VERITAS COLLEGE OF IROSIN

IROSIN, SORSOGON

Module for Prelims

INTRODUCTION
Sports and Games are very essential activities for physical and mental development. Whether played sitting
on a chair, like a game of chess, or played outdoor like volleyball, games are always good for either mind or
body or both. A good sport has many advantages on an individual, including stamina buildup, toned reflex,
quick response, confidence buildup and a positive attitude. Apart from psychological and physical
developments, sports also develop the personality my instilling communication skills, leadership skills and
teamwork. Sports and Games are essential for persons of every age group to keep him/her physically fit and
mentally sound.
Sports activities are mostly those activities that have acquired a professional stature and are played at
different levels including state, national and international level besides being played locally in streets, schools
and other places. Some sports activities are also played to seek adventure. Sports are mostly played outdoors.
Games can be both indoor and outdoor. While some games are played for leisure others are played
professionally. While there is a slight demarcation between the two however, the terms sports and games are
mostly used interchangeably.

Volleyball

At the end of the module, the student is expected to:

1. Understand the history of volleyball
2. Identify the equipment used in playing volleyball
3. Identify the different positions and roles of players in a volleyball team
4. Identify the different hand signals that are using in volleyball
4. Understand the rules of the game and apply it in an actual simulation

Introduction to Volleyball
Volleyball is played by two teams, each composed of six players who use their hands and feet. The
object of the game is to volley the ball back and forth over the net which is higher than their heads, with certain
limitations, before it touches the ground in such a way that the opponent cannot return it.
Volleyball is a game that challenges the participant’s skill by the use of the hands and agility in jumping,
reaching and hitting. The hitting motions that require the use of proper body control and muscular coordination
are very much demanded. The game is started by a service and server will be determined by a toss coin and the
winning team may choose to serve on a side of the court. The rules require not more than three passes among
the teammates before returning the ball to the opponent side. Failure to return the ball within the specific
number of passes results in loss of serve and gain a point. Rally point system is being used in scoring the game
and every fault is equivalent to a point.

History
Volleyball started in 1895 at YMCA, Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA by William J. Morgan. He began
experimenting the game with an interior of a basketball, a playing court and a net that divides the court into two.
The game was inspired by the game tennis, the idea is similar but not with the use of a racket but instead, hitting
the balls by using the arms and hand. This was not intended to be popular as he named the game,
“Mintonette” because the net divides the court into two.
It was in 1932 when the game became one of the favorite recreational activities of the Americans when
Dr. Alfred S. Halsted, a YMCA professor the change of mintonette to volleyball since the nature of the game is
volleying the ball or hitting the ball before it touches the ground. In early 1935 to 1960s, many volleyball
organizations and associations were created to improve and develop the game. The game was adopted by
YMCA and across the country that led the different organization to the way of promoting the sport and to the
creation of separate set of rules for men and women. The rules for women was published in 1924.
In the Philippines, the game was introduced to the school curriculum as part of their physical education
program in 1910, with the influence of the Americans and spearheaded by the YMCA Philippine director
Elwood Brown. The game was then played in the barrios and towns all over the Philippines. Volleyball offers
many advantages. It trains alertness and initiates interest and enthusiasm to the young and old alike of both
genders. This is a safe game and it is adapted to various age ranges which makes it one of the best “carry over”
sports. The first Olympic Games in volleyball was held in 1964 in Tokyo, Japan which also started the
recognition of volleyball as one of the medal games in the historical sports event.

Equipment

The Ball
The ball is spherical in shape, made of flexible leather or synthetic leather case with bladder
inside made of rubber or a similar material. The ball is made of rubber or a special kind of
leather. It has a circumference of 65 -67 cm and weight of 260-280 grams. Its color may be a
uniform light color or a combination of colors or the tri-color. The material and color
combination of balls used should comply with FIVB standards.

In the Philippines, the game was introduced to the school curriculum as part
of their physical education program in 1910, with the influence of the
Americans and spearheaded by the YMCA Philippine director Elwood Brown.
The game was then played in the barrios and towns all over the Philippines.
Volleyball offers many advantages. It trains alertness and initiates interest
and enthusiasm to the young and old alike of both genders. This is a safe
game and it is adapted to various age ranges which makes it one of the best
“carry over” sports.
The first Olympic Games in volleyball was held in 1964 in Tokyo, Japan which
also started the recognition of volleyball as one of the medal games in the
historical sports event.

In the Philippines, the game was introduced to the school curriculum as part
of their physical education program in 1910, with the influence of the
Americans and spearheaded by the YMCA Philippine director Elwood Brown.
The game was then played in the barrios and towns all over the Philippines.
Volleyball offers many advantages. It trains alertness and initiates interest
and enthusiasm to the young and old alike of both genders. This is a safe
game and it is adapted to various age ranges which makes it one of the best
“carry over” sports.
The first Olympic Games in volleyball was held in 1964 in Tokyo, Japan which
also started the recognition of volleyball as one of the medal games in the
historical sports ev
The Net
The net is made of strong cotton or nylon strings. The strand is 3mm thick. The net has a mesh of 8cmx8cm.
The length is 9.50m and the width is 1m and 0.25m on both ends. The height of the net for men is 2.43m and
2.24 for women and 2.13 for much younger players.

The Post and Antennae

The posts are placed at a distance of 0.50 to 1m outside the sidelines. They are 2.55m high and preferably
adjustable. The post is made of strong wood of steel tube. The circumference is 8cm and the height is 2.45m.
The antennae is made up of flexible rod fiberglass or similar material, 1.80m long and 10mm in diameter.

The Court
The game is played in a rectangular court divided into two halves measuring 9m each. The playing court
measures 18m sideline and 9m endline. It should be a flat surface free from obstruction with additional area for
the boundary zone as an extended part of the playing court. The whole endline is the service area and all lines
bounding the court is 5cm.

Rules of the Game

Volleyball is played by two teams of six players each. The objective of the game is to volley the ball
over the net to the opponents’ court. The players are numbered 1 to 6 and each team has an assigned LIBERO,
who can substitute any player at any time the ball is dead. He/She wears a different color of uniform from the
other members of the team. Player number one will be the server and will continue to do the service as long as
he/she scores. Rally point system is being used per set and every set consists of 25 points and/or 3 out of 5 sets
will be declared as winner in the match. Each team shall have a maximum of three touches, except when a touch
is made to block a spiked ball and the said touch is not counted and a player is not allowed to have two
consecutive touches.

Scoring:
 The system of scoring is rally point. Every violation of a team, the opponent scores a point.
 The first team to make 25 points wins a set.
 In case of deuce (24-24 points) a 2-point advantage will be set. The first team to score 2 points wins the game.
If the game ends in another deuce, another advantage point will be decided and after the 2nd deuce, the first
team to score wins.

Time out
Each team is given a 3-second time out of 2 times per set. Players are not allowed to go out of the playing court
during time-outs.

Substitution
Each player may be substituted. However, the substituted player cannot reenter the game except in the
succeeding set.

VIOLATIONS
 Stepping on or over the baseline while serving.
 Failing to serve the ball so it goes over the net.
 Hitting the ball illegally. (Carrying, palming, throwing, etc.)
 Touching the net with any part of the body while the ball is in play.
 Reaching under the net. (If it interferes with the opposing team)
 Serving out of order.
 Reaching over the net, except when following through on a spike.

Roles and Positions

The volleyball positions in a team are the following;

1. Outside hitter/Left Wing Spiker – the one responsible of receiving the serve along with the libero. This
player goes for the ball that the setter sends to the left side of the court. After the serve, they usually take the left
front position. Outside hitters counter the setters’ offensive shots by running to strike the balls inside around the
middle blocker. This position
requires great all-around skills as they can be placed in both the front and back row. They possess the skills to
pass, attack, block, serve and defend.

2. Right side hitter/Right Wing Spiker – almost similar with the outside hitter position, the right side hitter is
also responsible for passing, attacking, blocking, serving and defense. However, this position usually goes for
the right front playing position.

3. Opposite hitter/Attacker – the player who scores the most points in the team that do not have the
responsibility to pass the ball. However, they position themselves behind passers on the rotation and they
receive the ball from the libero and outside hitters while in the left front, right front or right back position. The
opposite hitter must also focus on defensive play such as blocking the opponent team’s outside hitter in the front
row.

4. Setter – dubbed as the playmaker of the team. This role’s main responsibility is running the offense and
building up the opportunities for scoring more points. This player can be in the front and back row so they need
to be able to block, serve and defend. This position plays against the opposing team’s outside hitter and is in
charge of blocking their hits. The
setter is usually playing in the right front or right back position.

5. Middle blocker – this player’s main responsibility is stopping or blocking the opposing player’s offense
play. This position blocks the ball or allows the team to dig the ball up again. They usually play against the
middle hitters or wing hitters from the opposing team.

6. Libero – The Libero can change any player of his team anytime when the ball is dead. However, he cannot
spike or block the ball in front court. He can only block, set or smash the ball at the back court, since he is the
most defensive player of the team.

Hand Signals
1. Illegal Alignment/ Improper Server

In Volleyball teams must start each rally in a specific rotation. This means players
must stand in the correct order on court. To learn more about rotations and in what
order players should stand you can read my article here.
However in short once a point is won when the other team is serving you must rotate 1
position in a clockwise direction. If a team is stood in the wrong location at the time
the serve commences or the wrong person serves the ball, the other team will be
awarded the point. A referee would indicate this by straightening their arm at a 45
degree angle towards the floor on the side that is at fault. The referee would then make
small circle motions to indicate that a rotation area has occurred.

2. Line Violation
When serving in volleyball it is illegal to step on or over the baseline during the serve.
The baseline are the two lines that form each end of the Volleyball court . The officials
that are normally in charge of the side and baselines are the line judges. If a line judge or even referee spots a
player stepping on or over the line when serving they would indicate this in the following way. The official
would point down at the offending line to indicate that a line violation has occurred.

3. Illegal Hit
Although volleyball looks rather simple and easy to pick up when you dive deep into
the technique it can actually be very challenging. With that in mind there are a lot of
movements and motions that are considered illegal when playing the ball. The most
common forms are things such as lifts or carries. A lift or carry is called if the ball
comes to rest on a player for a prolonged period of time. A carry would be called if the
ball visibly changes motion or direction whilst still in control of a player. A referee
would should an illegal hit has occurred by doing the following. The referee would
place their forearm out in front of them with their palm facing upwards. The referee
would then move their palm upwards to signify an illegal hit has occurred.

4. Delay of Service
Once the referee has blown the whistle to initiate the start of the rally, a player has 8
seconds to serve the ball. If for whatever reason the player takes longer than the
allocated 8 seconds, the referee will award the point to the other team for the delay in
service. A referee will show this has occurred by raising their hand with a flat open
hand before awarding the point to the opposition team.

5. Over-the-Net
Now this rule is actually not as straightforward as it sounds and to the untrained or
inexperienced player this is actually a very misleading rule. In volleyball you are not
allowed to reach over the net to attack the ball, however, there are actually quite a few
exceptions to this rule. You are allowed to reach over the net to play the ball if the
opposition have you used their 3 allocated touches, hence why you are allowed to
press a block over the net. You can also reach over and attack the ball if the ball is
travelling on to your side and there is no possibility of the opposition playing the ball
again.
A referee would indicate that a hand over (or over-the-net) has occured by placing
their arm over the top of the net when stood on the podium or steps. If the referee is
not stood on the referee stand they may use their other arm vertically to create a net whilst placing their other
arm horizontally over the top to indicate the same thing.

6. Net Foul or Net Serve

This is certainly one of the more well known rules in volleyball however even this
simple rule is sometimes misunderstood. In volleyball you actually can touch the net
providing it does not affect the rally or run of play. With that being said there are very
few situations in which someone touching the net wouldn’t affect the run of play.
Just to clarify a net violation includes the net and antenna. If a net fault occurs the
referee would take their hand on the side in which the net fault occurred and place
their hand gently on the net to indicate the fault.

7. Legal Back Row Attack

Now I will be honest until I decided to put together this article I never knew this call
even existed and to be honest I am still struggling to find a situation in which this
would even be used? In volleyball if a player is back row they are not allowed to
attack the ball from in front the 3m (10 foot) line, unless they jump from behind the
line. Which brings me back to my previous point, if the attack is fine and legal then
play would continue as planned until the point is won. My best guess for this call is
when further referee’s are involved in the game and they may instantly signal this if
the attack is legal. Much like how an official basketball signifies if the shot is taken
behind the 3m line or how the officials throw the towel when a player enters the endzone in football. Based on
the picture attached above, an official would indicate a legal back row attack by placing their arm at shoulder
height and waving it directly down whilst keeping the arm straightened.

8. Illegal Attack of Serve/ Back Row Attack

Now this call does make a lot more sense to me. In volleyball, especially at top level,
a backrow is very viable option and is used an awful lot. As I said above, in
volleyball it is illegal for a back row player to attack the ball from on or in front of
the 3m (10 Foot) line. When focusing on the ball it is very difficult to judge exactly
where the dividing line is and as such an illegal back row attack may occur. It is also
illegal to attack the ball from above the height of the net directly from a serve. This is
to prevent people from jumping up and trying to block or spike the serve back. Both
of these faults would be shown the same way by the official. The official would raise
their forearm only keeping the upper arm horizontal at shoulder level. From this
position the official would rotate their arm at the elbow making a downward waving
motion. If you need a mental image think of the mechanically operated Maneki-neko or better known as the
lucky chinese cat.

9. Illegal Blocking or Screening

Now this may come as a surprise to you as you will often see players from the
serving team grouping at the net and raising their arms to restrict the receiving
teams view.
However screening or blocking the line of sight is actually illegal in volleyball.
With that being said there is a rather loose interpretation of this rule. What I mean
by this is players are allowed to group together and raise their arms as long as the
receiving team has a clear line of sight to the server and or service flight path. This
means as long as the serving team adopt normal base positions then a screen fault
would not occur. Now when I say normal base positions what I mean by this is, it is
completely feasible that a player at the net would raise their arms in preparation for
blocking, it is also conceivable that players would group together to make rotating
to their correct position quicker and more streamlined. So based on this you may be wondering when exactly an
illegal block or screen call would occur. Whilst it is allowed for players to group together and raise their arms, it
is absolutely not allowed for players to move with the receiving players to ensure their sight remains obstructed,
nor is it allowed for a player on the serving team to line up directly in front of the server to restrict the receiving
players view. If this was to happen the referee would indicate that an illegal screen has occurred by raising both
hands upwards to head height forming and showing open palms towards the court.

10. Ball Touched

Everybody knows that if the ball lands out of bounds it is a point to the opposite team
of the player who touched it last. When a ball is hit by the attacking side it is quite
common for the blockers or defenders to get a touch on the ball. It is important for
officials to notice this, as if the ball was to land out after a touch from the blockers or
defenders, the attacking team would be awarded the point. This is known as touch out
or ball touched. An official would indicate that the ball has been touched and gone out
by placing one hand up and out in front of them, with their other hand they would
brush their fingers upwards. This shows the ball touching someone and then coming
off them and out.

11. Four Hits

Each team is allowed 3 hits/ contacts from when the ball crosses the net to the point in
which it must be returned back over the net. The only exception to this rule is when a
player blocks the ball, this does not count as a touch towards the team 3 touches, it also
does not count as a touch for the individual player, this means a player can block the
ball and then play it a second time without committing a fault. There are many
situations in which four hits may occur. The most common one that springs to mind is
sometimes when a player attacks the ball on a third hit, sometimes it actually bounces
off the net band as opposed to being blocked. If the team that just hit the ball touches it
again after it comes off the net band this would be 4 touches. This is actually one of the
more obvious calls in volleyball in the sense that an official indicates this fault by simply holding up four
fingers on one hand.
 12. Double Hit
Although each team gets three contacts before the ball must be returned, with the
exception of the blocking rule mentioned above, a player cannot contact the ball twice
simultaneously. What I mean by this is if a player receives the ball from the
opposition, another player must touch the ball before the player that first received it
can touch it again. This rule is the bain of every setter to have ever played the game.
When hand setting it is very easy to double contact the ball. If the ball doesn’t enter or
leave the hands at the exact same time an official will often call a double contact. A
referee would indicate that a double touch has occurred by simply showing 2 up on
one hand. Much like the hippie peace sign.

13. Ball Lands In

When the ball lands in a point is awarded to the team who was able to ground the ball
on the oppositions side and between the lines. Obviously an official needs a way of
indicating whether the ball landed in or out of the court. Especially in situations where
it is tight to the line and could go either way. An official would indicate that the ball
landed in court by placing their arm at a 45 degree angle between the hip and shoulder
and then pointing with their full arm and hand to the side in which the ball has landed
in on.

14. Out of Bounds/ Antenna Violation

If the ball lands out of bounds or touches the aerial the opposing team would be
awarded the point. Just to clarify out of bounds encapsulates a few different things. The
ball is considered out of bounds if it lands outside the court lines, contacts the net
outside the antenna, the supporting or guide ropes of the net or the post and referee
stand.
If the ball lands out of bounds or contacts the aerial the official would show this by
bending both forearms upwards so the fingers are pointing towards the sky with their
arms out in front of them.

15. Begin Serve

It is important that every player on the court understands when the serve is about to
come. In volleyball it is illegal to serve without the official signalling the start of the
rally.
The first referee would signal the start of the rally and indeed the start of the serve by
blowing the whistle and waving their hand from the servers side to the receiving teams
side.

16. Authorization To Enter Court

If you don’t watch much high level/ professional volleyball or infact play a decent
standard yourself you may not have ever seen this official hand signal. After timeouts
or even before new sets are about to start the teams must line up along the sideline
where the referee stand is located. Once the officials and both teams are ready to
commence play the referee will blow the whistle and wave their hand into towards the
centre of the court. This signifies to the players that they may enter the court. I must
admit I think this hand signal is somewhat fluid as I have personally seen officials wave
my team and the other team into the court by using both hands.

17. Point Awarded

Now many of these hand signals show what fault has occurred, which to the players is
often more than enough for them to determine who has won the point. However in
times in which the decision can go either way or infact just to make the decision clear to
all spectators the official is able to show which side has been awarded the point. A
referee would indicate which team has won the point simply by placing the arm of the
side that has won the point out horizontally to point in the direction of the winning side.
 18. Replay/ Let
This is certainly a signal that I feel is used a lot more at lower level volleyball. A replay
or let is shown for a few different reasons in Volleyball. Where multiple games are being
played at the time, occasionally balls or even players may enter a different court. This
not only causes a health and safety risk to the players on court but can also lead to
obstruction or hindrance. In these situations the fairest and safest option is to halt play
and replay the point. I have also seen lets used, when the decision is too tight to call. For
example if there has been a net touch but both players appear to touch the net at the same
time, occasionally the official may choose to play a let or replay of point. The referee
would show a let or replay of the point by putting both thumbs up on either side of the
net.

19. Substitution
Much like many other sports Volleyball uses substitutions. Substitutions are used for
many reasons, whether it be to replace an injured player, change up the lineup or simply
just to swap in a service specialist to try and get a few aces. If a team wants to sub in a
player they must follow a simple process. The player which is to be substituted in will be
given the number of the player that they are to replace. The coach will mention to the
referee that they would like to substitute a player. The player who is being subbed in will
stand on the side of the court by the side of the referee and hold up a paddle with the
number of the player they are replacing. The referee will show that a substitution is
taking place by placing their arms horizontally one over the other. They will then rotate their arms in a spin
cycle motion to signify that a swap or rotation in the line up has occurred.

20. Illegal Substitution

There are actually quite a few rules regarding substitutions. Aside from the points I
raised above about the process in which a substitution must be carried out there are also
a few extras that bear mentioning. For example if a player is substituted, if the coach
wishes to substitute the previously swapped player back into the game, they can only do
so if they sub them back in place of the player who previously replaced them. For
example if you want to substitute in a player to serve in place of a middle. If you want
the middle player to return to court when it is time for them to go front court, you would
have to substitute out the player who first replaced them. If the correct process is not
followed, the player does not wait for the referee to confirm the substitution of a player replaces the wrong
person an illegal substitution call would be shown. An official would show this by placing one arm up vertically
above their head and then rotating it around.

21. Time-Out
In volleyball teams are allocated a certain number of time-outs per set. These timeouts
can be used for a multitude of reasons. Whether it’s discussing tactics with your team,
give a motivational speech or simply just to break out the play. If a player or team
requests a time-out the officials will signify this by creating a T using their hands. This T
will be displayed at head level to ensure all players can visibly see it. After the T is
displayed the official will point to the side which has called the timeout so it can be
noted down on the score sheet.

22. Officials Time-Out

I will be honest in the years I have both been playing and spectating volleyball I have
never seen this signal used. Whilst I can see there might be a need for it, these situations
are so few and far between that I have never seen it used. The signal I am referring to is
the officials time-out. The main reasons in which I think this may be used would be if an
official for whatever reason needed to be temporarily but immediately removed. For
example a nosebleed or a sudden bowel movement. The other example would be if there
is some deliberation between decisions or repeat offenses that need clarification amongst
the officials. The way in which officials show this is again by creating a T with their
hands that will be displayed at head level. Once the T has been displayed the official turn their hands towards
the head at shoulder level to indicate the timeout has been called by the officials and not either team.

23. Unnecessary Delay

This rule has actually undergone changes recently to reduce the severity of the penalty
if this offense occurred. An unnecessary delay is exactly what it says on the tin. This is
a delay to recommencing play that is deemed excessive or unnecessarily long. These are
often used when players are trying to slow down play either to disrupt the flow of the
opponents or to try and regain energy after a long rally.
An official would show an unnecessary delay call by bringing the hands to the top of
the waist, almost as if the official was going to rest their hands on their waist.

24. End of Game

Now this one really doesn’t need much explaining as it is very self explanatory. This
signal is used to indicate the end of the game. The end of the game is indicated by the
1st referee taking both arms and crossing them across the chest to form an X shape
with the arms.

25. Change of Court Sides

In volleyball after each set the teams must switch sides After the referee has signaled
the end of the set they will place one arm in front of them and the other arm behind
them. This indicates one team must rotate round to the other side of the court in front
of the referee whilst the other team rotates behind the referee.

26. Set Point (Honorable Mention)

One very common hand signal that isn’t displayed on the chart but is regularly used is the set point hand
gesture. When a team is on set point an official will clench a fist on the side of the team who has set point and
hold it directly up in the air. This indicates to all players, officials and spectators that a team has set point.

VOLLEYBALL BASIC RULES STUDY GUIDE

SERVE
 Server must serve from completely behind the end line.
 Serve may be done overhand or underhand, with underhand being the easiest to learn.
 The ball must be visible to opponents before the serve.
 A legal serve may hit the net and continue over.
 The serve must be returned with a bump (no setting or attacking)
 The server’s primary responsibility is to get the ball over the net and within the court. The serve must be
returned with a forearm pass. No setting and or attacking. An underhand serve is performed with a
closed fist, using the heel of the hand as the hitting surface

ROTATION
 Teams will rotate each time a new server is to serve.
 Teams will rotate clockwise.
 There will be 6 players per team. Three front row ( left front, middle front, Right front) and three back
row players ( left back, middle back, right back).

PLAYING THE GAME

  A maximum of 3 hits per side is allowed.
 A player may not hit the ball two times consecutively.
 The ball may be played off the net on a volley or serve.
 A ball that hits on a boundary line is good.
 A legal hit is contact with the ball by a player above and including the waist.
 If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is considered one hit and one of the players
may participate in the next hit.

FOREARM PASS
 Feet slightly wider than shoulder width, in a front-back stride position, foot opposite intended direction
slightly back.
 Knees slightly bent tracking above or just in front of a player’s toes.
 Weight should be placed on the balls of the feet.
 Pinch the torso forward causing the shoulders to track in front of the knees.
 Arms placed out in front of the body parallel to the player’s thighs, extend elbows.
 Watch ball all the way to contact.
 Contact ball at waist level or lower, centering the ball with the midline of the body.
 Lift arms into the ball, making contact above the thumbs on the fleshy sides of the forearms.
 Knees and hips extend.

Name: _______________________________________ Address: __________________________

Course & Block: ________________________________ Cp No: ____________________________

Summative Test:

Direction: Read each statement and supply the correct answer. Write your answer on the answer sheet that is provided.

_______________1. It is made of strong cotton or nylon strings and the strand is 3mm thick.
_______________2. An official would show this by placing one arm up vertically above their head and then
rotating it around.
_______________3. is played by two teams, each composed of six players who use their hands and feet.
_______________4. If this violation occurs the referee would take their hand on the side in which the net fault
occurred and place their hand gently on the net to indicate the fault.
_______________5. The official would point down at the offending line to indicate that a this violation has
occurred.
_______________6. In this year the rules for women was published.
_______________7. This indicates one team must rotate round to the other side of the court in front of the
referee whilst the other team rotates behind the referee.
_______________8. The way in which officials show this is again by creating a T with their hands that will be
displayed at head level.
_______________9. The referee would place their forearm out in front of them with their palm facing upwards.
_______________10. He/she can only block, set or smash the ball at the back court, since he is the most
defensive player of the team.
_______________11. The game is played in a rectangular area divided into two halves measuring 9m each.
_______________12. This is certainly a signal that I feel is used a lot more at lower level volleyball.
_______________13. If the player commits this violation the official would show this by bending both forearms
upwards so the fingers are pointing towards the sky with their arms out in front of them.
_______________14. A referee would indicate this by straightening their arm at a 45 degree angle towards the
floor on the side that is at fault.
_______________15. If this was to happen the referee would indicate that violation has occurred by raising
both hands upwards to head height forming and showing open palms towards the court.
_______________16. After the serve, they usually take the left front position.
_______________17. It has a circumference of 65 -67 cm and weight of 260-280 grams.
_______________18. An official would show this violation call by bringing the hands to the top of the waist,
almost as if the official was going to rest their hands on their waist.
_______________19. From this position the official would rotate their arm at the elbow making a downward
waving motion.
_______________20. The player who scores the most points in the team that do not have the responsibility to
pass the ball.
_______________21. The referee would place their forearm out in front of them with their palm facing
upwards. The referee would then move their palm upwards to signify that violation has occurred.
_______________22. The official will be placing one hand up and out in front of them, with their other hand they
would brush their fingers upwards.
_______________23. an official would indicate that this is legal attack by placing their arm at shoulder height
and waving it directly down whilst keeping the arm straightened.
_______________24. Once the officials and both teams are ready to commence play the referee will blow the
whistle and wave their hand into towards the center of the court.
_______________25. Almost similar with the outside hitter position, he/she is also responsible for passing,
attacking, blocking, serving and defense.

SALYN G. DANGALAN
09092129773
FB Name: Salyn Garcia Dangalan
PE 3: Ball Games and Sports