OWC Inter Satellite link throughput

improvement based on WDM architecture

Meryem Romaissa Djellouli Sid Ahmed Chouakri Abdelkrim Ghaz
2022 2nd International Conference on Advanced Electrical Engineering (ICAEE) | 978-1-6654-1741-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICAEE53772.2022.9962058

Telecommunications and Digital Signal Telecommunications and Digital Signal Communications Networks Architecture
Processing Laboratory Processing Laboratory and Multimedia Laboratory
Djillali Liabes University Djillali Liabes University Djillali Liabes University
Sidi Bel Abbes, 22000, Algeria Sidi Bel Abbes, 22000, Algeria Sidi Bel Abbes, 22000, Algeria
meryemromaissa1@gmail.com sa_chouakri@hotmail.com gabkarim@gmail.com

Abstract— This paper, shows an Inter satellite connectivity has a
throughput of 100 to 600 Gbps, input subsystem power of 20 dBm,
coherent optical modulation of 16-QAM, L2L orbital spacing of 5860
km, based on OWC laser optical communication of 1550 nm
wavelength for this purpose a set of equipment focused on the range of
WDM systems from 10 to 30 Ghz bandwidth via OptiSystem software,
such as Q and BER factors are at results of: 8.82378, 10.372, 10.872,
4.96647×10 -019, 3.4661×10 -020 and 7.83015×10 -028 , respectively.
Thus, a comparative study between 16-QAM and QPSK, has been
carried out and, this to revolutionize the industry of systems has LEO
type orbitassions at a good quality suitable for next generation services
(NGN), and interactive satellite systems, such as DVB-RCS standards.
Keywords— ISL (InterSatellite Link); OWC (Optical Wireless
Communication); Is-OWC (Inter-satellite Optical Wireless
Communication); FSO (Free Space Optics); LEO (Low Earth
Orbit); L2L (LEO to LEO); NGN (Next Generation Network);
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing); Throughput; QPSK
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying); 16-QAM (16-Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation), OptiSystem.
I. INTRODUCTION
Free Space Optics (FSO) communication, also called Free
Space Photonics (FSP), is considered a well-established
technique capable of data transfer [1], promising for all network
configurations and even for the new branches of Quantum
Protocol Cryptography communications [2]. It shares some
properties with fiber optic communications, as both use visible
or infrared light spectra, except that the latter uses free space
instead of a cable for propagation [3] [4]. The technology of the
FSO offers a service that has great values of a good quality of
transmission, such as the fast recovery of the connection to a
high flow, that one of the methods of the frequency
radiocommunication (RF: Radio Frequency) [5], and it is what
we mentioned in our previous researches [6]. Based on their
multiple advantages, Outdoor OWC (Optical Wireless
Communication) links can be deployed for different
applications, such as inter-and intra-satellite integrated and
assimilated electronic communications between spacecraft,
between satellites in the same or different orbits, and even with
downstream or upstream channels [7],
978-1-6654-1741-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
such as Is-OWC (Inter satellite Optical Wireless
Communication) links, tuned to the recent DVB-RCS/RCS2
(Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel via Satellite/
Return Channel via Satellite 2) standards [8].
There are three main areas commonly used: a low earth orbital
constellation (LEO) has a duration of between 2 hours and 4
hours with an orbital altitude of less than 2000 km [9], and a
medium earth orbital area (MEO) for a period of 4 to 12 hours
and an altitude of 20000 km [10], and a geostationary orbit
(GEO: Geostationary Earth Orbit) which is known as a
geocentric orbit on which a satellite moves in the same direction
as the planet having a period of 23 hours 56 minutes and 4
seconds, will be 36. 000 km [11].
In this paper, our objective is devoted to the processing and
analysis of the inter-satellite link under simulation
implementation via OptiSystem, based on the bandwidth range
of WDM systems with a proposed 16-state QAM (Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation) coherent optical transmission for
capacitive augmentation of classical QPSK (Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying) infrastructures and new generation satellite
communication systems and global coverage to apparent and
non-apparent world areas.
II. THE STRUCTURE OF SYSTEME
A. The simple model of the Is-OWC link
The model of the Is-OWC (Inter satellite - Optical
Wireless Communication) design shown in Figure 1 [12]
[13], is defined as a classical structure, composed of two
satellite interconnection points separated by a free space
propagation medium OWC.
The first transmission system (satellite I) is formed by a
data generator (PRBS: Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence), a
pulse generator NRZ (Non-Return-a-Zero), and a laser
source CW (Continuous Wave) connected by a modulation
component MZM (Mach-ZehnderModulator).
The second system (Satellite II) requires an APD
(Avalanche Photodiode) because of the high gain, a Bessel
low-pass filter (LPF: Low-Pass Filter) whose purpose is to
eliminate high frequencies, a 3R regenerator, and a BER

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 (Binary Error Rate) analyzer that allows the visualization of GEO and even MEO systems for various communication
the curves and values of the BER as well as the quality factor applications. One of the main drivers of the shift to LEO
Q [14] [15]. satellites is the competition of satellite structures to a long-delay
geostationary orbit for national and international connectivity
APD BER Analyser [17].
PRBS NRZ OWC In fact, other factors, are a lower loss of free space, the
minority of atmospheric degradations of the channel between
CW
MZ-
LPBF 3R the ground stations and the satellites from 160 to 2000 km of
Laser Regenerator
Modulator altitude [18], a use of equipment at a cost promise sufficient for
Satellite II all the coordinations of the ground stations and even for the
inter satellite transmission flows, the latency delay, which is
Satellite I represented as a time necessary for the transfer of data to make
a round trip (RTT : Round Trip Time) of 30 to 50 ms, going
Fig.1 The optical inter-satellite classical link (Is-OWC) [12] [13].
from the earth to the satellite and vice versa, the orbital spacing
The Is-OWC system depends on several parameters, such (ISL: Inter Satellite Link) of 600 to 5860 km (L2L: LEO to
as the transmitted power, the aperture of the antennas at the LEO) [19], nevertheless, the lifetime of the satellites [20],
transmitting and receiving side, and the wavelength of the laser compared to GEO and MEO, which are at altitudes of 36,000
light. The received power of an ISL is defined by the Friis km [21], 7000 to 25,000 km [22], inter satellite distances of
transmission equation [16]: 9000 km (Co-located satellite), 40, 000 km (medium range),
and 84, 000 km (long range) (G2G: GEO to GEO), and < 31,
2 000 km (M2M: MEO to MEO) [23], and RTTs has time ranges
 λ  of 250-350 ms [24] [25], 125-250 ms [20], respectively.
PR = PT µT µ R GT GR LT LR   . [16] (1)
 4π D 
GT = (π DT / λ )2 . [16] (2)
GR = (π DR / λ )2 . [16] (3)
LT = exp( − GT θT 2 ) . [16] (4)
2
LR = exp( −GRθ R ) . [16] (5)
Where,

 PR : Received system power.

 PT : The power transmitted from the system.
 µT : Optical efficiency of the transmitter.
 µR : Optical efficiency of receiver.
 GT : The telescope gain of the transmitter.
 GR : Receiver telescope gain.
 LT : The pointing loss factor of the transmitter.
 LR : The receiver pointing loss factor.
 λ : the wavelength.
 D : The orbital spacing between the two satellites (the
distance).
 θT : Transmitter pointing losses.
 θ R : Receiver pointing losses.
B. Description of LEO Inter Satellite system
With the aim of improving the inter-satellite lines. The
interpretation modeled under OptiSystem software from
Optiwave, explains the functional concept illustrated in (Fig.2)
of an Is-OWC coherent optical transmission based on low earth
orbit (LEO) systems. The latter appear as interesting fans of
Fig.2 The L2L Is-OWC system.
The first step is the determination of the transmission
satellite subsystem (Fig.3), which is represented in a
constructive diagram by a PRBS (Pseudo-Random Bit
Sequence), which delivers the zeros and one data. These
sequences pass through a generator of NRZ codes and a
transmission component, representing the main block to
simulate a coherent optical signal with 16-QAM modulation.
This last technique used in our proposed communication is
based on several advantages over the modulation, the most used
in optical satellite simulations, QPSK, in terms of data transfer
capacity, which results in a very high throughput, more efficient
bandwidth, low error probability, and noise immunity, resulting
in less interference out of transmission [26] [27], nevertheless,

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the high-power consumption requires a higher SNR (Signal The signal multiplexed via WDM will be transmitted
Noise Ratio) to decode the bits at the receiving level. through an OWC channel in a line of sight (LOS) (Fig.5) to
ensure an outstanding quality of service in terms of optical gain,
16-QAM
Transmitter stability of the transmit signal power, and a meager bit error rate
PRBS to the receiver [32].

NRZ Generator

Oscilloscope
Visiualiser Fig.5 OWC Channel.

The receiving infrastructure is conceptualized by a

subsystem of a key component of 15-channel WDM
demultiplexing, a power combiner (Fig.6), which are
Fig. 3 Emission L2L Is-OWC system. corresponding to the inverse mathematical equation of the same
principle of OFDM. The signal obtained at the receiver level is
The output of the block (Optical Coherent 16-QAM) goes written, on a symbolic duration of Ts .
to a (Power Splitter) to divide the input power equally to
N −1
produce the laser multi-beams [28]. Then, the signals will pass
through a multiplexer (WDM Mux: Wavelength Division y(t ) =  Pk H k e( 2 jπ c / λ k + k / Ts ) t
. (9)
k =0
Multiplexing Multiplexer) of 15 channels of the bandwidths of T
N −1
10, 20, and 30 GHz (Giga Hertz) (Fig.4) to allow a function to 1 s N −1

Z (t ) =   y(t )e − π λk dt =  Pk H k .
( 2 j c / )t
meet the demand of a very high rate of information to a (10)
destination of several users and a long-range with an affordable k = 0 Ts 0 k =0

configuration to Opto-satellite networks [29] [30]. With, H k : is the transfer function of the channel.
The principle of wavelength division multiplexing WDM
is similar to the same principle of FDM (Frequency Division Optical
Optical signal signal de-
Multiplexing) and the basis of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency multiplexing
P
Division Multiplexing) [31], we consider a sequence of N O by WDM
W
powers ( P0 ; P1 ; …; PN −1 ). Each power Pk modulates a signal D
W
E
R
M
has a frequency f k , so the individual signal is written in the C
( 2 jπ f k ) t D O
complex form: Pk e . (6) E M
B
The total signal W(t), corresponding to all the powers, is M I
U N
the sum of the individual signals: X E
N −1 R

W(t) =  P e( 2 jπ f )t .
k =0
k
k
(7)

In this transmission, the mathematical basis of the

Fig.6 Power Combiner/WDM Demux system.
multiplexed signal via WDM is written as follows:
N −1
Then, an optical PSK/QAM receiver, which detects the
W(t) = Pe
k =0
k
( 2 jπ c / λk ) t
. (8) optical signal coherently at the using APD for an
Optical optical/electrical (O/E) conversion, then the electrical signal is
Optical beam signal passed through a Bessel filter of a low-pass category, for fitness
multiplexing
by WDM to facilitate analysis [33] before that the signal is processed by
P
O the DSP (Digital Signal Processing) component, the purpose of
W
E W
which is to recover the detected signal and utility of FEC
R D (Forward Error Correction) error correction processing into
S M several coding algorithms in the diagrams of satellite standards
P
L
[34] [35].
M
I
U
Then, the decision stage allows to approach the channels of
T
T X the electrical signals, normalize the amplitudes of each channel
E
R
received from the DSP (Digital Signal Processor), and it takes
a decision on each symbol received according to the normalized
threshold of the 16-QAM before the signal is decoded by the
QAM block and visualized by the last block of the L2L Is-OWC
Fig.4 Power Splitter/WDM Mux system.

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(the BER analyzer: Bit Error Rate) [36]. (The block diagram for The description of the indicators approved for the analysis
the receiving subsystem is shown in Fig.7). of the performance of the above-mentioned link is based on:
- The quality factor (Q): is a dimensionless measure
Optical signal de-
multiplexing by that describes the minimum value of the signal-to-
WDM
noise ratio (SNR). The acceptable value for this factor
is 6 dB [40].
LPF - The bit error rate (BER): indicates the ratio
between the transferred bits and the erroneous bits in
Optical
Coherent an interval of the time studied [41].
PSK/QAM DSP
Receiver
In optical telecommunications, the accepted value for
BER is ≤ 10 -9 [41].
LPF Decision • The eye diagram: represents an oscillogram
of the superposition of all the binary symbols
of the transmitted signal [41].
QAM
LPF NRZ
Decoder On the OptiSystem, the value of these factors is
calculated numerically as follows:
3R Generator Eye Diagram
V1 − V0
BER Q= . [41] (6)
Q factor σ1 + σ 0
BER
Visualiser The V0 ,and V1 are the average voltages of levels 1 and 0,
and the σ 0 ,and σ 1 represent the variances of the probabilities
Fig.7 Reception L2L Is-OWC system.
of the powers of levels 1 and 0.
The bit error rate and the Q factor are related by the
III. RESULTATS ET DISCUSSION following equation:
A. Description of simulation
Q2
The simulation of our diagram was made based on a WDM exp( − )
1  Q  2 . [42] (7)
de/multiplexing algorithm of 10, 20, and 30 GHz of bandwidth BER =
2 
erfc   =
with a coherent optical transmission of 16-QAM, an input  2  Q 2π
subsystem power of 20 dBm for a wavelength of 1550 nm
(nanometers) and an LEO-LEO inter-satellite distance of 5860 From the analysis of the L2L Is-OWC linkage, the
km adapted to the frequency spectrum of the Ku-band (Kurz- following tables (TABLE II, III, IV), show the results obtained
unten) and especially the Ka-band (Kurz-above) [37][38][39], for the three simulation cases.
which is preferred for LEO constellation projects, has different
values of high data rates, such as 100 Gbps, 200 Gbps, 300 TABLE II
The values of the criteria of the L2L Is-OWC link for the 10 Ghz.
Gbps, 400 Gbps, 500 Gbps, and 600 Gbps. The following table
Bandwith (WDM) 10 Ghz
(TABLE I) shows the other parameters considered for our Q Factor Q Factor Min BER
above-mentioned L2L Is-OWC simulation. Min BER
100 Gbps 8.82378 4.96647×10 -019
TABLE I 200 Gbps 8.00139 1.05606×10 -019
Parameters of L2L Is-OWC Link [40]. 300 Gbps 7.9206 1.52505×10 -015
Parameters Values 400 Gbps 6.8644 1.86962×10 -015
Bit-rate (Gbps) [100-600] 500 Gbps 5.78296 6.0464×10 -014
Modulation 16-QAM 600 Gbps 5.6543 2.23976×10 -008
Wavelength (nm) 1550
Range of LOS (OWC) (km) 5860 TABLE III
Power of transmitter (dBm) 20 The values of the criteria of the L2L Is-OWC link for the 20 Ghz.
Dark current (nAmp) 10 Bandwith (WDM) 20 Ghz
Repositivity of APD 1 Q Factor Q Factor Min BER
Transmitter pointing error (µrad) 2 Min BER
Receiver pointing error (µrad) 2 100 Gbps 10.372 3.4661×10 -020
Transmitter aperture diameter 20 200 Gbps 9.85512 4.14282×10 -019
Receiver aperture diameter 20 300 Gbps 8.5037 3.1425×10 -017
Attenuation (dB/km) 0 400 Gbps 7.85118 4.03706×10 -018
Transmitter optics efficiency 1 500 Gbps 5.77293 2.88064×10 -014
Receiver optics efficiency 1 600 Gbps 5.17945 2.0212×10 -007
Additional losses 3

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 TABLE IV modulation, the BERs and Q factors are at variables of 7.0004
The values of the criteria of the L2L Is-OWC link for the 30 Ghz.
and 1.23565×10-12 [5], 3.55911 and 0.00016616 [42],
Bandwith (WDM) 30 Ghz
respectively for the same simultaneous parameters. It can be
Q Factor Q Factor Min BER said that this spatial interconnection present is more
Min BER competitive with the data transfer. For this reason, we attach to
100 Gbps 10.872 7.83015×10 -028 the performances of the speculative overview has inter-satellite
200 Gbps 9.85332 3131501×10 -023 LEO constellations via an optical channel OWC has specific
300 Gbps 9.0722 5.8304×10 -020
8.48475 1.0761×10 -017
coefficients namely, the modulation used (16-QAM), the utility
400 Gbps
500 Gbps 6.0318 8.10708×10 -010 of WDM technologies, and the applicative location in coherent
600 Gbps 5.75068 4.4402×10 -009 optical transmission on inter-satellite flow levels due to its
many advantages including expert use of channel bandwidth,
support for higher throughput, suitable for the spatial advent of
preferred modulations in advanced technologies and wireless
communication networks as well as laser optical links.

Fig.8 Eye diagrams of L2L Is-OWC link for the 10 GHz WDM bandwidth
(THE TWO EXTREME CASES).
IV. CONCLUSION
In this work, we rely on an assessment of the L2L Is-OWC
channel has a variation of high rates for a wavelength of 1550
nm, which indicates to us that the values are given by the
proposed simulation of BERs lower than 10-9, and Q factors
greater than 6, are more efficient to data transmission systems
with high-quality guaranties, cost-effective deployment,
coverage of a large number of applications with high
throughput, adapted to the transmission medium.

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Fig.9 Eye diagrams of L2L Is-OWC link for the 20 GHz WDM bandwidth
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Fig.10 Eye diagrams of L2L Is-OWC link for the 30 GHz WDM bandwidth
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From the results obtained for the six high-rate cases in
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