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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE (Timeline)
ARCHITECTURE DATES DESCRIPTION

Before recorded history, humans constructed earthen mounds, stone circles, megaliths, and structures that often puzzle modern-day archaeologists.
PREHISTORIC
Prehistoric architecture includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge, cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures lost to time.
In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples, and shrines. Far from primitive, enormous structures such as the Pyramids of Giza
ANCIENT EGYPT 3,050 BC to 900 BC
were feats of engineering capable of reaching great heights.
MESOPOTAMIA West Asiatic Architecture flourished & developed in the Twin Rivers “Tigris & Euphrates also known as “Mesopotamia” it refers to Persia, Assyria & Babylon.
From the rise of ancient Greece until the fall of the Roman empire, great buildings were constructed according to precise rules. The Classical Orders, which
CLASSICAL (Greek & Roman) 850 BC to 476 AD
defined column styles and entablature designs, continue to influence building design in modern times.
After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called Istanbul) in 330 AD, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style that
BYZANTINE 527 to 565 AD
used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms.
As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period
ROMANESQUE 800 to 1200 AD
were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers.
Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, and other innovations led to taller, more graceful architecture. Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent
GOTHIC 1100 to 1450 AD
cathedrals like Chartres and Notre Dame.
A return to classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England. Andrea Palladio and other builders looked the classical orders of
RENAISSANCE 1400 to 1600 AD ancient Greece and Rome. Long after the Renaissance era ended, architects in the Western world found inspiration in the beautifully proportioned architecture of the
period.
In Italy, the Baroque style is reflected in opulent and dramatic churches with irregular shapes and extravagant ornamentation. In France,
BAROQUE 1600 to 1830 AD the highly ornamented Baroque style combines with Classical restraint. Russian aristocrats were impressed by Versailles in France, and incorporated Baroque ideas in
the building of St. Petersburg. Elements of the elaborate Baroque style are found throughout Europe.
During the last phase of the Baroque period, builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves. These Rococo buildings are elegantly
ROCOCO 1650 to 1790 AD
decorated with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns.
A keen interest in ideas of Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio inspired a return of classical shapes in Europe, Great Britain and the United States. These buildings
NEOCLASSICISM 1730 to 1925 AD
were proportioned according to the classical orders with details borrowed from ancient Greece and Rome.
Known as the New Style, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s. Art Nouveau buildings
ART NOUVEAU 1890 to 1914 AD
often have asymmetrical shapes, arches and decorative surfaces with curved, plant-like designs.
Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival, Beaux Arts architecture is characterized by order,
BEAUX ARTS 1895 to 1925 AD
symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation.
In the early twentieth century, Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings. Gargoyles, arched windows, and other medieval details
NEO-GOTHIC 1905 to 1930 AD
ornamented soaring skyscrapers.
ART DECO 1925 to 1937 AD Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age, Art Deco buildings. Interestingly, many Art Deco motifs were inspired by the architecture of ancient Egypt.
The 20th and 21st centuries have seen dramatic changes and astonishing diversity. Modern-day trends include Art Moderne and the Bauhaus School coined
MODERNIST STYLE 1900 to Present.
by Walter Gropius, Deconstructivism, Formalism, Modernism, and Structuralism.
A reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new buildings that re-invented historical details and familiar motifs. Look closely at these architectural movements and
POSTMODERNISM 1972 to Present.
you are likely to find ideas that date back to classical and ancient times.
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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENTS IN ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENT DESCRIPTION ARCHITECTS
Famous Chicago School Firms of Architects
• William Holabird (1854-1923) and Martin Roche (1853-1927)
Buildings designed by Holabird & Roche included:
The groundbreaking Chicago school of architecture was founded by William Le Baron Jenney (1832- - Marquette Building, Chicago (1895)
1907), along with a number of other innovative American architects. A centre of high-rise development rather than a - Gage Group Buildings at S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago (1899)
school per se, it had no unified set of principles, and buildings created by the members of the school employed many - Chicago Building (Chicago Savings Bank Building) (1904-5)
different designs, construction techniques and materials. Some key characteristics of Chicago architecture during this - Brooks Building, Chicago (1909-10)
Chicago School of
period included: • Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846-1912) and John Wellborn Root (1850-91)
Architecture  new foundation techniques pioneered by Dankmar Adler; metal skeleton frames - first used in Buildings designed by Burnham & Root, or Burnham and Co, included:
(1880-1910) Jenney's Home Insurance Building (1884); - Fisher Building, Chicago (1895-6)
 the use of steel and iron, first highlighted by the French architect Viollet-le-Duc, and used by - Flatiron Building, New York (1901-3)
- Heyworth Building, Chicago (1904)
Louis Sullivan and others.
• Dankmar Adler (1844-1900) and Louis Sullivan (1856-1924)
Buildings designed by firm Adler and Sullivan, included:
- Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1893-94)
- Prudential Building (Guaranty Building) Buffalo (1894)
Famous Art Nouveau Architects
• Antoni Gaudi (1852-1926)
Designer of the Casa Mila (La Pedrera) (1906-10) in Barcelona.
• Victor Horta (1861-1947)
A decorative style of architecture characterized by flowing lines, and abstract floral motifs, which was closely associated Designed Hotel Tassel (1892-3), and Maison du Peuple (1896-9) in Brussels.
Art Nouveau with the Arts and Crafts movement championed by William Morris (1834-96). Known in Germany • Hector Guimard (1867-1942)
Architecture as Jugendstil - it was applied to both the exterior and interior design of buildings. Interiors were often lavishly decorated Famous for his entrances to the Paris Metro.
(1890-1920) with various types of applied art - including stained glass and ceramics. • Joseph Maria Olbrich (1867-1908)
Founder of the Vienna Seccession, designer of its headquarters.
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928)
Designer of the Glasgow School of Art (1907).
• Giuseppe Brega (1877-1960)
Stile Liberty architect of Villa Ruggeri, Pesaro (1902).
Famous 20th Century Revivalist Buildings
• "Gothic" Sagrada Familia (1883-1926) by Antoni Guadi.
• "Classical" AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909) by Peter Behrens.
• "Classical" Pennsylvania Railway Station (1910) by McKim, Meade & White.
• "Classical" Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC (1922) by Henry Bacon.
• "Medieval" Stockholm City Hall (1923) by Ragnar Ostberg.
• "Romanesque" Stuttgart Train Station (1928) by Paul Bonatz.
Ever since Italian Renaissance architects revived the proportions and orders of Roman architecture, designers have • "Ziggurat" 55 Broadway, London (1929) by Charles Holden.
turned to the past for inspiration. Such revivalism reached its apogee in 19th century architecture, in numerous • "Classical"/"Mughal" Viceroy's Palace, India (1930) by Edwin Lutyens.
Revivalist Architecture
Romanesque (1000-1150), Gothic (1150-1300) and Beaux-Arts structures in both Europe and the United States, but the • "Roman" Milan Train Station (1931) by Ulisse Stacchini.
(1900-2000) process continued into the 20th century. • "Classical" City University, Rome (1935) by Marcello Piacentini.
• "Classical" German Pavilion, World Exhibition, Paris (1937) by Albert Speer.
• "Greek"/"Moorish" San Simeon Hearst Castle (1939) by Julia Morgan.
• "Egyptian" Louvre Pyramid (1998) by I.M.Pei.
• James Renwick (1818-95) - Neo-Gothic architect.

• Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-86) - Neo-Romanesque designer.
Famous New York Skyscrapers
- Park Row Building NYC, (1899–1901) by Robert Henderson Robertson.
- Flat-iron Building NYC, (1902) by Daniel H. Burnham & Company.
- Philadelphia City Hall (1908) by John McArthur, Thomas U.Walter.
Steel-frame high-rise architecture was pioneered in the 19th century by American architects in New York and Chicago: - Singer Building NYC, (1908) by Ernest Flagg.
New York School of two cities which were experiencing rapid development but whose available space was limited. With the fall in the price of - Metropolitan Tower NYC, (1909) by Napoleon Le Brun & Sons.
steel - a major construction material for high-rise structures - building upwards suddenly became much more - Woolworth Building NYC, (1913) by Cass Gilbert.
Skyscraper Architecture
economically attractive. During the first three decades of the 20th century, New York took the lead with a number of - Empire State Building NYC, (1929) by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon.
(1900-30) cutting-edge skyscrapers. - Daily News Building NYC, (1929) by Howells & Hood.
- Chanin Building NYC, (1929) by Sloan & Robertson.
- Lincoln Building NYC, (1930) by J.E. Carpenter & Associates.
- Bank of Manhattan Trust Building NYC, (1930) by Craig Severance.
- Chrysler Building NYC, (1931) by William Van Alen.
- Rockefeller Center NYC, (1940) by Hofmeister, Hood, Godley, Fouilhoux.
Famous Early Modernist Architects
• Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
Designed Robie House, Chicago (1910); Fallingwater, Bear Run, PA (1937).
• Peter Behrens (1868-1940)
"Modernist architecture", the first real example of 20th century architecture, was designed for "modern man". It was
Built the AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin (1909).
Early Modernist relatively, if not wholly, devoid of historical associations, and made full use of the latest building techniques and
• Adolf Loos (1870-1933)
materials, including iron, steel, glass and concrete. Functionality was a key aspect of the modernist style. The format
Architecture Designed Steiner House, Vienna (1910); Moller House, Vienna (1928).
was later fully realized in the United States: see, for instance, Henry Ford's assembly plant at Rouge River, south of
(1900-30) • Eliel Saarinen (1873-1950)
Detroit - then the largest manufacturing plant in the world.
Designed Helsinki Train Station (1904-14).
• Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
Designed Fagus Factory, Alfeld-an-der-Leine (1911).
• Le Corbusier (1887-1965) (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret)
Designed Villa Savoye (1931); Unite d'Habitation, Marseille (1952).
Famous Expressionist Architects
• Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925)
Famous for his Goetheanum, Dornach (1914).
• Hans Poelzig (1869-1936)
Designed Grosses Schauspielhaus, Berlin (1919).
This architectural style emerged in Germany and the Low Countries. Expressionist architects rebelled against the
• Max Berg (1870-1947)
Expressionist functionalist industrial-style structures of modernist architecture, preferring more sinuous or highly articulated forms.
Designer of the Centenary Hall, Beslau-Scheitnig (1913).
These included curves, spirals and non-symmetrical elements, as well as structures in which the expressive values of
Architecture • Bruno Taut (1880-1938)
certain materials are emphasized. A contemporary example of expressionist architecture is the Sydney Opera House
(1910-25) Designed the Glass Pavilion (1914) at the Cologne Deutsche Werkbund Exposition.
(1973), designed by Jorn Utzon (1918-2008).
• Michel de Klerk (1884-1923)
Co-designed the Scheepvaarthuis, Amsterdam (1918).
• Johannes Friedrich (Fritz) Hoger (1887-1949)
Designed Chilehaus, Hamburg (1921-4).
• Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953)
Designer of Einstein Tower, Potsdam (1924).
One of the European avant-garde art groups that had a significant influence on the development of modernist Famous De Stijl Architects
De Stijl Avant-Garde architecture, was the Dutch-based group known as De Stijl, founded in Leiden in 1917 by Theo van Doesburg(1883- • Robert van’t Hoff (1887-1979)
1931), its active members included the abstract painter Piet Mondrian (1872-1944), as well as a number of architects, Preoccupied during his De Stijl period with Communist politics and designs for prefabricated mass
Architecture
designers, painters and sculptors. Influenced by Concrete art and Cubism, as well as radical left-wing politics, its main housing, worked out in collaboration with the Utrecht architect P.J.C.Klaarhamer (1874-1954).
(1917-1930) objective was to establish a compositional methodology applicable to both fine and decorative art. De Stijl designs are • Gerrit Rietveld (1888-1964)
characterized by austere geometrical shapes, right-angles, and primary colors. His most famous designs included his Rietveld Schroder House, Utrecht (1924), now a UNESCO
World Heritage Site, and his Red and Blue Chair (1917).
• J.J.P. Oud (1890–1963)
Highly influential, the Municipal Housing Architect for Rotterdam, JJP Oud was a key participant in
the influential modernist Weissenhof Estate Exhibition (1927).
Famous Examples of Social Housing
• Eigen Haard Estate, Amsterdam (1920) designed by Michel de Klerk (1884-1923).
• Works Housing Estate, Hoek van Holland (1924) designed by JPP Oud (1890–1963).
Social Housing One response to the European post-war housing crisis in the 1920s was a series of minimal cost social housing projects • Britz Horseshoe Estate, Berlin (1925-33) designed by Bruno Taut (1880-1938).
Architecture developed in several major urban centers. On the Continent, these took the form of large-scale apartment blocks. • Pessac Housing Estate, Bordeaux (1926) designed by Le Corbusier (1887-1965).
(1918-30) • Bruchfeldstrasse Estate, Frankfurt am Main (1927) designed by Ernst May (1886-1970).
• Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart (1927) designed by Mies van der Rohe.
• Siemensstadt, Berlin (1929) designed by Hans Scharoun (1893-1972) and others.
• Karl Marx Hof, Vienna (1930) designed by Karl Ehn (1884–1957).
Bauhaus Style Architects
The Bauhaus design school was a hugely influential centre of inter-war modernist architecture. Its design ethos was • Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
propagated by several key members of its teaching staff who immigrated to the United States during the 1930s. Designed Bauhaus Complex, Desau (1925); MetLife Building, NYC (1963).
Combining ideas from Russian Constructivism movement, the Dutch De Stijl group, and the American architect Frank • Laszlo Moholy-Nagy
Bauhaus Design School
Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), as well as an attitude to crafts modeled on the Arts & Crafts movement and the Deutscher Taught the Bauhaus's vorkurs; director of New Bauhaus (1937-8), Chicago.
(1919-1933) Werkbund, Bauhaus design - with its clean lines and deliberate absence of ornamentation - eventually developed into • Hannes Meyer (1889-1954)
the International Style of modern architecture, and later spread to the United States, where it was developed by Walter Swiss Marxist Professor of architecture, later director, at the Bauhaus.
Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, and other European emigrants like Richard Neutra. • Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969)
Succeeded Meyer as director of the Bauhaus in 1930.
Art Deco Buildings
- Chanin Building, NYC (1927-9) by Sloan and Robertson.
Art Deco was influenced by a combination of sources, including the geometrics of Cubism, the "movement" of Futurism,
- McGraw-Hill Building, NYC (1929-30) by Raymond Hood.
as well as elements of ancient art, such as Pre-Columbian and Egyptian art. Its architecture was also inspired by the
Art Deco Architecture - Empire State Building, NYC (1929-31) by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon.
ziggurat designs of Mesopotamian art. Art Deco, like Art Nouveau, embraced all types of art, but unlike its predecessor,
(1925-1940) - Chrysler Building, NYC (1930) by William van Alen (1883-1954).
it was purely decorative, with no theoretical or political agenda.
- Entrance Foyer, Strand Palace Hotel (1930) by Oliver Bernhard.
- El Dorado Apartment Building, NYC (1931) by Emery Roth (1871-1948).
- Entrance Plaza to Rockefeller Center, NYC (1932-9) by various.
Examples of Totalitarian Architectural Design
Architectural design under dictators like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin and Chairman Mao was designed to awe their political
Totalitarian • City University, Rome (1935) by Marcello Piacentini.
subjects and impress foreign vistors. Buildings therefore had to be conceived and built on a gargantuan scale, and often
• Olympic Stadium, Berlin (1934-6) by Werner March.
Architecture incorporated elements of Greek architecture. Above all, Totalitarian architecture embodied the fantasies and
• New Reich Chancellery, Berlin (1938-9) by Albert Speer.
(1933-60) megalomania of the political leader.
• Moscow State University (1953) designed by Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev.
• Great Hall of the People, Beijing (1959) by Zhang Bo.
The International Style first appeared in Germany, Holland and France, during the 1920s, before being introduced
into American architecture in the 1930s, where it became the dominant fashion during the major post-war urban Famous International Style Buildings
International Style of
development phase (1955-1970). Predominantly used for "corporate office blocks" - despite the efforts of Richard - Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago (1948-51) by Mies van der Rohe.
Modern Architecture Neutra, William Lescaze, Edward Durrell Stone and others, to apply it to residential buildings - it was ideal for skyscraper - The Graduate Center, Harvard University (1950) by Walter Gropius.
(1940-70) architecture, because of its sleek "modern" look, and use of steel and glass. The International style was championed by - Seagram Building, New York (1954-58) by Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson.
American designers like Philip Johnson (1906-2005) and, in particular, by the Second Chicago School of Architecture, - Inland Steel Building, Chicago (1957) by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
led by the dynamic emigrant ex-Bauhaus architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969).
Famous High-Tech Buildings
Rooted in the avant-garde structures of the 19th century, like the Eiffel Tower and Cystal Palace, hi-tech architecture is • USA Pavilion (Expo 67, Montreal) by Buckminster Fuller.
based on the expressive qualities of cutting-edge technologies and materials. As demonstrated by James Stirling (1926- • Olympiapark, Munich (1968-72) by Gunter Behnisch and Frei Otto.
High-Tech Architecture 92) - see his glass structure of the Engineering Faculty, Leceister University (1959-63) - traditional construction methods • Pompidou Centre, Paris (1971-78) by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers.
(like brickwork) are abandoned in favour of new materials and techniques, such as steel, light metal panels, glass, and • Lloyds of London (1978-86) by Richard Rogers.
(1970 onwards) plastic derivatives. New building shapes are determined by the shape of the components used. An important exhibition • Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong (1979-86) by Foster & Partners.
which affirmed this new approach was Expo 67, held in Montreal. Hi-tech architecture is symbolized by the Pompidou • Channel Tunnel Waterloo Terminal, London (1993) by Nicholas Grimshaw
Centre in Paris, designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers in collaboration with engineers Ove Arup & Partners. • Kansai Airport Terminal, Osaka (1994) by Renzo Piano.
• Allianz Arena, Munich (2005) by Herzog & de Meuron.
Famous Examples of Deconstructivism
An iconic style of three-dimensional postmodernist art, opposed to the ordered rationality of modern design,
- Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles (1988-2003) by Frank O Gehry.
Deconstructivism emerged in the 1980s, notably in Los Angeles California, but also in Europe. Characterized by non-
- Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (1991-97) by Frank O Gehry.
rectilinear shapes which distort the geometry of the structure, the finished appearance of deconstructivist buildings is
Deconstructivism - Multiplex Cinema, Dresden (1993-8) by Coop Himmelblau.
typically unpredictable and even shocking. These unusual shapes have been facilitated by the use of design software
- Nationale Nederlanden Building, Prague (1992-97) by Frank O Gehry.
(1980-200) developed from the aerospace industry. The exhibition which first introduced this new approach to the public was
- UFA-Kristall Filmpalast, Dresden (1998) by Coop Himmelblau.
the Deconstructivist Architecture exhibition, curated by Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley, and held at the Museum of
- Seattle Central Library, Seattle (2004) by "Rem" Koolhaas.
Modern Art, New York, in 1988. the most famous deconstructivist designer in America is probably Frank O.
- Imperial War Museum North, Manchester (2002) by Daniel Libeskind.
Gehry (b.1929); in Europe the top architects are probably Daniel Libeskind (b.1946), and the firm Coop Himmelblau,
- Royal Ontario Museum (extension), Toronto (2007) by Daniel Libeskind.
founded by Wolf Prix, Helmut Swiczinsky and Michael Holzer.
Famous Examples of Blobitecture

A style of postmodernist architecture characterized by organic, rounded, bulging shapes, Blobitecture (aka blobism or • Water Pavilion (1993–1997) by Lars Spuybroek and Kas Oosterhuis.
Blobitecture blobismus) was first christened by William Safire in the New York Times in 2002 (although architect Greg Lynn used the • Experience Music Project, Seattle (1999-2000) by Frank O Gehry.
(1990s) term "blob architecture" in 1995) the style first appeared in the early 1990s. Developed by postmodernist artists on both • Kunsthaus, Graz (2003) by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier.
sides of the Atlantic, the construction of blobitecture's non-geometric structures is heavily dependent on the use of • Bus Station at Spaarne Hospital (2003) by NIO Architecten.
CATID software (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application). • The Sage Gateshead (2004) by Norman Foster.
• Philological Library, Free University, Berlin (2005) by Norman Foster.
Tallest Towers Built in the 20th-Century
(1) Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998) (452m/ 1,483 feet)
(2) Willis Tower, Chicago (1973) (442m/ 1,450 feet)
Structural techniques developed by US architects like Fazlur Khan (1929-82) of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, have led to
(3) Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai (1999) (421m/ 1,380 feet)
Late 20th-Century the construction of a new generation of supertall buildings or 'towers'. These new tubular designs, which have also
(4) One World Trade Center, NYC (1974) (destroyed) (417m/ 1,368 feet)
significantly reduced the amount of steel required in skyscrapers, have enabled architects to break free from the regular
Supertall Towers (5) CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou (1997) (391m/ 1,283 feet)
"box-like" design. With modern towers now regularly exceeding 100 storeys, the biggest limitation on upward growth
(6) Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen (1996) 384m/ 1,260 feet)
remains safety and the lack of emergency evacuation procedures.
(7) Empire State Building, NYC (1931) (381m/ 1,250 feet)
(8) Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1997) (378m/ 1,240 feet)
(9) Central Plaza Hong Kong (1992) (374m/ 1,227 feet)
(10) Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong (1990) (367m/ 1,205 feet)
Trust in God with all your heart, and don't lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make your paths straight.
-Proverbs 3:5-6
ARCHITECTURAL ISMS OF THE MID 19TH CENTURY
ISMS DESCRIPTION
An ornament of undulating waves, flowers and flower stalks developed in France and Belgium towards the end of the 19th century. In France (Style Nouville) was initiated by Guimmard; Belgium (Coup-
De-Joulet) – Van De Velde and Horta; Spain( Modernismo) – Gaudi: Austria(Sezzession); Scotland (Fin-De-Schism) – Mackintosh); Italy(Modern Isme Or Stile Liberte); and
Germany(Judgenstil) – Vande Velde,Olbrist and Endell, and America (Tiffany Style) – Louis Tiffany
ART NOUVEAU  Exaggerated, flowing, undulating lines
(1890 to1910)  Rich ornamentation
 Emphasis on the decorative and structural properties of materials, especially glass and ironwork
 Use of colour and gilding
Asymmetrical composition
Creative center of artistic experiment during the 1920’s. Gropius was its founder who would rather close shop than be dictated by the German ruler. The school existed in three German
BAUHAUS cities: Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and Berlin from 1932 to 1933, under three different architect-directors: Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes
(1919 to 1933) Meyer from 1928 to 1930 and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 until 1933, when the school was closed by its own leadership under pressure from the Nazi-led government which had
claimed that it was a centre of communist intellectualism.
Refers to the works of Van Der Rohe which displayed the use of glass and steel; display of service systems of a building like air conditioning ducts, plumbing, pipes, etc.
Brutalism is a style with an emphasis on materials, textures and construction, producing highly expressive forms
Consider Brutalism as architecture in the raw, with an emphasis on materials, textures and construction, producing highly expressive forms. Seen in the work of Le Corbusier from the late 1940s with the
Unite d’Habitation in Marseilles, the term Brutalism was first used in England by the architectural historian Reyner Banham in 1954.It referred to the work of Alison and Peter Smithson’s school at
Hunstanton in Norfolk because of its uncompromising approach to the display of structure and services, albeit in a steel building rather than reinforced concrete.
Also called New Brutalism, it encouraged the use of beton brut (raw concrete), in which patterns created by wooden shuttering are replicated through board marking, as can be seen in the work of Denys
Lasdun, or where the aggregate is bush or pick-hammered, as at the Barbican Estate in London. Scale was important and the style is characterized by massive concrete shapes colliding abruptly, while
service ducts and ventilation towers are overtly displayed.
BRUTALISM The best known early Brutalist architecture is the work of the Swiss architect Le Corbusier, in particular his 1952 Unité d' Habitation and the 1953 Secretariat Building
(1950s to the mid-1970s) (Palace of Assembly) in Chandigarh, India.
Examples are typically massive in character (even when not large),fortress-like, with a predominance of exposed concrete construction, or in the case of the "brick brutalists," ruggedly combine detailed
brickwork and concrete.
In the Philippines, Leandro Locsin designed massive brutalist structures, including the Cultural Center of the Philippines and the Philippine International Convention Center.
 Rough, unfinished surfaces
 Unusual shapes
 Heavy-looking materials
 Massive forms
 Small windows in relation to the other parts
 Exposed Steel Beams
The Congrès internationaux d'architecture moderne(CIAM), or International Congresses of Modern Architecture, was an organization founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959, responsible for a
series of events and congresses arranged across Europe by the most prominent architects of the time, with the objective of spreading the principles of the Modern Movement focusing in all the main
CIAM or INTERNATIONAL domains of architecture (such as landscape, urbanism, industrial design, and many others).
MODERNISM The International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) was founded in June 1928, at the Chateau de la Sarraz in Switzerland, by a group of 28 European architects organized by Le Corbusier,
(1928 to1959) Hélène de Mandrot (owner of the castle), and Sigfried Giedion (the first secretary-general). CIAM was one of many 20th centurymanifestos meant to advance the cause of "architecture as a social art".
ISMS DESCRIPTION
Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin launched the constructivist movement when he proposed the futuristic, glass-and-steel Tatlin's Tower.
During the 1920s and early 1930s, a group of avant-garde architects in Russia launched a movement to design buildings for the new socialist regime. Calling themselvesconstructivists, they believed
that design began with construction. Their buildings emphasized abstract geometric shapes and functional machine parts.
Constructivist architecture combined engineering and technology with political ideology.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
(1920 to 1930)
Constructivist architects tried to suggest the idea of humanity's collectivism through the harmonious arrangement of diverse structural elements.
ARCHITECTS
The most famous work of constructivist architecture was never actually built. In 1920, Russian architect Vladimir Tatlin proposed a futuristic monument to the 3rd International in the city of St. Petersburg
Vladimir Tatlin
(then known as Petergrado). The unbuilt project, called Tatlin's Tower, used spiral forms to symbolize revolution and human interaction. Inside the spirals, three glass-walled building units - a cube, a
Konstantin Melnikov
pyramid, and a cylinder - would rotate at different speeds.
Nikolai Milyutin
Aleksandr Vesnin
Soaring 400 meters (about 1,300 feet), Tatlin's Tower would have been taller than the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The cost to erect such a building would have been enormous. But, even though Tatlin's Tower
Leonid Vesnin
wasn't built, the plan helped launch the Constructivist movement. By the late 1920s, Constructivism had spread outside the USSR. Many European architects called themselves constructivists.
Viktor Vesnin
El Lissitzky
However, within a few years Constructivism faded from popularity and was eclipsed by the Bauhaus movement in Germany.
Vladimir Krinsky
Iakov Chernikhov
 Glass and steel
 Machine-made building parts
 Technological details such as antennae, signs, and projection screens
 Abstract geometric shapes
 A sense of movement
DECONSTRUCTIVISM Deconstructivism, or Deconstruction, is an approach to building design that attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic elements of architecture are dismantled. Deconstructivist buildings
(1980) may seem to have no visual logic. They may appear to be made up of unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms. Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida.
ARCHITECTS In the summer of 1988, architect Philip Johnson was instrumental in organizing a Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) exhibit called "Deconstructivist Architecture." Johnson gathered works from seven
Peter Eisenman architects (Eisenman, Gehry, Hadid, Koolhaas, Libeskind, Bernard Tschumi, and Coop Himmelblau) who "intentionally violate the cubes and right angles of modernism."
Daniel Libeskind
Zaha Hadid Deconstructivist architects reject Postmodernist ways for an approach more akin to Russian Constructivism.
Frank O. Gehry
Rem Koolhaas "The hallmark of deconstructivist architecture is its apparent instability. Though structurally sound, the projects seem to be in states of explosion or collapse....Deconstructivist architecture, however, is not
an architecture of decay or demolition. On the contrary, it gains all of its force by challenging the very values of harmony, unity, and stability, proposing instead that flaws are intrinsic to the structure."
The principle that architects should design a building based on the purpose of that building. This statement is less self-evident than it first appears, and is a matter of confusion and controversy within the
FUNCTIONALISM profession, particularly in regard to modern architecture. Functionalism had the strongest influence in Germany, Czechoslovakia, the USSR and the Netherlands.
In 1896, Chicago architect Louis Sullivan coined the phrase 'form ever follows function' to capture his belief that a building's size, massing, spatial grammar and other characteristics should be driven solely
ARCHITECTS by the function of the building. The implication is that if the functional aspects are satisfied, architectural beauty would naturally and necessarily follow.
Alvar Aalto
Erik Bryggman Sullivan's credo is often viewed as being ironic in light of his extensive use of intricate ornament, since a common belief among functionalist architects is that ornament serves no function. The credo also
P.E. (Paul Ernsti) Blomstedt does not address whose function he means. The architect of an apartment building, for instance, can easily be at cross-purposes with the owners of the building regarding how the building should look and
Hilding Ekelund feel, and they could both be at cross-purposes with the future tenants. Nevertheless 'form follows function' expresses a significant and enduring idea. Sullivan's protégé Frank Lloyd Wright is also cited as
Erkki Huttunen an exemplar of functional design.
Uno Ullberg In the mid-1930s, functionalism began to be discussed as an aesthetic approach rather than a matter of design integrity. The idea of functionalism was conflated with lack of ornamentation, which is a
Ragnar Ypya different matter. It became a pejorative term associated with the most bald and brutal ways to cover space, like cheap commercial buildings and sheds, then finally used, for example in academic criticism
of Buckminster Fuller's geodesic domes, simply as a synonym for 'gauche'.
DEFUNCTIONALISM A style ignoring the classic approach to design disregarding functionalisms that have failed in many instances
ISMS DESCRIPTION
ECLECTICISM
(19TH & 20TH CENTURY) A nineteenth and twentieth-century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original.
In architecture and interior design, these elements may include structural features, furniture, decorative motives, distinct historical ornament, traditional cultural motifs or styles from other countries, with the
ARCHITECTS mixture usually chosen based on its suitability to the project and overall aesthetic value.
Daniel Burnham
Alexander Jackson Davis The term eclecticism is used to describe the combination, in a single work, of elements from different historical styles, chiefly in architecture and, by implication, in the fine and decorative arts. The term is
Antonio Gaudi sometimes also loosely applied to the general stylistic variety of 19th-century architecture after Neo-classicism (c. 1820), although the revivals of styles in that period have, since the 1970s, generally been
Richard Morris Hunt referred to as aspects of historicism.
Charles Follen McKim
William Mead The church of the Sagrada Familia in Barcelona designed by Antonio Gaudi is a notable example of eclecticism. Elements of the style were merged with oriental motifs and forms found in the natural
Richard Norman Shaw world, resulting in a structure that was distinctive and original.[2] Although it was designed during the peak of the eclectic period (1883–1926), it remains under construction today.
Stanford White
An architectural movement that developed in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts, that especially developed and dominated
EXPRESSIONISM in Germany.
(1910 to 1930)
The term "Expressionist architecture" initially described the activity of the German, Dutch, Austrian, Czech and Danish avant garde from 1910 until 1930. Subsequent redefinitions extended the term
ARCHITECTS backwards to 1905 and also widened it to encompass the rest of Europe. Today the meaning has broadened even further to refer to architecture of any date or location that exhibits some of the qualities of
Adolf Behne the original movement such as; distortion, fragmentation or the communication of violent or overstressed emotion.
Hermann Finsterlin
Antoni Gaudí The style was characterised by an early-modernist adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, and very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new
Walter Gropius - early period technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass.
Hugo Häring
Fritz Höger  Distortion of form for an emotional effect.
Michel de Klerk  Subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic expression of inner experience. An underlying effort at achieving the new, original, and visionary.
Piet Kramer  Profusion of works on paper, and models, with discovery and representations of concepts more important than pragmatic finished products.
Carl Krayl  Often hybrid solutions, irreducible to a single concept.
Erich Mendelsohn  Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and rock formations. [ As such it is more mineral and elemental than florid and organic which characterized its
Hans Poelzig close contemporary art nouveau.
Hans Scharoun  Utilizes creative potential of artisan craftsmanship.
Rudolf Steiner  Tendency more towards the gothic than the classical. Expressionist architecture also tends more towards the Romanesque and the rococo than the classical.
Bruno Taut  Though a movement in Europe, expressionism is as eastern as western. It draws as much from Moorish, Islamic, Egyptian, and Indian art and architecture as from Roman or Greek.
Conception of architecture as a work of art.
An early-20th century form of architecture born in Italy, characterized by strong chromaticism, long dynamic lines, suggesting speed, motion, urgency and lyricism: it was a part of Futurism, an artistic
movement founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first manifesto, the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909. The movement attracted not only poets, musicians, and artists (such
FUTURISM as Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Fortunato Depero, and Enrico Prampolini) but also a number of architects. A cult of the machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the
themes of the Futurists (several prominent futurists were killed after volunteering to fight in World War I). The latter group included the architect Antonio Sant'Elia, who, though building little, translated the
futurist vision into an urban form.
Tadao Ando Le Corbusier Denis Laming Oscar Niemeyer
Archigram Arthur Erickson John Lautner Cesar Pelli
Louis Armet Future Systems Anthony J. Lumsden William Pereira
ARCHITECTS
Welton Becket Michael Graves Virgilio Marchi Patricio Pouchulu
Santiago Calatrava Zaha Hadid Wayne McAllister Eero Saarinen
ISMS DESCRIPTION
A post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth. It had its first international exposure during CIAM's 1959 meeting
METABOLISM and its ideas were tentatively tested by students from Kenzo Tange's MIT studio.
During the preparation for the 1960 Tōkyō World Design Conference a group of young architects and designers, including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki prepared the publication of
ARCHITECTS the Metabolism manifesto. They were influenced by a wide variety of sources including Marxist theories and biological processes. Their manifesto was a series of four essays entitled: Ocean City, Space
Kenzo Tange City, Towards Group Form, and Material and Man, and it also included designs for vast cities that floated on the oceans and plug-in capsule towers that could incorporate organic growth. Although the
Kisho Kurokawa World Design Conference gave the Metabolists exposure on the international stage their ideas remained largely theoretical.
Moshe Safdie
Kiyonuri Kikotake Some smaller, individual buildings that employed the principles of Metabolism were built and these included Tange's Yamanashi Press and Broadcaster Centre and Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower.
Walter Jonas The greatest concentration of their work was to be found at the 1970 World Exposition in Osaka where Tange was responsible for master planning the whole site whilst Kikutake and Kurokawa designed
pavilions. After the 1973 oil crisis, the Metabolists turned their attention away from Japan and toward Africa and the Middle East.
MONUMENTALISM
ARCHITECTS Based on the notion that the form of the object should last and implicitly there are forms which have external validity.
Rf Schinklel, M. Van Der Construction, especially of buildings, on a grand scale.
T. Garnier,
P. Behrens, Rohe,
A. Perret.
H. Polezig, Le Corbusier,
National Romantic style was a Nordic architectural style that was part of the National Romantic movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is often considered to be a form of Art Nouveau.
The National Romantic style spread across Finland; the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; and Russia (mainly St. Petersburg). Unlike much nostalgic Gothic Revival
style architecture elsewhere, National Romantic architecture expressed progressive social and political ideals, through reformed domestic architecture. [1]
Designers turned to early Medieval architecture and even prehistoric precedents to construct a style appropriate to the perceived character of a people. The style can be seen as a reaction to
industrialism and an expression of the same "Dream of the North" nationalism that gave impetus to renewed interest in the eddas and sagas.
NATIONAL ROMANTICISM  Finnish National Theatre (Suomen Kansallisteatteri) (1902,  House With Owls (Дом с совами) (1907, Russia)
 Stockholm Court House (Stockholms Rådhus) (1915,
Finland)  Norwegian Institute of Technology (Norges tekniske
Sweden)
 Vålerenga Church (Vålerenga kirke) (1902, Norway) høgskole) (1910, Norway)
 Röhss Museum (Röhsska konstslöjdsmuseet) (1916, Sweden)
 Copenhagen City Hall (Rådhus) (1905, Denmark)  Tolstoy House (Толстовский дом) (1912, Russia)
 Stockholm City Hall (Stockholms stadshus) (1923, Sweden)
 National Museum of Finland (Suomen Kansallismuseo) (1905,  Tarvaspää, (1913, Finland) the house and studio built for
Church of the Epiphany (Uppenbarelsekyrkan) (1913,
Finland) himself by Finnish painter Akseli Gallen-Kallela
Sweden)
 Frogner Church (Frogner kirke) (1907, Norway)  Bergen Station (Bergen stasjon) (1913, Norway)
De Stijl (/dә ˈstaɪl/; Dutch pronunciation: [dә ˈstɛil]), Dutch for "The Style", also known as neoplasticism, was a Dutch artisticmovement founded in 1917 in Amsterdam. The De Stijl consisted of artists and
architects [1] In a narrower sense, the term De Stijl is used to refer to a body of work from 1917 to 1931 founded in the Netherlands.
NEO-PLASTICISM De Stijl is also the name of a journal that was published by the Dutch painter, designer, writer, and critic Theo van Doesburg(1883–1931) that served to propagate the group's theories. Next to van
Doesburg, the group's principal members were the painters Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), Vilmos Huszár(1884–1960), and Bart van der Leck (1876–1958), and the architects Gerrit Rietveld (1888–
1964), Robert van 't Hoff(1887–1979), and J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963). The artistic philosophy that formed a basis for the group's work is known as neoplasticism—the new plastic art (or Nieuwe Beelding in
ARCHITECTS Dutch).
Cornelis van Eesteren (1897–1981)
Robert van 't Hoff (1887–1979) Proponents of De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a reduction to the essentials of form and colour; they simplified visual compositions to the vertical and horizontal directions, and used
Frederick John Kiesler (1890-1965) only primary colors along with black and white. Indeed, according to the Tate Gallery's online article on neoplasticism, Mondrian himself sets forth these delimitations in his essay "Neo-Plasticism in
J. J. P. Oud (1890–1963) Pictorial Art". He writes, "this new plastic idea will ignore the particulars of appearance, that is to say, natural form and colour. On the contrary, it should find its expression in the abstraction of form and
Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964) colour, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly defined primary colour". The Tate article further summarizes that this art allows "only primary colours and non-colours, only squares and rectangles,
Jan Wils (1891–1972) only straight and horizontal or vertical line." TheGuggenheim Museum's online article on De Stijl summarizes these traits in similar terms: "It [De Stijl] was posited on the fundamental principle of the
geometry of the straight line, the square, and the rectangle, combined with a strong asymmetricality; the predominant use of pure primary colors with black and white; and the relationship between positive
and negative elements in an arrangement of non-objective forms and lines".
ISMS DESCRIPTION
Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world through design approaches so sympathetic and well integrated with its site,
that buildings, furnishings, and surroundings become part of a unified, interrelated composition.
ORGANISM
The term organic architecture was coined by Frank Lloyd Wright (1867–1959), though never well articulated by his cryptic style of writing:
"So here I stand before you preaching organic architecture: declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal and the teaching so much needed if we are to see the whole of life, and to now serve the
ARCHITECTS whole of life, holding no traditions essential to the great TRADITION. Nor cherishing any preconceived form fixing upon us either past, present or future, but instead exalting the simple laws of common
sense or of super-sense if you prefer determining form by way of the nature of materials ..."[1]
Frank Lloyd Wright Kendrick Bangs Kellogg
Alvar Aalto Terunobu Fujimori Organic architecture is also translated into the all inclusive nature of Frank Lloyd Wright's design process. Materials, motifs, and basic ordering principles continue to repeat themselves throughout the
Arthur Dyson Gustav Stickley building as a whole. The idea of organic architecture refers not only to the buildings' literal relationship to the natural surroundings, but how the buildings' design is carefully thought about as if it were a
Antoni Gaudi Rudolf Steiner unified organism. Geometries throughout Wright's buildings build a central mood and theme. Essentially organic architecture is also the literal design of every element of a building: From the windows, to
Hector Guimard Paul Laffoley the floors, to the individual chairs intended to fill the space. Everything relates to one another, reflecting the symbiotic ordering systems of nature.
Hugo Häring Hundertwasser
A well-known example of organic architecture is Fallingwater, the residence Frank Lloyd Wright designed for the Kaufmann family in rural Pennsylvania. Wright had many choices to locate a home on this
Hans Scharoun Anton Alberts
large site, but chose to place the home directly over the waterfall and creek creating a close, yet noisy dialog with the rushing water and the steep site. The horizontal striations of stone masonry with
John Lautner Laurie Baker
daring cantilevers of colored beige concrete blend with native rock outcroppings and the wooded environment.
Bruce Goff Claude Bragdon
Eero Saarinen Douglas Cardinal Architect and planner David Pearson proposed a list of rules towards the design of organic architecture. These rules are known as the Gaia Charter for organic architecture and design. It reads:
Louis Sullivan Neville Gruzman
Vittorio Giorgini Imre Makovecz "Let the design:
Eric Lloyd Wright (born Javier Senosiain
 Be inspired by nature and be sustainable, healthy, conserving, and diverse.
1929) Bruno Zevi
Eugene Pandala Toyo Ito  Unfold, like an organism, from the seed within.
Nari Gandhi Chen Kuen Lee  Exist in the "continuous present" and "begin again and again".
 Follow the flows and be flexible and adaptable.
 Satisfy social, physical, and spiritual needs.
 "Grow out of the site" and be unique.
 Celebrate the spirit of youth, play and surprise.
 Express the rhythm of music and the power of dance."
Interest in explaining things as the nature of the house in the city and are concerned with intricate designs on small houses and potential schemes, has a larger context of the relationships between houses
POST-METABOLISM
with society.
RADICALISM A radical shift in emphasis from buildings of the past, to designs of those which met the demands of modern life. Van de Velde and Gropius are some of its proponents.
Structuralism as a movement in architecture and urban planning evolved around the middle of the 20th century. It was a reaction to CIAM-Functionalism (Rationalism) [1] which had led to a lifeless
expression of urban planning that ignored the identity of the inhabitants and urban forms.
Structuralism in a general sense is a mode of thought of the 20th century, which came about in different places, at different times and in different fields. It can also be found in linguistics, anthropology,
STRUCTURALISM philosophy and art. At the beginning of the general article Structuralism the following explanations are noted:
"Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm emphasizing that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure."
Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn, "Structuralism is the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a
structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture."
UTILITARIANISM Refers to low cost housing; this was set at a time when search for economic solutions for low value sites were considered. In England this refers to prefabricated units
ISMS DESCRIPTION
Rejecting ornament and embracing minimalism, Modernism became the dominant global movement in 20th-century architecture and design.
Modernism is the single most important new style or philosophy of architecture and design of the 20th century, associated with an analytical approach to the function of buildings, a strictly rational use of
(often new) materials, an openness to structural innovation and the elimination of ornament. It has also been called International Modern or International Style, after an exhibition of modernist architecture
in America in 1932 by Philip Johnson. Modernism also encompasses Futurism, Constructivism, De Stijl and Bauhaus. The style is characterized by:
 asymmetrical compositions
 use of general cubic or cylindrical shapes
 flat roofs
 use of reinforced concrete
 metal and glass frameworks often resulting in large windows in horizontal bands
MODERNISM  an absence of ornament or mouldings
 a tendency for white or cream render, often emphasised by black and white photography
Plans would be loosely arranged, often with open-plan interiors. Walter Gropius (1883-1969) and Le Corbusier (1887-1965) were the leaders of the movement. The latter had a profound impact in Britain,
particularly after World War Two, with many public housing schemes. In Britain the term Modern Movement was used to describe the rigorous Modernist designs of the 1930s to the early 1960s.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

 Rectangular or cubist shapes
 Minimal or no ornamentation
 Steel and or reinforced concrete
 Large windows
 Open plan
Postmodernism describes the colourful styles of architecture and the decorative arts that appeared in the late 20th century in reaction to Modernism.
Postmodernism describes a style or styles of architecture and the decorative arts that were a reaction to Modernism and the Modern Movement and the dogmas associated with it. By the 1970s Modernism
had begun to seem elitist and exclusive, despite its democratic intentions. The failure of building methods and materials (shown in the collapse of Ronan Point, a tower block in east London in 1968) and
alienating housing estates was a focus for architects and critics in the early 1970s. A book published in 1966 by the American architect Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, was a
key influence on the development of Postmodernism. Venturi extolled the ambiguities, inconsistencies and idiosyncrasies of the Mannerist and Baroque architecture of Rome, but also celebrated popular
culture and the ordinary architecture of the American Main Street.
A later work, Learning from Las Vegas (1972), deconstructed the signs and symbols of the Las Vegas strip and divided buildings into ‘ducks’, the sculptural buildings that embodied their message within
POST MODERNISM the structure, and the ‘decorated shed’, which used signs to communicate its message. In practice, it meant the rediscovery of the various meanings contained within the mainly classical architecture of the
past and applying them to modern structures. The result was an architecture that embodied historical allusion and dashes of whimsy.
WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

 Classical motifs
 Literary allusions
 Bright colours
 Structural variety
 Variety of materials and shapes
FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE (Arkitekturang Pilipino)
PERIOD LOCATION DESCRIPTION
PRE-HISTORIC
Caves and Rock Shelter
 Tabon Cave Palawan Served as shelters for the early Filipinos
 First form of man-made dwelling made from indigenous materials
 Windshield or one-sided lean-t0 with or without flooring
Lean-To
 Single pitched roof supported by rafters
2000-year-old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao by the ancestors of indigenous
people. Commonly referred to as the “Eight Wonder of the World”
Banaue Rice Terraces Located approximately 1500 meters (5000 ft) above sea level.
Fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces
CLASSICAL PERIOD
The architecture of the early Filipinos are also the skills that were used at the time of war and on the battlefield. Due to the creation of various thalassocratic states within the archipelago,
trade began to flourish. Neighboring tribes would often wage war for territory and trade rights in certain areas, thids ultimately led to the fortification of villages and towns. Another reason
SKILLS IN FORTIFICATION
for the development of these fortifications skills was that of prestige and intimidation, petty chiefs, Datus and Rajahs as they were called, often built forts and fortifications to intimidate
other chiefs in their area.
With the arrival of Muslim scholars from nearby Indonesia, the native Filipinos were introduced to the concept of the Kota or fort. The Muslim Filipinos of the south built
strongfortresses called kota or moong to protect their communities. Usually, many of the occupants of these kotas are entire families rather than just warriors. Lords often had their
own kotas to assert their right to rule, it served not only as a military installation but as a palace for the local Lord. It is said that at the height of theMaguindanao Sultanate's power, they
blanketed the areas around Western Mindanao with Kotas and other fortifications to block the Spanish advance into the region. These kotas were usually made of stone and bamboo or
The Kota other light materials and surrounded by trench networks. As a result, some of these kotas were burned easily of destroyed. With further Spanish campaigns in the region, the
Sultanate was subdued and majority of Kotas dismantled or destroyed. Kotas were not only used by the Muslims as defense against Spaniards and other foreigners, renegades and
rebels also built fortifications in defiance of other chiefs in the area.[2] During the American occupation, rebels built strongholds and the Datus, Rajahs or Sultans often built and reinforced
their kotas in a desperate bid to maintain rule over their subjects and their land.[3] Many of these forts were also destroyed by American expeditions; as a result, very very few kotas still
stand to this day.
 Kota Selurong An outpost of the Bruneian Empire in Luzon and later became the City of Manila.
 Kuta Wato / Kota Bato Literally translates to "stone fort" the first known stone fortification in the country, its ruins exist as the "Kutawato Cave Complex"
 Kota Sug / Jolo The capital and seat of the Sultanate of Sulu. When it was occupied by the Spaniards in the 1870s they converted the kota into the world's smallest walled city
The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called idjangs on hills and elevated areas. These
Batanes Castles fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers
and could be kept away when invaders arrived.
Igorot Forts The Igorots built forts made of stone walls that averaged several meters in width and about two to three times the width in height around 2000 BC
THE CLASSICAL FILIPINO HOUSE
Lawig Small House
 The Large Houses / Big House of Datu Inuc
 Made of nipa, bamboo and wood
Mala-A-Walai A prominent structure in the Moro Settlement, typically a one-room dwelling area without a ceiling and with no permanent partitions except for mats, chests or woven cloths. The house is
usually built on nine posts and has a porch linking the house proper to the kitchen. Maguindana houses have a steep roof and use the okir and other local artistic elements. Ventilation is
an important concern due to the hot climate on the Cotabato plane.
 The House of the Kings / Datu House / Royal House
Lanao del Norte and  Elevated by 0.30m to 2.20m high above the ground with a single room structure without partitions
Torogan
Lanao del Sur  Ancestral house for Datu and his family used for social and political ceremonies
An ornately decorated ancestral house for the datu and his extended family or the houses for the upper-class. It is the house of Maranao’s who speak the Austronesian Language.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 The windows of torogan are slits and richly framed in wood panels with okir designs located in front of the house.
 The communal kitchen is half a meter lower than the main house is both used for cooking and eating.
 The distinct high gable roof of the torogan, thin at the apex and gracefully flaring out to the eaves, sits on a huge structures enclosed by slabs of timber and lifted more than two meters
above the ground by a huge trunk of a tree that was set on a rock.
 The house was built to sway during earthquakes. Twenty-five post of huge tree trunks were not buried but are freestanding. Sometimes, if needed, wooden pegs were used to secure the
wood members. These were all used to prevent the house from collapsing
DECORATIONS
 DIONGAL – apex of the roof
 TINAI-A-WALAI / RAMPATAN– intricate carvings, central beams that serves as intestines of the house
 MALONG – bright colored weaves hanging from the rafters to signify privacy
 PANOLONG – A wing-like beam located at the ends of the floor. Its usual motifs or designs ar Pako Rabong or Fern, Naga or Serpent. These are chiseled and painted with bright colors
 Single room of 4.00m x 6.00m rectangular plan, elevated by 1.50m – 2.00m high on four tree trunks as columns
Mountains of  Trunks are made from Amugawan Tree
Ifugao House
Cordillera  Roof is covered with reed and grass resting on a brace supported by a kingpost
 Two doors on both sides of the house accessed by a ladder
Badjao House Coast of Tawi-  Houses on stilts above shallow water with flooring made of bamboo
Tawi  Each house in the community was made accessible to eachother by means of bamboo planks laid out as streets
 Interior space was enclosed by wooden walls nailed permanently for protection
PARTS OF BAHAY NA KUBO
Bulwagan Reserved for ntertaining guests
Silid Private room for sleeping
Gilir / Paglutuan Kitchen or cooking area
 Originally a one-room dwelling and evolved into more sophisticated type of dwelling
 Dapogan Table on top where the river stone shoe-shaped stove is located
 Walls are made of nipa leaves or flattened split bamboo cut into fine strips and were
Lowlands all over
Nipa Hut / Bakay Kubo woven in herringbone pattern forming tha sawali silid  Bangahan / Place for drying and storing pots and pans, drinking glasses,
the Philippines
 Roof is covered with cogon grass, rice stalks, sugar cane leaves, split bamboo, anahaw Banggerahan plates and other kitchen utensils
leaves or nipa shingles  Batalan Unroofed area where water jars were kept
Space underneath the house used as storage space for the
Silong farming and fishing implements and where small animals were
also kept
Kamalig Separate structure used for the storage of rice
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
PARTS OF BAHAY NA BATO
 Influence from the Spaniards Zaguan Carriages and Saint’s Floats are kept

GROUND FLOOR
Stone at ground floor and wood at second floor Cuadra Horse stable
 Improved version of the Bahay Kubo
Bodega Storage room for keeping old furniture and palay bins
 Wooden posts of Molave and Ipil are used as supports for floors, beams and roof rafters
Bahay Na Bato Mezzanine elevated above a meter from the ground, can only be
 Yakal is used as floor joists while narra is used for floor boards Entresuelo
 Overhanging eaves surround the house for protection of upper storey against the accessed from the masters bedroom on the second floor
heatand glare of the sun and heavy rains Patio Enclosed courtyard open to the sky and adjacent to the zaguan
Cistern used for storage of collected rainwater underneath the
Aljibe
azotea
Caida Ante-Sala; immediate room from the ceremonial
Living room where balls and dances during fiestas and other
Sala
special occasions takes place
Comedor Dining room
SECOND FLOOR
Cocina Kitchen
Dispensa Room adjacent to the Cocina used as food storage
Comun / Latrina Toilet adjacent to the service area
Banyo / Paliguan Bathroom often built separately from the toilet
Open terrace open to toilet, bath and kitchen; also used as
Azotea
laundry and service area
Cuarto / Alcoba /
Bedroom
Dormitorio
Balcon Overhanging balcony fronting the main street
 Intramuros is the old walled city of Manila located along the southern bank of the Pasig River. The historic city was home to centuries-old churches, schools, convents, government
Intramuros buildings and residences, the best collection of Spanish colonial architecture before much of it was destroyed by the bombs of World War II. Of all the buildings within the 67-acre city,
only one building, the San Agustin Church, survived the war.
 Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a defense fortress established by Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi. The fort is the citadel of the walled city of Intramuros, in Manila.
Fort Santiago The location of Fort Santiago was also once the site of the palace and kingdom of Rajah Suliman, king of Maynila of pre-Spanish era. It was destroyed by the conquistadorsupon arriving
in 1570, encountering several bloody battles with the Muslims and native Tagalogs. The Spaniards destroyed the native settlements and erected Fuerza de Santiago in 1571.
 Paco Park was planned as a municipal cemetery for the well-off and established aristocratic Spanish families who resided in the old Manila, or Intramuros. The cemetery is circular in
shape, with an inner circular fort that was the original cemetery with niches on the hollow walls. As the population continued to grow, a similar second outer wall was built with the thick
Paco Park
adobe hollow walls with niches, the top of the walls made into a walkway circumnavigating the park. A Roman Catholic chapel was built inside the inner walls, dedicated to St. Pancratius.
The landscape design was done by Ildefonso Santos from 1967 to 1969.
Lighthouses  During the Spanish and American era many lighthouses were constructed around the Philippine Islands. The most Northeastern Lighthouse can be found in Burgos, Ilocos Norte.
Churches
 Began by Fr. Juan de Salazae in 1630
 Bishops declared the church as the National Shrine of the Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage or Nuestra Señora de Paz y Buen Viaje
 ANTIPOLO CHURCH Antipolo, Rizal
 Circular Plan covered by a huge dome with three main entrances
 Gothic influence in the facade
 Built by Fr. Juan de Torres and Fr. Gabriel Sanchez in 1595
 Oldest church in Bohol
 BACLAYON CHURCH Bohol
 Oldest church mad of stone in the Philippines
 Simple lines of Early Decorated Style
 First built by Augustinian priests in 1859
 Combination of Romanesque and Renaissance
 BARASOAIN CHURCH Bulacan  Romanesque – recessed door jambs with orders and concentric arches
 Renaissance – fluted flat pilasters used for relieving walls
 Baroque – crowning pediment emphasized by the sweeping concave lines of the upper side walls
 First constracted by Fr. Diego Cerra in 1972
 First stone church built in Las Piñas city and reconstructed by Architect Francico Mañosa
 BAMBOO CHURCH Las Piñas
 Church façade is Early Renaissance
 House of the famous Bamboo Organ
 Constructed by Fr. Juan de Torres
 LOBOC CHURCH Bohol  Contains the biggest number of murals on religious subjects done on its ceiling and walls
 Early Renaissance façade – circular windows filling the tympanum
 Firs built by the Dominicans
 OUR LADY OF MANAOAG Pangasinan  In 1880, the belfry demolished the church due to some cracks caused by an earthquake
 Church was completed in 1932
 First Church (1571) – When the church was raised to a cathedral in 1579, a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the first
bishop of Manila. The new structure was consecrated on December 21, 1581, formally becoming a cathedral. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1583
 Second Cathedral (1592) – The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1600.
 MANILA METROPOLITAN  Third Cathedral (1614) – The new structure, consisting of three naves and seven chapels, was blessed in 1614. It was toppled by another earthquake which shook Manila in 1645.
CATHEDRAL – BASILICA  Fourth Cathedral (1654) – The fourth cathedral was constructed from 1654 to 1671. In 1750, a media naranja ("half orange") dome was added to the crossing by the Florentine friar Juan
Manila
(Cathedral-Basilica of the Immaculate de Uguccioni, who also introduced a transept to the structure. It was severely damaged in 1863 by a very strong earthquake that also damaged the palace of the Governor General of the
Conception) Philippines. In 1880, another earthquake toppled its bell tower, rendering the cathedral towerless until 1958.
 Seventh Cathedral (1870) – The seventh cathedral was constructed from 1870 to 1879.
 Present Cathedral (1954) – The present cathedral was constructed from 1954 to 1958 underCardinal Rufino Jiao Santos and under the supervision of the notable Filipino architect
Fernando H. Ocampo.
 Declared as “National Landmark” in August 01, 1973
 It is included in the UNESCO’s World Heritage List
 Façade displays an example of Filipino Folk Art
 The church's over-all architectural style falls under the Baroque Romanesque architectural style. Its ochre color is due to the materials used in constructing the church, adobe,
egg, coral and limestone. The church's foundation is 6 meters deep and the massive stone walls at 1.5 meters thick are intensified through the use of 4 meter thick flying buttresses as
protection to the Moro invaders as stipulated under Royal Decree 111 of 1573 (Law of the Indies).
 MIAGAO CHURCH  Façade – the façade of Miagao church consists of an ornately decorated bas-relief in the middle of two huge watchtower belfries on each side. The bas-relief is a mixed influence of
(Santo Tomas de Villanueva Parish Iloilo Medieval Spanish, Chinese, Muslim and local traditions and elements, a unique characteristic of the church façade. A prominent part of the façade is a coconut tree depicted as the tree
Church) of lifewhere St. Christopher holds on. St. Christopher is dressed in local and traditional clothing carrying the Child Jesus on his back. The rest of the façade features the daily life of the
people of Miagao during that time including native flora (like papaya, coconut and palm tree) and fauna. Above the wooden door entrance at the center of the façade just below the image
of St. Christopher is a carved image of the town's patron saint, St. Thomas of Villanueva. At each side of the door are the images of St. Henry of Bavaria on the left and Pope Pius VI.
Above the images of St. Henry and Pope Pius VI is their respective coat-of-arms.
 Belltower – The two huge unequal belltowers directly attached to the main church serve as watchtowers to defend the town against invasion of Moros. It has two different designs since
it was commissioned by two different priests. On the left side is the older belfry, the tallest was the west belfry with four levels. Originally, the east belfry was constructed with only two
levels. It was in 1830 when Father Francisco Perez decided to add another storey to the east belfry (3 levels) is one level shorter than the west be;fry (4 levels).
 Paoay church is the Philippines' primary example of a Spanish colonial earthquake baroque architecture dubbed by Alicia Coseteng, an interpretation of the
European Baroqueadapted to the seismic condition of the country through the use of enormous buttresses on the sides and back of the building. The adaptive reuse of baroque style
against earthquake is developed since many destructive earthquakesdestroyed earlier churches in the country. Javanesearchitecture reminiscent of Borobudur of Java can also be seen
on the church walls and facade.
 Buttresses – The most striking feature of Paoay Church is the 24 huge buttresses of about 1.67 metres (5.5 ft) thick at the sides and back of the church building. Extending
from the exterior walls, it was conceived to a solution to possible destruction of the building due to earthquakes. Its stair-like buttresses (known as step buttresses) at the sides of the
church is possibly for easy access of the roof.
 PAOAY CHURCH  Walls – The walls are made of large coral stones on the lower part and bricks at the upper levels. The mortar used in the church includes sand and lime with sugarcane juice boiled
Ilocos Norte
(San Agustin Church of Paoay) with mango leaves, leather and rice straw. Its walls suggest Javanesearchitectural styles.
 Façade – The stone facade appears as massive pediment rising from the ground and is built leaning towards the front. Square pilastersand stringed cornices divide the facade vertically
and horizontally respectively. Its bottom part is plain. Gothic features are also present through the use of finials while the triangular pediment shows Chinese elements and Oriental
strokes. Crenellations, niches, rosettes and the Augustinian coat of arms can also be seen. Facade is made of brick on the lower level and coral stones on the upper level.
 Belltower – Adjacent to the facade is a three-storey coral belltowerconstructed separately from the church building on the right side resembling a pagoda.[3][6] It was in 1793 when the
cornerstone of the belltower was laid.[4] It stands at some distance from the church as a protection against earthquake.[7]It served as observational post for Filipino revolutionariesagainst
the Spaniards in 1898 and by Filipino guerrillas against Japanese soldiers during World War II.
 Declarations – By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 260, Paoay Church was declared as a National Cultural Treasure by the Philippine government in 1973. The church was designated
as aUNESCO World Heritage Site on December 11, 1993.
 Conferre the title “Basilica Minor de Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno” in 1988
 QUIAPO CHURCH Quiapo
 Baroque façade with twisted columns on both levels
 Designe after the High Renaissance
 SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH Manila  Characterized by the super positioned columns of the Tuscan order on the first level and the Corinthian columns on the second level
 Iglesi San Pablo de Manilaq
 52 tons of steel were transported to Manila
 SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH Manila  “The First All-Iron Church in the World”
 First pre-fabricated structure to be erected in the Philippines
 also known as National Shrine of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila (Spanish: Santuario Nacional de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario de La Naval de
Manila; Filipino: Pambansang Dambana ng Mahál na Birhen ng Santísimo Rosario ng La Naval), is the largest church in Metro Manila and one of the biggest churches in Asia.
 Early Church (1587) – A small church was erected on August 6, 1587, made from light materials. In January 1, 1588, the chapel was inaugurated and it enshrined the Miraculous image
of Our Lady of the Rosary from Mexico
 Second Church (1592) – the church was partially destroyed by an earthquake. Because the roof has collapsed, the Dominican friars decided to build a larger church made from stronger
materials. Through the direction of Father Alonzo Jiménez, the second church was made from stone. The church was inaugurated on April 9, 1592.
 Third Church (Early 17TH Century) – a fire of April 30, 1603, which destroyed a third of a city, consumed both the church and the convent. Almost immediately built a third church was
built, bigger and more costly. It contained a stone vault as precaution against fire and earthquake. Though made of stone, it was destroyed by another earthquake on November 30, 1645.
Only the high altar remained.
 Fourth Church (1862) – A fourth church of stone and hardwood was built. There were wooden arches and three naves inside the church. This time, wooden posts supported the roof and
divided the church into a central nave with side aisles. The artistic interior designs were executed under the direction of Father Francisco Gainza. The church took two years to build. The
structural soundness of the church made it last for 250 years. Initiated by Father Castro, A new façade flanked by two towers and patterned after London’s St. Paul’s Cathedral designed
by Christopher Wren, was built for the church. The façade lasted almost a year. The church was inaugurated on June 15, 1862 with great festival. On June 3, 1863, the Philippines
experienced one of the strongest earthquakes in its history. The church was ruined by an earthquake of the same intensity as that which hit Manila in 1645.
 Fifth Church (1887) – A few months after the 1863 earthquake, Felix Roxas presented a plan for the church’s reconstruction, partly following the plan of the previous church and utilizing
some of its salvageable parts. On August 30, 1864, the cornerstone of the present church was laid. In it was placed a lead box, containing art objects, gold coins, medals of saints and
other things belonging to the “Orden de Predicadores” Construction occurred from 1864 to 1887 in the gotico fingido (neogothic) style, using Philippine building materials. The immense
columns resembling spreading tree branches, were of acle, molave and ipil. The vault was of zinc or galvanized iron. The colored glass windows were ordered from Europe. These gave a
beautiful light inside the church. The four retablos were made under the direction of Father Joaquín Sabater, a professor of drawing at the University of Santo Tomás. Alberoni directed
 SANTO DOMINGO CHURCH Quezon City the painting of the main altar.
The church measured 70 by 31 by 22 metres (230 ft × 102 ft × 72 ft) at the central aisles, and 16.6 metres (54 ft) high at the lateral aisles. Its towers rose to 23.3 metres (76 ft).
Although Fr. Sixto and Fr. Ristoro would supervise construction of the church, the Dominicans contracted the services of the European-trained architect Félix Roxas Sr. Roxas,
adapting the seismic realities, designed a church with story of stone an upper story of wood. He worked closely with Isabelo Tampinco who decorated the interior with carving imitating
the fan vault reminiscent of the English gothic; the walls and ceiling of the sacristy were similarly treated. Even the furniture in the sacristy was treated in the gothic manner. The chapel
of the Nuestra Señora de Rosario had an altar with lancet arches and gothic-inspired ornamented pinnacles. Its floor was made of native molave and narra and the pulpit was of fine
carving, with the images representing the different saints of the Order. A dove was attached to the sounding board of the pulpit, above which, there was an angel. The choir-loft was
spacious and was protected by wrought from railing manufactured in the Philippines. Over the central doorway, on the roof was enclosed in a glass case original Virgin of the Rosary,
which had been there for many centuries. The cupola above had many colored glass windows. Inside, was a balcony surrounded by iron railing.
The church incurred damage over time and was repaired. In 1887, the vault and the rose windows of batikuling were restored. The main altar was almost totally renovated, and the
columns repaired. The roof of the bell towers was renovated to assume a crown-like form. In 1941, the Gothic church of Santo Domingo in Intramuros was destroyed at the advent of the
Second World War. On December 21, 1941 the church and the Dominican monastery beside it were hit by Japanese bombs. This was the first church to be ruined during the Pacific
War. The friars, archives, the image of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of La Naval and other movable property like ivory statues, gala vestments of the Virgin; jewelry, and sacred vessels
were the only survivors of the war. The image was transferred to Santísimo Rosario Church at the University of Santo Tomás (UST) in España, Manila.
 Sixth Church – Current Building (1954) – After the Second World War, the Dominicans constructed the sixth church in a new location. They built it on a portion of land they had
purchased in Quezon City. The Dominicans commissioned José Ma. Zaragoza to design the building while he was still a student of architecture at UST.
The new Santo Domingo church was built in the Spanish Modern style, which was unlike the Baroque churches built during Spanish period. The church employed the latest technique
in reinforced-concrete building. The Mission-style architecture includes Romanesque and Gothic designs that accommodate more space. Measuring 85 by 40 metres (279 ft × 131 ft)
with a height of 25 metres (82 ft), there is a total floor area of 3,300 square metres (36,000 sq ft). It is the biggest church in Metro Manila and one of the biggest churches in Asia.The
Santo Domingo church complex was inaugurated on October 12, 1954.
The church façade has receding planes with leaves designed in corbel arches. Over the triple portals of the church is a high-relief frieze depicting the story of the La Naval. The giant
bas-relief of Santo Domingo was designed by the Italian sculptor and expatriate Francesco Monti.
In the nave of the church there are eight colorful murals by National Artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco depicting the life and times of Santo Domingo de Guzmán, the Spaniard who
founded the Order of Preachers. Francisco’s murals are just below the equally brilliant murals of the Four Evangelists in vivid brown tones by Vicente García Llamas.
Curved windows of the church frame masterful stained-glass designs by Galo Ocampo whose bases show different ecclesiastical seals. The windows depict the original 15 Stations of
the Holy Rosary as well as the Battle of Lepanto and La Naval de Manila; and the martyrdoms of San Vicente Liem de la Paz and San Francisco Capillas, Dominican protomartyrs of
Vietnam and China, respectively. Right behind Sto. Domingo Church’s facade are intricately carved panels and stained glass windows lie a treasure trove of the Philippines’ rich cultural
heritage and the object of centuries-old devotion, the image of Our Lady of the Rosary of La Naval, the oldest Marian icon in the country.
 Basilica Minore is the tile conferred on this church
 Declared a National Landmark by President Marcos
 Built by Fray Juan de Albarran about 400 years ago, on the site where a soldier found an image of the Sto. Nino in a settlement that the Spanish soldiers have burned down
 the Convent was founded in 1565, making it the first to be built in the country
 SANTO NIÑO DE CEBU Cebu
 constructed with stones from Panay and Capiz
 façade : blending of Moorish, Romanesque and NeoClassical elements; trefoils on the doorways; two levels divided into three segments and topped by pediment; retablo at the center
 belltower has four-sided balustraded dome
 interior : pierced screen with floral motifs, pineapple decors at the choirloft, corn cobs at the capital
 Rising above the city skyline are the pinkish hues of the Baguio Cathedral. The cathedral is but one of religious landmarks which dot the city. There is the Bell Temple, north of the city the
 BAGUIO CHURCH Baguio City
Maryhurst Seminary with its brilliant gardens, and Lourdes Grotto with its 252 steps to heaven.
 begun 1783-1788 by Dominican Domingo Forto and town mayor Pablo Sason; 1803-1808 – circular belltower was completed
 pampango artisans carved the hardwood molds for the clay insets that decorate the church
 TAMAUINI CHURCH Isabela  ultra-baroque : unique for its extensive use of baked clay both for wall finishes and ornamentation
 ornamental details : serpentine reliefs, spiral curves, flowers, foliage, sunfaces, cherubs and saints
 circular belltower with white limestone finish, decorated with bright red clay rosettes and festoons
 begun 1756-1773 by Augustinian Gregorio Giner; completed in 1802 by Fray Joaquin Calvo
 ANGAT CHURCH Bulacan  Baroque Style : coupled Corinthian and Doric columns divide façade into levels or segments, statues ringed with wreath-like ornaments flank niches, windows with bas-relief “curtains”
 plain three-storey belltower with balustered top
 1858 : Fray Marcos Anton, with the help of the architect Don Luciano Oliver, started construction; the church was completed in 1878
 built on top of a hill and may be reached through flagstone steps, unobstructed by other buildings
 TAAL CHURCH Batangas
 façade : arched windows alternate with Ionic columns at first level, Corinthian at upper level; projected cornices and mouldings; three pediments
 interior is cavernous bur drab with stout piers and semi-circular apse : mathematical exactness rather than ornamentation
 established by people who fled the eruption of Mt. Mayon form Cagsawa
 DRAGA CHURCH Albay  the Franciscan wanted a church with the best features of Romanesque and Gothic, but it was executed by the carvers in Baroque
 façade : a whole tablet without columns and cornices, only symmetrically positioned fenestrations, apertures and niches; whorls, twisted columns, foliage, medallions, statues and reliefs
 The present Modern Romanesque church is the third to be built on the same site. It was designed by architect César Concio.[1] It took six years to build because most of the money
 BACLARAN CHURCH came from small donations—the suggestion from the pulpit was 10 Philippine centavosper week—that often ran out requiring construction to stop.[1] The foundation stone was laid on
(National Shrine of Our Mother of Parañaque January 11, 1953 and on December 1, 1958 the new church was consecrated.[1] The church opened with a mass on December 5, 1958 and has been open 24 hours ever since, never
Perpetual Help Redemptorist Church) closing.
 The modern, Romanesque Revival building has a full seating capacity of 2,000, but as many as 11,000 people (including standing) can fit inside during Masses.
PRITZKER LAUREATES (1979 to 2000) PRITZKER LAUREATES (2001 to 2018) The Order Of NATIONAL ARTISTS
YEAR NAME NATION YEAR NAME NATION Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining
1979 JOHNSON Philip USA HERZOG Jacques Switzerland YEAR NAME
2001
1980 BARRAGAN Luis Mexico DE MEURON Pierre Switzerland 1973 NAKPIL Juan F.
1981 STIRLING James UK 2002 MURCUTT Glenn UK 1976 ANTONIO Pablo S.
1982 ROCHE Kevin Ireland 2003 UTZON Jørn Denmark 1990 LOCSIN Leandro V.
1983 PEI Ieoh Ming China 2004 HADID Zaha Iraq 2006 SANTOS Ildefonso Jr.
1984 MEIER Richard USA 2005 MAYNE Thom USA 2014 ZARAGOZA Jose Maria V.
1985 HOLLIEN Hans Austria 2006 Da ROCHA Paolo Mendes Brazil 2018 MAÑOSA Francisco T. “Bobby”
1986 BÖHM Gottfried Germany 2007 ROGERS Richard Italy

1987 TANGE Kenzo Japan 2008 NOUVEL Jean France LIKHA GOLD MEDAL AWARDEES
NIEMEYER Oscar Brazil 2009 ZUMTHOR Peter Switzerland NO. YEAR NAME
1988
BUNSHAFT Gordon USA SEJIMA Kazuyo Japan 1 1982 MENDOZA Felipe M.
2010
1989 GEHRY Frank Canada NISHIZAWA Ryue Japan 2 1987 LOCSIN Leandro V.
1990 ROSSI Aldo Italy 2011 De MOURA Eduardo Souto Portugal 3 1990 FORMOSO Gabriel P.
1991 VENTURI Robert USA 2012 SHU Wang China 4 1995 CANCHELA Cesar V.
1992 SIZA Alvaro Portugal 2013 ITO Toyo Japan 5 1996 MAÑOSA Manuel T.
1993 MAKI Fumihiko Japan 2014 BAN Shigeru Japan 6 2000 LAZARO JR. Angel
1994 de PORTZAMPARC Christian Morocco 2015 OTTO Frei Germany 7 2003 MAÑOSA Francisco T.
1995 ANDO Tadao Japan 2016 ARAVENA Alejandro Chile 8 2005 MANAHAN Geronimo V.
1996 MONEO Rafael Spain ARANDA Rafael Spain 9 2006 FLORENTINO Edilberto F.
1997 FEHN Sverre Norway 2017 PIGEM Carme Spain 10 2009 NUKE Norberto M.
1998 PIANO Renzo Italy VILALTA Ramon Spain 11 2013 HONG Froilan L.
1999 FOSTER Norman UK 2018 DOSHI Balkrishna India 12 2014 REYES Yolanda D.
2000 KOOLHAAS Rem Netherlands 2019 ISOZAKI Arata Japan 13 2017 LUIS Prosperidad C.
MEDAL LIKHA GOLD MEDAL AWARD

PURPOSE
The laureate receives $100,000 and also a bronze medallion. The bronze medallion The highest distinction to be bestowed upon a fellow, who has
To honor a living architect or architects whose built work demonstrates a adhered to the highest standards of professional and ethical
awarded to each Laureate of the Pritzker Architecture Prize is based on designs of
combination of those qualities of talent, vision, and commitment, who has conduct, practiced in excellence and prestige the architectural
Louis Sullivan, famed Chicago architect generally acknowledged as the father of the
produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built profession, has rendered distinguished contribution and
skyscraper. On one side is the name of the prize. On the reverse, three words are
environment through the art of architecture. service to the UAP, and has performed exceptional
inscribed, “firmness, commodity and delight,” recalling Roman architect Vitruvius'
fundamental principles of architecture of firmitas, utilitas, venustas. achievements and active participation in the concern of the
The international prize, which is awarded each year to a living architect/s for community, government and country.
significant achievement, was established by the Pritzker family of Chicago
through their Hyatt Foundation in 1979. It is granted annually and is often
referred to as “architecture’s Nobel” and “the profession’s highest honor.”
UAP PRESIDENTS (Past & Present) HISTORY OF UAP The UAP has been instrumental in the passing of Republic Act 9266: The Architect's
NO. NAME YEAR Law of 2004, effective April 26, 2004. On 22 June 2004, the PRC, through its Board
During the Spanish era there were no schools of Architecture in the Philippines. of Architecture, accredited the UAP as the Integrated and Accredited Professional
CH NUKE Norberto M. 1975 The first Filipino recorded architect was Felix Roxas y Arroyo, born circa Organization of Architects (IAPOA). The new law granted Filipino architects more
1820 in Manila, studied in Spain and stayed for many years in England and definitive rights, benefits and distinction as against other professionals in the
1 HERRERA Jose V. 1976
France. Previous to this, a Filipino could aspire to erect an architectural structure construction industry
2 GAITE Ruperto C. 1977-1978 through the help of a Maestro de Obras or master builder. The first formal school
for master builders was opened only during the last decade of the 19th century. The United Architects of the Philippines (UAP) was born on December 12, 1974
3 MENDOZA Felipe M. 1979-1980
On 14 September 1902, many of the graduates of this school joined the civil out of the noble vision of unifying the three (3) existing architectural associations at
4 ARELLANO Otillo A. 1981 engineers and surveyors in the country and founded the first professional that time - the Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA), the League of Philippine
organization of architects and allied professionals ~ the Academia de Architects (LPA) and the Association of Philippine Government Architects (APGA).
5 LOCSIN Leandro V. 1981-1982 Arquitectura y Aguimensura de Filipinos (AAAF). It maintained direct Through the concerted efforts of the officers and members of the three
consultation with the American Institute of Architects (AIA). A year after, its name organizations, the vision officially materialized on March 26, 1975, where the UAP
6 MAÑOSA Manuel T. 1983-1984
was changed to Academia de Inginieria, Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas was registered with the Philippines' Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). On
7 CANCHELA Cesar V. 1985-1986 (AIAAF). In 1904 it founded the first school of Architecture in the Philippines, the May 12, 1975, the UAP was granted Certificate No. 001, the first professional
Escuela de Ingenieria y Arquitectura, which offered five-year courses in organization to be accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).
8 HONG Froilan L. 1987-1988 Architecture and Civil Engineering. The PRC is the central agency of the Philippine Government charged with the
9 LAZARO Angel R. Jr. 1989 licensing and regulation of professionals and the professions, as well as the
In 1911, the AIAAF was dissolved when the civil engineers withdrew to form their Accredited Professional Organizations (APOs).
10 ALCORDO Richeto C. 1990-1991 own professional organization, but not before it has struggled for the passage of
an Engineers and Architects Law. In 1921, the Philippine National Assembly Act
11 MARQUEZ Jaime C. 1992-1994 Since its registration, UAP has received many awards, including the highly-
No. 2985 passed, the first enabling law for the practice of the professions of
acclaimed PRC's Most Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization. To date, it
12 MANGIO Nestor S. 1994 -1996 engineering and architecture, defined the unique and separate identities of the
is still the first and only APO to win the award four times in the Award's eighteen-
two professions.
13 CUNTAPAY Emmanuel P. 1996-1998 year history. These were in years 2002, 2007 and 2008 and this year 2011. The
award is presented annually to recognize the achievements, services and
14 REYES Yolanda D. 1998-2000 The profession of Architecture in the Philippines was given its first separate commitments of the APO to the profession. UAP bested forty two (42) other
statute on 17 June 1950 with the enactment of Republic Act 545, "An Act to professional organizations, through 12 stringent criteria set for the award.
15 LUIS Prosperidad C. 2000-2002 Regulate the Practice of Architecture in the Philippines."
16 SAC Robert S. 2002-2004 For its volunteer works, UAP was chosen in addressing housing problems, urban
From the early 1930's to late 1950's, associations of architects were founded, degradation, environmental conservation and promotion of volunteerism for socio-
17 OLONAN Enrique O. 2004-2005
but only three survived until the early 1970's ~ the Association of Philippine economic development; the UAP was a Regional Nominee to the "Search for
18 FLORENTINO Edric Marco C. 2005-2007 Government Architects (APGA), League of Philippine Architects (LPA), and the Outstanding Volunteers" by the Philippine National Service Coordinating Agency
Philippine Institute of Architects (PIA). In June 1973, President Ferdinand E. (PNVSCA) in its celebration of National Volunteer Month last December 2005.
19 ROLDAN Medeliano T. Jr. 2007-2009 Marcos issued Presidential Decree 223, creating the Professional Regulation PNVSCA takes the lead in advocating and recognizing the contributions of
Commission (PRC) regulating all professions and accrediting only one volunteers to nation-building and international cooperation.
20 LING Ana M. 2009-2010
organization to represent each profession.
21 MENDOZA Ramon S. 2011-2012
Last April 2009, in celebration of the Earth Day, the UAP, through its advocacy group
22 ROSAL Rozanno C. 2012-2014 The newly integrated organization of architects was called the United Architects "Green Architecture Movement", was awarded the 2009 Father Neri Satur Award for
of the Philippines (UAP). All 1300 members of the three organizations Environmental Heroism - the only accredited professional organization in the
23 REGALA Ma. Benita O. 2014-2016 automatically became members of the UAP and during its first year, 700 Philippines to receive such a prestigious environmental award.
members officially registered for active membership.
24 HISANCHA Guillermo H. 2016-2018
Last November 2010, UAP received its First International Award ~ in Adelaide,
25 PANGANIBAN Benjamin K. Jr. 2018-Present On 26 March 1975, the UAP was registered with the Securities and Australia, the EAROPH 50th Golden Jubilee Award in recognition of the
Exchange Commission (SEC) and on 12 May 1975, the PRC issued organization's substantial contribution to the advancement of Planning, Development
Certificate No. 001 to the UAP as the duly accredited professional organization and Management of Human Settlements in the Philippines.
of architects in the Philippines. The organization has been participating in the
activities of local government units, in civic and in related professional fields. The
As impressive as UAP record is, an even more important metric of our success is
UAP received many professional awards including the highly acclaimed
the large number of awards and honors earned by our members through the years.
Excellence Award given by the Government of the Republic of the Philippines
We feel privileged to have our members received these honors and recognition.
and the Most Outstanding Professional Organization of the Year awarded by the
PRC in 2002.
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
ANTONIO, PABLO SEBRERO ARELLANO, OTILIO A. ARELLANO, OTILIO A. DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO CRUZ
 National Artist In Architecture  National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue  National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue  Mindanao State University, Marawi City,
 Far Eastern University, Philippine National Bank, Manila  Sining Kayumanggi at Mehan Gardens CAUDAL, ALEJANDRO YELAB  Paseo de Roxas
Railroad Company  Palacio del Gobernador Intramuros  Jacinto Residence, Bustos, Bulacan  Church of Jesus Christ and the latter day Saints projects
 Major Work: Ideal Theater In Rizal, Manila  Philippine School of Business  Luis Santos House, Malolos  Central Luzon State University buildings, Munoz, Nueva
 FEU Building In Quezon Boulevard  Administration, Aurora Boulevard  Lopa Residence, Pasay Ecija
 Apartments In Roxas Boulevard  Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation, Buendia, Makati  Lerma House, New Manila, Quezon City  National Science Development Board, Taguig
 Ramon Roces Publications Building ARGUELLES, TOMAS FERNANDEZ  Tiongco House, Pandacan, Bulacan  Atomic Research Center complex, Quezon City
 White Cross Preventorium  Elizalde Building on Muelle de la Industria, Manila CONCIO, CESAR HOMERO  Asian Development Bank (DFA), Roxas Boulevard
 Manila Polo Club  Heacock’s Building, Escolta  UP Diliman Palma Hall and Melchor Hall FORMOSO. GABRIEL PAPA
 Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building On ARGUELLES, CARLOS D.  Protestant Chapel and Fellowship Center, UP Diliman  Central Bank complex
 Rizal Avenue, Carriedo  Philamlife Building  Buildings in Silliman University  Metropolitan Museum
 FEU Administration And Science Buildings  Manila Hilton (now Manila Pavillion), United Nations  UP College of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna  Valley Golf Club, Victoria Valley, Antipolo, Rizal
 Galaxy Theater In Rizal Avenue Avenue  Insular Life Building, Makati  Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang
ARANETA, LUIS MARIA GONZAGA  Holiday Inn, Roxas Boulevard  Children’s Memorial Hospital, Quezon City  Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City
 Times Theater, Quezon Boulevard  Philippine National Bank, Escolta  Mother of Perpetual Help, Baclaran  Club Filipino, Greenhills
 Manila Doctors’ Hospital, UN Avenue  Urdaneta Apartments  Union Church of Manila  Pacific Star Building, Makati
 Makati Medical Center, Makati  Tuscany Apartments  Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila  Anerica-Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas
 Santa Catalina College, Legarda, Manila  Development Bank of the Philippines, Makati COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM VARGAS  Bikko Manila Garden Hotel, Epifanio delos Santos
 Botica Boie Building, Escolta, Manila  Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studios, Quezon City  Robinson’s Commercial Complex, Pasig Avenue
ARELLANO, ARCADIO DE GUZMAN BELLOC, VICENTE B.  Ayala Twin Towers, Makati  Manila Peninsula Hotel, Ayala Avenue
 Roman Ongpin’s Bazaar  Cemetery of Nagcarlan  Alexandra (11 buildings), Pasig  Asian Institute of Management, Paseo de Roxas
 El 82, Plaza Calderon de la Barca BERENGUER-TOPACIO, CHED  One Beverly Place, Greenhills, San Juan  Dona Narcisa de Leon Building
 Hotel de Francia  Interiors of hotels, restaurants, etc.  Wack-Wack Twin Towers HERVAS, JUAN
 Carmelo and Bauermann Building, Azcarraga BURNHAM, DANIEL HUDSON  Skyland Plaza Twin Towers, Makati  Manila Railroad Station, Tutuban
 Gota de Leche Building, S.H.Loyola  Proposed grand plan for Manila involving a gridiron  Atrium, Makati  Arranque and Herran Markets
 Casino Espanol, Taft Avenue street pattern.  Galeria de Magallanes, Makati  Assumption Convent, Herran Street
ARELLANO, JUAN DE GUZMAN CALMA, LORENZO LICAD  Alabang 400, Muntinlupa  Estrella del Norte, Escolta
 Legislative Building (senate and national museum)  Interiors of DBP, Makati  Quezon City Sports Club  Heacock Store Building
 Post Office Building  Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City  Centro Escolar University Complex, Malolos  Paris-Manila Building
 Villamor Hall, UP Campus in Taft  Silahis Hotel, Roxas Boulevard  Magellan Hotel and Resort complex, Cebu HONG, FROILAN BAUTISTA
 Metropolitan Theater  Midtown Ramada Hotel, Pedro Gil  Shoemart City, Cebu and Quezon City  Manila Film Center, Pasay, Manila
 Master plan of UP Diliman Campus  Puerto Azul Hotel and Beach Resort, Ternate, Cavite DE UGUCCIONI, JUAN PALAFOX, FELINO JR
 Landscaping plans for Padre Burgos Avenue, Harrison  Benguet Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila  Proposed repairs for Colegio de Santa Potenciana  Rockwell Center  Hidalgo Palace
Park, North and South Port Areas, Roxas Boulevard and
Malacanang.  PNB, Escolta  Overseer reconstruction of Manila Cathedral  The Rizal Tower  Luna Gardens
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS
HUBILLA, JOHNNY LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES MAÑOSA, JOSE TRONQUED OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON
 Philippine Trade House, Bangkok  Legarda Elementary School  SMC Head Office, Mandaluyong  Manila Metropolitan Cathedral
 Philippine Trade Center, Toronto, Canada  Alfonso Zobel house, Roxas Boulevard  BPI Head Office, Makati  Paterno Building, Sta. Cruz, Manila
 Philippine House, Mainz, Germany  San Vicente de Paul Chapel, San Marcelino Street MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELO  Oriental Club
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade  Rafael Fernandez House, Arglegui Street  Batasang Pambansa Buildings, Quezon City  Cu Un Jieng Building, Escolta
 Exposition in Leipzig Germany  Perez-Samantillo Building, Escolta  Development Avcademy of the Philippines, Pasig  Central Seminary Building, UST
 Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Fair in Spokane,  Fernandez Martinez House, San Miguel, Manila  RCBC, Buendia  Arguelles Building, Rizal Avenue
Washington DC  St. Cecilia’s Hall, St. Scholastica’s College  Sacred Heart Novitiate Building, Novaliches
 Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank Building
LOCSIN, LEANDRO V.  E.A. Perkins Residence, Roxas Boulevard (Antonino Building), Kalaw Street  Admiral Apartments, Roxas Boulevard
 National Artist in Architecture  Basa Residence, Lepanto Street, Manila  FEU Hospital, Nicanor Reyes Street, Manila  Cathedral of the Immaculate Concepcion restoration
 Main Theater, CCP Complex  Evangelista Residence, Rizal Avenue Extension  Library and Science Center, Xavier University, Cagayan  Church of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary
 Folk Arts Theater, CCP Complex  Sy Cong Bieng Mausoleum, Manila de Oro OLIVER, LUCIANO
 Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions  North Cemetery  San Jose Seminary Building, Ateneo de Manila  Manila Cathedral reconstruction
(PHILCITE) LUZ, ALFREDO J. DIMAYUGA University OLIVEROS, EDITH L.
 Philippine Convention Center, CCP Complex  Ramon Magsaysay Building, Roxas Boulevard  Assumption School Buildings, Antipolo
 Interiors of Admiral Hotel, Cebu Plaza Hotel, Wackwack
 Philippine Plaza Hotel  Far East Bank and Trust Head Offices, Intramuros  Mormon Temple, Green Meadows, Quezon City Golf and Country Club, Philippine House in Chicago,
NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO
Illinois, Philippine House, Houston, Texas
 Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Boulevard  WHO Regional Headquarters, Taft Avenue
 Makati Stock Exchange Building  IRRI, Los Banos  National Press Club Building, Magallanes Drive  Designed parks in Alaala Park, Pagsanjan
 Ayala Museum, Makati Avenue  666 T.M. Kalaw  PLDT Former Head Opffice, De la Rosa Street, Makati PARSONS, WILLIAM E.
 Manila Hotel renovation  1414 Roxas Boulevard  Lopez Museum Building, Pasay  Implementing Burnham’s plans for Baguio and Manila
 Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Makati  1515 Roxas Boulevard  Picache Building, Quiapo  Preparing City plans for Cebu and Zamboanga
 National Arts Center, Laguna  1010 A. Mabini  Roche Building, Pasong Tamo PENASALES, SERGIO VILLAR
 Manila International Airport (NAIA)  Dole Philippines, Polomolok, South Cotabato  Petrona Apartments,. Taft Avenue  Museo Iloilo, Iloilo City
 Istana Nurul Iman, Palace of the Sultan of Brunei  Standard Vacuum Refining Corporation, Limay, Bataan NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS  Tinucuan Chapel, Passi
MAÑOSA BROTHERS  General Milling Corporation, Mactan, Cebu  Geronimo de los Reyes Building  Barbaza Church, Barbaza Antique
 Sierra Lake Resorts, Laguna  Republic Cement Corporation, Norzagaray, Bulacan  Capitan Pepe Building  Landscaping of UI, University Mall, Iloilo
 Hidden Valley Springs Resort, Laguna MAÑOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED  Quezon Institute Administration Building and Pavilions  Memorial Park, Amphitheater Green, Oton
 Maya-maya Resort, Batangas  Tahanang Pilipino, CCP Complex  Manila Jockery Club  Prepared master plans for development of town plazas of
 Makiling Conference Center, Laguna  Shrine of our Lady Queen of Peace, Ortigas Avenue  Avenue Hotel and Theater Molo, Jaro and Lapaz.
 Colegio de San Agustin, Makati  Mary Immaculate Parish Church,  Quiapo Church RAMIREZ, EDGARDO P.
 Guadalupe restoration  Moonwalk Subdivision, Las Pinas  Gen. Vicente Lim Residence, Vito Cruz  Interiors of Philippine Embassy and
 Andres Soriano Memorial Hospital  Las Pinas Church restoration  Philippine Trust Building in Plaza Gotti  Palace Hotel in Beijing China
 Bislig Bay Lumber Co. in Surigao del Sur  Stations of Light Rail Transit (LRT)  Security Bank and Trust Building  Interiors of the Defense Department, National Bank of
 Sulo Restaurant  Development of Quezon Memorial Circle  Rizal House reconstruction., Calamba Laguna Abu Dhabi, Arab Monetary Fund, Amini Court, etc.
 San Miguel Corporation Head Office, Mandaluyong  Development, restoration and landscaping of Corregidor  UP Administration and Library Buildings
Rizal Island  Ever and State Theaters., Rizal Avenue
FILIPINO ARCHITECTS FILIPINO ARCHITECTS TIMELINE OF TALLEST BUILDINGS (Philippines)
ROXAS, FELIX ARROYO TOLEDO, ANTONIO MANALAC YEARS AS
NAME LOCATION HEIGHT (m) FLOORS
 Enlargement and reconstruction of the parish church in  UP Padre Faura campus TALLEST
Bacoor, Cavite  College of Medicine Annex and UP Library, Manila Manila Hotel Metro Manila 1912 - 1967 18
 Jesuit Church of Sa Ignacio, Intramuros  Leyte Capitol Ramon Maggsaysay Center Metro Manila 1967 - 1968 70 18
RUANO, ROQUE  Department of Agriculture and Commerce (Tourism) Manila Pavilion Hotel Metro Manila 1968 - 1989 90 22
 Dominican House, Baguio  Department of Finance Pacific Star Building Metro Manila 1989 - 1991 112.5 29
 Dominican College, Lingayen  Philippine Normal School The Peak Tower Metro Manila 1991 - 1992 138 38
 “Crucero” in the Church of our Lady of Manaoag  Manila City Hall Pacific Plaza Condominium Metro Manila 1992 - 1994 150 44
 Santa Catalina College, Pampanga VILLAROSA, ROGELIO GARCIA Rufino Pacific Tower Metro Manila 1994 - 1997 162 41
 Hospital of the Sacred Heart  Edsa Shangri-la Hotel Robinsons Equitable Tower Metro Manila 1997 - 1998 175 45
 Santa Teresita Church, Yokohama Japan  Edsa Plaza, Mandaluyong Horizons 101 Tower 1 Cebu City 2016 185 55
 UST Main Building  Tektite Towers, Pasig Petron Megaplaza Metro Manila 1998 - 2000 210 45
SANTOS, IDELFONSO PAEZ  Alexandra (11 building complex) PBCom Tower Metro Manila 2000 - 2017 259 52
 Batulao Village Club, Batangas  King’s Court II, Pasong Tamo Grand Hyatt Manila Metro Manila 2017 - Present 318 66
 Caliraya Lake Resort, Laguna  Silahis International Hotel, Roxas Boulevard TIMELINE OF TALLEST SKYSCRAPERS (World)
 Eternal Gardens Memorial Park, Manila  National Bookstore Super Branch, YEARS AS HEIGHT [m
NAME LOCATION INCREASE
 Imus Town Plaza, Imus, Cavite  Araneta Center Cubao TALLEST (ft)]
 Raintree Sports Club, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia  Puerto Azul clubhouse The buildings that were the tallest skyscrapers – but still shorter than the tallest church or cathedral
 Artist’s Village, Garden for the Blind  Makati Sports Club Equitable Life Building New York, USA 1870 - 1884 40 (130) -
 Teodora Valencia Circle ZARAGOSA, JOSE MARIA Home Insurance Building Chicago, USA 1884 - 1890 42 (138) 6.15%
 Rehabilitation of the Japanese Garden  Meralco Building, Pasig New York World Building New York, USA 1890 - 1894 94 (308) 136.92%
SANTOS-VIOLA, CARLOS ANTONIO  Santo Domingo Church and Convent, Quezon City Manhattan Life Insurance Building New York, USA 1894 - 1895 100 (330) 7.14%
 Iglesia ni Cristo structures (chief architect)  Philippine Airlines building, Ayala Avenue Milwaukee City Hall Milwaukee, USA 1895 - 1899 108 (354) 7.27%
 Templo Central  Philippine Banking Corporation Building, Port Area, Park Row Building New York, USA 1899 - 1901 119 (390) 10.17%
 Our Lady of Lourdes, Quezon City Manila Since 1901, the world's tallest building has always been a secular skyscraper.
 Franciscan churches of Singalong, Mandaluyong,  St. John Bosco Parish Church, Pasay Road Philadelphia City Hall Philadelphia, USA 1901 - 1908 167 (548)
Tagaytay and Lipa City.  Union Church, Makati Singer Building New York, USA 1908 - 1909 186.57 (612.1) 11.72%
 Nustra Senora de Guia, Ermita Manila  Pius XII Catholic Center, UN Avenue Metropolitan Life Tower New York, USA 1909 - 1913 213.36 (700) 14.36%
SINDIONG, ANTONIO S. MAPUA, TOMAS BAUTISTA Woolworth Building New York, USA 1913 - 1930 241 (791) 12.95%
 Megamall, Mandaluyong  Manila Central Post Office Building, Ermita, Manila Bank of Manhattan Trust Building New York, USA 1930 283 (928) 17.43%
 Harrison Plaza Shopping Center, Manila  St. La Salle Hall, St. La Salle University Chrysler Building New York, USA 1930 - 1931 319.9 (1,050) 13.04%
 Ali Mall II, Cubao  Librada Avelino Hall, Centro Escolar University Empire State Building New York, USA 1931 - 1972 381 (1,250) 19.1%
 New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center, Cubao  Philippine General Hospital Nurses Home World Trade Center New York, USA 1972 - 1974 417 (1,368) 9.45%
 East Pakistan Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh Sears Tower Chicago, USA 1974 - 1998 442 (1,450) 6%
 Kebayoran Housing Project, Indonesia Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1998 - 2003 451.9 (1,483) 2.24%
 Arabian Villas, Dubai Taipei 101 Taipei, Taiwan 2003 - 2010 509.2 (1,671) 12.68%
Burj Khalifa Dubai, UAE 2010 - Present 828 (2,717) 62.61%
CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE CHRONOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE
DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT DATE STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE ARCHITECT
ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE (Europe, Near East, North Africa) (15,000 BC–AD 400s) c. 1300 BC Citadel at Tiryns, Greece Mycenaean
Prehistoric Architecture (Paleolithic and Neolithic) Ancient Greek Architecture

c. 15,000 BC, Mammoth-bone house Mezhirich, Ukraine Paleolithic c. 550 BC Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy
c. 6500 BC, , Catal Huyuk, village Turkey Neolithic Treasury of the
c. 530 BC Delphi
Siphnians,
Orkney Islands,
c. 3100 BC, Skara Brae, village Neolithic 500s BC Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi
Scotland
Salisbury Plain, mid-400s BC Acropolis, Athens
c. 3100–1500 BC, Stonehenge Neolithic
Wiltshire, England c. 400 BC Athenian Agora, Athens
c. 3000–2500 BC Newgrange, tombs, Ireland Neolithic c. 400 BC Temple of Athena Pronaia, Delphi
Ancient Near Eastern Architecture (Sumerian, Mari, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian) 300s BC Miletos, city plan, modern-day Turkey
c. 7200 BC Ain Ghazal, Jordan Neolithic c. 200 BC Theater at Epidauros Epidauros
c. 7000 BC Jericho, walls of the city Neolithic Temple of the Olympian
AD 132 Athens
Zeus,
c. 6500 BC Catal Huyuk, Turkey Neolithic
c. 2100 BC Nanna Ziggurat, Ur, Iraq Sumerian Etruscan Architecture
2000s BC Palace of Zimrilim, Syria Mari 480 BC Tomb of the Lioness, Tarquinia
late 900s BC–AD 70 Temple of Solomon, Jerusalem Jewish 200s BC Tomb of the Reliefs, Cerveteri
modern-day c. 100s BC Porta Augusta, Perugia
c. 720 BC Citadel of Sargon II, Assyrian
Khorsabad, Iraq Ancient Roman Architecture
Ishtar Gate late 100s BC Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
c. 575 BC Neo-Babylonian
and throne room
late 100s BC Temple of Portunus, Rome
Palace of Darius at
c. 518–460 BC Iran Persian 13 BC Ara Pacis, Rome
Persepolis,
AD 72–80 Colosseum, Rome
Ancient Egyptian Architecture
AD 79 Pompeii, city plan
King Djoser’s funerary
c. 2665 BC Saqqara AD 81 Arch of Titus, Rome
complex,
c. 2589–2503 BC Pyramids of Giza, Egypt AD 100s Timgad, Algeria
Model from Tomb of AD 113 Basilica Ulpia, Rome
c. 2100 BC Thebes
Meketra, AD 113 Column of Trajan, Rome
Temple of Queen c. AD 125 Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli
1473–1458 BC Deir el-Bahri
Hatshepsut,
AD 118–125 Pantheon, Rome
Great Temple of Amun,
c. 1295–1186 BC Karnak AD 200s Hadrian’s Wall, Great Britain
Karnak
AD 211 Baths of Caracalla, Rome
Temple of Amun, Mut
c. 1279 BC Luxor AD 300s Roman Forum, Rome
and Khonsu,
Temple of Rameses II Basilica of Maxentius
c. 1279 BC Abu Simbel AD 310 Rome
and Temple of Nefertari, and Constantine,
Ancient Aegean Architecture (Minoan and Mycenaean) AD 315 Arch of Constantine, Rome
c. 1900–1400 BC Palace at Knossos, Crete (Minoan) Vitruvius Pollio,
(c. 80–25 BC) Marcus
c. 1600–1200 BC Citadel at Mycenae, Greece Mycenaean
Early Semitic and Christian Architecture c. 1053 Byodo-in, Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, Heian Period
AD 240s House-Church, Dura-Europos, Syria early 1600s Katsura Palace, Kyoto, by Kobori Enshu
AD 320s Saint Peter’s Church, Rome 1600s Himeji Castle, Hyogo, near Osaka, Momoyama Period
AD 350s Santa Costanza, Rome Tange, Kenzo
1964 Yoyogi Gymnasium, Tokyo (Olympics)
(1913–2005)
AD 420s Santa Sabina, Rome
1976 Azuma House Osaka
Mausoleum of Galla Ando, Tadao (1941–
AD 425 Ravenna 1988 Church on the Water, Tomamu
Placidia, )
ARCHITECTURE OF ASIA 1989 Church of the Light, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka
1984 Silver Hut, Tokyo Ito, Toyo (1941–
Indian Architecture (and Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka)
Southeast Asian Architecture (Myanmar [Burma], Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia,
c. 2600 BC Mohenjo-Daro
Thailand, Taiwan, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, etc.). See Indian Architecture
200s BC Ajanta Caves, Deccan
1100s Angkor(begun) Cambodia,
200s–100s BC Great Stupa, Sanchi
100s BC Rock-Cut Hall of Karla PRE-COLUMBIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE AMERICAS (900s BC–AD 1500s)
Vishnu Temple at Mesoamerican Architecture (Aztec, Inca, Maya, Olmec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec)
c. AD 530
Deogarh La Venta, Great Pyramid
c. 900–600 BC Mexico (Olmec)
Kandariya Mahadeva Khajuraho, Madhya and Ballcourt,
c. 1000
Temple, Pradesh, India Teotihuacan, ceremonial
c. 500 BC Mexico
Rajarajeshvara Temple Thanjavur, Tamil center,
c. 1000
to Shiva, Nadu, India AD 400s–700s Tikal ceremonial center, Guatemala (Maya)
1057–1287 Bagan, temple complex, Myanmar 800s–1200s Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico (Maya)
1632–1648 Taj Mahal, Agra, India Mughal Empire Tenochtitlan, Great
1200s–1500s Mexico City (Aztec)
Chinese Architecture Pyramid,
Chang’an, Capital of 1450–1530 Machu Picchu, Peru
AD 618–907
Tang Dynasty Native American Architecture (North and South America)
Xi’an, Shanxi New Mexico,
Great Wild Goose Anasazi “Great
AD 645 Province, Tang 900s–1400s Utah, Arizona,
Pagoda at Ci’en Temple, Houses,”
Dynasty (rebuilt 700s) and Colorado
Wutaishan, Shanxi 900s–1400s Chaco Canyon New Mexico
AD 782 Nanchan Temple, Tang Dynasty
Province.
East St. Louis,
1368–1644 Forbidden City, Beijing, Ming Dynasty c. 1150 Cahokia
Missouri
Hong Kong and Foster, Norman 1450s Pueblos at Taos, New Mexico
1986 Hong Kong
Shanghai Bank, (1935– ):
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE (400s–1300s)
1980s Bank of China Hong Kong Pei, I. M. (1917– )
Skidmore, Owings & Byzantine Architecture
1998 Jin Mao Building, Shanghai
Merrill: Anthemius of Tralles
530s by and Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Isidorus of Miletus,
Japanese Architecture
AD 546 San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy
early AD 100s
Ise, Inner Shrine, Mie Prefecture, Yayoi Period Monastery of Hosios
(rebuilt 1993) early 1000s near Stiris, Greece
Loukas,
Horyu-ji, Main
600s Nara Prefecture, Asuka Period c. 1017 Cathedral of Santa Kiev, Ukraine
Compound,
Sophia, 1130s Saint-Lazare Autun
1063 Cathedral of San Marco, Venice, Italy Cathedral of Saint-
1130s Autun, begun
Lazare
Islamic Architecture (Moorish, Mughal, Ottoman, Seljuk)
1240s Castel del Monte region of Puglia
692 begun Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem,
Gothic Architecture
740s, begun Mshatta Palace Jordan,
785 Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain c. 1130s Chartres Cathedral Chartres, France
847 Great Mosque, Samarra 1160s Notre Dame Paris
1350s Alhambra, Granada, Spain 1211 Reims Cathedral Reims, France, begun
1570s Sinan, Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey 1240s Sainte-Chapelle Paris, France
1632–1648 Taj Mahal, Agra, India Mughal Empire 1240s Cologne Cathedral Cologne, Germany
1980s King Faisal Mosque, Islamabad, Pakistan 1250s Amiens Cathedral Amiens, France
1986–1993 King Hassan II Mosque, Casablanca, Morocco 1300s Milan Cathedral Milan, Italy
Sinan, Mimar Koca PRE-MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE (1400s–1700s)
1550s Suleyman Mosque, Istanbul
Agha (1489–1588) Renaissance Architecture
Early Medieval Architecture (Carolingian and Ottonian) 1290s Florence Cathedral, Italy, begun
Monastery of 1290s, Palazzo della Signoria Florence, 1290s
529 Italy
Montecassino,
1505 Saint Peter’s Church, Rome, begun
Santa Maria de
late 600s Burgos, Spain 1520s begun Fontainebleau, France,
Quintanilla de las Vinas,
Palace Complex of 1530s–2000s Louvre, Paris
792–805 Aachen, Germany Carolingian
Charlemagne, 1559 Escorial, Madrid, begun
Church of St. Riquier, Carolingian, Florence Cathedral
799 Abbey France 1420s Italy
Monastery of Centula dedicated Dome
c. 817 Saint Gall Monastery Carolingian Ospedale degli Innocenti Brunelleschi,
1420s, Florence;
Church of Saint (Foundling Hospital), Filippo (c. 1377–
961 Gernrode, Germany Ottonian, begun
Cyriakus, 1420s, San Lorenzo, Florence;, 1446):
1001–1032 Church of Saint Michael, Hildesheim, Germany Ottonian 1430s Santo Spirito, Florence;
Romanesque Architecture; see also Castle 1430s, Pazzi Chapel, Florence
1030s Krak des Chevaliers Krak des Chevaliers Michelozzo di
1440s Medici Palace Florence Bartolomeo (1391– c.
Pisa Cathedral 1472)
1060s Italy
Complex
1450s, Tempio Malatestiano, Rimini; Alberti, Leon
c. 1060s Saint-Etienne, Caen Normandy, France Battista (1404–
Durham Castle and 1470, Sant’Andrea, Mantua 1472):
c. 1075–1100s England
Cathedral Villa Medici at Poggio a
1480s, outside Florence;
1078 Tower of London London, begun Caiano, Sangallo, Giuliano da
Santiago de Santa Maria delle (c. 1443–1516):
Cathedral of Saint 1485, Prato, Italy
1078–1122 Compostela, Carceri,
James
Spain 1501, Bramante, Donato
Tempietto;
1080 Sant’Ambrogio Milan (1444–1514):
Saint Peter’s Church, Serlio, Sebastiano Pieter Post),
1505–1513,
Rome (1475–1554) Cortona, Pietro da
1650s, Santa Maria della Pace, Rome
1520s, facade, San Lorenzo, Florence; (1596–1669):
Michelangelo
1530s–1540s, Capitoline Hill, Rome; Bernini, Gian
Buonarroti (1475–
Saint Peter’s Church, 1650s, Sant’Andrea al Quirinale, Rome Lorenzo (1598–
1530s–1560s, 1564):
Rome 1680):
Raphael Sanzio Borromini,
1510s Villa Madama, Rome 1630s–1665, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome: Francesco (1599–
(1483–1520):
1667):
Sangallo, Antonio da
1530s, Farnese Palace, Rome the Younger (1484– 1640s, Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza, Rome
1546): Twin Churches at Piazza Rainaldi, Carlo
1660s, Rome
Sansovino, Jacopo del Popolo (1611–1691):
1520s, Library, Venice
(1486–1570): Wren, Christopher
1675–1710, St. Paul’s Cathedral, London
1560s, Villa Rotunda; Vicenza, Italy; (1632–1723):
1560s–1570s, San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, Palladio, Andrea Vanbrugh, John
1705, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, England
(1508–1580): (1664–1726):
Teatro Olimpico (with
1580–1585, Vicenza Rococo Architecture
Vincenzo Scamozzi),
Mannerism Fischer von Erlach,
1696, Schonbrunn Palace, Vienna Johann Bernhard
1520s, Laurentian Stairs, Florence; Michelangelo (1656–1723):
New Sacristy, San Buonarroti
1520s, Florence Benedictine Monastery Prandtauer, Jakob
Lorenzo, (1475–1564) 1702–1736, Melk, Austria
Church, (1660–1726):
Palazzo Massimo alle Peruzzi, Baldassare Hotel de Soubise, Boffrand, Germain
1534, Rome 1732, Salon de la Princesse,
Colonne, (1481–1537) Paris (1667–1754):
Romano, Giulio (c. Hospicio de San Ribera, Pedro de (c.
1520s, Palazzo del Te, Mantua 1720s, Madrid
1499–1546): Fernando, 1681–1742):
Tudor Style Wurzburg, Bavaria, Neumann, Johann
1719–1744, Residenz,
early 1500s Arden House, Stratford-Upon-Avon Germany; Balthasar (1687–
1515–1521 Hampton Court Palace, London 1743, Vierzehnheiligen, Staffelstein, Germany 1753):
Baroque Architecture Cuvillies, Francois

1730s, Amalienburg Pavilion, Munich
(1695–1768):
1505–1650s Saint Peter’s Church, Rome
1749–1754, Church of Saint Andrew, Kiev;
Piazza Navona papal
1620s–1650s Rome, Tsarskoye Selo, Rastrelli, Francesco
enclave,
1752–1756, Catherine Palace, outside St. Bartolomeo (1700–
Francois Mansart Petersburg; 1771):
(1598–1666), Louis
1754–1762, Winter Palace, St. Petersburg
1660s Versailles Palace, Versailles, France Le Vau (1612–1670),
and Jules Hardouin- Neo-Classical Architecture; also see below under Architecture of the United States
Mansart,
Saint Martin-in-the-
Banqueting House, Jones, Inigo 1722–1726, London; Gibbs, James
1620s, London Fields,
Whitehall Palace, (1573–1652): (1682–1754):
1739–1749, Radcliffe Camera, Oxford
1633 The Mauritshuis, The Hague; Campen, Jacob van Boyle, Richard
1648–1655, Town Hall, Amsterdam (1595–1657): (with 1720s, Chiswick House, West London
(Lord Burlington)
(1695–1753): 1947):
Wood, John the Elder Olbrich, Joseph
1750s, The Circus, Bath, England 1896, Secession House, Vienna
(c. 1704–1754): Maria (1867–1908):
Soufflot, Jacques- Paris Metropolitan Guimard, Hector
Sainte-Genevieve 1899–1905,
1755–1792, Paris Germain (1713– stations (1867–1942):
(Pantheon),
1780): 1904, Purkersdorf Sanatorium, Vienna; Hoffmann, Josef
Derbyshire, 1904–1911, Stoclet Palace, Brussels (1870–1956):
1759, Kedelston Hall,
commissioned; Adam, Robert
Arts and Crafts; also see below under Architecture of the United States
1760s, Syon House, Middlesex,England; (1728–1792):
Glasgow Herald
1770s, Osterley Park, Middlesex, England 1893–1895, Glasgow, Scotland;
Building, Mackintosh,
Ledoux, Claude-
1770s, Chaux city plan, France 1897–1909, Glasgow School of Art, Glasgow, Scotland; Charles Rennie
Nicolas (1736–1806):
Helensburgh, (1868–1928):
funerary monument for Boullee, Etienne- 1902–1904, Hill House,
1780s, Scotland
Isaac Newton Louis (1728–1799):
Schinkel, Karl EARLY-20th-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE, ASIA, AND SOUTH AMERICA
1822, Altes Museum, Berlin Friedrich (1781– Expressionism; also see below under Architecture of the United States
1841):
Falkenberg Housing
19th-CENTURY ARCHITECTURE IN EUROPE 1912, Berlin;
Estate, Taut, Bruno (1880–
Gothic Revival Architecture; see also Romantic Architecture; also see below under Architecture Glass Pavilion, Cologne 1938):
1914,
of the United States Werkbund Exhibition
Walpole, Horace Mendelsohn, Erich
1749, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, England 1917, Einstein Tower, Potsdam
(1717–1797): (1887–1953):
Barry, Charles Corbusier, Le
1830–1860s, Houses of Parliament, London 1950s, Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp
(1795–1860): (1887–1965):
1865,
Saint Pancras Railway
London
Scott, George Gilbert Bauhaus Architecture; see also International Style
Station, (1811–1878):
Gropius, Walter
Pugin, Augustus 1925, , Bauhaus Building Dessau, Germany
(1883–1969):
1830s, Houses of Parliament, London Welby Northmore
Mies van der Rohe,
(1812–1852):
1929, German Pavilion, Barcelona Ludwig (1886–
Romantic Architecture; see also Gothic Revival Architecture; also see Architecture of the United States 1969):
1890s–1940s Cotswold Cottage; see Tudor Revival Style Futurist Architecture; see also Constructivist Architecture
Nash, John (1752– Sant’Elia, Antonio
1815–1832, Royal Pavilion, Brighton, England 1914, Città Nuova
1835): (1888–1916):
Beaux-Arts Architecture; also see below under Architecture of the United States International Style; also see below under Architecture of the United States
Garnier, Charles Amsterdam Stock Berlage, Hendrick
1860s, Opera, Paris 1896–1903, Amsterdam
(1825–1898): Exchange, Petrus (1856–1934):
Art Nouveau Behrens, Peter
1909, AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin
(1868–1940):
1880s, Palau Guell, Barcelona;
Gaudí, Antoni 1910, Steiner House, Vienna;
1880s, Sagrada Familia, Barcelona; Loos, Adolf (1870–
(1852–1926): 1926, Tristan Tzara House, Paris;
1905, Casa Mila, Barcelona 1933):
1927, Moller House, Vienna;
1892, Tassel House, Brussels Horta, Victor (1861–
1928–1930, Villa Muller, Prague Brutalism; also see below under Post-Modernism and Beyond
Gropius,Walter 25 bis Rue Franklin
Alfeld an der Leine, 1903–1904, Paris;
1911, Fagus Shoe Factory, (1883–1969), and apartments, Perret, Auguste
Germany
Adolf Meyer:
Church of Notre Dame (1874–1954):
1915, Woodland Cemetery, Stockholm, Sweden; Asplund, Erik 1922–1924,
du Raincy
Gunnar (1885–
1920s, City Library, Stockholm, Sweden 1940): Corbusier, Le
1946–1952, Unite d’Habitation, Marseilles
(1887–1965):
Poissy-sur-Seine,
1929, Villa Savoye, ARCHITECTURE OF THE UNITED STATES (1600s–1960s)
France;
Le Corbusier
1946–1952, Unite d’Habitation, Marseilles, France; Colonial Architecture (1620–1820s)
(1887–1965):
Chandigarh, India, city Boston,
1950s, 1680s Paul Revere House,
layout Massachusetts
1935, Viipuir Library, Vyborg, Finland; Aalto, Alvar (1898– Topsfield,
1683 Parson Capen House,
1938–1939, Villa Mairea, Noormarkku, Finland 1976): Massachusetts
UNESCO World Breuer, Marcel 1700s Turner-Ingersall House, Salem, Massachusetts
1953, Paris
Headquarters, (1902–1981): Georgian Style (1690–1790)
Hiroshima Peace
Neo-Classical Architecture (1720s–1860s)
1949, Memorial Park and
Museum; Tange, Kenzo Washington, D.C.,
(1913–2005): 1803 United States Capitol,
begun
(Olympics) National
1964 Yoyogi Park, Tokyo Charlottesville, Jefferson, Thomas
Gymnasium Complex, 1770s, Monticello,
Virginia (1743–1826):
Palace of the National Niemeyer, Oscar
1960s, Brasilia Bulfinch, Charles
Congress and Cathedral (1907– ): 1796, Old State House, Hartford, Connecticut
(1763–1844):
Constructivist Architecture; see also Futurist Architecture
Latrobe, Benjamin
Golosov, Ilya (1883– 1801, Bank of Pennsylvania
1926–1928, Zuev Worker’s Club, Moscow Henry (1764–1820):
1945):
Gothic Revival Architecture (1760s–1840s)
design for “Tatlin’s Tatlin, Vladimir
1919, Upjohn, Richard
Tower” (never built) (1885–1953): 1840s, Trinity Church, New York
(1802–1878):
World’s Exposition,
1925, Soviet Pavilion,
Paris; Melnikov, Federal Style (1783–1830)
1927–1929, Architect’s House, Moscow; Konstantin 1796, Old State House, Hartford, Connecticut;
Stepanovich (1890– Bulfinch, Charles
1927–1929, Kauchuk Factory Club, Moscow; 1974): Massachusetts State
1798, Boston, begun (1763–1844):
1927–1929, Rusakov Worker’s Club, Moscow House,
Ginsburg, Moisei Greek Revival Style (1820–1870); see Romantic Architecture
1928–1932, Narkomfin Building, Moscow
(1892–1946):
Romantic Architecture (1830s–1870s); see also Gothic Revival Architecture
Rationalism (and Neo-Rationalism) Newport, Rhode Hunt, Richard
1890s, Vanderbilt Mansion,
Schroeder House, Rietveld, Gerrit Island Morris (1827–1895):
1924, Netherlands
Utrecht, (1888–1964):
Italianate Style (1840–1890s); see Romantic Architecture
Terragni, Giuseppe
1932–1936, Casa di Fascio, Como, Italy Second Empire Style (1855–1885); see Victorian Architecture
(1904–1943):
Rossi, Aldo (1931– Stick Style (1860–1890); see Victorian Architecture
1980s, New Town Hall, Borgoricco, Italy
1997):
Victorian Architecture (1860–1900) Tudor Style (1890–1940)
Richardson, Henry Colonial Revival (1890s–2000s); see Colonial Architecture
Cambridge,
1880s, Stoughton House, Hobson (1838–
Massachusetts Prairie Style (1900–1920s)
1886):
Eastlake Style (1870–1890); see Victorian Architecture Wright, Frank Lloyd
Frederick C. Robie (1867–1959) and
Richardsonian Romanesque (1870s–1900) 1906–1909, Chicago
House, Marion Mahony
1870s, Trinity Church, Boston; Griffin (1871–1961):
Richardson, Henry
Marshall Field Hobson (1838– Expressionism (and Blobitecture) (1910s–1950s)
1885–1887, Chicago 1886):
Warehouse, 1947–1949, Baker House, MIT, Boston; Aalto, Alvar (1898–
Shingle Style (1870s–1900); see Victorian Architecture 1959, Opera House, Essen, Germany 1976):
Queen Anne Style (1870s–1910); see Victorian Architecture 1947, Ledbetter House, Norman, Oklahoma; Goff, Bruce (1904–
1950s, Bavinger House, Norman, Oklahoma 1982):
Mission Style (1890–1915); see Arts and Crafts
Solomon Guggenheim Wright, Frank Lloyd
Beaux-Arts Architecture (1890s–1920s) 1940s–1950s,
Museum
New York
(1867–1959):
Asheville, North Trans World Airport Saarinen, Eero
1890s, Biltmore Estate, 1956–1962, New York
Carolina; (TWA) Terminal, (1910–1961):
Vanderbilt Mansion, “The Newport, Rhode
1890s, Art Deco (1920s–1930s)
Breakers,” Island; Hunt, Richard
World’s Columbian Morris (1827–1895): Hood, Raymond
1893, Chicago; (1881–1934) and
Exposition, 1924 Chicago Tribune Tower Chicago
John Mead Howells
Metropolitan Museum of (1868–1959):
1895, New York
Art,
New York Daily News
1887–1895, Boston Public Library; McKim, Charles 1929, New York;
Building, Hood, Raymond
Rhode Island State Follen (1847–1909), (1881–1934):
1895–1903, Providence Rockefeller Center,
Capitol,; William Rutherford 1930s, Radio City Music Hall,
New York
Mead (1846–1928),
1906, Morgan Library, New York; and Stanford White Alen, William Van
1930, Chrysler Building, New York
1910, Pennsylvania Station, New York (1853–1906): (1883–1954):
Carrere, John (1858– Shreve, Lamb and
1931, Empire State Building, New York
1911) and Thomas Harmon:
1897–1911, New York Public Library, New York
Hastings (1860– International Style (and Modernism) (1920s–1960s)
1929):
Saarinen, Eliel
Wetmore, Charles 1942, First Christian Church, Columbus, Indiana
(1873–1950):
(1866–1941) and
1903, Grand Central Station, New York Lincoln, Gropius,Walter
Whitney Warren 1937, Architect’s House,
(1864–1943): Massachusetts (1883–1969):
Arts and Crafts (Bungalow, Craftsman) (1890s–1930s) Howe, George
Philadelphia Savings
(1886–1955) and
Greene, Charles 1931, Fund Society Building Philadelphia
William Lescaze
Sumner (1868–1957) (PSFS),
(1896–1969):
1908, Gamble House, Pasadena, California and Henry Mather
Greene (1870–1954): Lincoln,
1938, Breuer House I, Breuer, Marcel
Massachusetts;
(1902–1981):
1945, Geller House, Lawrence, Long
Island; Moore, Charles
1978, Piazza d’Italia, New Orleans
New Canaan, Willard (1925–1993):
1948, Breuer House II,
Connecticut Chestnut Hill,
1960s, Vanna Venturi House, Venturi, Robert
1946, Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois; Pennsylvania
Mies van der Rohe, (1925– ) and Denise
860–880 Lake Shore Ludwig (1886– 1963, Guild House Philadelphia;
1951, Chicago; Scott Brown (1931– )
Drive, 1969): 1991, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle
1954, Seagram Building, New York with Philip Johnson, World Trade Center
1977–1984, New York;
Palm Springs, Neutra, Richard Financial Center,
1946, Kaufman House,
California (1892–1970): 1986–1988, Wells Fargo Center, Minneapolis;
New Canaan, Bank of America Charlotte, North Pelli, Cesar (1926– ):
1949, “Glass House,” 1990,
Connecticut; Johnson, Philip Corporate Headquarters, Carolina;
AT&T Corporate (1906–2005): Kuala Lumpur,
1978–1983, New York 1998, Petronas Twin Towers,
Headquarters, Malaysia
Yale University Art New Haven, Rossi, Aldo (1931–
1950s, Kahn, Louis (1901– 1980s, New Town Hall, Borgoricco, Italy
Gallery, Connecticut; 1997):
1974):
1967–1972, Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas Portland Public Service
1982, Portland, Oregon; Graves, Michael
Niemeyer, Oscar Building,
United Nations (1934– ):
1952,1960s New York; (1907– ) with Le 1990s, Dolphin Resort, Orlando, Florida
Headquarters
Corbusier, 1967, Habitat ’67, Safdie, Moshe
Saarinen, Eero 1967 World Exposition, Montreal (1938– ):
1954, Irwin Union Bank, Columbus, Indiana
(1910–1961):
Brutalism (1960s–1980s)
Christian Science
1968–1974, Boston; National Center for
Center, Pei, I. M. (1917– ): 1961–1967, Boulder, Colorado;
Atmospheric Research,
1977, Hancock Tower, Boston Pei, I. M. (1917– ):
East Wing of the
Skidmore, Owings 1974–1978, Washington, D.C.
National Gallery of Art,
1952, Lever House, New York & Merrill (Gordon
Bunshaft): Bunshaft, Gordon
1974, Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, D.C.
(1909–1990):
Ranch Style (1930–1970s)
1989, Church of the Light, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka Ando, Tadao (1941):
Palm Springs, Neutra, Richard
1946, Kaufman House, Neo-Rationalism (1980s–1990s): See Rationalism
California (1892–1970):
Usonian House (1930s–1960s) Barcelona Museum of
1995, Meier, Richard
Contemporary Art;
Mill Run, Wright, Frank Lloyd (1934– ):
1937, Edgar Kaufmann House, 1997, Getty Center, Los Angeles
Pennsylvania (1867–1959):
1999–2003, Kyobo Tower, Seoul, South Korea;
Tudor Revival Style (1950s–1970s) Botta, Mario (1943–)
2003–2006, Church of Santo Volto, Turin
POST-MODERNISM AND BEYOND (1960s–2000s)
Deconstructivism (1980s–2000s)
Post-Modern Architecture (1960s–1990s)
Walt Disney Concert
Johnson, Philip 1991–2003, Los Angeles;
Hall, Gehry, Frank (1929)
1978–1983, AT&T Headquarters, New York (1906–2005) and
John Burgee: 1993–1997, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain
2006, Suzhou Museum, Suzhou, China Pei, I. M. (1917– ): Wexner Center for the Ohio State University, Eisenman, Peter
1989,
Arts, Columbus, Ohio (1932– ):
1959, Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia Utzon, Jorn (1918– ):
2001–2005, Casa di Musica, Porto; Koolhaus, Rem Milwaukee Art Museum, Wisconsin;
2004, Seattle Central Library (1944– ): 2001–2005, “Twisting Torso,” Malmo, Sweden;
Alfred Lerner Hall, Tschumi, Bernard Transportation Hub,
1999, New York
Columbia University, (1944– ): 2007, World Trade Center, New York
1999, Jewish Museum, Berlin; (planning)
Frederic C. Hamilton Libeskind, Daniel Skidmore, Owings
2006, Addition, Denver Art Denver, Colorado (1946– ): 1969, John Hancock Center, Chicago; & Merrill: Fazlur
Museum, Khan,
Weil-am-Rhein, Fazlur Khan and
1989, Vitra Fire Station, Hadid, Zaha (1950– ) 1970–1973, Sears Tower, Chicago;
Germany Bruce Graham,
1993–1998, UFA-Palast, Dresden Coop Himmelb(l)au: 2009, Burj Dubai United Arab Emirates Adrian Smith
Walker Art Center Tate Modern Art
2005, Minneapolis; 2000, London; Herzog and De
Expansion, Museum renovation,
Herzog and De Meuron Architekten:
M. H. de Young Meuron Architekten: 2002–2005 Allianz Arena Munich, Germany
2005, San Francisco
Museum, Green Architecture (1980s–2000s)
Critical Regionalism (1980s–2000s) Bear Run, Wright, Frank Lloyd
1935–1939, Fallingwater,
Pennsylvania (1867–1959)
Barragán, Luis
1934, Chapel in Tlalpan, outside Mexico City; Eureka Springs, Jones, E. Fay
(1902–1988): 1980, Thorncrown Chapel,
Arkansas (1921–2004)
1958, Ciudad Satelite, Mexico City with Mathias Goeritz,
Noumea, New Piano, Renzo
1976, Azuma House, Osaka; 1991, Tjibaou Cultural Center,
Caledonia (1937– )
1988, Church on the Water, Tomamu; Nouvel, Jean
Ando, Tadao (1941) 1994, Foundation Cartier, Paris
1989, Church of the Light, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka; (1945– )
2002, Modern Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas
El-Wakil, Abdul
1975, Halawa House, Agami, Egypt
(1943– ):
High-Tech Architecture (1980s–2000s)
1980s, Akasaka Prince Hotel, Tokyo; Tange, Kenzo
1996, Fuji Television Building, Tokyo (1913–2005):
Erskine, Ralph
1 PETER 1:6-7
1992, London Ark, London
(1914–2005): NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
6 In this you greatly rejoice, though now for a little while, if need be, you have
Hongkong and Shanghai Foster, Norman
1986, Hong Kong been grieved by various trials, 7 that the genuineness of your faith, being much
Bank, (1935– ):
Piano, Renzo (1937– more precious than gold that perishes, though it is tested by fire, may be found
1970s, Pompidou Center, Paris ) and Richard Rogers to praise, honor, and glory at the revelation of Jesus Christ
(1933– ):
design for World Trade Libeskind, Daniel
2002–2003, New York
Center, (1946– ):
Montjuic
Olympic Games,
1992, Communications Calatrava, Santiago
Barcelona;
Towers, (1951– ):
2001, Quadracci Pavilion, Milwaukee,
STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
Brick Architecture
Ancient Near Post-and-Lintel
c. 7000 BC Jericho Eastern Prehistoric
Architecture 3100–1500 BC Stonehenge, England
Architecture
Ancient Near
Column
c. 6500 BC Catal Huyuk, western Turkey Eastern
Architecture Funerary Complex of Ancient Egyptian
c. 2665 BC Saqqara
Djoser, Architecture
Indus Valley
c. 2600 BC Mohenjo Daro, Indian Architecture Ancient Egyptian
Civilization 1295–1186 BC Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
Architecture
Ancient Near
c. 2000 BC Ziggurats, Sumerian Eastern Ancient Near
Palace of Darius at
Architecture c. 518–460 BC Iran Eastern
Persepolis,
Architecture
Ancient Near
c. 575 BC Ishtar Gate, Neo-Babylonian Eastern Ancient Greek
447–438 BC Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens
Architecture Architecture
AD 211 Baths of Caracalla, Rome Ancient Roman Ancient Greek
c. 425 BC Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens
Architecture
Galla Placidia Early Christian
AD 425 Ravenna Renaissance Palladio, Andrea
Mausoleum, Architecture 1560s, Villa Rotonda, Vicenza
AD 546 San Vitale, Ravenna Byzantine Architecture (1508–1580):
Great Mosque of Islamic Bernini, Gian

1200s Mali Baroque
Djenne, Architecture 1650s, Saint Peter’s piazza, Rome Lorenzo (1598–
Architecture
1680):
Native American
1450s Taos Pueblo New Mexico Soufflot, Jacques-
Architecture Church of Sainte- Neo-Classical
1755–1792, Paris Germain (1713–
Brunelleschi, Genevieve, Architecture
Florence Cathedral Renaissance 1780):
1420s Filippo (c. 1377–
dome Architecture Neo-Classical Latrobe, Benjamin
1446): 1803–1820s, United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Architecture (1764–1820):
Sullivan, Louis
1891 Wainwright Building, St. Louis Arch
(1856–1924):
Amsterdam Stock Berlage, Hendrick Orkney Islands, Prehistoric
1903 c. 3100 BC Skara Brae, village,
Exchange Petrus (1856–1934): Scotland Architecture
Frederick C. Robie Wright, Frank Lloyd Ancient Aegean
1906–1909 Chicago 1250 BC Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece
House, (1867–1959): Architecture
Gropius,Walter Ancient Roman
Alfeld an der Leine, late 100s BC Pont du Gard, Nimes, France
1911 Fagus Shoe Factory, (1883–1969) and Architecture
Germany
Adolf Meyer: Ancient Roman
AD 100s Market of Trajan, Rome
Aalto, Alvar (1898– Architecture
1947–1949 Baker House, MIT, Boston
1976): Ancient Roman
AD 211 Baths of Caracalla, Rome
Venturi, Robert Architecture
1963 Guild House Philadelphia
(1925– ): Basilica of Maxentius Ancient Roman
AD 310 Rome
Stone and Constantine, Architecture
Orkney Islands, Prehistoric Santa Maria de Early Medieval

late 600s Burgos, Spain
c. 3100 BC Skara Brae, village, Quintanilla de las Vinas, Architecture
Scotland Architecture
3100–1500 BC Stonehenge, England Prehistoric 785, Great Mosque at Spain Islamic
Cordoba Architecture Rogers, Richard
2000, Millennium Dome, London
Cathedral of Sagrada Gaudí, Antoni (1933– ):
1884, Barcelona
Familia, (1852–1926): Concrete
Strauss, Joseph Ancient Roman
1937, , Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco AD 118–125 Pantheon, Rome
(1870–1938): Architecture
Saarinen, Eero Mill Run, Wright, Frank Lloyd
1960s, St. Louis Gateway Arch, Missouri 1930s, Kaufmann House,
(1910–1961): Pennsylvania (1867–1959):
Marble Apartment at 25 bis Rue Perret, Auguste
1903, Paris
Ancient Greek Franklin, (1874–1954):
mid-400s BC Acropolis, Athens
Architecture Nervi, Pier Luigi
1931, Stadio Artemia Franchi, Florence;
Ancient Roman (1891–1979):
Architecture 1959, Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome
Romanesque Candela, Felix
1200s Abbey at Montecassino, Italy 1958, Xochimilco Restaurant, Mexico City
1632–1648 Taj Mahal, Agra Indian Architecture 1973, Sydney Opera House, Sydney Utzon, Jorn (1918– ):
Newport, Rhode Beaux-Arts Hunt, Richard Rogers, Richard
1888–1892, “Marble House,”
Island Architecture Morris (1827–1895): 2000 Millennium Dome London (1933– ) and Buro
Happold:
Dome
Ancient Roman Wood
Architecture AD 711 Buddhist Shrine, Horyu-ji, Japan
Renaissance 1125–1150 Borgund Stave Church, Sogn, Norway
1505–1650s Saint Peter’s Church, Rome
Architecture Forbidden City
1368–1644 Beijing
2002, Oklahoma State Capitol Oklahoma City Complex,
Brunelleschi, Cast Iron
Florence Cathedral Renaissance
1420s, Filippo (c. 1377–
dome Architecture Coalbrookdale, Darby, Abraham III
1446): 1779, Severn River Bridge,
England (1750–1791):
Renaissance Palladio, Andrea
1560s, Villa Rotonda, Vicenza Paxton, Joseph
Architecture (1508–1580): 1851, Crystal Palace, London Exhibition
(1801–1865):
Reading Room, Sainte-Genevieve, Labrouste, Henri
Neo-Classical Boyle, Richard 1840s,
1720s, Chiswick House, West London Bibliotheque Paris (1801–1875):
Beaux-Arts Garnier, Charles
Charlottesville, Neo-Classical Jefferson, Thomas 1860s Opera Paris
1770s, Monticello, Architecture (1825–1898):
Virginia Architecture (1743–1826):
Eiffel, Gustav (1832–
1889 Eiffel Tower Paris
1923):
Washington, D.C. Neo-Classical Latrobe, Benjamin Richardson, Henry
1803, United States Capitol, Marshall Field
begun Architecture Henry (1764–1820): 1880s Chicago Hobson (1838–
Warehouse,
Nervi, Pier Luigi 1886):
1959, Palazzetto dello Sport, Rome
(1891–1979): Glass
Fuller, Richard
Dymaxion House, Henry Paxton, Joseph
1945, Dearborn, Michigan; Buckminster (1895– 1851, Crystal Palace, London Exhibition
Ford Museum, (1801–1865):
1983):
1938, Architect’s House, Lincoln, Gropius,Walter
1960s, Geodesic Dome, Expo ’67, Montreal
Massachusetts (1883–1969): 1969):
New Canaan, Johnson, Philip Yamasaki, Minoru
1949, Glass House, 1973 World Trade Center New York
Connecticut (1906–2005): (1912–1986):
Steel Pelli, Cesar (1926–
1996, Petronas Twin Towers
):
Roebling, John
Augustus (1806– Hongkong and Foster, Norman
1986, Hong Kong
1869) and Shanghai Bank, (1935– ):
1860s–1880s, Brooklyn Bridge, New York
Washington Shreve, Lamb and
Augustus Roebling 1931, Empire State Building, New York
Harmon:
(1837–1926):
Skidmore, Owings
Burnham, Daniel 2009, Burj Dubai, United Arab Emirates
1902, Flatiron Building, New York & Merrill:
(1846–1912):
Fuller, Richard
1967, Geodesic Dome, Expo ’67, Montreal Buckminster (1895– GREEK 4 METHODS OF WALLING SURFACE FINISHES
1983):
Gehry, Frank
1990s, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain METHOD PERIOD DESCRIPTION
(1929– ):
Skyscraper Cyclopean Tirynus Masonry made-up of huge stone blocks laid mortar
Jenney, William Le Polygonal Mycenae Masonry constructed w/ stones having polygonal faces.
1891, Leiter II Building, Chicago;
Baron (1832–1907):
Curvilinear 7 Century
TH
1891, Manhattan Building, Chicago
Richardson, Henry Rectangular 5TH Century Block of stone cut into rectangular shapes.
Marshall Field
1880s, Chicago Hobson (1838–
Warehouse,
1886):
Sullivan, Louis
1891, Wainwright Building, St. Louis;
(1856–1924):
Carson Pirie Scott
1899, Chicago
Department Store,
Gilbert, Cass (1859–
early 1900s, Woolworth Building, New York
1934): 1 CORINTHIANS 1:27-29
1952–1956, , Price Tower
Bartlesville, Wright, Frank Lloyd NEW KING JAMES VERSION (NKJV)
Oklahoma (1867–1959): 27 But God has chosen the foolish things of the world to put to shame the wise,
1930, , Chrysler Building New York

Alen, William van and God has chosen the weak things of the world to put to shame the things
(1883–1954): which are mighty; 28 and the base things of the world and the things which are
Howe, George despised God has chosen, and the things which are not, to bring to nothing the
(1886–1955) and
1931,
Philadelphia Savings
Philadelphia William Lescaze
things that are, 29 that no flesh should glory in His presence.
Fund Society Building,
(1896–1969):
Johnson, Philip
(1906–2005) and
1950s Seagram Building New York
Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe(1886–
INTERCOLUMNATION ARRANGEMENT OF GREEK TEMPLES
STYLE DIST ILLUSTRATION
PYCNOSTYLE (Tight-Columned) 1.50 

SYSTYLE (Close-Columned) 2.00 
EUSTYLE (Well-Columned) 2.25 
DIASTYLE (Broad-Columned) 3.00 
ARAEOSTYLE (Light-Columned) 4.00 
ROMAN CONCRETE WALLS
 Made up of rectangular blocks of stone with or w/ out

Opus Quadratum mortar joints but frequently secured with dowels and cramps.
 Masonry of squared stones in regular ashlar course
 Made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly

Opus Incertum assembling the polygonal work.
 Masonry formed of small rough stones set irregularly in mortar,
sometimes traversed by beds of bricks or tiles
 Fine joints were in diagonal lines like the meshes of a net.

 Backed by a concrete core, formed of small pyramidal stones
Opus Recticulatum
with their points embedded in the wall, their exposed square
bases, set diagonally, forming a net-like pattern
Opus Testaceum  Triangular bricks (plan) specially made for facing the walls.
 Consisted of bands of “tufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick

Opus Mixtum facing or alteration of rectangular blocks with small squared stone
blocks. Formed from mix of wall surfaces TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES: (rectangular)
a) According to the number of columns on the entrance front.
Opus Sectile  Any mosaic of regularly cut material b) By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos as below:
 A form of opus sectile having geometric pattern formed with few colors 1 column Henostyle 4 columns Tetrastyle 7 columns Heptastyle 10 columns Decastyle
Opus Alexandinum
such as black and white, or dark green and red
2 columns Distyle 5 columns Pentastyle 8 columns Octastyle 12 columns Dodecastyle
 A mosaic of tessera arranged in waving lines resembling the form or 3 columns Tristyle 6 columns Hexastyle 9 columns Enneastyle
Opus Vermiculatum
tracks of a worm
EGYPTIAN STRUCTURES (simplicity, monumentality, solidity or massiveness)/ (post & lintel; columnar or trabeated)
STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION
Mastaba Flat top or tapered solid temple
Pyramids 4 sides facing the cardinal points; Tomb of Pharaohs; built by 100 men in 100 years
Rock-Cut Tombs or Rock-Hewn Tombs Tombs of Nobility; Tombs hewn out of native rock, presenting only an architectural front with dark interior chambers
Mortuary Temple Built in honor of Pharaohs; Temples for offerings and worship of deceased person, usually a deified king
Cult Temple Temple devoted to the worship of divinity; Built for the worship of gods
Tall, monumental, sour-sided stone shaft tapering to a pyramidal tip; Mostly covered with hieroglyphs; Originally erected as cult symbol to the sun god, Heliopolis
Obelisks
Height is usually 9-10 times the size of the base
Sphinx A mystical monster with a body of a lion and head of a man (androsphinx), head of a hawk (heirasphinx); head of a ram (criosphinx)
Pylon Massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisk known as gateways
STRUCTURE LOCATION ARCHITECT/BUILDER DESCRIPTION
Well preserved and has been restored.
Mastaba of Thi Sakkara Thi
Thi held the position of Royal Architect and manager of pyramids
Step Pyramid of Zoser or Djoser Saqqara Imhotep Oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world; 62m high
Meidum Pyramid of Sneferu Meidum Sneferu 92m high, First ground pyramid to have above ground burial chamber; originally a 7-step pyramid
Dahshur 105m high; First pyramid to use limestone casting
Bent Pyramid of Sneferu Sneferu
(First – Meydum) 54 degrees on the lower portion and shifts to 42 degrees halfway to make the pyramid light and prevent it from collapsing
Red Pyramid of Sneferu Dahshur Sneferu 104m high; made from reddish limestone used to build most of its core
(Shining Northern Pyramid)
Great Pyramid at Giza Height: 146.64m (Now 137.20m); Base: 230.25m
Giza Khufu
(Pyramid of Khufu or Cheops) 2 times the area of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome
Pyramid of Khafra or Chephren Giza Khafra Height: 143.50m (Now 136.40m); Base: 215.50m
Pyramid of Menkaure or Mykerinos Giza Menkaure Height: 65.50m (Now 61.00m); Base: 103.40m
Rameses III (Original)
An example of an almost complete New Kingdom temple
Taharqo (Modifed)
Temple of Khonsu Kharnak Peristyle Court bordered with 28 columns
Ptolemy III Euergetes (Gateway)
Taharqo added a porch of 4 rows of 5 papyrus-shaped columns in front of the temple’s pylon
Nectanebo I (Hypostyle Hall)
The temple has been in almost continuous use as a place of worship right up to the present day. During the Christian era, the
Amenhotep III (Built) / temple’s hypostyle hall was converted into a Christian church, and the remains of another Coptic church can be seen to the west.
Temple of Luxor East Bank of the Nile River Tutankhamun & Hormheb (Completed) Then for thousands of years, the temple was buried beneath the streets and houses of Luxor. Eventually the mosque of Sufi
Rameses II (Added) Shaykh Yusuf Abu al-Hajjaj was built over it. This mosque was carefully preserved when the temple was uncovered and forms an
integral part of the site today.
Thutmosis II (Chapels) / Seti I / The grandest of all Egyptian temples, was not built upon one complete plan but owes its size, disposition and magnificence to
Temple of Amon, Karnak Kharnak, Thebes
Ramesses II the work of many Kings, built from the XIIth Dynasty to the Ptolemaic period .
It is one of the rock- hewn temples at this place commanded by the indefatigable Rameses II. An entrance forecourt leads to
Great Temple of Abu-Simbel Nubia Amenemhat I / Rameses I to IV the imposing façade, 36 m ( 119 ft. ) wide and 32 m (105 ft.) high formed as pylon, immediately in front of which are four rock-
cut seated colossal statues of Rameses, over 20 m (65 ft.) high.
Mt. Deir-El-Bahri One of the “incomparable monuments of ancient Egypt” The temple was the site of the massacre of 62 people, mostly tourists, by
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut Senenmut
West Bank of the Nile Islamist extremists that took place on 17 November 1997
Mammisi Temple Nectanebo II “Birth House”; Became the prototype of the Greek Doric Temples
GREEK STRUCTURES [(1) simplicity & harmony, (2) purity of lines, (3) perfection of proportions, (4) refinement of details]
AGEAN
STRUCTURE LOCATION STYLE DESCRIPTION
Minoan Palace
Palace of Minos, Knossos Heraklion, Crete Aegean First Excavation, 1878, Minos Kalokairinos (West Magazines)
March 1900 to 1931, Sir Arthur Evans (whole of Knossos)
Lion Gate The Lion Gate is main entrance to citadel of Mycenae, located in NW wall of the fortress.
Mycenae Conglomerate Ashlar
(Palace of Argamemnon) Gateway: 3.10 m. high and 2.95 m. wide at base. Lintel: 4.50 m long, 1.98 m. wide and 0.80 m. thick at center.
Tholos Largest and the best preserved of the nine tholos tombs in Mycenae.
Treasury of Atreus Panagitsa Hill, Mycenae (beehive-corbelled The most architecturally advanced structure buit by the Mycenean Civilization It brings new concepts, such as corbelled vaults held together by a single
(Tomb of Argamemnon) domed stone vault) keystone, and it was the firt structure built without using columns or any support like that.
HELLENIC
MASTER
STRUCTURE LOCATION ARCHITECT BUILDER STYLE DESCRIPTION
SCULPTOR
The Parthenon
Athens Ictinus & Kallikrates Phidias Doric, Peripteral, Octastyle Dedicated to the goddess Athena, largest Greek Temple.
447 BC to 432 BC
2nd largest Doric Greek temple
The Temple of Zeus Olympus Rebuider: Cossutius Doric, Pseudo-Peripteral,
Agrigentum Libon of Elis Uses “Atlantes “, carved male figure.
460 BC (Roman Architect) Heptastlye
104 Columns
Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,
Temple of Apollo Epicurius Bassae Iktinos Dedicated to Apollo Epikourios
Peripteral, Hexastyle
Dedicated to the “wingless victory“
Temple of Nike Apteros Athens (Acropolis) Kallikrates Ionic, Amphi-Prostyle, Tetrastyle
Forms the imposing entrance to the Acropolis.

The Erectheion Ionic, Apteral, Irregular Plan, No
Athens Menisicles Phidias Uses “caryatid porch “(South Porch)
421BC to 406 BC side colonnades
Uses “Egg & tongue “or “Egg & Dart “ornament.
Deinocrates
Hellenestic temple, Ionic, One of the seven wonders of the world, Center of Pan – Ionic
The Temple of Arthemis Ephesus Under the time of Scopas
Dipteral, Octastyle festival of the Asiatic Colonies.
Alexander the Great.
The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates A type of monument erected to support a Tripod, as a prize for
Athens Corinthian
Lysicrates (choregos) athletic exercises or musical competitions in Greek festival.
The Olympion Athens Cossutius Antiochus Epiphanes Corinthian, Dipteral, Octastyle

Tower of the Winds Known as the Horologium of Andronikos Cyrhestes, Clepsydra or
Athens Andronicus of Cyrrhus Octagonal Structure
(Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes) water-clock internally, sundial externally.
Where famous Choragic competitions took place during the
Panathenaic festivals, prototype of all Greek temples.
The Theater Of Dionysus Athens
Considered to be the prototype of all Greek theaters &
accommodating almost 18,000 spectators.
The Theater of Epidaurus Epidaurus Polykleitus the Younger Most beautiful & preserved Greek Temple.
Propylaea of Athens Athens (Acropolis) Mnesicles Pericles forms the imposing entrance to Acropolis
ROMAN STRUCTURES [(1) vastness & magnificence, (2) ostentation & ornateness]
TYPE STRUCTURE / EXAMPLES LOCATION DESCRIPTION ARCHITECT GENERAL
in the small valley
It was for centuries the center of Roman public life: the site of triumphal
between Used as Hippodrome; Site of Triumphal Processions; venue for
Forum Romanum processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials,
FORUM the Palatine public speeches, criminal trials and gladiatorial matches, and
and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs.
and Capitoline Hills the nucleus of commercial affairs
Forum Boarium The site of the first gladiatorial contest at Rome
An ancient building in Rome, Italy, the main temple dedicated to the
Temple of Fortuna Virilis Forum Boarium,
god Portunus in the city.
(Temio di Portuno) Rome
It is in the Ionic order with pronaos portico
Forum of Augustus,
Temple of Mars Ultor The focal point of Roman military strategy. Corinthian order.
Rome
Temple of Diana Aventine Hill, Nimes 127 Ionic Columns Cherisphron
Temple of Vespasian Rome, Italy Corithian Order, Hexastyle and prostyle Titus and Domitian Used Pseudo – Peripteral ( half col. Attached to the naos
Temple of Jupiter Spalato The most important temple in Ancient Rome, located on the Capitoline Hill. wall, raised in a “ podium”, oriented towards the south.
RECTANGULAR Temple of Saturn Forum Romanum, Tarquinis Roman temples were turned to all parts of the compass, their
TEMPLES (Templum Saturni or Aedes Saturnus) Rome, Italy Superbus orientation governed by their relationship to other buildings,
Ancient Rome's largest religious structure was built at the end of the Forum especially as many temples were often placed facing onto civic
Romanum, near the Colosseum. Designed by Emperor Hadrian in 135 AD, spaces such as the forum.
Temple of Venus Rome this temple measured an impressive 100 meters by 145 meters. The Hadrian
building contained two cellae (sanctuaries) with statues of the goddesses,
each located at one side of the temple.
82 feet (25 metres) long by 40 feet (12 metres) wide and is one of the most
beautiful monuments built in Gaul by the Romans. It houses a collection of
Maison–Carrée Nimes, France Roman sculpture and Classical fragments. The Maison Carrée is an Agrippa (Builder)
(Square House) elevated, rectangular, hexastyle, pseudo-peripteral Roman temple of the
Corinthian order.
Temple of Vesta Rome, Italy The most sacred shrine & source of Roman life & power.
CIRCULAR & The Temple of Venus has six columns that probably once supported a
Temple of Venus Baalbek, Lebanon dome. It is carved everywhere with niches, sculptures (now lost) and other derived from the temples of the Greeks & the Etruscans w/c
POLYGONAL
elegant decorations. became the prototype of the Christian baptistery.
TEMPLES
Most famous & perfect preservation of all ancient buildings in Rome. It
The Pantheon Rome, Italy
was now converted into a Christian church named Sta. Maria Rotonda.
Apollodorus of
Trajan’s Basilica Rome, Italy
Damascus
BASILICAS halls of justice or Assembly hall
Forum Romanum, Maxentius,
Basilica of Constantine Also known as Basilica of Maxentius or Basilica Nova
Rome, Italy Constantine I
Tepidarium warm room
Baths of Caracalla
Rome, Italy Second Largest, 1,600 bathers Septimius Severus hot room, or with hot water
(Terme di Caracalla) Calidarium
bath
THERMAE Large
“Thermae” meant properly arm Imperial Frigidarium cooling room
springs or baths of warm water Commissioned by Baths
Thermae of Diocletian Rome, Italy Largest, Grandest with 3,000 bathers Sudatorium moist steam bath
Maximian
Laconium dry sweating room (sauna)
Baths of Titus Rome, Italy Mural Designs by Famullus (or Fabullus) Titus Apodyteria dressing room
(Thermae Titi) Palaestra for physical exercise
Unctuaria place for oils & perfumes
Thermae of Grippa Rome, Italy Spaeresteriu
game room
m
One of the most striking and best preserved parts of the Villa are a pool
and an artificial grotto which were named Canopus and Serapeum,
Hadrian’s Villa
respectively. Canopus was an Egyptian city where a temple (Serapeum) private bath in 1. Tepidarium
BALNEUM Tivoli, Italy was dedicated to the god Serapis. However, the architecture is Greek Roman palaces & 2. Calidarium
Summer Bath influenced (typical in Roman architecture of the High and Late Empire) as 3. Frigidarium
houses containing
seen in the Corinthian columns and the copies of famous Greek statues
that surround the pool.
The largest and most important theatre in Rome. The largest and
most important theatre in Rome. The theatre had a
Theater of Marcellus Rome, Italy capacity of between 15,000 to 20,500 spectators and its Open-air theatre built from level ground, richly decorated outer
semicircular travertine façade originally had two tiers, each composed of 41 facade with a colonnade gallery and vaulted entrances for the
THEATERS / ODEION arches. The lower tier had Doric columns, the second tier Ionic and the top public. Roman theaters were built up by means of concrete
attic probably carried Corinthian pilasters. vaulting, supporting tiers of seats; it was restricted to a semi-
circle.
One of the finest remains of the Roman Empire and, as such, has been
Theater Orange designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. It is, in fact, the best
preserved theatre in the whole of Europe.
The elliptical building is immense, measuring 188m by 156m and reaching
a height of more than 48 meters (159 ft). The magnificent structure was
clad in marble and 160 larger-than-life statues graced the arches on the
upper floors.
The Colosseum could accommodate some 55,000 spectators Commenced by Circular, semi-circular or elliptical auditorium in which a central
AMPHITHEATERS / The Colosseum who entered the building through no less than 80 entrances. Above Vespasian & arena Is surrounded by rising tiers of seats. Circus is a roof-less
COLOSSEUM (Flavian’s Amphitheatre) the ground are four stories, the upper story contained seating for lower completed by enclosure for chariot or horse racing and for gladiator shows
classes and women. Domitian. and usually In oblong shape
The lowest story was preserved for prominent citizens. Below the ground
were rooms with mechanical devices and cages containing wild animals.
The cages could be hoisted, enabling the animals to appear in the middle
of the arena.
The Circus Maximus was a massive arena accommodating 250,000
Circus Maximus
spectators and providing various games, horse and chariot races
Recovery of the eagle standards (Aquila) that had been lost to Germanic
Arch of Tiberius Orange, France
tribes by Varus in 9.
Arch of Titus Rome, Italy Capture of Jerusalem
Function is to commemorate imperial victories with reliefs,
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Arch of inscriptions and statues
Rome, Italy Victories against the Parthians
Septimius Severus
Arch of Constantine Rome, Italy Triumphs over Maxentius
Part of the city walls and is one of the best preserved of such gateways. As a protective wall & commemorative monument.
TOWN GATEWAYS Porta Nigra Treves
The structure, 115 ft. wide and 95 ft. high at its highest part, has a double As a ornamental portals to forum or market places.
AND ARCHWAYS archway defended by portcullises and leading to an unroofed court which Arch built at main street intersection w/c were collonaded.
could be defended against besiegers. The facade has storeys of roughly
executed and unfinished Tuscan Orders. Gateways were sometimes added either at the ends or in the
An unusual gateway with four archways—two for carriages and two for centre of bridges as at the Roman bridge, Alcantara, which has
foot-passengers—surmounted by an arcaded gallery, decorated by Ionic a portal over the central pier.
Port S. Andre Autun pilasters, connecting the ramparts on either side. There is another gateway
in Autun, similar in design except that the pilasters to the arcaded gallery
are Corinthian.
It is a Roman Doric Column, entirely of marble, w/ a total ht. of 115 ft.
Trajan’s Column Rome
PILLARS OF VICTORY 7 inches & a shaft 12 in. Diameter w/ a spiral staircase. A column built in honor of a naval triumph, ornamented with the
OR MONUMENTAL Frequently erected in the time of the Emperors to celebrate naval
rostra or
COLUMNS prows of ship
Rostral Columns Rome victories, and took their name from the rostra ,or rows of captured
ships.
largest palace & often called “ a city in a house” covered a total of 8
Palace of Diocletian Spalato
acres, almost the size of Escorial, Spain.
PALACES This palace contained 300 rooms and featured stuccoed ceilings set with Use to house the Emperors.
Golden House of Nero Rome
semi-precious stones and layers of ivory and gold leaf. There was even a
(Domus Aurea) rotating ceiling. Was demolished and the Roman Colosseum was built on
this site.
Ostium Small opening
Vestibulum Main entrance hall
Fauces Corridor from main door to atrium
Tabernae Shops on outside, facing the street
Atrium Large central hall (most important part)
Center of family apartments. Square roof opening in which rainwater could
The type of house occupied by the upper classes and some wealthy Compluvium come, draining inwards from the slanted tiled
freedmen during the Republican and Imperial eras. roof
a drain pool, a shallow rectangular sunken
The rooms of the Pompeian domus were often painted in one of four
Impluvium portion of the Atrium to gather rainwater,
styles: which drained into an underground cistern
DOMUS
(Private House)  the first style imitated ashlar masonry, Tablinum Living room / study or office for the dominus
ROMAN HOUSES  the second style represented public architecture,
Triclinium Dining room with recliners
 the third style focused on mystical creatures, and
Alae Open rooms on each side of the atrium
 The fourth style combined the architecture and
Cubiculum Bedroom
mythical creatures of the second and third
styles. Cullina Kitchen
Posticum Servants’ entrance
Peristylium Small garden
Piscina Fish pond
Exedra Large communal dining room or a lounge
Lararium A small shrine to the household gods
a luxurious country house with surrounding terraces and gardens, a country seat that could easily be reached
VILLA Villa Urbana
colonnades, palasestae theaters, & thermae. from Rome (or another city) for a night or two
(Country House) the farm-house estate permanently occupied
Villa Rustica by the servants who had charge generally of
the estate
Many storeyed tenements also called “Workmen’s Dwelling”.
INSULA A kind of apartment building that housed most of the urban citizen
(Apartment Block) population of ancient Rome, including ordinary people of lower- or middle-
class status (the plebs)
The bridge is part of the Nîmes aqueduct, a 50 km-long (31 mi) structure Channel for supplying Water
Pont Du Gard
AQUEDUCTS Nimes built by the Romans to carry water from a spring at Uzès to theRoman Often underground but treated architecturally on high arches
(Gard Bridge) colony of Nemausus (Nîmes). when crossing valleys or low ground
Pons Sublicius Rome The earliest known bridge of ancient Rome, made entirely of wood Ancus Marcius
An economically and strategically important bridge in the era of the Roman
Empire and was the site of the famousBattle of Milvian Bridge.
Gaius Claudius Simple, solid & practical construction designed to resist the
BRIDGES OR PONS Pons Mulvius Rome
Nero rush of water.
In 2000s, the bridge began attracting couples, who use a lamppost on the
bridge to attach love padlocks as a token of love.
Bridge of Augustus Rimini
Made to compliment the lavish Baroque facade Maderno designed for St. Carlo Maderno
Fountains of St. Peter's Peter's Basilica. The Maderno fountain was built on the site of an earlier (1614) and Gian
Square fountain from 1490, and used the same lower basin. The Bernini fountain Lorenzo Bernini
was added a half-century later. (1677)
A masterpiece of Baroque sculpture, representing Triton,
Gian Lorenzo
Triton Fountain Piazza Barberini half-man and half-fish, blowing his horn to calm the waters, following a text Bernini
by the Roman poet Ovid in the Metamorphoses.
A grand theater of water – it has three fountains, built in a line
on the site of the Stadium of Domitian. The fountains at either end are
by Giacomo della Porta; the Neptune fountain to the north, (1572)
shows the God of the Sea sparing, an octopus, is surrounded by tritons, Giacomo della
sea horses and mermaids. At the southern end is La Fontana del Moro, a Porta
Piazza Navona figure either of an African (a Moor) or of Neptune wrestling with a dolphin. &
FOUNTAINS In the center is the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi, (The Fountain of the Four Gian Lorenzo
Rivers) (1648–51), a highly theatrical fountain by Bernini, with statues Bernini
representing rivers from the four continents; the Nile, Danube, Plate
River and Ganges. Over the whole structure is a 54-foot (16 m) Egyptian
obelisque, crowned by a cross with the emblem of the Pamphili family,
representing Pope Innocent X, whose family palace was on the piazza.
The largest and most spectacular of Rome's
fountains, designed to glorify the three different Popes who created it.
It was built beginning in 1730 at the terminus of the reconstructed Acqua
Vergine aqueduct, on the site of Renaissance fountain. It was the work of Leon Battista
Trevi Fountain architect Nicola Salvi and the successive project of Pope Clement Alberti.
XII, Pope Benedict XIV and Pope, whose emblems and inscriptions are
carried on the attic story, entablature and central niche. The central figure
is Oceanus, the personification of all the seas and oceans, in an oyster-
shell chariot, surrounded by Tritons and Sea Nymphs.

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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE (Timeline)

ARCHITECTURE DATES DESCRIPTION

• James Renwick (1818-95) - Neo-Gothic architect.

Famous Examples of Blobitecture

WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

WHAT TO LOOK FOR:

1981 STIRLING James UK 2002 MURCUTT Glenn UK 1976 ANTONIO Pablo S.

1986 BÖHM Gottfried Germany 2007 ROGERS Richard Italy

MEDAL LIKHA GOLD MEDAL AWARD

Prehistoric Architecture (Paleolithic and Neolithic) Ancient Greek Architecture

Baroque Architecture Cuvillies, Francois

Great Mosque of Islamic Bernini, Gian

Orkney Islands, Prehistoric Santa Maria de Early Medieval

1930, , Chrysler Building New York

PYCNOSTYLE (Tight-Columned) 1.50 

 Made up of rectangular blocks of stone with or w/ out

 Made up of small stones laid in a loose pattern roughly

 Fine joints were in diagonal lines like the meshes of a net.

 Consisted of bands of “tufa” introduced at intervals in the ordinary brick

Forms the imposing entrance to the Acropolis.

The Olympion Athens Cossutius Antiochus Epiphanes Corinthian, Dipteral, Octastyle

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