vm NEW SYLLABUS Ny ‘DITION [i MATHEMATICS \/OXFORD Oxford University Press a department ofthe University of Ox Je furthers te University’s objective of excellence in research, scars, and edition by publishing worldwide, Oferta rpiatered trae mao ‘Oxford University Press in the UK an in certain other count Pablshed in Pakistan by Ameena Suid, Oxford Universy Press No, 38, Secor 15, Korang Industral Are, PO low 8214, Kara 74900,Pakiston (© stun LEE PUBLISHERS Pre LD ‘The moral rights of the authors have been averted Fst Eatin published in Singapore fo 1992 Sint Editon published in Singapore in 2008 ‘Third Editon fest published in Pakistan by Oxford University Press in 1994 ‘ourth Edition fc published in Pakistan by Oxford University Pres in 2000 Tith Edition fist published is Pakistan by Oxford Univeray Presa 2002 Sixth Eaton fist published in Pakistan by Oxford University Press n 2008 Seventh Bciion fist published in takistan by Oxford University Pea hn 2088 ‘This Socondary Mathemates Series, adapted from the Nw Silibus Natitis ere, published in ‘llabraton with Shing Le Publishers Me Li, Singnpore ‘or salen Facstan and Takistans schools inthe Middle East only Allright reserved No part ofthis publication may be reproduce. toned in 4 retrieval system, oF tuned, in any form or by any means, without th bot permission in writing of Oxford University Press ora} expres permitted ‘ye, by cence, oF ude terms agreed with the appropriate epresophie ‘nights organization. Enquiries concern reproduction ouside the cype of the ‘sbove should be sent ro the Rights Department, Oxford Universi Pres at the ees sone ‘You must not cculte this workin any other form, and yes ut ipo this stme condition en ay seer IsaN s7eaisss07i09 Printed on 70gsm wood fee paper ringed by VP Acknowledgements Dalton Consultant: Shazia Asi Phocogzaph: cover: ShutertockPREFACE New Syllabus Mathematics (NSM) is @ series of textbooks specially designed to provide valuable learning experiences to engage the hearts and ‘minds of students siting for the GCE 0 level examination in Mathomatics. Included in the textbooks are Investigation, Class Discussion, Thinking Time, Journal Wi ing, Performance Task and Problems in Real-World Contexts {0 support the teaching and learning of Mathematics. Every chapter begins with @ chapter opener which motivates students in learning the topic. Interosting stories about Mathematicians, reabite examples and applications are used to arouse students’ interest and curiosty so that they can appreciate the beauty of Mathematics in heir surroundings. ‘The use of ICT holps students to visualise and manipulate ‘mathematical objects more easly, thus making the leaming ‘of Mathematics more interactive, Ready-to-use interactive ICT tempiaies are available at htip://www.shinglee.com.sa/ ‘StudentRecources!CHAPTER OPENER Ech chapter bosne ath a chapter opener osrouse tudes nest and eros n lean te top LEARNING OBJECTIVES Loaming objectives hep students o be more avire of what thay are about to study so that they can mnt the RECAP Relevant prerequisis wi be revised the besiningel the chapter oat appropaehrctres otha tents can bul upon to prorknowedga, us casting ean ks other exiting echerna WORKED EXAMPLE ‘This shows students how fo apy they hava eat sale lala problems and howto present the working leafy. Asutableheacng ircuded in brsckts to dstingin between the ifn Worked Examples, PRACTISE NOW {At to on ofeach Worked Example, a slr question wi be provided Sor nmadite practice, Where ropa, this nls futhor questions a progression fel, SIMILAR QUESTIONS it sir quoston nthe Earciz en hee to help teachers chooks cussions a bis students can Jo EXERCISE SUMMARY ‘Ae ond ofeach chapter, a succinct summary of we hey Cones is provided to help stucents censoldata what ‘ey nave leant, REVIEW EXERCISE ‘Ts nctxcad athe end ofeach chap forthe canola a karing of corer. CHALLENGE YOURSELF Optional problems ae nace al th en sach chapter fo cage ae sei hghabilystacens to tele fut pote REVISION EXERCISE “This since ater vary fw hepiors to tp sents anos tn esng, oxtonpLearning experiences have been infused Into investigation, Class Discussion, Thinking Time, Journal Whiting and Performance Task. Investigation Slate testes done Important matreatiea concepts wee bey con coral Ie Comnoniege mest. ‘Question as prosdeder students to cus inclase witthateiheeacing tha lactato. “Te cuscions wast stents to lam na knootedge, tink nathsmataly, nd enharce {hs eaconing end oral cormureaton sil. Y “Thinking Time Journal Writing ey ‘Key questions are also included at 7] ‘Opportunities ars provided for students to appropriate junctures to check tt relict on thelr lring a to communicate ‘sodensnave orespedvarousconcopts mmathemstcally. It can clo be used a6 3 and fo create opportunities fr then to fonmatne abeersnent o provide ooack father develop te taning, student ompreve on he eam. iz Performance Task Nini projacte are dsignes to “develop resewch and presetaton sin tha sudo, “This contans imporiant ‘Thi guldas students ‘Trsnetudes ntomaton Infraon hat tera fo how to approach @ ‘mat may be of tres seo now pla, to stents pac OE cos — Aly: 2 rain ‘Tris contains puzzies, Ti guides srutzrisoabancests faspinating facts and sarehenthetrtere!for ‘aes Tab oR Interesting stories auabi bvorriaion oF bout Mathematies as tering onine gas femenpant for sets forte ncepandnt nd ntact nserng: > Two Variables 4.4 Linear inequaites in Two Variables 1.2 Application of Systems of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables in Resl-World Contexts, Summary Roviow Exercise 1 a Probability of Combined Events 3.4 Probabilty of Single Events 3.2 Simple Combined Events, Possibility Diagrams anc ‘Tree Diagrams 8.8 Addition Law of Prababilty and ‘Mutually Exclusive Events 3.4 Multiplication Law of Probatity and Independent Events Summary Roviow Exercise 3 AES Matrices 5.4 Introduction to Matrices 5.2 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices 5.3 Matrix Multiplication 84 Determinant of a Matrix 5.5 Inverse of a Matrix 5.6 Applications of Matrices, ‘Summary Review Exercise 5 Canes ew Srabus Nath oot 008 or 7 17 037 41 051 056 068 195 137 143, 18, 183 158 164 Ww 178 Further Sets o2t 2A Applications of Venn Diagrams 028 in Problem Sums 2.2 Formulasin Set Theory 029 ‘Summary 033 Review Exercise 2 083 cal Data Analysis o7s 4.1 Cumulative Frequency Table 075 and Cure 4.2 Median, Quarties, Percentiles, 085 Range and Interquartie Range 43 Box-and:-Whisker Flots 4100 44 Standard Deviation 411 Summary 129 Review Exercise 4 130 Further Geometrical 181 Transformations 6.1 Enlargement 183 62 Geometrical Transformation 194 and Matrices 63 Transformation Matix 200 for Enirgerrent 64 Inverse Transiormatons and 203 Combined Transformations Summary 212 Review Exercise 6 212 ae oxronp— Vectors 215 7A Vectors in Two Dimensions 217 72 Addition of Vectors 228 73. Vector Subtraction 235 74 Scelar Multiples of a Vector 248, 75 Expression of a Vector in Terms 250 (of Two Other Vectors 7.8 Positon Vectors 253 7.7 Applications of Vectors 257 Summary 267 Floview Exercise 7 268 ion: Numbers and 301 Algebra 9.4 Numbers and Percentages 803 92 Proportion, Ratio, Rate and 307 Speed 93 Algebraic Manipulation and at Formule 9.4 Equations and inequaltias 319 95 Functions and Graphs 326 96 Graphs n Practical Stuations 334 87 Sets 3a2 98 Matrices 348 Revision: Probability and 409 Statistics 41.4 Probability at 11.2 Statisos 41g — GATE Loci 273 8.1 Introduction to Loc 275 8.2 Locus Theorems 276 8.3 Intersection of Loci 282 84 Further Loc) 258 ‘Summary 297 Review Exercise 8 297 ee Revision: Geometry and 357 Measurement 40.1 Angjes, Tangles and Polygons 959 40.2 Congruence and Silty 365 40.3 Pythagoras’ Theorem and 370 Trigonometry 104 Mensuration 378 10.5 Geometrical Transiormation 387 and Symmetry 10.6 Coordinate Geometry 390 10.7 Vectors 395 10.8 Properties of Crcles 403 Problems in Real-World Contexts 438 Specimen Paper a4 Practise Now Answers 459 Answers 469 ~~ pontats Now Sylabostiatonatcs ws) QD) ee ee STLinear Inequalities in Two Variables ‘Mery ecrpanies are dovoed ouch syste ofnequaliies to ensure thal hey arching ‘he most prof. This canbe achieved by producing the ight corbnation os in erm ‘of quantity or spending te leas mount oF money nthe production otceran ams, Linear Programming is he mathematca process cf analysing asystom af rogues ta make the best decisions gin the constants ef th stvationChapter cu shouts beable 10 two vriables, equals nto variables temtinear equations ‘soke a system of incr inequalities in two veribl ove problems rwoling syetemsof near neu nwo variates,‘ecap (Properties of Inequalities) In Book 2 and Book 3, we ave ar some prope neque. {ean al or bear porte uno erm beth i frog ca avn orev the Inequality sign, i. iix™yanda>0,thonx+a™y+aandx—a>y—a This also tue for a negative mumber x= yand 6 <0, then e+ b> y+ band s—b> yb, We can multiply ar dvide both sides of an inequality by a positive number witcut having to reverse the inequality sign te. Carpal oenatiog atin | However, if we multiply or divide both sides of an inequality by a negavve number, we wil have 1 reverse the inequality sign, ie. iiss yand <0, thenee = dvand 5 = a For any threw numbers, a ife> yandy >=, then x> = This is known as the transitive property of inequalities ecap (Linear Equations in Two Variables) We have leant linear equations in two variables and how to draw graphs fof linear equations inthe form y= mx e, where cand y are the variables # Pa») In general, fora taight line passingthrough the point, cand with gracent ‘nthe equation is y= ms + Inthis section, we shal learn about linea inequalities in two variables, ‘M0,0) yt = oxrorD, ‘hapler? Liner inequalities in Two Variable =Investigation Linear Inequalities in Two Variables Case 1: On the fine 1. The graph of the linear equation + 2 Is shown in Fig. 11a). Some points are marke on the ine septa f Hf EH HEE Fig. 1.16) Find the values of + 2» by substituting the cooxdinates of each point on the hi Table 1.1. What do you notice about the values of s+ 2v2 Recoud the values in Tinear Inequaiies in Two Variables caver @(Case 2 Below the line 2. the graph of the linear equation + 2y 4 is shown in Fig, 1.108), Somme points are marked below the line, ras hon I oa Find the values of «+ 2» by substituting th Table 1.1. What da you notice about the values of «+25? Case 3: Above the line ae We: coordinates of each point below the fine, Recon the values in 3. The graph of the linear equation «++ 2y=4 is shown in Fig. 1.1(9, Some points are marked shove the line © timer oxFoRD,Find the values of «+ 2» by substituting the coordinates of each point above the Hie, Record the values i Table 1.1. What do you notice about the values of x +27? Case 1 ced Case 3 Coordinates | 4, | Coordinates | 4, | Coortinates | of point * | ofpoint i of point : Obsenvation Table 1.1 From the investigation, we observe the following (An Case 1, the values of + 2v are always equal 104; i) in Case 2, the values of + 2yare always less than 4; Gide Case 5, the values of + 2y are always grener than 4, ‘We are familie wth Case I asthe points on the line represent a linear equation in two variables + 2y = In Case 2, since the values of + 29 are always les than 4 for points below the line of near equation + 2y ‘ve can wate the inequalty 1+ 2» <4 10 represent the region bela straight tine graph In Case 3, since the values of x-+ 2y are always greater than 4 for points above the line of linear equation swe can write the inequality +2» > 4t represent the region above a straight line graph. wey ‘We can say tat the points in Fig 1.14b) satisfy dhe inequality + 2y <4 and the points in Fig. 1.11) satisfy the inequality +294. Treat heqaniesTwovaicns tape QD)Worked (Drawing Graphs of Linea Inequiti Example Show, unshadod, the rogion satisfied by the following P inequalities: S=Oy=Lreys5yued Solution: The graphs of += 0, y= ety= Sand ysic4 3are drawn. S oman regalia > ip, For. =0, we shade the region to the let ofthe yas, Fory = 1, we shade the region below the line y= is shaded. Forsv4.y'5, the region above v4 Fory <3, the eon above the ine y= 3 i shale. Since y <4 3, we se dated line fory=+3. wz Wy te usta ur check tr th und vp ‘Sct nan ng intherseigne 2, tei eats on 1ACuatone 1.8 ‘how, unshaded, the region satsied by the inequalities x 4 2y = 8 and sy ts © caso iinar eiaites two varies —Wade (Writing Linear Inequalities in two Variables tom Graphs Example. rite down the inequalities which define the unshacedt region. Solution: Equation of rod 4-0 = yodex yered ‘The unshaded region lies below J. Hence y= x +4 defines a part ofthe unshaded region. Equation of y-0_ 2-0 yedea ‘heurbaed ng inme Hey e-znra prof th unde gon sano ree. e-b en)‘Tho unshadled region lies below f, Hence, y= --+ 6 defines a par of the unshadled rion Equntion of el The unshaded region lies above J. Hence, y= 4.4 1 defines a par of the unshadled rion z «The unshaded! region is clfined by the four inequalities: 1 yeardye bea yen Write dawn the inequalities which define the unshaded region, Sere 1 Quen 2048 as6andy> Lee = OXFORDWorked Winding tve Greatest and Lease Values om Graphs of Eomamaglee sD | oy, urnasn, ee sete te Fools eval AEDY SO, vedo nytt 6 Hence, find the greatest and least values ofr 2 satisiying the region. Solution: Draw the lines y=4—sand y+ 30=6, ‘Shade the reyions not required by the inequalities: x2 0,y0,yc4—sandy4 306 @ Below the vaxis G Loft of the a Gid Above y=4—x Gi) Above y+ 3656 en ste oad by ssn he T ‘Salaaeeaonec enol fenton te sh‘ar + 2y must be satisfied by the unsaded region Ig, y=3, we obtain the greatest value of te +2y Greatest value of 38 +2¢=3(1)+2) = 1ix=0, »=0, we obiain the least value of 342. Least value of 38+ 2°= 30) +210) Ona beled dog keveunalahe in nel yeti =e AQ eas ye ys deand 20 <04 95 30. nce, find the greatest an! least values ofx + 2y satisying the region. cay i show unshadd heregonssatsiedbythefllawing, 2, each ofthe following cases, write down the Inequales inequalies which definethe ured region (r= 0,y>2 ‘ b) > yexed @rtye4 yard @s>0y>4y<6—x (em Odeeyeigyet O yexs3ne5ye-1 @ aiasier inserinessaioro In each of the following cases, write down the ‘inequalities which define the unshaded region. @ yLeave ushacles the region defined by the folowing qualities: 150,y20,3r4 4S 2and 249 <8, Find the greatest value of x + which the above inequalities. (On the same diagram, draw the graphs satsying the follssing inequlitis and outline the reglon representing them. SED y2 2,95 5andcey = 12 Find the greatest an! len values of PEP 2.0439 jnasses through at least one point in the area representing he above region. 6 Find the greatest and leas values of P, where Pro Rey, subject to the conelitions: = Ly2 Ladys Gand 2049< 10, Application of Systems of Linear Inequalities 1 2 in Two Variables in In this section, we wil learn how to apply systems of linear inequalities in two variables © solve mathematical and reali problem, Worked 4 | solving Reat-ite Problems invohing Systems of Linear Inepites in Twa Varlales) Example ‘farmer plans to divide his and ino ot mote than 36 posto plant ether a banana twee or coconut re on each po. He decides that he wl plat at least 20 banana es that there wal be t least ice as many banana tees as cocont ees, 6) Taking x10 represent the numberof banana tes and yo represen the numberof coconut tres, wite down three Inequalities, ether han x= O and y = 0, which Sali the above condions. (6) On a shoot of graph paper, show, undhadd, the region sally the inequalities ino (© Alot of and used to plant a banana tee hasan area of 16 and pt of nd ‘sed to planta coconut tee fas an area of 4 n- Use your graph fo estimate the maximum posible nd area that the farmer hae = oxrorn (hapter wea a oeSolution: @) The three inequalities fo v4. y= 36, > 20 and «> 3 (6) Draw the Hines 4.» =36, ¢= 20 and x =2y Saale the regions not ceqired by the inequalities: ySR-Hx2 20,9 (Above r+y=36 Ai) Left of -=20 (i Above (Gv Below the xan © Left ofthe pais >and y=0 (© Lette land area thatthe fumes has be Tine Bf saat the Als given by 16r-+ 4y and mus be satisfied by the unshaded region, Seniesa the omer pans 36 banana ees, 36nd y "0, he as the eee tna posible a ae emperors ‘Maximum possible value of A =e ‘maatmn pose and =1608) 440) mest 256m earnest oxen a 7 tune @{A shopkeeper stocks two brands of drinks called Coola and Shiok. He js ordering fresh supplies and finds that he has room for up to 1000 cans, He proposes to order atleast twice as many cans of Shiok as of Coola. He wishes to have at least 100 cans of Coola and not more than 800 cans of Shiok @) Takin ‘of cans af Shink that he orders, write down four inequalities involving * andior y, other than «= 0 and y > , which satisty the above conditions. (The point (,») represents «cans of Coola and » cans of Shiok ordered, Using 2 scale of 1 em to represent 10) cans on each axis, consttuet and indicate elearly, by shading the unwanted regions, the region in which (x,y) must He (0 The profit made by selling a can of Coola is 86 and that of a can of Shiok is 85, Use your graph to estimate the number of cans of each brand that the shopkeeper should order ta give the maximum prof. ser Quin 1-5 sto represent the number of eans of Coole and yto represent the number Kate plans to divide her ribbon into nat moce than 30 pleces, Each plece of ribbon is w be used 10 ‘wrap either a box of cookies ora packet of candies. ‘She wil wrap at least § boxes of cookies ad there will be atleast wice as many packets of candies asboxes of cookies. {a) Taking x w represent the number of boxes of cookies and y to represent the number of packets of candies that she wraps, write down thee inequalities ther than 1 > 0 and y > 0 ‘which satisfy the above conditions. () Cn a sheot of yraph paper, show, unshaded, the region satisfied by the inequalities in (a). (€1 Apiece of risbon used to wrap a box of cookies is 30 em long and a piece of ribbon used to \weap a packet of candies is 13 om long, Use your graph to estimate the maximum possible Terygth of ribbon that Kate has. 2. A che plans to divide his dough into not more than 40 postions. Each portion of dough is to be used to make either pizza or bread, He will male at least a dozen pizzas énd there will be at least twice as many pizzas a baves of bread (a) Taking sto represent he numberof pizzas and yy to represent the number of loaves of bread that he males, write down three inequalities, ‘ther than = O and y = 0, hich satisfy the hove coneitions (©) On a sheet of graph paper, show, unshaded the region satisfied by the inequalitios in (. (0 The dough used to make a pizza weighs 6 8 and the dough used to make a loaf of bread ‘weighs # g. Use yoor graph to estimate the ‘maximum possible weight of dough that the chef has oxrorp3. A supermarket manager stocks wa brands of Aetergent called Power Clean and Disappee His stock Is running low and finds that he has room: for up © 200 olles. He proposes to order atleast tnvice as many bottles of Power Clean as of Disappear. He wishes to have at least 30 bottles ‘of Disappear and sot more than 140 bottles of Power Clean. {@) Taking xo represen the number of bores of Power Clear any to represent the numberof bottles of Disappear that he orders, write down four inequalities involving x andlor y, other than «= 0 and y = 0, which satisfy the above coneltions. (0) The point is represents x botles of Power Clean and y bottles of Disappear ordered. 4 scale of 2m to represent 50 bottles ‘on each axis, construct and indicate clearly, by shading the unwanted regions, the region in which (91 ast ie (The proft of a botle of Power Clean is $10 and the profit of a bottle of Disappear is $8. Use your graph to estimate the number of loan! that the supermarket ‘order 10 give the maximum bottles of each ‘manager shoul roi 44. Two ypes of ship, Gigantic ane fombo, are available to move 300 men and 20 000 kg of equipment Fach Gigante ship can cary 40 men and 3000 ke ‘of equipment Each Jambo ship ean carty 0 men and 2000 ke of equipment. (G) fx Gigantic ships and» Jumbo ships are used, write down the inequalities, other than 4 Oand y = 0, which x and must satis (b) Thepointx» represent he numberof Gigantic ships. x, and the number of Jumbo ships, v Using a suitable scale on each axis, construct and indicate ceary, by shading the unwanted regjons, the region in which (must ie (Use your graph to estimate the least numer of ships that can move 300 men and 20 000 kg ofequipmment © 5. Adenler praduces to benel f ten, Fragrant and Instant, by mixing two varieties of te and wes of weg of woightofA 2 len ght oT Given that he produces x kilograms of Fragrant and kilograms of star, copy and complete the following table. In Fragrant blood, and in fasone Taal [Wepuord |weghars weahtng |p| a! me. | fC i {@) The dealer has at mos 3200 kg of variety A and atleast 3000 kz of variety B. Write down two inequalities involving x ancy which satisty these coneltione and show that they simplify to 2c 8000 and © + 3y = 15 DO, (by Hewishes to produceless Fragrant than instant and has suficientconlainers for only 2300 ky ff Fragrant and S000 kg of fastant. Write down three inequalties which satisfy these contin (61 The point (3) epresents kilograms Fagrant andy kilogram of lastant. Using a scale of 2 em to eepresent 1000 kg on each axis, Construct and indicate clearly, by shading the lunwanted regions, the region in which (x 9) mat lie (@) The dealer makes thesame profit per kilogram fon Fragrant as on Instant, Use your geaph to esimate the weight of each blend that he should produce 1o maximise the profit a)1. linear inequality nto variables can be lustated ona graph by drawing the linearequation in two variables ‘and shading the unnsanted region, 2, The region blow y= mur + represents the inequality ¥< m+ and the egion ove y= me € represents the inequality y> me 3. A system of linear inequalities in two variables can be solved by the grophical method, The solutions to the systom of linea inequalities are represented by dhe unshaded region, Review Exercise 1 1. Show, unshaded, the regions satisfied by the following inequalities: @ veo yer ) e>-Ly eee (© re20<2ysett (@) r>Lys2ysx-6 (©) r>0, 2042) =9,y>2 © yexehyn2ee3 20,921 soa oxFoRD,2 tneach ofthe following cases, write down the inequalities which define the unshaded region, @ co) exrorn© 7 3. Leave unshauled the region defined by the following inequalities: 820,92 0,9> 3y and y= 4-11 Find the grates value of 67 — which satisfies the above inequalities 44. Find the maximum value of +—y subject to the following inequalities: S4y 5 12,27 N46, y= x—2 and bey 10, 5. Nora, ho intended to keep chickens andl ducks on her fae andlor ducks she shoul keep, {Daniel suggested that she should keep more than 10 ducks. (i) Michael suggested thatthe number of chickens should be a eas 20 but not mere than 50, ‘iy Acsira sugested that the total numberof chickens and ducks should be less han 70, (iv) Shirley suggested thatthe numberof chickens should be greater than or equal tthe numberof ducks. {@) Taking x to be the number of chickens and y to be the number of ducks, write down the inequalities which represent these conditions. () The point(s represents x chickens and y ducks that Nora kept Using a scale of 2 em to represent 20 chickens on the axis and a scale of 2D is -l0 5 05 810 1S sess) = ——— D -is lo 5 03 810 15 Bere) tee, -is lo His given that § = (2-204 = 20), A= (42-20-<4<20), B= fei-1S- have savings accounts in both POStank and commercial banks i all the pupils have a leas one sivings account. oxFoRD8 In a group of 160 pupils, 46 pupils failed Mathematics, 52 pupils failed History: and 50 pupils falled Geography; 31 pupils failed ‘Mathematics and History, 38 pupil failed History and Geography, 36 failed Mathematics and Geogyaplyy andl 24 failed all thee subjects, Drawea Venn diagram to illustrate this information and find the number of pupils who failed atleast one subject. 9, 68 elderly men failed a medical test because of defoe's in at least one ofthese organs the heat, lungsand Kidneys 30 heart disease, 30 lung disease and 33 kidney seas 7 of them had both lung and Fheart ceases, 10 had lung and kidney disoases While 11 had kidney and hear diseases. Draw a enn diagram to illastrate this information, Find the numberof elderly men (ho suffered from all the thee diseases, hel only hang disease, 10. A number of peaple were asked whether they liked drinks of orange, lemon or grape flavour “The replies showed 85 liked orange (65 Tike grape 45 liked orange and lemon 40 ike! lemon and grape 0 ike lemon 15 liked lemon, orange and grape 30 iked orange 25 liked none of he thee and grape Find @_thetotal number of people interviewed, the number who liked exange alone, Gy the purmber who liked lemon alone, Gu) the purnber who liked grape alone. 11.80 boys took the GCE examination inthe three subject: Geography, English and Mathematics, and one of them failed all three subjects. Kas noted that 8 passed Engshonly and 10 passed Mathematics ‘only: 7 passed Mathematics and Geography but not English 40 passed English and Mathematics and 21 passed English and Geography. Altogether, 54 passed English {@) Drawa Vennagramto epresenthisinforation, (©) From the Venn diagram, find the number of pups who passed Geography only passed al tice subjects, 12, Wis given that = v:-20= v= 25), 2 Tetmberofclemeni ina et Inds xro!Suppose isthe event thata prime number fs chosen Since the prime numbers nS are2, 3,5, and 11, event 4 can be writen as: (3,5,7, “nd)= 5 Fig. 3.1 shows the representation of Sand in Ven diagram. We observe that tp Jn this ease, the event 4 isa proper subset ofS. The set, the complement of 1 the complement tho st the set i alo represented in Fig. 3.1, For this experiment "= (1,4, 6,8, 9, {Mest of sin 10,121. {steal ch *~» ‘tesonpesacesheatction “eta a, ra eb experiment the Fig. 3.1 ‘inp pace he rn ‘Therefore, we can obtain the probability of event A occuring, Le. PL, by cateulaing a = 40 = & forever and ws te tal numberof posible outcomes whore nis the numberof favourable outcomes {In gener, in a sample space with a finite umber of equally Hkely outcomes, the probability ofan event E occurring, Le. Eis a Pe as) From the shove experintnt, we alo observe tht we can eepresent Pot A) ~®, Pt. wich th probably of al outcomes excep hose Int cccuring, ie a rime numbers nt chosen} = PTY dronoen MERE wale co ae fs -1-Pa Thorac, in geal fran evi RE}= 1 ‘Thi or aad Fortwo events 4 and B, what do PLA U B} and PL 7.48 mean? Use Venn diagrams) toexplain your answers In Worked Example 1, we will vise probability concepts taught in Book 2.Woded (Probubity oF Single Event) The numbers 2, 3, 5 and 8 are writen on four cares Example and these are placed on a table. Two of these cards are selected at random to form a two-digit number. List the sample space ane! hence find the probability thatthe number formed is © on, A) divisbleby 7 eiprine {rt pine Solution: ws Let represent the sample space. ve i na {ett eth ret ha he mb omed isd Sep ee Leta the vet hat the an fed iste by 7. eee ace vet {ete he event hat he ner ome prime CS toes ke Then, = = {23,2528 3, 35,28 52, 5,58 82,3, 85) eee eae Sage as c= 13,53,83) ia eShop ieee 45)= 12,01 6,01) Band = 3 eens Specie = ml) mae ae ~»> Fir, we ca ao oan he 9 PICI=1-8O, ype toe = es exroRptwo-digit numbers formed using the (3) List tho sample space, (©) Find the probability that the wwo-git number formed isprime, contains the dig 2, iselsble by 4, (is) sdisible by 13, (0) isnot civsible by 13. 52, band, Repetition adits is allwed, ese TACs 1.90, Warkal (Prababilty ofa Single Event) “There are 3 blue balls and red ballin a bag, The balls Example are identical except for their colour. A ball is drawn at random ftom the bag, Find the probability that te ball down ue Solution: = eS esanlespe ee tela, gh he a Then $= (By By By Rh ad = By By tan nal rth nme sear eect oh Sy ‘otatan «Studer 7 ce “a tee =, ich ng, ‘A ltt is chosen at random from the word ‘CLEVER’ Find the probability that the Fetter chosen is ane, i) aC ora't, ak, (iv) consonant send CUVERY = (GEV Frese ea atti snd teat he Rie fre ae ane ofc tan ech oxsoRp =Simple Combined Events, Possibility Diagrams and Possibility Diagrams tn this ection, ve wl ea how © st he sanple space fan expernen Invingwo orne sje vollngew ee fears foesinpleconbinat evens ‘The possible outcomes for rolling afr die are 1,2, 3,4, § and 6, and we write the sample space as 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6h How do we write the possible outcomes for rolling two fair dice? We can representa possible outcome by using an ordered pair, eg. (2, 3) means that the fist de shows a2" and the second die shows"; which i diferent from (0, 2), 0 what does G2) mean? How can we write the sample space for rolling two fair dice? {s (1,1), (1,2) (1,3), (6,60) clear enough? Listing out all the outcomes would be very tedious and we may miss out some outcomes. Therefore, there Is a need to use a diferent method to represent the sample space. Fig, 3.2 shows one way of drawing a posit diagram to represent the sample space for rolling two fae die. [A possibility diagram i used when each outcome of the sample space has two components. For example, in theabove case an outcome (represented by 2 red ‘dots determined bythe values displayed by the fist ancl second dice. From the above possiblity diagram, we observe thatthe foal number of possibile outcomes Is 6 6 36, We can aso calculate the probabiliy of certain events using a possiblity diagram, as shown in Worked Example 3. oxrorpWorked (Use of Possibility Diagram) Example ‘Tuo fair dice are rolled. What isthe probability that 4 both dice show the same number, the number shown on the fist dies greater than the number shown on the second die? Solution: g q é 4 1 Fist Die 6 eth dice stow these ner = & 1 6 4) number shown on sae is gremer than the number shown on second) wos a6 1. Aairteahesral ce sided die) anda air 6-siled die are olled simultaneously. “The numbers onthe tetrahedral die ae 1, 2,5 and 6 while the numbers on the sided dhe are 1, 2,3, 4, 5 and 6 {@) Display all the outcomes ofthe experiment using a possibility dage (©) Using the possibilty diagram ar etherwis, find the probability that bat dice show the same number, {fd the number shown an the tetrahedral ele is greater than the number shown on the 6c i, the numbers shown an both dice are prime numbers 2. Aa contains five cards and the cards are numbered 1, 2,3, 4 and 5. card is drawn at random ftom the bag and its number is noted. The card is then eplaced and aseconel ead is craw at random iran the bag. Using a possibility dlagramy find the probability that 4 the number shown an the second cards greater than the number shown on the fst card Aid) the sum othe two numbers shown is greater than 7 i) the product ofthe twa umbers shown is greater tha 10 ‘Theres anther way to caw a possibility gram to represent the sample space for rolling v0 fair dice, as shown in Workeel Example 4 > rkotaraleooemes ‘rte pst digi, cue te ter of CT sede mr of Zh Foie 34 Quetons 411 20 Chapter 3Worked Example Solution: Second Die Pisum isequal 108) = G Pisum seven) 1. The numbers on afar (Use oF Possibility Diagram) ‘Twa fie dice are rled. Find the probability thatthe sun ‘ofthe numbers shawn on the dice i © equal, even, First Die 2 % tetrahedral die are 1, 2,5 and 6 while the numbers on a fair 6sided die are 1, 2, 3,4, 5 and 6. The two dice ae rolled at the same time andthe scoees on both separately some of the lice are record The possibility cagrams below display values ofthe sum and product of the two scores. Teahedal dle Tetrahectal die (: cr *~» The sim fe mbes ‘enn cachet Inyo ow ev aga scan TiBittsowsl cca “ting therm et ‘om thee clam ie ie mae > Haoatotsnerticutnes thes nga ou he unt of Of sabe rarber a aes Ques 6,{a}. Copy and complete the possibility diagrams. (b) Using the possibility diagrams, find the probability thatthe suns of the even, Ai divisible by 3, perfect square, {iv less than 2 (2) Using the possibilty diagrams, find the probability shat the product ofthe @ ote, 4) lager thon 13, ida prime mumive, Ai ess than 3. 2. circular card is vided into 3 equal sectors with scores of 1,2 and 3. The card ‘has a pointer pivoted at its centre. The pointer is spun twice, Each time the pointer i spun, itis equally likely to stop at any of the sects. {a) With the help ofa possibilty agian, fad the probability that (each scoreisa't, ‘i (6) Ina game, a player spins the pointer twice, His fal score isthe larger of| the b8o individual scores i they ave eiflerent and their common value i they ae the same. The possibility dagyam below shows the player's final al least one ofthe scores sa“ © Copy and complete the possibilty diagram, Using the diagram, fin the probability that his ral scone i even {Gi Using the same diagram, find the probability that his final score i 2 prime number.‘Tree Diagrams “The sample space for tossing fair coin fs 1H, 1 “The sample space far tossing two fir eoins can be represented by a possiblity diagram as shown in Fig, 33, Second Coin How can we represent the sample space for tossing Fist Coin thre fair coins? 33 ‘Weusea diferent typeof diagram called tre diagram to represntthe sample space, as shown ia Fig, 3.4, The follssing eps shenv how the ee diagram is consinucted 1 When the int coins ose these ae to posible outcomes, hed) ini. Ctl s0 9 tat with pit ad daw fe ranches an J i ‘tat tien r py he il 2 The second coin is then tossed. Regardless ofthe outcome ofthe fis tos the second coin would ako yield either a FY ora T, thus we daw two tances afer the H and the T from the fist tos as shown below. There are total of?» 2= 4 branches, ie. there ae 4 possible outcomes at tis stage. i ee : nts fe los So le + This branch represents T ——theouteome HH aie SSO SSF — stra represents TH theoulcome THT. T Fig 24 3.4, we observe tha there are total of 22% 2=8 branches, Le. the toa! number of possible outeames i 8 In summary, 1 List of autcomes ina set 2 Possibility diagram or tee diagram a Tree dogamWorked. (Use of Tree Diagram) Three fi coins are ose, Find the probability that Example 4) there are two heads and cane tail, there sat least one tal. Solution: Fis coin Secon coin Third coin 4 ————— {ow heads and one = 3 esha non Prat least one ai) = 1 — Pino ta 1 etvce heads) wit 5 -t 5 1. Michael isa darts player. There isan equal probability that he will hit or miss the bull'eye. He aims forthe buil'seye ane! attempts 3 throws. Using a tree gram, find the probability that heise the bul’-eye once, (he bits the bullseye at least once. 2. Box A contains 4 pieces of paper numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4. Box B contains 2 pieces of paper numbered ¥ anid 2. One piece of paper removed a random irom each box. (a) Copy and complete the flowing te gram, Bor A Box ® Sum Product wz, 0 {sa 8 dope omae Ves agen a 4 (6) Find the probabiticy thas @ atleast one 1's obtained, iy thesumofthetonumbers 3, the product ofthe nwa numbers dy) thessum fsexqualto the product. iat least 4, ‘oxronpExercise 3A 1. A fur coin and a fair 6-sded die ate tossed and rolled, wospectvely. Using set notations, list the sample space of he experiment 2. A box contains 7 pens, 3 of which are faulty. ‘pen is drawn fram the box at random. Using set notations, st the sample space of this probability experiment and find the probability thatthe pen drawn is not faulty. Suppose that she fist pen dkown is not faulty and it js not replaced inthe box. A second pon Is now trowa from the box. Using set notations, find the probability that the second pen down is faulty. 3. Each leter of the werd ‘POSSIBILITY’ is writen ‘on identical ene. One ead is chosen at ander. Using set notations, find the prebabilty that the leer on the chosen eard is as, Ga Porant, i) a vowel, {iva consonant. 4. A box contains thee cards bearing the numbers 1, 2 and 3. A second box contains four cards bearing the numbers, 3,4andl5.A cards chosen atrandom fram each bos. {@) Display all the possible outcomes of the experiment using a possibility dinge, (©) With the help of the possibilty diagram, caleulate the probability that (©. the cards bear the same number, the numbers on the cards are diferm, Gid the larger Of the two numbers on the cards is Grapiers Six cards numbered 0, 1,2, 3,4 and 5 ae placed ina box and wellimived, A card is drawn at random from the box andthe number en the care is noted bofore itt replaced in the box, The cards in the box are thoroughly mixed again and a second eat i craven at rndom from the bos. The ‘sum ofthe nwo numbers ther obtained (@) Copy ane complete the possibility éiagram below, giving all theposible sums ofthe two numbers. Some of the possible sums ave shown, Fist rer 3 a on a : | 5 ) How many possible outcomes are there inthe ‘ample space o this experiment? ‘What isthe probability thatthe sum ofthe two numbers © willbe, Gil_will bea prime number, Gy wil not be a pri number, Gy) will be even, (9) will pot be even? Which sum is more likely to occur, the sum of Torthe sum af 8 © © = oxroxp6 is given that X= 1, 5, 6) and Y= (7,8, 9) An ‘element x is selected at random from 2° and an flement is selected at random from ¥. The possibilty clams below display. separately some of the values oft vane +]a[s |e =[a[s|o " a 2 "i [ "Tal [o o] [sl | 9 @) Copy ancl complete the possibilty diagrams. (©) Find the pecability thatthe sum + ys prime, i) greater than 12, (i) at most 14. (©) Find the prebability hat she preduct x is @ ote Gi eve, Gi at most a. 7. A fair coin & tossed three times. Display all the possible outcomes ofthe experiment using a tee sagan From your tree diagram, find the probabilty of ‘obvaining 4) three beads, atleast hwo heads Bag P contains a red, a blue antl a white marble while bag Q contains a blue and a red marble “The marbles are identical except for their colour A marble is picked at random from both bag P ‘and bag Q. List al the posible outcomes of the sample space. Find the probability thatthe two marbles selected (ofthe same colour, (Gi) of diferent colours ) exactly two heads, (i blue and re, A twouligh number i formed using the eligi 1,2 and 3. Repetition of igs is allowed G) List the ample space, (©) Find the probabiltythat the two-digit number formed is. divisible by 3, da perect square, {ai prime numbes 0) a composite number, pughtersin-aw af Ms Chan arehappily ing the artval oftheir bundles of joy within the year. List the sample space ofthe sexes ofthe three babies, given thatthe babies are equally Hkely tobe ether a boy > gil Hence, find the probaility that Ms Chan wil have (0 three grandsons, {two grandsons and one graneklaughter, Gi one grandson and two granddaughters. 11. In an experiment, 0 spinners are constructed with spinning poinvers as shown in diagrams helo. Bath pointers are spun. Each time the pointer is spun, its equally likely to stop at any First spinner Second spinner (@) Find the peobabiliy that the pointers will point at @mumberson the spinners whose sum is 6, (i) the some numbers on bath spinners, i) diferent numbers onthe spinners, (Gv) 0 diferent prime numbers (©) Whatistheprobabity that the number onthe fis spinner will be less than the number on the second spinner?12, Ina game, the player throw a fair coin and a fair ‘sided die simultaneously. Ifthe coin shows a hha, the players score isthe score on the de. I the coin shows a tail, then the player's scare is twice the score on the die. Some of the player's possible scores are shown inthe possiblity diagram below {a) Copy and complete the possibilty agra, 4b) Using the diagram, find the pecbabilty that the player's scone is @ ot, ) a prime number, (i) ess than or equal 08 (9) amuitiple of 3. 13, Two fair 6sided dice were down together and the sliference ofthe resuking numbers on their faces was calculate. Some ofthe diferonces ae shown inthe possibilty dagram below. First aie Second die @ Copy and complete the possibility diagram. (©) Using the diagram, find the probability thot the difference ofthe to numbers o1 G non-z0r0, Aid ox, Gv). prime number, (more than 2 raptors 14. Abageontains identical tallswhich are numbered 1, 2.4,5 and 7. Two balls are cawn at random, ‘one after another and without replacement, Find he probably that he numbers obtained on bot balls are prime, sum ofthe numbers obtained fod, product of the numbers abtained is greater than 20, lfference in the numbers obtained less than 7, (0) product of the numbexs obtained ie divisible bya, 15, The diagrams below show two circular ead, ‘each with a pointer pivot ats centre. The first ard is vied into equal Sectors with scores 1 2,4 and 5. The second! card is divided imo equal secs with scores, 1,3 and 5. Ina game, both pointers are spun. fach time the pointer is spun, is equally key to stop at any sector Find the probability thatthe {scores on both cards ae the same, Gi) scores on both cares are prime, Gy sum ofthe scoxes ica, Gv) sum of tho scores is evsibe by 5, (0) sum ofthe scares or less, {wi product ofthe scaresis not D, (wi procict ofthe scoresis greater se oxtoep16. A spinner with three equal sectors (shown bolo) andl a fair coin are use! in a game. The spinner is spun once and the coin is tossed ance, Fach time the pointer is spun, iis equally likely to stop ak any sector Calculate the probability of geting (@_redonthe spinner and tail on the coin, i)_blue ar yellow on the spinner and head on the cain 17. A bag contains 3 cards numbered 1, 3. and 5 AAsecond bag contains 3 cars numbered 1,2 and 7. One card is ckawn at random irom each bag, Clealate the probability that the two. sumbers ‘obtained (i) are batho, (i_are both prime havea sum greater than 4, liv) have a sum that i even, (9) have a product that bsp we a product that fgyeater than 20, have a product that divisible by 7 11 A fair die is made from a tetrabedion such that ‘acl of its four faces is printed wth one number. ‘The numbers are 1, 2,3 and 4 (a) When te celled, what isthe probability that o land th the face pried 4” down, 3) it wl and such thatthe sun ofthe thee Upper faces fan od number? (b) I the same dle is rolled and a fair coin is tossed atthe same time, Hist all the possible ‘outcomes using a tee oxrorp out Tn 19. A box contains 7 electrical components, The bos ‘was dropped! i transit ene Lof the companents became detective, but net visibly The components are taken eut irom the kos at random and tested tnt the defective component i obtained What is the probability that the defective ‘component isthe fist component tested? 20, Hotel ¥ is a two-storey hotel, with rooms tand ther respective rom numbers) arranged as shown in the diagzam below. Rooms are allocated at tandonn when guess ative and each guest i allocated ore room. Kae and Noa arrive at Hotel ¥ on a paricular day. Upon their aval, none ofthe roams in How ¥ are occupied, (@) With the help ofthe pasibiliy diagram, find the probability that Nora and Kate 4) stay next to each othe 4) stay on diferentsioreys, Ai) do not slay nestto each othes (©) Suppose the hotel accepts Kates request that she only wants tobe allocate rooms on the second flor, what wil be the probability that she will be saying nxt to Noral 21, hwo fae tetrahedeal dice anda fair o-sided die are solled simultaneously. The numbers on the tetraheckal dice are 1,2, Jand4whilethe numbers fn the sided die are 1,2, 3,4, 5 and What i the probability that the score on the S6sided dies greater than the su of scones ofthe ‘wo ttrahedral dew? tas @Addition Law of Probability and Mutually In this section, sw will lent the conditions for adding probabilities Investigation ‘Mutually Exclusive and Non-Mutually Exclusive Events ight cards numbered 1 t 8 are place in a box: ced is drawn at random {et be the event of drawing a card witha prime number. Let be the event of drawing a card with a mutiple of Let Ce the event of drawing a card with an ox number. 1. List the sample space, Se eee List the favourable outcomes for event 4 and find the probability hat will ‘cer, ie. Pid 13. List the favourable outcomes for event Band find the probability shat wil ‘occur, je. Pi 44. Is thote any overlap between the favourable ouromes for event 4 and the favourable cutcomes for event & Thats, are theve any outcomes that fou the ‘occurrence of both event 4. and event 82 These two evens are said 10 be ‘mutually exclusive 5. Liste favourable outcomes for event 4 or event B, an find the probability that the combined event or B, or U Bill occur, ie. PLA oF B) or PAL 8 6 1 PLAU B= Pa) + Pi in this case? Can you explain why? far 2: Non aul Exchsive Events 7 late tavure econ fr event C ad fn he pbsilty hat € wil eat 1e PO. thre ay evap Beveen te fnaurable cucaes fr event 4 ed he raanile Gece are tial in ed aac a la the ocienc lbh ret Aad evr Thee to evn re id be pomeutiby ercalve 4. tht avourleptcomes er event or event and nd hepa at hecobinaiewnterGetCcwileceieriaoetaco. ae 10. BrUUG =P) RO inthiscase Can you pln yt tenia 810 en oxFrom the investigation, we ean conclude that if two events 4 and # cannot occur at the same time (i.e. the events are mutually exclusive) then PIA oF B) or PUL B)= Ad + PO, ‘On the cher hand, if nyo evens. and C can aceur atthe same tne (Le the events are non-mutually exclusive), then Pd or C)or PA UC) PLA + IO, In genera the Addition Law of Probability states that if A and & are mutually exclusive evens, P(A or B) or Pot UB) = oad + PA. Worked (Probability involving Mutually Exclusive Evens) ‘A card isdn at random fiom a standavdl pack: of 82 Example playing cards. Find the prebabilty that the ear is @ anAceora King, (i) ahean or a diamond, Ay neither a King nor a Queen. Solution: € PiAce or King) = PAC + Ping ak 2°58 ap & “st 4) hear or diamond = hear) + Pciamond -8,B Ai) Ping or Queen) = PiKing) + Queen) wed an + Pineither King nor Queen) =| Pking oF Queen) z=» There ours a aa ange te ‘haan st age 3 achat a ea 2 Siac Qe aking incon he amon el er ae ‘beta, Queene genes Sepitwe ci Naren Aco Sine cont ae ly Bye ewe tte Adon Law of Paty Phateekgs Po Mg, > Aeration Doin ck‘Acard is craw a random froma soneand pack of 52 playing ead ee AB Quotes 135 Find the probability of drawing {i appicure cant oran Ace, fan Ace oa card bearing a number hil is iy a King ora Queen, (i) neither a Jack nor an Ace. sible by 3, Worked (Probability involving Manually Exclusive Event) Example ‘Tho probabilities of tree teams, LM and N winning a tion are 1, an ctv foosball competition are 1, f and respectively. Assumingonly one team canvvin,calclatethe probability that 4 either Lor AF wins, Gi) neither L noe N wins Solution: zw WPA oF At wins Sree any ne tam an in eet we de the we moet oe a Fert, “Tn in eke The probabilities of four teams, P, QR and S winning the National Fooiball Gow Quetin sf nd Championship awe 4, LF the championship, find the probability that either Por Q wins the championship, and 1 epee Aung only nena on wn Qor Ror S wins he championship,, Exercise 3B 1. Fleven cards pumbered 11, 12.13, Mion 21 are placed inahox. Acard temovedat random ror the box. Find the probability thatthe number on the ead is even, Gi) prime, Gi) wither even oF prime, G) divisible by 3, () neither even nor prime, 2. Albng contains Tre, 5 groen and 3 blue marbles ‘A marble is selected at random from the bag, Find the probability of selecting (area marble, i agreen marble, wither ated or a green marble, (Gs) either are nora green marble, The liters ofthe word ‘MUTUALLY’ and the word “EXCLUSIVE ate eritten on individual cards and the cards are put inta a box. A car is picked at random, What ic the probability of picking @ the leter Us, {iy the eter’, A the eter U' or {iv} aconsonan, (9) the leter"U' or @ consonant, (99) the eter "U" or €or Ue 4. The probly of fob tary wig any mach andthe prot of ag ay inchs 2 Wht isp at (@ the team wins oF loses a pantcular match, the team neither wins nor loses a match? TI 5. 6 ‘Acard is drawn at rand from a standard pack of $2 playing cards. Find the probability of drawing @ aKingor a lack, Ga Queen or a card beating a prime number, 2 card hearing a number that is dvisible by Borbys, Gu) neither 9 King nor a ack, When a golfer plays any hole, the probabilities that he will ake 4, 5 or 6 strokes are 2, 2 and 3 4 795 respectively. He never akes less thin 4 stokes, Calculate the probability that n playing a hoe, he will ake 4.05 strokes, ) 4, 5 orb strokes, i). mote than 6 stokes Ina basketball toumament, thee of the ‘anticipating teams are Alpha, Beta and Garvma, ‘The probabilities of each of these three teams ad aii 2. s° 1 5 respectively Fine the probability that @Ajpha or Gamma wl win the tournament, ) Alpha, Beta or Gamma will win the winning the tournament are tournament, id nether Alpha. nor Gamma will win the tournament, Gv) pone oF these three teams will win the ts ye only oe stent can wn he Sent Cre Yr vote pits Pa fu Fergad Ah wining the vara, and that respectively. What isthe probabil (© ne of them will win the award, Gi none of them wil win the award, (ay Priya and Rui Feng will not win the awarde ames @