Hostile Architecture - Class Presentation 10/01/23

09/08/2023 17:42 Hostile architecture - Wikipedia
Hostile architecture
Hostile architecture is an urban-design strategy that uses
elements of the built environment to purposefully guide or
restrict behaviour. It often targets people who use or rely on
public space more than others, such as youth, poor people, and
homeless people, by restricting the physical behaviours they
can engage in.[1]
Also known as defensive architecture, hostile design,

unpleasant design, exclusionary design, anti-homeless Bolts installed on the front steps of
architecture and defensive urban design, the term hostile a building to discourage sitting and
architecture is often associated with items like "anti-homeless sleeping
spikes" – studs embedded in flat surfaces to make sleeping on
them uncomfortable and impractical. This form of architecture
is most commonly found in densely populated and urban areas.[2][3] Other measures include
sloped window sills to stop people sitting; benches with armrests positioned to stop people lying
on them; water sprinklers that spray intermittently; and public trash bins with inconveniently
small mouths to prevent the insertion of bulky wastes.[4] Hostile architecture is also employed to
deter skateboarding, BMXing, inline skating, littering, loitering, public urination,[5] and
trespassing, and as a form of pest control.[6]
Background
Although the term "hostile architecture" is recent, the use of civil engineering to achieve social
engineering is not: antecedents include 19th century urine deflectors and urban planning in the
United States designed for segregation.[7][8][9] American urban planner Robert Moses designed a
stretch of Long Island Southern State Parkway with low stone bridges so that buses could not pass
under them. This made it more difficult for people who relied on public transportation, mainly
African Americans, to visit the beach that wealthier car-owners could visit.[10][11] Outside of the
United States, public space design change for the purpose of social control also has historic
precedent: the narrow streets of 19th century Paris, France were widened to help the military
quash protests.[12]
Its modern form is derived from the design philosophy crime prevention through environmental
design (CPTED), which aims to prevent crime or protect property through three strategies: natural
surveillance, natural access control, and territorial enforcement.[13] According to experts,
exclusionary design is becoming increasingly common, not least in large cities such as
Stockholm.[14][15][16]
Consistent with the widespread implementation of defensible space guidelines in the 1970s, most
implementations of CPTED as of 2004 were based solely upon the theory that the proper design
and effective use of the built environment could reduce crime, reduce fear of crime, and improve
quality of life. Built environment implementations of CPTED seek to dissuade offenders from
committing crimes by manipulating the built environment in which those crimes proceed or occur.
The six main concepts according to Moffat are territoriality, surveillance, access control,
image/maintenance, activity support and target hardening. Applying all of these strategies is key
when trying to prevent crime in any neighborhood, crime-ridden or not.[17]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostile_architecture 1/17
Beyond CPTED, scholarly research has also found that modern capitalist cities have a vested
interest in eliminating signs of homelessness from their communal spaces, fearing that it might
discourage investment from wealthier individuals.[18] In England, much of their hostile
architecture has been attributed to a desire by the government to combat an anti-social street
scene, taking the form of begging and street drinking.[19]
Identifying hostile architecture

Some forms of hostile architecture are easy to identify, while others could be interpreted as either
exclusionary or non-exclusionary, such as spaced-out singular chairs constructed at a playground
in Sweden, which may appear intentionally designed to dissuade homeless sleeping, or as an
acknowledgement that Swedes consider it impolite to sit near strangers.[20] Some researchers have
said that hostile architecture should be evaluated within the wider context of the community, and
should recognize the social and political forces motivating a particular design choice, such as anti-
homelessness legislation or sentiments.[21]
Applications
Camping deterrents
In Seattle, Washington, United States, the city government

installed bicycle racks to prevent homeless people from
camping.[22][23]
Since 2013, the Oregon Department of Transportation in

Oregon, United States deployed large boulders at eight
locations that had been the site of transient camps in Portland.
These boulders were installed to deter illegal camping near the
Boulders installed along a freeway
freeways.[24] ramp in Portland, Oregon, United
States as a hostile architecture to
deter transient camps.
Fences or grates
Fences or grates are a common form of exclusionary design,

often used to prevent access to places where there is protection
from the elements, for example under stairs, bridges, or near
fan systems that blow out hot air.[26][27][28]
In the spring of 2015, the City of Stockholm, Sweden, erected a

200,000 kr fence to prevent homeless people from seeking
shelter under a staircase in Kungsholmen.[26]
The "Camden bench", used in
London, has a design that is stated
Sleeping deterrents to discourage sleeping, littering,
skateboarding, drug dealing, graffiti
In many large cities, for example Tokyo and London, benches
and theft
have been designed to prevent people from sleeping on them.
These benches have been constructed so that the seat slopes at
an angle, which requires the user to support themselves entirely with their feet; such benches are
ubiquitous on bus stops across the United Kingdom.[29] Another deterrent design is to include
armrests placed down the center of the bench, preventing the user from laying down across the
seats.[30]
Camden Borough Council in London commissioned concrete-

block benches (dubbed "Camden benches") designed to
discourage uses such as sleeping, skateboarding and placing
stickers.[7][31] There are other variants, in which level
differences are absent but they tend to be either too short to lie
on, or have iron pipes placed two-thirds of the way in, or
multiple armrests placed along the entire length of the
bench.[32] Such benches are common in airports.[33]
Benches with metal pipes at a train
When the City Tunnel in Malmö, Sweden, was opened in 2010, station in Vienna.
the design of the benches on the new train platforms was
reported to the Equality Ombudsman because the benches
were tilted so much that they were difficult to impossible to use
for sitting.[34][35] The Swedish state-owned real estate
company Jernhusen has also used so-called "homeless-proof"
benches at the train station in Luleå, with seven iron bars at
47 cm (19 in) intervals per bench.[36][37] Jernhusen's press
officer maintained that they "put in the armrests primarily to
make it easier for the elderly and disabled to sit and stand up"
but admitted in an interview that the perceived orderliness
problems at the station building influenced how the benches
were designed.[36] Another example of a company that has Anti-homeless spikes in New York,
installed such benches is Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe, Berlin's designed to prevent sitting.
local public transport company.[38][39]
Some examples of sleeping deterrents take the form of

temporary changes to buildings. An example of this occurred in
a Liverpool building, previously the Bank of England
headquarters, in December 2016. A blue sloping steel structure
covered in oil was placed over the stairs at night, so that the
homeless who used to sleep and rest on the stairs would not
stay there.[40][41]
Spikes Anti-homeless object in SHINJUKU

Station underpass.
Hostile architecture can occur as spikes, bumps or other types
of pointed structures. They are typically placed on ledges
outside buildings, under roofs or other places where people
seek rest or shelter, and also around shops.[42][43][44][45] The
property management company Jernhusen uses a variant by
placing pipes instead of spikes in several places at Stockholm
Central Station.[14][46] In 2014, images circulated on the
internet of a place in London where homeless people used to
sleep. The ground had been fitted with sharp upward-pointing
spikes to get rid of people who used to sleep there, but after
widespread protests, the anti-homeless spikes were Fence under the stairs of the City
removed.[47] There are also anti-homeless spikes which are Archives in Kungsholmen in
intended to ensure that people do not, for example, sit against a Stockholm (2015).[25]
house wall, or stand in a particular place.[1] It is difficult to
adequately assess how many different types exist, but it is
certain that there are many types of the phenomenon, including split bricks which form cracks,
various forms of bent metal pipes, and plates welded upwards to form spikes.[48][49][50] Former
UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson has called the spikes "stupid".[51]
Security cameras
One of the most common forms of hostile architecture takes the form of surveillance. Indeed,
while security cameras do not physically prevent people from engaging in certain behaviors, they
can restrict actions in public spaces through enabling remote oversight and increasing the fear of
retaliation for socially taboo actions.[21] In cities like Cincinnati, there has been a noted sharp
increase in the number of CCTV cameras in public spaces since the 1990s.[52]
Urination deterrent
A urine deflector is a device for deflecting the stream of urine
during urination. These may be part of a chamber pot, latrine
or toilet intended for the purpose, or they may be deterrents,
installed in the sides or corners of buildings to discourage their
casual use as urinals by passers-by. They may be constructed in
various ways from a variety of materials but are typically
designed to have an angled surface which catches and redirects
the stream.
In a corner of the Priory Gatehouse
in Great Malvern
Hostile architecture as art or embellishment
This type of exclusionary design may involve, for example,

displaying a large flowerpot where homeless people previously
used the pavement to sleep. Other examples that have occurred
include a stone painted in rainbow colours, putting out
blocking shrubbery on a sidewalk, and "fun" shaped
seating.[53][54][49]
Music and noise
In Sweden, loudspeakers in Finspång have played music in

order to get addicts to leave certain places. In the UK and A large, sturdy flowerpot outside a
Germany, so-called anti-loitering devices (see The Mosquito) building in Stockholm.
have been installed to ensure that young people do not stay in
places where they are installed.[55][56][57] The devices work by
emitting a monotone sound at such a high frequency that most people after adolescence lose the
ability to hear it.[58] Critics have stated that the devices constitute a violation of human rights and
also comment that the phenomenon would create a "dangerous gap" between young people
exposed to it and older people who can avoid it.[59][60] In Germany, classical music has been used
in an attempt to keep drug users away.[61] In Berlin, a plan to use atonal music at S-Bahn stations
has been withdrawn after criticism.[62]
Removal
Sometimes exclusionary design is not about adding features, but rather about taking them away.
Fredrik Edin, who has written a book on exclusionary design, says that removal is the most
common type of exclusionary design, where, for example, benches used by the public are removed
precisely because they are used by the public.[63][64][65] One example is when representatives of
the New York City Subway announced via social media in 2021 that "benches were removed from
stations to prevent the homeless from sleeping on them." The agency later said the tweet was a
mistake.[66][67][68] Benches at certain locations at Stockholm Central Station were removed in
2015 in favour of chairs and benches were also removed at Luleå railway station. Their press
officer stated that they had problems with the station being used as a warming shelter.[37] Many
public toilets have begun to be removed in the UK in places considered to be untidy.[40]
Sprinklers
Sprinklers can be found in areas where spikes are considered too permanent; this solution involves
spraying water on those staying in a particular place at a particular time.[26][37][69][70][71][72] In
New Zealand, Auckland City Councillor Cathy Casey described sprinklers being used by businesses
in the city as "inhumane".[73]
The Strand Bookstore in New York used such a system in 2013 to deter homeless people sleeping
outside the store at night.[74] Bonhams in San Francisco was criticised for an external sprinkler
system that it claimed was used to clean "building and perimeter sidewalks during non-business
hours intermittently over a 48-hour period", and which was also a point where homeless people
gathered.[75]
Public reception
Opposition to hostile architecture in urban design states that such architecture makes public
spaces hostile to all people and especially targets the transient and homeless populations.[76]
Proponents say that clearly establishing a sense of ownership over the space helps maintain order
and safety and deter crime and unwanted behaviors.[77]
In 2018, British artist Stuart Semple created a social media public awareness campaign
encouraging the public to place identifying stickers on instances of hostile design in their
environment.[78][79][80]
Examples of hostile architecture circulating within UK media have led to negative reception.
Nonetheless, types of hostile architecture have increased. For example, Selfridges in Manchester
installed metal spikes outside their store for the purpose of reducing "litter and smoking," which
suggests hostile architecture may be implicated for one reason but explained by another.[44]
Artistic response
In 2001, Nils Norman published the book The Contemporary Picturesque, which contains
photographs he has taken of exclusionary design since the 1990s.[81]
In 2003, two Parisians, Stéphane Argillet and Gilles Paté, filmed the film Le repos du fakir (The
Fakir's Rest), which shows them attempting to rest on various objects that characterize
exclusionary design in Paris.[82]
In 2005, American artist and researcher Sarah Ross documented exclusionary design in Los
Angeles in her series Body Configurations Testing Resistance. Her 2006 follow-up, Archisuits,
created clothing that was designed to work with exclusionary design – to make sleep
possible.[83][84]
In 2013–2014, an installation in Norrköping, Sweden, called "Modified Social Benches" by
Danish artist Jeppe Hein took place.[85][86]
In 2015, artist and architect Johanna Nenander drew attention to the phenomenon through her
project "Urbana proteser" (lit. 'Urban prostheses'), in which she placed seating that was
deliberately positioned to make it difficult to sit down on. For a few days, a pair of sheet-metal
foundations on the slab, which were impossible to sit on, became a bench for the public.[87]
In 2018, British artist and exhibition curator Stuart Semple created a social media platform to
encourage the public to place identifying stickers where they spotted exclusionary designs in
public spaces.[88][89][90][80][91]
Impacts of hostile architecture

Making the built environment hostile to undesirable people, such as skateboarders or people
without stable housing, also has the effect of making it hostile to elderly people, people with
disabilities, tired workers, pregnant women, people caring for young children, and other desirable
people.[3]
Up to this point, there has not been a wide scale empirical study that has measured the impact of
hostile architecture on the wellbeing of homeless people or other targeted populations.[21] Some
members of England's homeless community interviewed by researchers have noted that hostile
design contributes to their displacement and feelings of insignificance, as it appears that local
business interests are prioritized over their survival.[19]
Gallery
Spikes added around fountain Ledge with skatestoppers

in Government Center, Miami, preventing skateboarders from
in 2011 at downtown transit grinding
center
Spikes on a ledge in Boston to Spiked handrail, presumably

prevent sleeping or sitting preventing users from sliding
down
Floor spikes in Shoreditch,

London, U.K, designed to
prevent people from sleeping
on the ground.
See also
Architecture terrible
Anti-trespass panels, spiky rubber and wooden mats meant to discourage trespass on or near
rail tracks.
Bird control spike
Defensible space theory
Defensive design
Functionalism (architecture)
Privately owned public space
New Urbanism
Urban vitality
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90. "hostiledesign" (https://hostiledesign.org/). hostiledesign. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210302184615/https://hostiledesign.org/) from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved
2022-01-27.
91. Hu, Winnie (2019-11-08). "How We Searched for Hostile Architecture in New York" (https://ww
w.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/reader-center/how-we-searched-for-hostile-architecture-in-new-yor
k.html). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220127214809/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/r
eader-center/how-we-searched-for-hostile-architecture-in-new-york.html) from the original on
2022-01-27. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
External links
Cara Chellew, Bars, barriers and ghost amenities: Defensive urban design in Toronto (https://to
rontoist.com/2018/02/public-works-defensive-urban-design-spotted-around-toronto/)
Torontoist.
Lloyd Alter, Hostile design doesn't work for any age group (https://www.mnn.com/health/health
y-spaces/blogs/hostile-design-aging-population/) Mother Nature Network.
Cara Chellew, Defensive Inequalities (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322210934_D
efensive_Inequalities/) Spacing Magazine.
"When Design Is Hostile On Purpose" (http://www.popsci.com/unpleasant-design). Popsci.
Popsci. 28 July 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
HostileDesign.org (https://hostiledesign.org/), Project homepage of Stuart Semple sticker
campaign.
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09/08/2023 17:42 Hostile architecture - Wikipedia

Also known as defensive architecture, hostile design,

Identifying hostile architecture

In Seattle, Washington, United States, the city government

Since 2013, the Oregon Department of Transportation in

Fences or grates are a common form of exclusionary design,

In the spring of 2015, the City of Stockholm, Sweden, erected a

Camden Borough Council in London commissioned concrete-

Some examples of sleeping deterrents take the form of

Spikes Anti-homeless object in SHINJUKU

This type of exclusionary design may involve, for example,

Music and noise

In Sweden, loudspeakers in Finspång have played music in

Impacts of hostile architecture

Spikes added around fountain Ledge with skatestoppers

Spikes on a ledge in Boston to Spiked handrail, presumably

Floor spikes in Shoreditch,

16. Edin, Fredrik (2017). Exkluderande design (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1045613015) (in

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