TURNING

INTRODUCTION TO TURNING: Turning is a form of

machining, a material removal process, which is used to create
rotational parts by cutting away unwanted material. The turning
process requires a turning machine or lathe, workpiece, fixture,
and cutting tool.

Turning is used to produce rotational, typically axis-symmetric,

parts that have many features, such as holes, grooves, threads,
tapers, various diameter steps, and even contoured surfaces.
Parts that are fabricated completely through turning often include
components that are used in limited quantities, perhaps for
prototypes, such as custom-designed shafts and fasteners.

PRINCIPLE OF TURNING

Principle of turning is a fundamental concept in physics that states

that when a force is applied to an object, the object will rotate around
an axis.

This is due to the fact that when a force is applied to an object will
cause it to accelerate in the direction of the force applied to an object
will cause the object to rotate around an axis. The principle is Also
known as angular momentum.

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Metal cutting and chip formation

Chip formation is part of the process of cutting materials by
mechanical means, using tools such as saws, lathes, and milling
cutters. An understanding of the theory and engineering of this
formation is an important part of the development of such
machines and their cutting tools. The formal study of chip
formation was encouraged around World War II and shortly
afterward, with increases in the use of faster and more powerful
cutting machines, particularly for metal cutting with the new
high-speed steel cutters.

Cutting sped of turning

In a drilling operation (and milling plunging), the whole face of the cutting
tool engages with the workpiece simultaneously. Since the cutting speed
depends on the diameter of engagement each location on the drill “feels” a
different cutting speed, and the cutting speed at the center-point is
always zero. Because of that, drills are manufactured from “all-around”
carbide grades that can also operate at very low cutting speeds. As a
result, cutting speeds for drills should always be kept on the low side.
(relative to milling and turning.
Types of turning
The different types of turning are as follows:

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1. General Purpose Lathe

 Center lathe: A lathe center, often shortened to center, is a

tool that has been ground to a point to accurately position a
workpiece on an axis. They usually have an included angle
of 60°, but in heavy machining situations an angle of 75° is
used. The primary use of a center is to ensure concentric
work is produced; this allows the workpiece to be transferred
between machining (or inspection) operations without any
loss of accuracy. A part may be turned in a lathe, sent off for
hardening and tempering and then ground between centers
in a cylindrical grinder. The preservation of concentricity
between the turning and grinding operations is crucial for
quality work.

 Speed lathe: Enhancing rate is normally accomplished by

altering the electric motor rate of the lathe, these
adjustments enable the lathe to get a required faster rate. A
speed lathe is a kind of completing lathe, with much smaller
motors and dimensions, typically sit on a worktable, can not
perform some tasks that larger lathes do. A speed lathe has
a faster rate and a more robust stopping system, which
makes the operators can operate even more pieces per job
cycle, boosting efficiency and also output.

 Bench lathe: A Bench lathe is a material reduction

machine built into a bench or workable. A lathe takes a
solid block of a material and reduces it to create a
symmetrical item. Using a bench lathe, you can cut, knurl,
drill, or sand material down to create a new object. The
lathe is designed to hold the block at two point and spin it
while allow the user to reduce the material to the new
shape.
 Tool room lathe: A tool room lathe is a type of lathe that
can be used to make a wide variety of parts, from large-
diameter shafts to tiny gears. Tool room lathes are
designed with versatility in mind, so they often include
features like turrets and tooling attachments that allow
them to do everything from standard metal working to
precision machining and programming automation.
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 2.SPECIAL PURPOSE LATHE

 FACING LATHE: Facing is an operation of machining the

end of a workpiece that is perpendicular to the rotating
axis. During the facing, the tool moves along the radius of
the workpiece to produce the desired part length and a
smooth face surface by removing a thin layer of material.
 BORING LATHE: In machining boring is the process of
enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast) by
means of a single point cutting tool (or of a boring head
containing several such tools), such as in boring a gun barrel
or an engine cylinder. Boring is used to achieve greater
accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a
tapered hole. Boring can be viewed as the internal-diameter
counterpart to turning, which cuts external diameters.
 TURRET LATHE: The turret lathe is a form of metal working lathe
that is used for repetitive production of duplicate parts, which
by the nature of their cutting process are usually interchangeable. It
evolved from earlier lathes with the addition of the turret, which is
an indexable tool holder that allows multiple cutting
operations to be performed, each with a different cutting
tool in easy, rapid succession, with no need for the operator
to perform set-up tasks in between (such as installing or
uninstalling tools) or to control the toolpath. The latter is due
to the toolpath's being controlled by the machine, either in
jig-like fashion, via the mechanical limits placed on it by the
turret's slide and stops, or via digitally directed
servomechanisms for computer numerical control lathes.

 CAPSTAN LATHE: A capstan lathe is a variant of typical

metal lathes and consists of a turret capable of holding six
different cutting tools to perform various operations in a
single go. This overcomes the limitation of long downtime
for tool change on traditional lathes, thereby enhancing the
productivity of the machine.

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3.MASS PRODUCTION LATHE

 Automatic screw lathe: The automatic lathe is a high-

performance, high-precision, low-noise machine that uses a
cam to control its machining program. In addition, there are
other types of automatic lathes such as CNC automatic lathes
and pneumatic automatic lathes, as well as core-style
automatic lathes. The fundamental feature of these machines
is that they can continuously produce the same product for a
long time after proper setting and training.
 Single spindle automatic lathe: A single spindle
automatic lathe is a modified form of a turret lathe. These
machines have an addition to a 6-station turret, a maximum of
4 cross slides. These cross slides are operated by disc cams.
The cams are mounted on a shaft that draws the power from
the main spindle through a set of gears called cyclic time
change gears. Turret operation is also synchronized with the
cross slide operation and is driven by another cam called the
main cam.

 Multi spindle automatic lathe: Multi-spindle automatic lathe

refers to the use of several spindles in a machining setup(in
contrast to single-spindle machining).

4. CENTER LATHE: The main part of center lathe are:

 BED: The main purpose of a lathe bed is to make machine

operations easier by providing a steady foundation for the
workpiece to be machined on. Most lathe designs
incorporate a lathe bed for stability. All the movable
portions of a lathe, like a tailstock and a carriage, swing
across this surface as needed.

 HEAD STOCK: It is made of cast iron and its top surface is

machined accurately and precisely. Headstock of the lathe is located
at the extreme left of the bed and the tailstock at the right extreme.

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 CARRIAGE: The carriage of a lathe machine is assembled
on the bed and you can move it parallel to the spindle axis
manually or with power and lock at any position. Compound
rest, cross slide, and tool post with tools are mounted on the
top of your lathe carriage and facilitate transverse and
angular movement to the tool.

 TOOL STOCK: The tailstock is an integral part of the lathe

tool machines, that is generally placed at the right end of
the lathe bed, opposite the headstock.

 LEAD SCREW: The lead screw in your lathe allows you

to cut various types/sizes of thread by selecting the correct
gear ratio, speeds, and feeds and can be disengaged when
not in use.
 FEED SCREW: A lead screw is a component of certain
types of industrial machinery that is designed to move, or
feed, materials through a tub.

 TOOL POST: As the name suggests the tool post holds

the cutting tool. The tool holder is mounted on the cross
slide. Depending on the design it may have a quick
clamping mechanism to enable you to change the tool
fast. You can hold a number of lathe tools on the tool
post including turning tools, thread cutting tool,
knurling tool, parting off tool etc.
 SPINDLE: The main purpose of a lathe spindle is to hold
your workpiece securely throughout the machining
process. Secure a cutting tool and your workpiece with the
lathe and set the spindle going. Electric motors in the
headstock of your lathe will spin your workpiece to your
desired tool path.
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