Canadian Criminology Today Theories and Applications Canadian 5th Edition Schmalleger Test Bank 1

Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,
Fifth Edition
Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour
Canadian Criminology Today Theories and Applications Canadian 5th Edition
Schmalleger
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1) When one aspect of consciousness is symbolically substituted for another it is referred

to as sublimation.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
2) Psychotherapy holds that the frequency of any behaviour can be increased or

decreased through reward, punishment, and/or association with other stimuli.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
3) In the case of R. v. Swain the Supreme Court of Canada deemed unconstitutional the
automatic and indefinite detention for those found legally insane.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 188
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 1 of 17

Fifth Edition
Skill: Recall
4) Neurosis refers to disorders of the mind or of the emotions. Such disorders involve
anxiety, phobia, or other abnormal behaviour.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
5) A finding of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD)

acknowledges that the accused committed the offence but finds that the accused suffered
from a mental disorder that made him or her incapable of appreciating the nature and
quality of his or her actions or that the actions were wrong.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 188
Skill: Recall
6) A psychopath (also called a sociopath) is a person with a personality disorder,

especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behaviour, and who is lacking in
empathy.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Recall
7) Psychiatric criminology, also known as forensic psychiatry, envisions a complex set of

drives and motives operating from hidden recesses deep within the personality to
determine behaviour.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1

Fifth Edition
Type: TF
Page Reference: 172
Skill: Recall
8) Behaviour theory is a psychological perspective positing that individual behaviour that

is rewarded will increase in frequency and behaviour that is punished will decrease.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 185
Skill: Recall
9) Modelling Theory, a form of social learning theory, asserts that people learn how to
act by observing others.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 183
Skill: Applied
10) Psychological profiling is based on the belief that almost any form of conscious
behaviour (including behaviour engaged in by the offender during a criminal episode) is
symptomatic of an individual's personality.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 192
Skill: Recall
11) Selective incapacitation is a social policy that seeks to protect society by

incarcerating those individuals deemed to be the most dangerous.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF

Fifth Edition
Page Reference: 190
Skill: Recall
12) Poverty is considered a psychological determinant of criminal behaviour.

a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 171
Skill: Recall
13) Dr. Ivan Pavlov won a Nobel prize for his demonstration that animal behaviour could
be predictably altered through association with external changes arising from the
environment surrounding the organism.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 172
Skill: Recall
14) Forensic psychiatry views crime as a result of the interaction between the
environment and the psychological urges every individual experiences.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 172
Skill: Recall
15) According to Freud, the prerequisite motivation to become murderers, sexual

aggressors, and thieves lies within the ego of every person.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall

Fifth Edition
16) According to Freud, all living things have a fundamental desire to descend into an
inanimate state, or death.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
17) According to Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective of crime, a person might never

commit a crime because he or she has a poorly developed sublimation process.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
18) According to Hervey Cleckley, the indicators of psychopathy appear early in life,
often in the teenage years, and include lying, fighting, stealing, and vandalism.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 178
Skill: Recall
19) Armin Meiwes used the internet to lure victims into his cannibalistic rituals.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 169-170
Skill: Recall
20) At the beginning of any criminal trial the defendant is assumed to be innocent and
sane.

Fifth Edition
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 186
Skill: Recall
21) All offenders found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder must be
detained in a custody hospital for an indeterminate period of time.
a. True
b. False
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 188
Skill: Recall
22) Most psychological theories of crime causation make the following assumption: that
personality is the major motivational element within individuals because it is the seat of
drives and the source of motives.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 171
Skill: Recall
23) The Frustration–Aggression Theory holds that frustration is a natural consequence of

living and a root cause of crime.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 176
Skill: Recall
24) Behavioural conditioning is based on the work of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov.
a. True
b. False

Fifth Edition
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 172
Skill: Recall
25) Although Freud wrote little about crime per se, he did spend much of his time
attempting to account for a variety of abnormal behaviours, many of which might lead to
violations of the criminal law.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 173-174
Skill: Recall
26) Clifford Olson, the notorious Canadian serial killer, has never shown any guilt or
remorse for the 11 young people he murdered in British Columbia in the early 1980s
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: TF
Page Reference: 179
Skill: Recall
27) If a person was identified as a “paranoid schizophrenic,” this person would be

deemed to be suffering from delusions and hallucinations.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: TF
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Applied
28) The ________ is a standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did
not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong.
a. substantial capacity test
b. irresistible impulse test
c. McNaughten rule

Fifth Edition
d. Durham rule
e. Brawner rule
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 187
Skill: Recall
29) The theory of human psychology founded on the concepts of the unconscious,
resistance, repression, sexuality, and the Oedipus complex is ________.
a. psychotherapy
b. psychoanalysis
c. psychological profiling
d. autoplastic adaptation
e. psychopathy
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
30) ________ is defined as a functional disorder of the mind or of the emotions involving
anxiety, phobia, or other abnormal behaviour.
a. Psychosis
b. Operant behaviour
c. Sociopath
d. Psychopathy
e. Neurosis
Answer: e
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 174
Skill: Recall
31) ________ are said to be characterized by disordered or disjointed thinking, in which

the types of logical associations they make are atypical of other people.
a. Psychopaths
b. Persons with asocial personalities
c. Schizophrenics
d. Persons with antisocial personalities
e. Sociopaths
Answer: c

Fifth Edition
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Recall
32) ________________ may be either organic (resulting from physical damage to, or
abnormalities in, the brain) or functional (having no known physical cause).
a. Operant behaviour
b. Alloplastic adaptation
c. Autoplastic adaptation
d. Psychosis
e. Social learning
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 177
Skill: Recall
33) When a verdict of "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder"

(NCRMD) is made, a ______________________ is ordered to assess whether or not the
accused poses any threat to the public or to him- or herself.
a. Life sentence hearing
b. indefinite hearing
c. provisional hearing
d. disposition hearing
e. Mental Health Act hearing
Answer: d
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 188
Skill: Recall
34) ________ is a branch of forensic psychology which is concerned with the diagnosis
and classification of offenders, the treatment of correctional populations, and the
rehabilitation of inmates and other law violators.
a. Correctional psychology
b. Psychopathology
c. Forensic psychiatry
d. Psychological profiling
e. Conditioning
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC

Fifth Edition
Page Reference: 191
Skill: Recall
35) The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behaviour of certain types of
offenders based upon behavioural clues they provide is referred to as ________.
a. psychological profiling
b. substantial capacity testing
c. operant conditioning
d. psychiatric criminology
e. forensic psychiatry
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 192
Skill: Recall
36) According to ________, crime is the result of fundamental personality characteristics

linked to individual central nervous system characteristics.
a. Sigmund Freud
b. B. F. Skinner
c. Albert Bandura
d. Hans Eysenck
e. Robert Hare
Answer: d
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 175
Skill: Recall
37) An Electroencephalogram, or EEG, measures what?

a. Poor behavioural controls
b. The gaseous content of an individual
c. The inability to establish relationships
d. A low tolerance for frustration
e. Brainwave activity
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 180
Skill: Applied

Fifth Edition
38) ________ refers to a legally established inability to understand right from wrong, or
to conform one's behaviour to the requirements of the law. Also, a defence allowable in
criminal courts.
a. Neurosis
b. Guilty but mentally ill
c. Mental disorder (legal)
d. Dangerousness
e. Psychopathy
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 186
Skill: Recall
39) Behaviour theory differs from other psychological theories in that the major
determinants of behaviour are envisioned as existing in the environment surrounding the
individual rather than ________________.
a. in irresistible impulses
b. in the individual
c. in mental illness
d. in psychological profiling
e. in the dangers of the mind
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 185
Skill: Applied
40) ________ is the study of pathological mental conditions.

a. Psychopathy
b. Psychopathology
c. Psychiatric criminology
d. Correctional psychology
e. Forensic psychology
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 172
Skill: Recall
41) Individuals with ________ personality are said to be basically unsocialized and
whose behaviour pattern brings him or her into repeated conflict with society.
a. an antisocial or asocial

Fifth Edition
b. a schizophrenic or paranoid schizophrenic
c. a sociopathic or psychopathic
d. an antisocial or paranoid schizophrenic
e. a compulsive or obsessive compulsive
Answer: a
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 179
Skill: Recall
42) Clifford Olson, the notorious Canadian serial killer, murdered _____ young people in
British Columbia in the 1980s.
a. 9
b. 11
c. 15
d. 17
e. 21
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 179
Skill: Recall
43) The ________ is the moral aspect of the personality, much like the conscience. More
formally, it is the division of the psyche that develops by the incorporation of the
perceived moral standards of the community, is mainly unconscious, and includes the
conscience.
a. Psychotherapy
b. Psychoanalysis
c. Superego
d. Ego
e. Id
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
44) The offender who is able to deny responsibility for other failures by turning to crime
is said to be ________.
a. practicing sublimation
b. seeking alloplastic adaptation
c. seeking autoplastic adaptation

Fifth Edition
d. suffering from an antisocial personality
e. practicing operant conditioning
Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 181
Skill: Recall
45) A(n) _________________ is a form of adjustment resulting from changes in the

environment surrounding an individual.
a. fMRI
b. Autoplastic adaptation
c. Alloplastic adaptation
d. electroencephalogram
e. electrocardiogram
Answer: c
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 181
Skill: Recall
46) The ________ is the reality testing part of the personality, also called the reality
principle.
a. Thanatos
b. Oedipus complex
c. Psychosis
e. Ego
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
47) Hervey Cleckley, Robert Hare and others are best known for this category of
psychological and psychiatric theory.
a. Alloplastic Adaptation
b. Psychoanalytic Criminology
c. Operant behaviour
d. Psychiatric Criminology
e. Modelling
Answer: d

Fifth Edition
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 171
Skill: Recall
48) Giving a good child candy is an example of a ________.

a. positive reward
b. negative reward
c. positive punishment
d. negative punishment
e. neither a reward nor a punishment
Answer: a
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 185
Skill: Applied
49) ________ is based upon the notion that behaviour is determined by the consequences
it produces.
a. Psychiatric criminology
b. Psychopathy
c. Social learning theory
d. Psychopathology
e. Behaviour theory
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 185
Skill: Applied
50) ________ is a centralized computer bank containing details of violent crimes that
assists police in recognizing patterns among violent offences and offenders.
a. The V-chip
b. The Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS)
c. The Violent Crime Psycho Analysis System (ViCLAS)
d. The Canadarm
e. PCL-R
Answer: b
Diff: 1
Type: MC
Page Reference: 193
Skill: Recall

Fifth Edition
51) Criminal investigators and law enforcement officers have often referred to
psychological profiling as __________________________.
a. correctional psychology
b. selective incapacitation
c. operant behaviour
e. criminal profiling
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 192
Skill: Recall
52) Section ________________ of the Criminal Code of Canada permits the defence of
insanity.
a. 35 (1) and (2)
b. 219
c. 212
d. 273 (1)
e. 16 (1), (2), and (3)
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 189
Skill: Recall
53) Perhaps the most commonly used classification instrument in correctional facilities
today is the MMPI, or the _________________.
a. Mass Mutant Personality Icon
b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
c. Minnesota Mental Purpose Illness Test
d. Mississippi Multiphasic Personality Item Listing
e. Massachusetts Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Answer: b
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 191
Skill: Recall
54) Individuals manifesting characteristics of ASPD are __________________________.

a. not likely to ever meet the criteria for antisocial personality disorder
b. likely to remain in prison indefinitely
c. not likely to offend

Fifth Edition
d. likely to be successful in treatment programs
e. likely to run afoul of the law
Answer: e
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 180
Skill: Applied
55) The burden of proof for a claim of not criminally responsible on account of mental
disorder is on the ________.
a. crown attorney
b. judge
c. defendant
d. bailiff
e. victim
Answer: c
Diff: 2
Type: MC
Page Reference: 189
Skill: Recall
56) Briefly distinguish between the concepts of id, ego, and superego.
Answer:
The id is the aspect of personality from which drives, wishes, urges, and desires emanate.
More formally, it is the division of the psyche associated with instinctual impulses and
demands for immediate satisfaction of primative needs.
The ego is the reality-testing part of the personality; also called the reality principle.
More formally, it is the personality component that is conscious, most immediately
controls behaviours, and is most in touch with external reality.
The superego is the moral aspect of the personality, much like the conscience. More
formally, it is the division of the psyche that develops by the incorporation of the
perceived moral standards of the community, is mainly unconscious, and includes the
conscience.
Diff: 2
Type: ES
Page Reference: 173
Skill: Recall
57) Briefly elaborate upon the use of and advantage of psychological profiling.
Answer:

Fifth Edition
Psychological profiling (also called criminal profiling or behavioural profiling) is used to
assist criminal investigators seeking to better understand individuals wanted for serious
offences. Profilers develop a list of typical offender characteristics and other useful
principles by analyzing crime scene and autopsy data, in conjunction with interviews and
other studies of past offenders, in the belief that almost any form of conscious behaviour
(including behaviour engaged in by the offender during a criminal episode) is
symptomatic of an individual’s personality. The way a kidnapper approaches victims, the
manner of attack used by a killer, and the specific sexual activities of a rapist might all
help paint a picture of the offender’s motivations, personal characteristics, andlikely
future behaviour.
Diff: 2
Type: ES
Page Reference: 192
Skill: Recall

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Test Item File to accompany Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications,

1) When one aspect of consciousness is symbolically substituted for another it is referred

2) Psychotherapy holds that the frequency of any behaviour can be increased or

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 1 of 17

5) A finding of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD)

6) A psychopath (also called a sociopath) is a person with a personality disorder,

7) Psychiatric criminology, also known as forensic psychiatry, envisions a complex set of

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 2 of 17

8) Behaviour theory is a psychological perspective positing that individual behaviour that

11) Selective incapacitation is a social policy that seeks to protect society by

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 3 of 17

12) Poverty is considered a psychological determinant of criminal behaviour.

15) According to Freud, the prerequisite motivation to become murderers, sexual

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 4 of 17

17) According to Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective of crime, a person might never

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 5 of 17

23) The Frustration–Aggression Theory holds that frustration is a natural consequence of

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 6 of 17

27) If a person was identified as a “paranoid schizophrenic,” this person would be

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 7 of 17

31) ________ are said to be characterized by disordered or disjointed thinking, in which

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 8 of 17

33) When a verdict of "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder"

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 9 of 17

36) According to ________, crime is the result of fundamental personality characteristics

37) An Electroencephalogram, or EEG, measures what?

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 10 of 17

40) ________ is the study of pathological mental conditions.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 11 of 17

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 12 of 17

45) A(n) _________________ is a form of adjustment resulting from changes in the

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 13 of 17

48) Giving a good child candy is an example of a ________.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 14 of 17

54) Individuals manifesting characteristics of ASPD are __________________________.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 15 of 17

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 16 of 17

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Canada Inc Page 17 of 17

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