the point of connection between two bones

or elements of a skeleton (especially if it

allows motion)

9-1
 Fibrous joints
◦ Generally immovable
 Cartilaginous joints
◦ Immovable or slightly moveable
 Synovial joints
◦ Freely moveable

9-2
 Classified by freedom of movement
◦ diarthrosis (freely movable)
◦ amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
◦ synarthrosis (little or no movement)
 Classified how adjacent bones are joined
◦ fibrous, cartilaginous, bony or synovial

9-3
 Collagen fibers span the space between
bones
◦ sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses

9-4
 Immovable fibrous joints
◦ bind skull bones together
 Serrate - interlocking lines
◦ coronal, sagittal and lambdoid
sutures
 Lap - overlapping beveled
edges
◦ temporal and parietal bones
 Plane - straight,
nonoverlapping edges
◦ palatine processes of the
maxillae

9-5
9-6
 Attachment of a tooth to its
socket
 Held in place by fibrous
periodontal ligament
◦ collagen fibers attach
tooth to jawbone
 Some movement while
chewing

9-7
 Two bones bound
by ligament only
◦ interosseus
membrane
 Most movable of fibrous joints
 Interosseus membranes unite radius to ulna and
tibia to fibula

9-8
 Bones are joined by
hyaline cartilage
◦ rib attachment to
sternum
◦ epiphyseal plate in
children binds epiphysis
and diaphysis

9-9
 2 bones joined by
fibrocartilage
◦ pubic symphysis and
intervertebral discs
 Only slight amount
of movement is
possible

9-
10
Figure 5.28
 Joint in which two bones are separated by a
space called a joint cavity
 Most are freely movable
9-
12
 Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers
the ends of bones
 Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
 Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
 Ligaments reinforce the joint
 Articular capsule encloses joint cavity
◦ continuous with periosteum
◦ lined by synovial membrane
 Synovial fluid = slippery fluid; feeds cartilages
 Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering the joint
surfaces
 Articular discs and menisci
◦ jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee joints
◦ absorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forces
 Tendon attaches muscle to bone
 Ligament attaches bone to bone

9-
14
 is a small fluid-filled sac lined
by synovial membrane with a
inner capillary layer of slimy
fluid (similar to that of an egg
white).

 It provides a cushion between

bones and tendons and/or
muscles around a joint. This
helps to reduce any friction
between the bones and allows
free movement.

 Bursae are filled with synovial

fluid and are found around
almost every major joint of the
body; when they become
inflamed, the condition is called
bursitis.

9-
15
 I THOUGHT YOU WOULD NEVER
ASK!!

9-
16
 Degrees through which a joint can move
 Determined by
◦ structure of the articular surfaces
◦ strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons and
capsule
 stretching of ligaments increases range of motion
 double-jointed people have long or slack ligaments
◦ action of the muscles and tendons
 nervous system monitors joint position and muscle tone

9-
17
 Shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom
= multiaxial joint
 Other joints – monoaxial or biaxial
9-
18
Figure 5.29a–c9-
19
Figure 5.29d–f
9-
20
 Oval convex surface on one bone fits into a
similarly shaped depression on the next
◦ radiocarpal joint of the wrist
◦ metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the
fingers
 Biaxial joints

9-
21
 Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide
over each other
 Limited monoaxial joint

9-
22
9-
23
 One bone with convex
surface that fits into a
concave depression on
other bone
◦ ulna and humerus at
elbow joint
◦ femur and tibia at knee
joint
◦ finger and toe joints
 Monoaxial joint

9-
24
 Smooth hemispherical head fits within a
cuplike depression
◦ head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula
◦ head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
 Multiaxial joint

9-
25
9-
26
 One bone has a projection that fits into a
ringlike ligament of another
 First bone rotates on its longitudinal axis
relative to the other
◦ atlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas)
◦ proximal radioulnar joint allows the radius during
pronation and supination

9-
27
9-
28
 Each articular surface
is shaped like a saddle,
concave in one
direction and convex in
the other
◦ trapeziometacarpal joint
at the base of the thumb
 Biaxial joint
◦ more movable than a
condyloid or hinge joint
forming the primate
opposable thumb

9-
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 Flexion decreases the
angle of a joint
 Extension straightens
and returns to the
anatomical position
 Hyperextension =
extension beyond 180
degrees

9-
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9-
31
 Abduction is movement of a part away from the
midline
◦ hyperabduction – raise arm over back or front of head
 Adduction is movement towards the midline
◦ hyperadduction – crossing fingers
9-
32
 Elevation is a movement that raises a bone
vertically
◦ mandibles are elevated during biting and clavicles
during a shrug
 Depression is lowering the mandible or the
shoulders 9-
33
 Protraction = movement
anteriorly on horizontal
plane
◦ thrusting the jaw forward,
shoulders or pelvis forward
 Retraction is movement
posteriorly

9-
34
 Movement in which one
end of an appendage
remains stationary while
the other end makes a
circular motion
 Sequence of flexion,
abduction, extension and
adduction movements

9-
35
 Movement on
longitudinal axis
◦ rotation of trunk,
thigh, head or arm
 Medial rotation
turns the bone
inwards
 Lateral rotation
turns the bone
outwards

9-
36
 In the forearm and foot
 Supination
◦ rotation of forearm so that the
palm faces forward
◦ inversion and abduction of foot
(raising the medial edge of the
foot)
 Pronation
◦ rotation of forearm so the palm
faces to the rear
◦ eversion and abduction of foot
(raising the lateral edge of the
foot)
9-
37
 Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion of
vertebral column 9-
38
 Right rotation of trunk; rotation of head

9-
39
 Lateral excursion = sideways movement
 Medial excursion = movement back to the
midline
◦ side-to-side grinding during chewing
 Protraction – retraction of mandible
9-
40
 Radial and ulnar
flexion
 Abduction of
fingers and thumb
 Opposition is
movement of the
thumb to
approach or touch
the fingertips
 Reposition is
movement back to
the anatomical
position
9-
41
 Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the
foot forward to take a step (heel strike)
 Plantarflexion is extension of the foot so that the toes
point downward as in standing on tiptoe
 Inversion is a movement in which the soles are turned
medially
 Eversion is a turning of the soles to face laterally
9-
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