Sect

ion Mar
k
A
B
C
Tot
al

DEPARTMENTOFPHYSI
OLOGY
COURSE:MEDI
CALPHYSI
OLOGY
SYSTEM:METAB,
ENDO&REPRO
TEST4–MEMORANDUM FORSTUDENTS

Sur
name: I
nit
ial
s:

St
udentnumber
:

Si
gnat
ure:

DATE: 15OCTOBER2021
DURATI
ON: 2HOURS&5MI N
TOTALMARKS: 110+10(METABASSI
GNEMENT)=120
PAGES: TYPEINPAGES
A. MULTI
PLECHOI
CEQUESTI
ONS

1.Whi chofthefol
l
owingiswr onglypai
red
a)Pr ot
eins–pepti
debond
b)Nucl ei
cacid–hydrogenbond
c) Poly
sacchari
de–glycosi
dicbond
d)Phospholipi
ds–phosphatelinkage

2.Al losteri
cenzy mescancont roltheiroutputofproductby
a)bi ndingthesubst rateatasit
eawayf rom theactivesit
e
b)bi ndingani r
reversiblei
nhi
bitorattheact i
vesit
e
c) bindingaposi ti
veornegat iv
er egulatoratanon- competi
ti
vesi
te
d)changi ngthepHi nt heact
ivesite
e) reversibl
einhibit
ionusingthepr oductast hei
nhibitor

3.Whenev erthecel
l’
sATPsuppl
yisdepl
eted,
whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngenzy
me’
sact
ivi
tyi
s
i
ncreased
a)Hexoki nase
b)Py r
uv ateki
nase
c) Gl
ucokinase
d)Phosphof r
uctoki
nase

4.Gluconeogenesi
srespondst
owhi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ng
a)hormonalcontrol
b)pHcont r
ol
c) t
emperatur
econtrol
d)bloodcontrol

5.Whichoft hefoll
owi ngwouldfavourful
lact
ivat
ionofgl
uconeogenesi
s
a)Highlevelsoffattyacidoxidati
on
b)Highcellul
arconcent r
ati
onsofADP
c) Hi
ghi
nsul i
nlevels
d)Lowci t
ratelev
els
e) Hi
ghl
ev elsoffructose1,
6-bisphosphat
e

6.Whi chcel
lul
arcondit
ionsfavouri
ncr
easedact
ivi
tyoft
heel
ect
ront
ranspor
tchai
nand
oxidati
vephosphoryl
ati
on
a)Lowoxy genconcentrati
ons
b)Hi ghNAD+
c) LowNADHconcent rati
ons
d)Hi ghADPconcent rati
ons

7.Asar esultofglycol
ysi
s,pyr
uvat
eoxidati
onandtheci
tr
icaci
dcycl
e,onl
yasmallpor
ti
onof
theenergyofgl ucosehasbeenconv
ertedtoATP.Att
hispoi
nt,
themajori
tyoft
heusabl
e
energyiscontainedin
a)oxi di
zedel ect
roncarri
ersNAD+andFAD
b)car bondioxide
c) pyruvate
d)acet ylcoenzymeA
e)r
educedel
ect
roncar
ri
ersNADHandFADH2

8.Whi chhor monest i

mulat
esthesat
iet
ycent
re
a)Chol ecystoki
nin
b)Pept i
deYY3-36
c) Lepti
n
d)Mel anocorti
ns
e) Cort
icot
r opi
n-rel
easi
nghormone

9.Atnormalroom t
emperat
ure_
___
_ti
mesmor
ebl
oodf
lowst
hrought
heski
nthani
sneeded
f
ornut
ri
ti
vepurposes
a)2
b)3
c) 5
d)10to15
e)20to30

10.Whichoft heclassesofhormonesi
s(ar
e)hy
drophobi
c
a)Pr oteinhormones
b)Cat echolamines
c) I
ndol eamines
d)Thy roidhormones
e) Bothc)andd)ar ecorrect

11.WhichisNOTaf unctionofmel
atoni
n
a)Helpskeepci rcadi anrhyt
hmsinsynchr
onywi
tht
hel
i
ght
-dar
kcy
cle
b)Inducesnat ur
al sleep
c) I
sanant ioxi
dant
d)Slowst heagingpr ocess
e)Suppr essesimmuni ty

12.Ari
seinthepl
asmacor tisolconcent
rati
on
a)promot est
hesecreti
onofACTHf rom theanter
iorpitui
tar
y
b)promot est
hestorageoft r
igl
yceri
desinadiposetissue
c) i
ncreasest
heplasmagl ucoseconcent rat
ion
d)Alloftheabov
ear ecorrect
e) Onl
yb)andc)arecor r
ect

13.A30-year
-ol
dmanhasAddison’
sdisease.Whi
chsetofphysi
ologi
cal
changesi
smost
l
ikel
ytooccuri
nthi
spat
ientcomparedwithaheal
thyper
son
 A B C D E
Bl
ood I
ncr
eased I
ncr
eased I
ncr
eased Decr
eased Decr
eased
Na+]
[
Bl K+]
ood[ I
ncr
eased Decr
eased Decr
eased I
ncr
eased Decr
eased
Bl
ood I
ncr
eased I
ncr
eased Decr
eased Decr
eased Decr
eased
pressu
re

a)A
b)B
c) C
d)D
e) E

14.Adrenal
ineissynt
hesised
a)f r
om try
ptophane
b)int headrenalmedull
a
c) uponstimulat
ionbypost gangl
i
oni
csy
mpat
het
icf
ibr
es
d)Al loft
heabov earecorrect
e) Onlya)andc)arecorrect

15.Whichglucoset
ranspor
tercar
ri
esgl
ucosei
ntomuscl
ecel
l
s
a)GLUT- 1
b)GLUT- 2
c) GLUT-3
d)GLUT-4
e)GLUT-5

16.Whichhormonedecr
easest
heconcent
rat
ionofpl
asmaf
reef
att
yaci
ds
a)Insulin
b)Glucagon
c) Growthhormone
d)Cor ti
sol
e) Adrenal
ine

17.WhichhormonedoesNOTpr
omot
eani
ncr
easei
nthepl
asmagl
ucoseconcent
rat
ion
a)Gr owthhormone
b)Thy roxi
n
c) Gl
ucagon
d)Adr enal
ine
e) Corti
sol

18.Undercondi t
ionsofchr
oni
chy
pocal
caemi
aost
eobl
ast
ssecr
ete
a)RANKl igand
b)ost eoprotegeri
n
c) hydrochlori
cacid
d)Alloft
heabovearecorr
ect
e) Onl
ya)andc)ar
ecorrect

19.Testoster
one
a)inexcess, sti
mulat
esgonadot r
opin-
rel
easinghormone(
GnRH)secr
eti
on
b)inexcess, resul
tsi
ni mpairedferti
li
tyinmales
c) i
nexcess, causeshypergonadotropi
c-hypogonadi
sm
d)def i
ciencyresul
tsi
npr ecociouspubertyinmales
e) defi
ciencyresul
tsi
nv i
ril
isati
oninwomen

20.Sper mat ogenesi

si sregul
atedbyanegat i
vef eedbackcontrolsyst
em i nwhichfoll
i
cle-
sti
mul ati
nghormone( FSH)sti
mulat
esthestepsi nsper
m cellfor
mation.Whichoneofthe
foll
owi ng negativefeedback si
gnal
s associated wit
h sperm cellpr oduct
ion i
nhi
bits
pituit
ar yfor
mat i
onofFSH
a)I nhibin
b)Lut ei
nisinghormone(LH)
c) Oest rogen
d)Oxy tocin
e) Test osterone

21.Whataccompani
essl
oughi
ngoft
heendomet
ri
um dur
ingt
heut
eri
necy
clei
nanor
mal
woman
a)Adecr
easei
ninhi
bin
b)Adecr
easei
nbot
hpr
ogest
eroneandoest
rogen
c) Ani
ncr
easei
nest
radi
ol
d)Ani
ncr
easei
npr
ogest
erone
e) Thel
utei
nizi
nghor
mone(
LH)sur
ge

22.Whichoft
hefol
lowingstr
uct
ureswi
l
lbef
ormedwhent
hezy
got
eunder
goesmi
tot
ic
di
vi
sionaf
terf
erti
l
isat
ion
a)Amni
on
b)Bl
ast
ocy
te
c) Chor
ion
d)Mor
ula
e) Tr
ophobl
ast

23.Befor
ethesur
geinlut
eini
zi
nghormone(LH)i
ntheov
ari
ancy
cle,
thegr
anul
osacel
l
soft
he
fol
l
icl
esecr
etewhichoneofthef
oll
owinghor
mones
a)Test
ost
erone
b)Pr
ogest
erone
c) Oest
rogen
d)I
nhi
bin
e) Pr
olact
in

24.Ser
tol
icel
lspl
ayav it
alrol
einal
loft
hef
oll
owi
ngEXCEPT
a)secreti
ngandrogen-bi
ndi
ngprot
ein
b)secreti
ngtest
osterone
c) pr
ovi
dingabl
ood-
test
esbar
ri
er
d)pr
ovi
dingnour
ishmentf
ordev
elopi
ngsper
m
e) secr
eteMul
l
eri
ani
nhi
bit
ingf
act
ordur
ingf
oet
aldev
elopment
B. SHORTQUESTI
ONS

1.Cel
lscontai
nmanyor ganell
eswithmanydif
fer
entpur
posesandf
unct
ions.Whi
ch
or
ganell
eisresponsi
bleforbet
a-oxi
dat
ion? (
1)
Mit
ochondria

2.Likethecel
litsel
f,mit
ochondr
iahavemembranesaswel
l
.Ist
hei
nnerorout
ermembrane
ofmi t
ochondriathesel
ecti
vel
ypermeabl
eone? (
1)
Innermembr ane

3.a)Howmanyst epsar
einvolvedinbeta-
oxi
dati
on? (
1)
Four
b)Namet hetypeofchemical r
eact
ioneachstepent
ailof (
2)
oxidat
ion(½)→ hydrat
ion(½)→ oxidati
on(½)→ acyltr
ansf
er(
½)

4.Thepr ot
ongradi
entaff
ect
stheconcent r
atonofH+oneachsi
i deoftheinner
mitochondr
ialmembrane;
whichsideofthegradi
entwouldyouexpecttohaveahi
gherpH?
Explai
n. (
2)
Thepr ot
ons(H+)ar
epumpedi nt
ot heinter
-membranespace(1)ofthe
mitochondr
iaresul
ti
nginalowerpH( 1).

5.a)___
______
____
__andmatur
eb)____
___
_____
___rel
yonglycoly
sisf
orenergy
producti
onbecausei
tcanoccuri
nthec)_
_____
______
___ofthecel
landdoesnot r
equi
re
d)___
______
____
__. (4)
a)nervecell
s
b)redbloodcell
s
c)cytosol
d)mi t
ochondri
a

6.I
ntheabsenceofoxygen,
thepr
imar
ypur
poseofferment
ati
onist
o (
1)
Regener
ateNAD+from NADHall
owi
nggl
ycol
ysi
st ocont
inue.

MrMashigowasinf
ect
edwiththenovelcoronavi
rus.Hedevel
opeda
af
everof39.
9°C.Topr
eventconvul
sions,y
out r
eathim wi
thananti
pyr
eti
c.

7.Thefev
erwascausedbyt herel
easeofendogenouspy
rogensby[
a]_
___
___
___
whi
ch
causet
hesy nt
hesisof[
b]__
_____
___i
nthehy pot
hal
amus. (2)
a)macrophages(1)
 b)pr
ost
agl
andi
ns(
1)

8.Ahighfevercoul
dcauseconv
ulsi
onsduet
othe[
c]_
___
___
___ofpr
otei
nsi
nthecentr
al
nerv
oussy st
em. (1)
denatur
ati
on( 1)

9.Thenameoft heenzy
met
hati
sinhi
bit
edbyt
heant
ipy
ret
ici
s[d]
___
___
___
. (
1)
cycl
o-oxy
genase(1)

SimonNchunguwasthir
teeny
ear
sol
dwhenhi
spuber
tyst
art
ed.Hegr
ewr
api
dly
unti
ltheageofei
ght
een.

10.Thehormonethatt
ri
gger
edt
heonsetofhi
spuber
tyi
s[a]
___
___
___
_. (
1)
melat
onin(1)

11.Thehor
monesti
mul
ati
ngthegrowt
hofhi
slongbonesi
s[b]_
___
___
___
_. (
1)
i
nsul
in-
li
kegr
owthf
act
orI(1)

12.Hedi dnotconti
nuetogrowbey
ondt heageofei
ghteenduet
othecl
osur
eofhi
s
[c]
______
___causedbythehi
ghlev
elsof[d]_
____
___inhi
sbody. (
2)
epiphysi
alplat
es(1)
testost
erone(1)

MrsMalulekai
s62year
soldandcompl
ainsaboutf
ati
gue,weightgai
nandcol
d
i
ntol
erance.Al
abor
ator
ytestconf
ir
mst
hatherTSHleveli
selevated.

13.Ther easonf orhersymptomsarethatreducedamount

sof[
a]_ __
___
__and[b]_
___
_ _
__(
in
alphabeti
cal order
,notabbr
evi
ated)aresecret
edinMrsMal
uleka’
sblood.
(2)
thyroxin(1)
tri
iodothyronine(1)

14.Shepr
esent
swi
tht
heabov
ement
ionedsy
mpt
omsduet
odecr
easei
nher[
c]_
___
___
__.

(1)
basalmet
abol
icr
ate(
1)

15.HerTSHi sel
evatedbecauseofr
educednegati
vefeedbackofthehormonesment
ionedi
n
questi
on13ont he[d]_
_____
__andthe[
e]____
____
(inalphabet
ical
order
). (
2)
anter
iorpi
tui
tar
y( 1)
hypothal
amus(1)

16.Sheisl
i
kel
ytodev
elopa[
f]_
___
___i
fnott
reat
edbecauseTSHi
str
ophi
ctot
het
hyr
oid
gl
and. (
1)
goi
tr
e(1)
MrKhozaisaCEOofal ar
gecompanyandexperi
encesahi
ghlevelofwork-
rel
ated
st
ress.Lat
elyhewasdi
agnosedwi
thhyper
tensi
onandhyper
glycaemia.

17.Thedevel
opmentofhi
shypergl
ycaemi
acoul
dbeduet
other
eleaseofhi
gheramountsof
[
a]___
____
___fr
om t
hepancreas. (1)
gl
ucagon(1)

18.Thedev el
opmentofhi shypert
ensi
oncouldbedir
ect
lyassoci
atedwit
ht heincreased
releaseof[ b]___
____
__ _
,[c]_
____
____and[d]_
___
___
__(i
nalphabet
icalorder)
.
(
3)
adr enali
ne(1)
aldosterone(1)
vasopr essi
n/ ant
idi
ureti
chormone( 1)

Quest
ions19t
o27r
efert
otheRepr
oduct
iveSy
stem

19.Thesinglegenewi
thi
ntheYchr
omosomet
hati
sresponsi
blef
orsexdet
ermi
nat
ionis
the_
__ _
______
. (
1)
sex-
det
ermi
ningr
egi
onoft
heYchr
omosome/SRYgene
20.Therepr
oduct
ivet
ractdev
elopsfr
om t
he[
a]_
___
___
___
___duct
sinmal
esandf
rom t
he
[
b]_
_____
___
___
__ductsi
nfemales. (
2)

a)Wol
ffi
an
b)Mϋl
ler
ian

21.I
nt he absence of[ a]
____
_____
_and [ b]____
_____
(in al
phabeti
calorder
),a f
emal
e
repr
oduct
ivetractdevel
opsregardl
essofthegenet
icsexoftheindiv
idual
. (2)
a)Mϋl l
eri
ani nhi
bit
ingfact
or
b)Testosterone

22.Anincreasei
nthesecr
eti
onof_
___
___
___i
nit
iat
est
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heov
ari
ancy
cle.
(
1)
Fol
li
clestimul
ati
nghormone

23.Suckl
i
ngi nducesmil
ksecret
ionduet
o[a]
___
___
___
_rel
easef
rom t
heanteri
orpi
tui
tary
gl
andandi nducesmil
keject
ionduet
o[b]
___
___
___
_rel
easef
rom t
heposteri
orpi
tui
tary
gl
and. (2)
a)prolacti
n
b)oxy t
ocin

24.Dur
ingpregnancy
,__
___
___
__exer
tsast
rongi
nhi
bit
oryi
nfl
uenceont
heut
eri
ne
muscul
ature. (
1)
pr
ogesterone

25.__
___
_____
isthehormoner esponsibl
eforadrenogeni
talsy
ndr
omei
nageneti
cal
l
yfemal
e
whohasamal ereproduct
ivetractandext
ernalgenit
ali
a. (1)
Dehy
droepiandr
osterone(DHEA)
 26.The____
_ __
___cel
l
soft
hebl
ast
ocy
stwi
l
ltakepar
tinpl
acent
alf
ormat
ion. (
1)
tr
ophoblast

27._______
___ist
hehormonethatr
educesmaternaluseofgl
ucoseandpromot
esbr
eakdown
ofst
oredfatst
oall
owthesenutr
ientstobeshunt
edt ot
hefoetus.(
1)
Humanchorioni
csomatomammot ropin

C.LONGQUESTI
ONS

MrsMahlangu,anobese62-
year-
oldf
emale,r
ecentl
ynoticedt
hatshehasto
ur
inat
emor efr
equentl
yandthathert
hir
sthasincr
eased.Auri
neanaly
sisshows
hi
ghlevel
sofglucose.

1.Whati
sthemostl
i
kelydiagnosi
soft
hispat
ient
? (
1)
Di
abet
esmell
it
ustypeII

2.Dr
awaf
lowdi
agr
am t
oexpl
ainhersy
mpt
oms. (
9)

↑Insul
inresist
ance(
1)→ ↓glucoseuptakebycel
ls(1)&↑gluconeogenesi
sintheli
ver
(1)→ hypergly
caemi
a(1)→ glucosur
ia(1)&osmoti
cdiur
esis(1)→ polyur
ia(=f
requent
uri
nati
on)(1)→ dehydr
ati
on(1)→ polydi
psi
a(=incr
easedthir
st)(1)
.

Thetablebelowshowsr
elati
veconcent
rat
ionsoft
hreehormones(
1,2,3)i
nthreedi
ffer
ent
women.Thehor monesi
ncludehumanchorioni
cgonadot
ropi
n(hCG),
oestr
ogen,and
progest
erone.

Womanthati
s Womani nthelatefoll
icular Womanthati
s
pr
egnant phaseofanor malov ulator
y br
east
feedi
ng
menstrualcycl
e
Hor
mone1 Hi
gh Low Low
Hor
mone2 Hi
gh High Low
Hor
mone3 Hi
gh Absent Absent

Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionsusi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ionpr
ovi
dedi
nthet
abl
e.

3.Gi
vi
ngaf
ull
phy
siol
ogi
cal
expl
anat
ioni
neachcase,
expl
ainwhy

a)hor
mone1i
spr
ogest
erone. (3)
Duringpr egnancy,humanchor i
onicgonadot ropi
n( hCG)st i
mul at
est hepr oductionof
progester one whi ch prevent
s ut erine contr
acti
ons and st i
mulates br east tissue
development( 1).Dur i
ng the foll
icularphase oft he menst rualcycle,pr ogesterone
concentr ati
oni slow.Progesteronei ncreasesduri
ngt helutealphaseoft hemenst rual
cyclet opr eparet heuterusfori mpl antat
ion(1).Progesteronesuppr essespr olactin-
sti
mul atedl act
ati
on.Thel owprogest eroneconcentr
ationall
owsl actat
iontooccuri nthe
womanwhoi sbreastf
eeding(1).

b)hor
mone2i
soest
rogen. (
3)
 Duri
ngpr egnancy,humanchor ionicgonadotropi
n( hCG)st imulat
est hepr oducti
onof
oestr
ogen t o promot e ut eri
ne growth and maternalpr olacti
n production forbreast
devel
opment( 1).Dur ing t he f
olli
cul
arphase,i ncreased pr oduction ofLH and FSH
sti
mulates t he synthesis ofoest rogen by the developing f ol
li
cle,which resul
tsi n
i
ncreasedpl asmaoest r ogenconcent r
ation(1).Whi l
ebr east f
eeding,prolact
ininhibi
ts
GnRHr eleasefort hehy pothalamuswhi chwil
lpreventther eleaseofFSH&LHl eadi
ngt o
l
essoest rogensy nthesis(1) .

c)hor
mone3i
shumanchor
ioni
cgonadot
ropi
n(hCG)
. (4)
Human chor i
oni
c gonadotropin( hCG)whi ch is secreted fr
om t he placent
a after
i
mplantat
ionoft heembr y
o( 1).hCG ensurest hemai ntenanceoft hecor pusluteum
whi
chisr esponsibl
eforthepr oducti
onofoest rogenandpr ogest
erone(necessaryt o
mai
ntainthepregnancy)
,unti
ltheplacentat
akesov erpr oduct
ionofthesehor mones(1).
hCG i
sabsenti nwomenwhoar ei nthelatef ol
li
cularphaseofanor malov ul
atory
menstr
ualcycle(1)andi
nwomenwhoar ebreastfeedi
ng( 1).

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