To O-146mA

3
50 X0 146x 10b

(4.T6 xI+S IXI0)O #5

0.4S X10 XI3
4-76 +5 1 9-86
O.046 x10 p=O-076 mA
T BT3 50x0-616XI0
3-8xt6°A

20+101g +e t 10Tp+5000TR 0
3
-20 +10 x 0-046X10+Nce + l0 x0.016x10+SC0O

: 0 6X10-0

ee 139-0IN

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S 9S13
T h e v m a l Kesistance a

)h diveety proportional t-
TLe functim temp T
fouoe dissipation i-e

AT T-Ta b
T-Ta -fb

6T-Ta

wheste
TTunctorntemp
temp(Reomtemp)
Ambiant 7
TTA exoe
Dissipation

he ThexnalResistance
ab Thexmal

a Theemal
porkonaliky constsp knoopA
The
Resistante
G4) Condilion fov Thevimal Stabi
Thermal Stabtlity:- the conditon
+he condiron
Thexmal Run Auay,
Sn orde teavod the

fon Theimal stability

sgl
pachical ekample R
Ler us Lonsides the
hoh
o
o

to 0/p bop
iPplyirg xL n
Vce0
-Vcc +Re T +
Nce Vet ReD
Pouot disspakon ee -R
c e - Re
Apply ing Pavrial Desivative o v t '
a
 YpNee-31cRe

4vom aPp. aT = aT
(

TA
ap-ke-aTR)

vom-the Stability a
(Nee39eRe) <
postive
aluoay3 Positive
aove tondifion ip
rom he the tordi-iom
4We n ovdeute dai'sty
3 alsss f r o s ) o n s
0 e tc<aTR
ec-2DeR

pethe Opevotirng Point Concept 1, aRc

As
mdex to Saisty both. Cpevating point &thesmal Stabli
han Nce
o i Sontly eates
* Compensatin Methoas dehe
The (ompensation Neihods aue used tn stabrise the
by using temp dependent devices like Diedes, Themised
Sensestovp
O Comp ensaBon tqainst Nge
A diede D i tonnected Sesdes wth
nofoc3
Resistor R2 Ne TeRe
TeRe sd
Nee Ve -Ne
 Ne
Ae -Be
somquse N+VR
VeVp+NR, - NBe
TeRe-D+VR, -VeB
Se Np+e,-Vee CDe ec]
Re

Re
the diode and tronsistoy ase made-up Samee
Semi-Conucto
mateual hen t Diede veltage' lV6) ip equnl to
ths Base-6niHex Veltage (Nec)
i:e No =Vee
ar2ie no
Hence
ofovarfoe Jostam rdbus
Re
JasH
ohee,,
VR Noltage across the resistor PRz
So, the collector
wsient doesnt deperding onthe
the collectoy Cusstent (T)
VeE &ven temp changes
maintainshe Conpt. Value

9Compensation Aqainst Teeo

he leakage wsHent Iceo

Charges oth the temp, in ovdes

to 8tabilse the T he xesistoY
ip xeploced by Diode Die D
Heveuse mode
Yom the rut T-PatTo
 the Disdo (1 DC Loc
Cussyent
Satwahon
tohee
TReveue tvansistor
or DCL
To lussuent of the AC Com
Base
8 o a

VBe
Ncc
Ng=O
KCL T T8 t+To
Aplying g T - T o o l

Noo he

C1+p) TcBo Applying

Genesaly, - BTg+
p)cep p p -Vec + T
plT-D)+
+BTeB0
- se0
TBT-BTe
ahame
dame SeSe
transistor made-up
the
Sthe Diede
Reveyse Satusiation ti
then the
Conductov matesuial
epual te enkage CBGHent of transis
Diede (T) ip
Ape
(Tces) ie

4exce T t
The collectoy cussent doesoot deperding n the
the Te Tom th
leakage cusuent , éven 4he enp Hses
he x-
maintains the Const Value
the
( Lod Line Aralysib
le Analysis (L Tha Y-
Theve ase a
types of Load
The X-a
They a1e U) Dc LLA baid udbolkd
(0) AC LLA
et us tonsfdey a ixed bias oirc
 Oc Aralysis:
load line
D -
loD load line Aralysip
AC ComponenS aye daido
Zexo ie20 ohich means
0
Ns 0 , X
he DC equiualent civauit
Noco

Aplyfnq L to 31p loop

=0
Re +VBe
-Vct e
Vcc VBe
Re

Pe =
B(Ncc-Vee
RB
Applyfng KVL te olp loops g4 5ol8
=0
atusadton
Tu.
-Vcc+ Tc Re +Vee
e -Vee-1Rp AcHe R e a i o n

T=0 Vce Vec

1om the olp chasoctesdsties

he x-0xb point ip Vec 0)
the -axup point ip (0, XalRe),. . Cutoff
h y-aúp poit ip knoon as
Satutaiot Point
he x-aais point p knouon a Cutoff pofnt
 oint (a):
Opevating
The point al hth the D laad ine insesoseph toith
Point
op chavaclesúshios CusNe ip kriocon a Opesaing
chalactesi'stics Cusve 8,,9,,43,u, Gy,e
-om D

0e the Opeafig Painl

Cxilevia Hov Selkching the Operating Point

Selechton o opexafing point disoiibed in3 cose
Thobe s casesaste
o Select the
e
Opesxattog Point Tg=404A
at point A. -Je- 304A
Select the opevarlirq Bnt ,Ta
atpoint B. so4HA

un) 8elect +the Cpevag Poat Tg=0HR

at peint C.
Sekct the
Opealig Poietrat Point'a:
4he Opeseoling N

Psinh1 seleched at
a point A then the A 30

4Ve povton o the Te

plipedofl y-Ve porfèn
10.4

Te-04

eeip dlipped offo Nce

BSo,-the OptsatrgPott
 of the bes choee fov he Awopltfiealior
A tp
al
poin
Opuaing Point al
polo
Seled the
pe )
hing point
the Opeva
isSeleched a t a
hen the -Ve
B
pint
porfiono f b clipped

of&4Ne e

pomkionofthe Nce t
opurating
dippedoff co1 BSo,
the best choice Joy Amplikcaion.
bint at point B ib not
Point at point d eest gi t-
i Bpe Select Opovatirg
st nogy.nl bhow
6on

you elect the op shgm-7

c
he
af point

Ve ipnod
diped ol
it appeass in the Sinusoidal
S0,
ovleoym covto TB.
but
he op c tp the
at point
AmplGHicaton
theice for orthful