90

.233 < p < .427

8.65 n = 12 x = 43.7 s2 = 228 df = 12 – 1 = 11 95% C.I.

t.025,11 = 2.201

s 228
xt = 43.7  2.201 = 43.7 + 9.59
n 12

34.11 <  < 53.29

2.99,11 = 3.05350 2.01,11 = 24.7250

(12 − 1)(228) (12 − 1)(228)

< 2 <
24.7250 3.05350

101.44 < 2 < 821.35

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 29

8.66 n = 27 x = 4.82 s = 0.37 df = 26

95% CI: t.025,26 = 2.056

s 0.37
xt = 4.82  2.056 = 4.82 + .1464
n 27

4.6736 < µ < 4.9664

Since 4.50 is not in the interval, we are 95% confident that µ does not
equal 4.50.

8.67 n = 77 x = 2.48  = 12

95% Confidence z.025 = 1.96

 12
xz = 2.48  1.96 = 2.48 ± 2.68
n 77

-0.20 < µ < 5.16

The point estimate is 2.48

The interval is inconclusive. It says that we are 95% confident that the average
arrival time is somewhere between .20 of a minute (12 seconds) early and 5.16
minutes late. Since zero is in the interval, there is a possibility that, on average,
the flights are on time.

8.68 n = 560 p̂ =.33

99% Confidence z.005= 2.575

pˆ  qˆ (.33)(.67)
pˆ  z = .33  2.575 = .33 ± .05
n 560

.28 < p < .38

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 30

8.69 p = .50 E = .05 98% Confidence z.01 = 2.33

z 2 p  q (2.33) 2 (.50)(.50)
= = 542.89
E2 (.05) 2

Sample 543

8.70 n = 27 x = 2.10 s = 0.86 df = 27 - 1 = 26

98% confidence /2 = .01 t.01,26 = 2.479

s 0.86
xt = 2.10  2.479 = 2.10 ± 0.41
n 27

1.69 < µ < 2.51

8.71 n = 23 df = 23 – 1 = 22 s = .0631455 90% C.I.

2.95,22 = 12.33801 2.05,22 = 33.9245

(23 − 1)(.0631455) 2 (23 − 1)(.0631455) 2

< 2 <
33.9245 12.33801

.0026 < 2 < .0071

8.72 n = 39 x = 1.294  = 0.205 99% Confidence z.005 = 2.575

 0.205
xz = 1.294  2.575 = 1.294 ± .085
n 39

1.209 < µ < 1.379

 Chapter 8: Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations 31

8.73 n = 1000 p̂ =.23

80% Confidence z.10 = 1.28

𝑝̂ 𝑞̂ (. 23)(.77)
𝑝̂ ± 𝑧 √ = .23 ± 1.28√ = .23 ± .017
𝑛 1000

.213 < p < .247

8.74 The sample mean fill for the 58 cans is 11.9788 oz. with a standard deviation of
.0536 oz. The 99% confidence interval for the population fill is 11.9607 oz. to
11.9969 oz. which does not include 12 oz. We are 99% confident that the
population mean is not 12 oz., indicating that the machine may be under filling
the cans.

8.75 The point estimate for the average length of burn of the new bulb is 2198.217
hours. Eighty-four bulbs were included in this study. A 90% confidence interval
can be constructed from the information given. The error of the confidence
interval is + 27.76691. Combining this with the point estimate yields the 90%
confidence interval of 2198.217 + 27.76691 = 2170.450 < µ < 2225.984.

8.76 The point estimate for the average age of a first time buyer is 27.63 years. The
sample of 21 buyers produces a standard deviation of 6.54 years. We are 98%
confident that the actual population mean age of a first-time home buyer is
between 24.0222 years and 31.2378 years.

8.77 A poll of 781 American workers was taken. Of these, 506 drive their cars to
work. Thus, the point estimate for the population proportion is 506/781 =
.647887. A 95% confidence interval to estimate the population proportion shows
that we are 95% confident that the actual value lies between .61324 and .681413.
The error of this interval is + .0340865.