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Canadian Human Resource Management A Strategic Approach Canadian 10th Edition Schwind Solutions Manual 1
Canadian Human Resource Management A Strategic Approach Canadian 10th Edition Schwind Solutions Manual 1
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SELECTION
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
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Part 3 Attracting Human Resources
POWERPOINT® SLIDES
Canadian Human Resource Management includes a complete set of Microsoft PowerPoint® files for each chapter.
(Please contact your McGraw-Hill Ryerson representative to find out how instructors can receive these files.) In the
lecture outline that follows, a reference to the relevant PowerPoint slide for this chapter is placed beside the
corresponding lecture material. The slide number helps you to see your location in the slide show sequence and to skip
slides that you don’t want to show to the class. (To jump ahead or back to a particular slide, just type the slide number
and hit the Enter or Return key.)
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Chapter 6 Selection
®
LECTURE OUTLINE (with PowerPoint slides)
Selection
Slide 1
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Chapter 6 Selection
the test scores and the job-related criterion, i.e., the higher the
correlation, the better the match
Predictive validity is determined by giving a test to a group of
applicants and later correlating their performance and test
scores.
Concurrent validity involves testing present employees and
correlating their test results with measures of their performance
-- Rational approaches are used when there is not a large enough
sample to use an empirical approach
Content validity is assumed when the test includes a sample of
the skills needed to perform the job, e.g., staffing test
Construct validity seeks a relationship between performance
and characteristics assumed to be required, e.g., cognitive
Steps in the Selection Process – ability
Employment Tests (Types of
Tests)
Slide 8 TYPES OF TESTS
Personality Tests
-- Measure personality or temperament
-- Low cost, among the most reliable, moderate validity
Ability Tests
-- Aim to predict which job applicants have the skills, knowledge,
and ability to do the job.
-- Low cost, high reliability and validity
Knowledge Tests
-- Measure a person’s information or knowledge about job
requirements.
-- Moderate cost, high reliability and validity
-- Validity is assumed when the test includes a representative
sample of the work the application is to do when hired
Performance Tests (or work samples)
-- Measure the ability of applicants to do some parts of the work
for which they are to be hired.
-- Although the cost is high for performance tests, they also have
high reliability and validity
Situational Judgment Tests
-- Applicants are placed into hypothetical job scenarios, and asked
to select a behavioural response from among a list of alternative
courses of action.
Assessment Centres
-- Used for identifying managerial potential
-- Several methods of assessment are used e.g. job simulations, in-
basket exercises, interviews, etc.
Computer-interactive Tests
-- Uses computer simulations to measure perceptual-motor skills
(e.g., reaction time, control precision)
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Part 3 Attracting Human Resources
Integrity Tests
-- Measure an applicant’s honesty and integrity through overt and
non-overt questions about dishonesty and counter-productive
behaviors
--Low cost, high reliability, moderate validity
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Chapter 6 Selection
TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
Types of Interviews
Slide 15 Interviews may be conducted on a one-to-one basis, panel or group
interview basis
• Unstructured Interviews
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Types of Structured
Interviews There are three common types of structured interviews:
Slide 16 • Behavioural Description Interviews
-- Based on the principle that the best predictor of a person’s future
behaviour is their past behaviour in a similar circumstance
-- Attempts to determine how job applicants responded to situations in
the past, e.g., “Tell me about the most serious disagreement that
you have had with a co-worker.”
Situational interviews
-- Questions focus on situations that are likely to arise on the job
-- Applicants are asked to indicate what they would do in such
situations
-- Responses are scored according to a rating rubric wherein more
points are given to better responses
Stress-Producing Interviews
-- Used for jobs that involve high levels of stress and may involve a
series of harsh, rapid-fire questions to learn how the applicant
handles stress
-- Should be used with other interview formats
Other Types of
Interviews Computer-Assisted Interviewing
Slide 17 Interviews that use computers to electronically profile job candidates
and screen new hires
May increase reliability by making the interviews uniform, however,
some human resource managers are uncomfortable with the resulting
in-depth electronic profiling
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Chapter 6 Selection
4. Termination
The interviewer must draw the session to a close e.g. “Do you have any
additional questions?”
5. Evaluation
Use of a checklist improves reliability and should be completed
immediately after the interview
INTERVIEWER ERRORS
Interviewer Errors
Halo effect – use of limited information about candidate to bias
Slide 20
interviewer’s evaluation
Leading questions – communicating the desired answer
Stereotypes – harbouring prejudice or exhibiting personal bias
Interviewer domination – using the interview to oversell, brag, etc.
Contrast Errors – comparing the candidate to those who came before
instead of to an objective standard
INTERVIEWEE ERRORS
Interviewee Errors
May be trying to cover job-related weaknesses or may be due to
Slide 21
nervousness
Examples include: playing games (e.g., acting nonchalant), talking too
much, boasting, not listening, and being unprepared
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Part 1 The Strategic Human Resource Management Model
The selection function is strategically important because the successful execution of an organization’s strategy depends
on the calibre of its employees. Poor selection practices may result in the organization not being able to fulfill its mission
and objectives.
2. List and briefly discuss the various steps in the selection process.
Figure 6-2, p. 212, provides a listing of the steps which are described under the major headings of the chapter.
3. What are the five stages of the employment interview? What specific actions should you, as an interviewer, take
to conduct a proper interview?
Figure 6-18, p. 241, lists the five stages of the employment interview; the discussion is on pp. 240-245.
4. What are the different types of validity? If you want to validate a new dexterity test (which measures physical
co-ordination) for workers in an assembly plant, how will you go about it?
There are 2 approaches to test validation: the empirical approach and the rational approach (see Figure 6-8, pg. 220). The
empirical approach is test scores are related to either future job performance (predictive validity) or to current job
performance (concurrent validity). The rational approach seeks to determine if the test items include reasonable samples
of the skills needed to successfully perform the job (content validity) or to establish a relationship between performance
and other characteristics that are assumed to be necessary to successful job performance.
To validate the dexterity test using the rational approach, a content analysis of the test items would help to ensure that the
necessary skills to perform the assembly work are measured in the test itself. Using the empirical approach, test scores of
job applicants would be correlated with their job performance after they are hired. A high correlation would indicate that
the test is able to predict who is able to perform the job.
5. What attributes of behavioural description and situational interviews make them appear more promising than
traditional interview formats?
Behavioural or situational interviews are claimed to be highly job-related; they ask the same questions in the same way to
all candidates, and responses are compared to a list of potential responses and scored against a scoring rubric. Research
studies have indicated improved reliability and validity over traditional, unstructured interviews. See pp. 237-240 for a
summary of validity data and study results.
6. What is a weighted application blank? How is it different from a traditional application form?
A weighted application blank is a job application form in which various items are given differential weights to reflect
their relationship to various criteria important to job success.
A weighted application form is different from a traditional application form in that it captures not only job relevant
information but also serves as a screening tool to distinguish between satisfactory and unsatisfactory job incumbents.
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Chapter 6 Selection
1. Suppose you are an employment specialist. Would what recommendations would you make to the
you expect to have a large or small selection ratio university to improve its retention rates? Why?
for each of the following job openings?
Giving a realistic preview of life at the university may
a. Janitors. Probably a large ratio, since many provide students with clearer expectations. Knowledge
applicants qualify for this type of work. of potential "stressors" on campus may better prepare
the new entrants to cope with them; those who are not
b. Nuclear engineers with five years of experience confident of their ability to overcome the stress may
designing nuclear reactors. Since there are few people simply not join the university. This should in turn
with this background, there would be a small ratio of reduce the drop-out rates of registered students. Other
hirees to applicants. relevant information to be given to students may
include:
c. Pharmacists. A small selection ratio is likely to exist
because few people are qualified for this type of work. the course load of a typical student
information on how many hours of study are
d. Software programmers. A small selection ratio will usually needed to succeed in the various
exist because candidates for this job seem to be scarce. courses and programs
details about counselling services to let
e. Elementary school teachers in the Yukon. A small students know where help is available)
selection ratio is likely to exist because qualified information on various systems that exist in the
applicants may be in short supply. university (e.g., registration procedures,
withdrawal from a course, faculty-advisor
f. Elementary school teachers in Ontario. A large ratio system, etc.)
is likely to exist, due to the province’s relatively large
population including many qualified teachers who may 4. If you are hired as a consultant to evaluate the
be willing to re-locate within the province. selection process for salespersons in a large car
dealership in the Toronto area, what kind of
2. If a human resource manager asked you to information will you collect?
streamline the firm's selection process for hourly
paid workers, which steps described in this chapter The performance assessment of current employees will
would you eliminate? Why? provide the best measure of a successful hiring system.
Other relevant information would include employee
Perhaps the two most likely candidates for deletion turnover, absenteeism, low employee satisfaction, union
would be the verification of references and the medical activity, grievances, and legal suits.
evaluation. Although both provide useful inputs, they
do not appear as important as the other steps. Another measure is a utility analysis of the selection
system.
3. A Canadian university has been experiencing high
student dropout rates in recent years. One
calculation showed that although the first-year
enrollment in commerce courses increased from 650
to 980 students in the last four years, the dropout
rate for first-year students has worsened from 9
percent to 15 percent. The university has been using
uniform admission standards during the years and
has not made any significant changes in the grading
or instructional procedures. Based on what you
learned in this course on recruitment and selection,
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Chapter 6 Selection
ETHICS QUESTION
Comments to Instructors
There is no right or wrong answer to this question. It is for class discussion purposes.
WEB RESEARCH
Comments to Instructors
These exercises have been designed for students to demonstrate their computer and Internet skills to research the required
information. Answers will vary.
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Incident Comments
Perhaps the underlying problem at Empire is that the supervisors do not take enough time with new employees to ensure
that they feel part of the team. Further, since the human resource department makes the final hiring decision, supervisors
may feel little, if any, commitment to new employees.
1. What information would you consider irrelevant in the preceding selection profiles?
Since the job is relatively easy to learn, the experience and educational levels probably do not play an important role in
job success. (Having a university education may imply applicant A is more likely to become bored.) Age is not likely to
be relevant either. To discriminate against applicant B because of age also would be illegal. Since the interviewer's
evaluations vary, their opinions seem of little use, too. Work history, apparent eagerness, and availability may be the
crucial variables.
2. Are there any changes you would recommend in the selection process?
Supervisors should be more involved in the selection process. They may be able to offer valuable inputs. If they
interviewed candidates, the supervisors could give potential employees a realistic job preview.
3. Which of the three candidates would you select, given the limited knowledge you possess? Why?
Applicant B appears to be slightly preferable because of strong eagerness, reasonably early availability, a stable work
history, and excellent job knowledge.
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Chapter 6 Selection
Incident Comments
Perhaps the key to this incident is the comment employees make when they are given an exit interview. That is, they had
no idea how much time they had to spend on the phone. Once employees have done this work for a couple of years,
apparently they accept the constraints of the job and perform well.
1. Suppose you are asked by the human resource manager to suggest some strategies for improving the selection
process in order to hire more stable workers. What suggestions would you make?
Pre-employment testing might be aimed at measuring the characteristics commonly associated with long-service
employees. Perhaps, some testable feature of certain applicants can help predict long or short service.
Reference checks may help identify employees who are not easily satisfied by jobs and help pinpoint which applicants
have an unstable work history which is likely to be repeated at National Food Brokers.
2. What role should the supervisory interview play in the selection process? What information conveyed to the
applicants can help reduce the future worker turnover rates?
The role of supervisors’ interviews is a crucial one because supervisors make the final hiring decision, not the HR
manager. Supervisors can explain the demands of the nature of the job and the demands placed on the employee. This
might cause some people to decline an employment offer before they are hired and trained.
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Part 3 Attracting Human Resources
The exercise shows how selection criteria are often driven by personal and cultural values that we may not be consciously
aware of. Moreover, the criteria used in selection will have varying degrees of importance or weight. Those criteria which
help to differentiate among “liked” and “disliked” individuals, should be given more weight in the selection of friends.
Similarly, those criteria, even if value driven, which help to differentiate successful from unsuccessful applicants should
be given more weight in the selection of employees. However, unlike the selection of personal friends, selection of
employees on such things as gender, race and other personal attributes not related to the job, is illegal and of course,
should be discouraged! The exercise should be done individually and the application to employment selection should be
discussed in activity groups or in class as a whole.
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Chapter 6 Selection
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Part 3 Attracting Human Resources
administrative experience. He has also done extension negotiating team and informed that successful
courses in human resource management. Reynolds is the completion of the bargaining could lead to her
only one (if you do not seriously consider Robinson for being appointed as the new human resource
the job) who has a degree in an area which is relevant manager. This will reduce the likelihood of her
for human resource management, has done extension leaving the firm now. It could provide an
courses, seems quite bright (Dean's List), and by nature opportunity for Clark to test her out before making
is a mover (started several new systems since coming to the hiring decision. Hiring Anderson and in that
Maple Leaf Shoes). Above all, she also has relevant process losing Reynolds will not be desirable for
experience, since she knows the company well. There is the firm right now, considering the number and
also the matter of her leaving the company if Anderson criticality of the challenges facing the firm.
is hired over her.
4. Among the candidates, who (if any) would
The personal details of the candidate are probably seem to be suitable for the position? What are
irrelevant for the purpose of selecting human resource the issues you should consider and trade-offs
management. The student should realize that these can't, you should make when selecting one of these
in any case, be used for selection purposes, as this can candidates for the position?
create new criticisms of discrimination. However, the
president's reservation about Reynolds has to be Students will give different answers to this
respected since he will have to work with the new hire question. Some will suggest Steven Robinson, who
closely. has experience in HRM, is black, and thus may
present a great opportunity for the company to
3. What is your evaluation of the selection process demonstrate being an “equal opportunity
employed by the firm (especially Robert Clark) in employer.”
this instance? If you were in charge, would you have
done anything differently? How? Jane Reynolds is probably the most suitable
candidate, given that she has practically done the
The case does not describe the interview process used HRM job at Maple Leaf Shoes for two years in the
in selecting these candidates, but Robert Clark could absence of a human resource manager. She knows
have made his decision easier had he conducted a everyone in the company, including the union
behaviourally based interview. Also, there was representatives, and may be able to conduct the
apparently little agreement on the selection criteria bargaining process, perhaps with the assistance of
among the four other managers, who conducted their a negotiation professional. Time is a major concern
own interviews. A job description and a job in this case. One would expect that a new human
specification should have been given to all the resource manager would need perhaps a year to
interviewers. “learn the ropes,” which means that an outsider
may not be effective. Appointing a woman
One possible solution may be to defer a hiring decision manager would indicate equal opportunities for
until the first contract negotiations with the union are women, signaling a change in the company’s
completed. Reynolds should be asked to lead the policies.
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Chapter 6 Selection
The overall cost of training will be lowest when the success rate is the highest. However, the number of persons who
receive these high test scores are not very high (for example, only 15 out of 100 receive the score of 90 or above where
success rate is the highest (100%).
The students should be encouraged to prepare a spread sheet which calculate the total number that need to be hired for
each score. For example, the success rate for people who get a score of 40 is only 2/12 or (1/6). This means that to get
one successful person, the firm has to hire six persons. However, only 82 out of 100 applicants get a score of 40 or
above. Hence a lot more applicants have to be tested before getting 6 successful persons who have a score of 40.
Adding the total testing and training costs would show that a score of 70 minimizes the total costs.
2. To get 40 “successful” employees, how many persons will have to be hired who have:
At a score of 70, 43 out of 100 applicants will meet this cutoff, but only 37/43 will be successful. Thus, to get 40
successful applicants, 47 will have to hired.
At a score of 60, 56 out of 100 applicants will meet this cutoff, but only 43/56 will be successful. Thus, to get 40
successful applicants, 52 have to be hired.
3. What suggestions will you make to the bank in validating and using the above test?
The test should first be checked for content validity to ensure that the test items sample the skills necessary to perform the
job. Since the test is administered to employees from other countries, checking for cultural bias is especially important.
Items that are culturally biased should be replaced with less biased items. The test scores should then be correlated with
job performance separately for the Canadian and Asian employees to ensure that there is no differential validity for the
two groups. If the test predicts equally well for both, then one standard cutoff score should be determined.
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APPENDIX A
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