Suicide Bombing: Deradicalisation Program in Underlying

Terrorism and Radicalism

Introduction
Indonesia is the largest country with the largest Muslim majority in the world. Indonesia which has a
strategic geographical location makes it has a large population and diverse ethnic groups, languages
??and religions. Indonesian people who adhere to Islam based on data from the Central Bureau of
Statistics are 207,176,162 people or about 87% of the total Indonesian population. This majority
community is Indonesia's challenge in tackling the issue of radicalism to terrorism. The issue of
Islamic terrorism emerged after the September 11, 2001 incident which killed around 3000 people.
The terrorist act was carried out by the Al-Qaeda terrorist group which was then led by Osama Bin
Laden. In addition, in Indonesia, Islamic terrorists have emerged after the bombing of Bali in 2002 and
a variety of terrorism cases that continue to occur make Indonesia considered a terrorist nest.

Radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia can easily extend to various groups. One example of this is
when the suicide bombing in Surabaya where the culprit is one family starts from parents to 3
children, each aged 18 years, 16 years and 12 years. The notion of terrorism can be seen in law
number 15 of 2003 concerning the stipulation of a regulation in lieu of law number 1 of 2002
concerning the eradication of criminal acts of terrorism, namely:

'Terrorism is the use of violence or threats of violence to create an atmosphere of terror or fear of
people in a widespread manner or cause mass casualties, by seizing independence or loss of life and
property of others or causing damage or destruction to vital strategic objects or environment or public
facilities or international facilities '. While radicalism refers to a large dictionary of Indonesian
Language is' understanding or flow that wants change or social and political reform by means of
violence or drastic '.

The history of Islamic radicalism in Indonesia began in the early days of Indonesian independence,
namely DI / TII, which was led by Kartosuwiryo. DI / TII rebelled from the Indonesian government with
the aim of establishing an Islamic State of Indonesia. Until the post-reform period there were still
many Islamic radical groups such as Jamaah Islamiyah, the Jamaah Anshar Daulah and Mujahidin of
East Indonesia.

Deradicalization is early detection, counteracting from the start, and targeting various potential layers
with various forms and variants relevant to each target group. The term deradicalisation refers to an
effort to deal with radical groups not to be radical aimed at those who have been involved in terrorist
activities. The Deradicalisation program itself is carried out by the National Bandage for Counter
Terrorism (BNPT) which is based on Presidential Regulation Number 46 of 2010 concerning the
National Counter Terrorism Agency. BNPT has the main task of first compiling policies, strategies,
secondly coordinating government agencies in the implementation of tasks, third is implementing
policies by forming a task force consisting of government elements in accordance with their
respective duties, functions and authorities. BNPT tends to use a soft approach where in handling
terrorism here uses the hearts and minds approach which is part of anti-terrorism activities to resolve
issues that are considered the root cause of the emergence of a group of people to carry out acts of
terrorism. Because lately there is still legal inequality in handling the issue of deradicalization and
terrorism programs, the BNPT is still not effective.

Discussion
Indonesia's background is one of fertile land or 'paradise', both as a source of group recruitment and
action: First, the Islamic religious factor which is embraced by the majority of the Indonesian people.
Second, geographical factors are very influential. The vastness of the territory and the stretch of the
Indonesian islands, greatly benefited terrorism. Because their mobility will be very difficult to detect

In addition, various US facilities that are located in Indonesia are targeted. And also the ability of
security forces is limited. Third, the socio-economic factors of bombers which are very concerning are
the main cause. The point is poverty and discrimination. According to them, it's better to seek heaven
than to live in poverty and always be rewarded with beautiful rewards after death. Fourth, the
charisma factor of those who spread the doctrine is influential. For example Dr. Azhari or Noordin
Moh. Top, his followers in Indonesia were very fascinated by the greatness of these two figures.
Especially, how they willingly leave all kinds of world pleasures they have for jihad. Fifth, a person's
level of education influences their understanding of Islam. Interpretations are also carried out by
terrorist groups, but they only translate holy verses in black and white. Jihad is no longer interpreted
as resistance to oneself, but the killing and destruction of all things related to the West. They also did
not feel guilty by participating in sacrificing non-US people in the bomb attack, because it was
different from assassination. That is, bomb victims are intermediaries to convey messages to the
desired parties.

According to Benny Sumardiana the way they spread the radical teachings is in several ways that the
government should be able to anticipate them as efficiently as possible to avoid all the very severe
risks. The first is to spread radical understanding through educational institutions. Students are
targets that are easily influenced by extremists because students have a psychological condition that
is still fragile if their own teacher or their friends spread radical ideas. Second is the spread through
religious institutions. In places of worship in Jakarta and surrounding areas, they have been identified
as being exposed to radicalism, of course the place of worship can be rhetoric from their sermons so
that their listeners can get infected with radicalism. Third through social conditions. When referring to
the incident of a suicide bombing in Surabaya, one of the families became a suicide bomber. Children
will follow the teachings of their parents so that they are also exposed to radicalism. Then, a fairly
easy way to find is the spread through the internet, lots of content containing propaganda to
recruitment prospective terrorist members via the internet. ISIS is one of the terrorist groups that are
most active in propagating on the internet.

After they are exposed to understanding radicalism they tend to have siakp characteristics that can be
identified. First they are intelligence, they do not want to hear opinions, beliefs and even respect
others. Both of them will be fanatics, they will always feel the right themselves even consider other
people who disagree with him is wrong. Third exclusive, they will tend to distinguish themselves from
other people even with people who are religious. Finally, the fourth is they are revolutionaries, where
they have the desire to be achieved by all means including violence

The current implementation of the deradicalisation program carried out by the security forces is
limited to the level of policy makers at the Headquarters or central level as in the scope of
Kemenkopolhukam and BNPT. The deradicalization program itself was effectively held since 2005
and was pioneered by the National Police, specifically the Police Bomb Task Force. The initial goal of
the program is to make certain terrorist prisoners cooperative in the police force and are expected to
provide information that supports investigation and investigation. In addition, the program was also
intended to prevent detainees from displaying hostile attitudes and behavior with those they perceived
as enemies. For this reason, several law enforcement officers were selected who had certain
qualities, such as extensive experience in dealing with and investigating terrorists with Muslim
backgrounds, so that they also understood the exclusive culture of radical group networks. In the
current development, the synergy of the deradicalisation program still seems unable to anticipate
various problems. In the matter of conceptualization, de-radicalization is not only limited to
rehabilitation because in reality the program also includes the families of terrorist prisoners. But Dedi
Prasetyo still says that this deradicalisation program is still not running effectively because of the
contrast of the cain of commands in coordination, communication and cooperation. In addition,
Prasetyo also argued that the difficulties faced were the quality of human resources from the
apparatus in the deradicalization program.

Meaningful deradicalization of deideologization should be a program aimed at all levels of society.

Where indicators of the success of the program include the growth of the ability to detect and prevent
as early as possible the existence of danger or the threat of radical understanding spread by leaders,
supporters or sympathizers of the radical movement. Both conventionally and using social media or
information technology are growing very rapidly today. Deradicalization programs must be
implemented in synergy between security forces as the main component and also by all other
components of the nation as a supporting component to improve the ability of the preventive force
and deterrence of the community against the development of radical ideas that lead to acts of
terrorism.

The most difficult deradicalization parameters to achieve are: First is openness. Second is critical
thinking. the third is the feeling of the context of daar al harb (state of war) and daar as salam (state of
peace). Kempat is empathy for victims of terrorism. Fifth is the release of violence. Sixth is self
empowerment. Seventh is continuous learning. The eighth is an adjustment to the wider community.
The ninth is social reintegration. Tenth is mental independence for example avoiding blunt obedience.
Eleventh is tolerance to other community groups. Twelfth is a good relationship with heterogeneous
members of society. Thirteenth is understanding local wisdom. Fourteenth is citizenship. Fifteenth is
courage against group pressure. The sixteenth is to promote an anti-violence message openly.
Seventeenth is endurance in promoting anti-violence messages to the public; and eighteenth are
young people who inspire to be agents of change in promoting anti-violence messages. According to
former convicts of terrorism, achieving openness to people outside the jihad group is not easy but still
possible. Conversely, young people who inspire being agents of change in promoting anti-violence
messages in mass media or online media or forums are the most difficult even though some former
terrorism activists have reached this. By looking at the success or failure of rehabilitation, the next
objective of this final stage is to strengthen the rehabilitation of prisoner outcomes. evaluate whether
they really can adjust to society, and see if the community wants to accept their presence. In addition,
the effectiveness or de-radicalization also needs to be supported by the availability of regulations. In
the Republic of Indonesia Presidential Regulation Number 46 of 2010 concerning BNPT, de-
radicalization was carried out by the Deputy for Prevention, Protection and Deradicalization of the
BNPT. In carrying out the task of formulating, coordinating and implementing policies, strategies and
national counter-terrorism measures in the fields of prevention, protection and deradicalization, these
deputies carry out functions including the implementation of socialization of counter-terrorism
prevention in the areas of prevention, protection and deradicalization, and coordination of the
implementation of reeducation and resocialization in the framework of deradicalization.

Nonetheless, the deradicalisation concept and strategy was not further explained in the Republic of
Indonesia Presidential Regulation Number 46 of 2010 concerning BNPT, so that it was carried out
without clear measurement of success, monitoring, and evaluation. Existing regulations, namely Law
No. 15 of 2003 and Presidential Regulation No. 46 of 2010 which were later amended by Presidential
Regulation Number 12 of 2012 concerning Amendment to Presidential Regulation Number 46 of 2010
concerning BNPT, have not yet become a unified and consistent set of arrangements implementation
of deradicalization. This then made the BNPT not free to move in carrying out deradicalization. So far,
efforts to prevent and deal with terrorism are still poorly coordinated because each agency has its
own program in dealing with terrorism (dualism program). Synergy between all relevant institutions
under BNPT coordination in carrying out de-radicalization is needed because the deradicalization
target concerns the radicalization rate of different terrorists so that the handling must also be different.

Conclusion
There are a number of things that have been good in dealing with the issue of radicalism and
terrorism by the government. The first is to create a new institution that focuses on dealing with
Terrorism cases, namely the National Counter Terrorism Agency as an institution that tackles issues
of terrorism and radicalism with a more soft power approach. Whereas before 2010, prior to the
existence of the National Agency for Combating Terrorism, the Government handled these issues
with a focus on hard power as carried out by the special department 88.

In addition, the current state institutions in handling terrorism cases are still having difficulties. In my
opinion, at this time it is indeed far better with the presence of BNPT in counter-terrorism,
unfortunately there is a overlapping of law-shrimp as happened between the national republic of
Indonesia and the police republic of Indonesia. In addition, the indicators or parameters of the
success of a deradicalisation must be needed by the convicts themselves. It will be necessary for
human resources to handle these cases to provide adequate training so that they have competent
skills in handling these issues.

References:
1. bcc.com. (2018, November 19). Masjid di lingkungan pemerintah terpapar radikalisme, 17
masuk kategori parah. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-46253635#orb-
banner
2. bps.go.id. (2010). Retrieved from Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut:
https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0
3. Golose, P. R. (2009). Deradikalisasi Terorisme Humanis, Soul Approach dan Menyentuh Akar
Rumput. Jakarta: Yayasan Pengembangan Kajian Ilmu Kepolisian.
4. Hadi, N. (2018, Mei 13). Pelaku Bom di Surabaya Satu Keluarga, Begini Pembagian Tugasnya.
Retrieved from tempo.co: https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1088460/pelaku-bom-di-surabaya-satu-
keluarga-begini-pembagian-tugasnya/full&view=ok
5. Hermastuti, M. D. (2016). RESPON ORGANISASI ISLAM TRANSNASIONAL DI INDONESIA
TERHADAP PROGRAM DERADIKALISASI BADAN NASIONAL PENANGGULANGAN
TERORISME.
6. kbbi.web.id. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://kbbi.web.id/radikalisme
7. Mubarak, Z. (2012). Fenomena Terorisme di Indonesia: Kajian Aspek Teologi, Ideologi dan
Gerakan. Salam : Jurnal studi masyarakat Islam.
8. Prasetyo, D. (2016). Sinergi TNI-Polri dalam Deradikalisasi.
9. SETARA Institute for Democracy and Peace. (2012). In Dari Radikalisme Menuju Terorisme:
Studi Relasi dan Transformasi Organisasi Islam Radikal di Jawa Tengah dan D.I. Yogyakarta.
Jakarta: Pustaka Masyarakat Setara.

Need Help With The Assignment? GET HELP

Our professionals are ready to assist with any writing!