E3S Web of Conferences 393, 02026 (2023) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202339302026
EPPCT 2023

5RRWFDXVHDQDO\VLVRIWKH&LUFXODUKROHFRUURVLRQIDLOXUHRI1
WXELQJ
6KX[LQ=KDQJ ;L<DQ&KXQOL0D-LH)HQJ6KXDL:DQJ
7XEXODU*RRGV5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH&KLQD1DWLRQDO3HWUROHXP&RUSRUDWLRQ 6WDWH.H\/DERUDWRU\IRU3HUIRUPDQFHDQG6WUXFWXUH6DIHW\

RI3HWUROHXP7XEXODU*RRGVDQG(TXLSPHQW0DWHULDOV;L¶DQ6KDDQ[L&KLQD
6KDDQ[L6RFLHW\IRU(QYLURQPHQWDO6FLHQFHV;L¶DQ6KDDQ[L&KLQD
%RKDL(TXLSPHQW3HWUROHXP6SHFLDO3LSH7LDQMLQ&KLQD

$EVWUDFW'XULQJZHOOUHSDLURSHUDWLRQVLQDQRLOILHOGDĭPPîPP1JUDGHIODWRLOSLSHZLWK
DFLUFXODUKROHZDVIRXQG7KHGHSWKRIWKHZHOOLVEHWZHHQPHWHUVWRPHWHUVZLWKDXVDJHF\FOHRI
GD\V,QRUGHUWRILJXUHRXWWKHURRWFDXVHRIWKHFLUFXODUKROHIDLOXUHDVHULHVRIH[SHULPHQWVZHUHFDUULHG
RXW 7KH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ \LHOG VWUHQJWK WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK DQG HORQJDWLRQ RI WKH RLO SLSH PHHW WKH
UHTXLUHPHQWVRI$3,63(&&7VWDQGDUG7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRIWKHRLOSLSHPDWUL[FRQVLVWVRIIHUULWH
DQGSHDUOLWHDQGWKHUHDUHQRREYLRXVFUDFNV7KHJUDLQVL]HRIWKHPDWHULDOLVDOODERYHOHYHOVDQGWKHUH
DUH QR FRDUVH JUDLQV RU QRQPHWDOOLF LQFOXVLRQV H[FHHGLQJ WKH VWDQGDUG 7KH SHUIRUDWLRQ RI WKH RLO SLSH LV
FDXVHGE\LQWHUQDOFRUURVLRQPDLQO\GXHWR&2FRUURVLRQDQGGLVVROYHGR[\JHQFRUURVLRQ7KHFRH[LVWHQFH
RI&DDQG0JLRQVLURQEDFWHULDDQGFRUURVLYHEDFWHULDLQWKHZHOOERUHIOXLGFDQOHDGWRVFDOHGHSRVLWLRQ
LQVLGHWKHSLSHFDXVLQJXQGHUGHSRVLWFRUURVLRQDQGWKHDFFHOHUDWLQJHIIHFWRI&OLRQVRQFRUURVLRQXOWLPDWHO\
OHDGVWRSHUIRUDWLRQRIWKHSLSH

,QWURGXFWLRQ
2LOWXEHVDUHFUXFLDOFRPSRQHQWVXVHGLQWKHRLODQGJDV
LQGXVWU\IRUWUDQVSRUWLQJK\GURFDUERQVIURPWKHUHVHUYRLU
WR WKH VXUIDFH>@ 7KH\ DUH VXEMHFW WR D ZLGH UDQJH RI
HQYLURQPHQWDO DQG RSHUDWLRQDO FRQGLWLRQV GXULQJ WKHLU
VHUYLFH OLIH LQFOXGLQJ KLJK WHPSHUDWXUHV KLJK SUHVVXUH
FRUURVLYHIOXLGVDQGPHFKDQLFDOVWUHVVHV>@$VDUHVXOW
RLO WXEHV DUH SURQH WR YDULRXV IRUPV RI GHJUDGDWLRQ WKDW
FDQXOWLPDWHO\OHDGWRIDLOXUH>@
DFURVVWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHWXEHZKHUHDVSLWWLQJFRUURVLRQLV
DORFDOL]HGDWWDFNWKDWUHVXOWVLQVPDOOSLWVRUKROHVRQWKH
VXUIDFH&UHYLFHFRUURVLRQRFFXUVLQDUHDVZKHUHVWDJQDQW
IOXLGLVWUDSSHGEHWZHHQWZRVXUIDFHVVXFKDVDWWKHWKUHDG
FRQQHFWLRQRIDFRXSOLQJ&RUURVLRQFDQDOVRRFFXUGXHWR
JDOYDQLFFRUURVLRQZKHQGLVVLPLODUPHWDOVDUHLQFRQWDFW
ZLWK HDFK RWKHU OHDGLQJ WR DFFHOHUDWHG FRUURVLRQ RI WKH
OHVVQREOHPHWDO>@
,QDGGLWLRQWR6&&DQGFRUURVLRQRLOWXEHVFDQIDLOGXH
WRRWKHUUHDVRQVVXFKDVIDWLJXHPHFKDQLFDOGDPDJHRU
6WUHVV FRUURVLRQ FUDFNLQJ 6&& LV RQH RI WKH PRVW
FRPPRQIDLOXUHPRGHVRIRLOWXEHV6&&RFFXUVZKHQD
FRPELQDWLRQRIWHQVLOHVWUHVVDQGDFRUURVLYHHQYLURQPHQW
OHDGV WR WKH SURSDJDWLRQ RI FUDFNV LQ WKH PDWHULDO 7KH
WHQVLOH VWUHVVHV FDQ DULVHIURP LQWHUQDO SUHVVXUH WKHUPDO
H[SDQVLRQ RU FRQWUDFWLRQ RU PHFKDQLFDO ORDGV 7KH
FRUURVLYHHQYLURQPHQWFDQLQFOXGHFKHPLFDODJHQWVVXFK
PDQXIDFWXULQJGHIHFWV7KHIDLOXUHPRGHVRIRLOWXEHVFDQ
WDNH YDULRXV IRUPV LQFOXGLQJ WUDQVYHUVH FUDFNLQJ
ORQJLWXGLQDO FUDFNLQJ XQLIRUP FRUURVLRQ SLWWLQJ
FRUURVLRQ DQG RWKHUV +RZHYHU FLUFXODU KROH RU SLWWLQJ
FRUURVLRQIDLOXUHVDUHUHODWLYHO\UDUHLQRFFXUUHQFH
8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKHIDLOXUHPRGHVRIRLOWXEHVLVFULWLFDO
WRSUHYHQWFDWDVWURSKLFIDLOXUHVDQGHQVXUHWKHVDIHW\DQG
DV K\GURJHQ VXOILGH +6 FDUERQ GLR[LGH &2 RU HIILFLHQF\RIRLO DQGJDV RSHUDWLRQV 5HJXODU LQVSHFWLRQ
FKORULGHLRQV&O6&&FDQPDQLIHVWLQGLIIHUHQWIRUPV
LQFOXGLQJWUDQVYHUVHFUDFNLQJORQJLWXGLQDOFUDFNLQJRUD
FRPELQDWLRQRIERWK6&&FDQEHSDUWLFXODUO\FKDOOHQJLQJ
WRGHWHFWEHFDXVHWKHFUDFNVFDQUHPDLQKLGGHQEHQHDWKWKH
VXUIDFHXQWLOWKH\JURZODUJHHQRXJKWRFDXVHFDWDVWURSKLF
IDLOXUH
&RUURVLRQ LV DQRWKHU VLJQLILFDQW IDLOXUH PRGH RI RLO
WXEHV &RUURVLRQ LV WKH JUDGXDO GHWHULRUDWLRQ RI WKH
PDWHULDOGXHWRFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQVZLWKLWVHQYLURQPHQW
7KHPRVWFRPPRQW\SHVRIFRUURVLRQWKDWDIIHFWRLOWXEHV
LQFOXGHXQLIRUPFRUURVLRQSLWWLQJFRUURVLRQDQGFUHYLFH
FRUURVLRQ8QLIRUPFRUURVLRQLVDJHQHUDOORVVRIPDWHULDO
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU¶VHPDLO]KDQJVKX[LQ#FQSFFRPFQ
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
WHVWLQJDQGPDLQWHQDQFHFDQKHOSGHWHFWDQGSUHYHQWWKH
RQVHW RIIDLOXUH PRGHV DQG H[WHQG WKH VHUYLFH OLIHRI RLO
WXEHV
'XULQJZHOOUHSDLURSHUDWLRQVLQDQRLOILHOGDĭ
PPîPP1JUDGHIODWRLOSLSHZLWKDFLUFXODUKROH
ZDV IRXQG ,W LV UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH ZHOO LV SURGXFLQJ RLO
XVLQJ D VXEPHUVLEOH HOHFWULF SXPS ZLWK D GDLO\ RLO
SURGXFWLRQ RI DERXW  WRQVGD\ D PRQWKO\ ZDWHU
SURGXFWLRQRIFXELFPHWHUVGD\DQGDZDWHUFRQWHQWRI
RYHU7KHEDWFKRIRLOSLSHVZDVQRWWUHDWHGZLWKDQWL
FRUURVLRQPHDVXUHVEHIRUHXVHDQGWKHGHSWKRIWKHZHOO
LVEHWZHHQPHWHUVWRPHWHUVZLWKDXVDJHF\FOH
E3S Web of Conferences 393, 02026 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339302026
EPPCT 2023

RIGD\V7KURXJKREVHUYDWLRQLWZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHUH ([SHULPHQWV
LVRQHFRUURVLRQSHUIRUDWLRQSRLQWRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHRLO
SLSH ERG\ DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PHWHUV DZD\ IURP WKH
FRXSOLQJ HQG SUHVHQWLQJ D UHJXODU FLUFXODU VKDSH ZLWK D 0DFURPRUSKRORJ\
GLDPHWHURIDERXWPP


)LJXUH0DFURVFRSLFPRUSKRORJ\RIIDLOHGRLOSLSH

)LJXUH a VKRZV WKH PDFURVFRSLF DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH V\PPHWULFDOO\ORFDWHGDWR

FORFNDQGR
FORFNDQGWKHUH
VWXGLHGSLSH7KHOHQJWKLVDERXWPP\HOORZLVKEURZQ LVZLGHDQGVKDOORZFRUURVLRQDWWKHJURRYHV7KHODUJHVW
IORDWLQJUXVWFDQEHVHHQIURPWKHH[WHUQDOVXUIDFH7KHUH SLW RQ RQH VLGH LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ UXJE\VKDSHG ZLWK D
DUHEODFNJUHDVHVWDLQVRQWKHLQQHUVXUIDFHDQG\HOORZLVK ZLGWKRIPPDQGDOHQJWKRIPPWKHRWKHUVLGHLVD
EURZQ FRUURVLRQ SURGXFWV DW  R
FORFN 7KHUH DUH WZR ORQJ VKDOORZ SLW ZLWK D OHQJWK RI DERXW PP DQG D
VKDOORZ FRUURVLRQ JURRYHV DW WKH ERWWRP RI WKH SLSH PD[LPXPZLGWKRIDERXWPP



)LJXUH&RUURVLRQSHUIRUDWLRQVLWHRQWKHRXWHUVXUIDFHDIWHUFOHDQLQJ

2
E3S Web of Conferences 393, 02026 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339302026
EPPCT 2023

D


E


)LJXUH,QWHUQDOVXUIDFHPRUSKRORJ\DEHIRUHFOHDQLQJEDIWHUFOHDQLQJ

D E


)LJXUH0DFURVFRSLFPRUSKRORJ\RIWKHIDLOHGSDUWDEHIRUHFOHDQLQJEDIWHUFOHDQLQJ

&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQDQDO\VLV
7KH $5/ GLUHFWUHDGLQJ VSHFWURPHWHU ZDV XVHG IRU
FRPSRVLWLRQDODQDO\VLVRIDIDLOHGRLOSLSHVDPSOHDQGWKH
UHVXOWVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH$VFDQEHVHHQIURPWKHWDEOH
WKHFRQWHQWVRI3DQG6HOHPHQWVLQWKHRLOSLSHDUHERWK
EHORZ ZW ZKLFK PHHWV WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI $3,
63(&&7VWDQGDUG
7DEOH7KHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHSLSHZW
6DPSOH & 6L 0Q 3 6 &U 0R 1L 1E 9 7L
3LSHERG\           
5HTXLUHPHQW
RIWKH a a a ” ” ”  ”   
VWDQGDUG

REYLRXVFUDFNVDUHREVHUYHG7KHJUDLQVL]HRIWKHPDWHULDO
LVDERYHOHYHO1RQPHWDOOLFLQFOXVLRQVRIW\SH$%
0LFURVWUXFWXUH
DQG&DUHSUHVHQWEXWWKHLUVL]HVDUHQRWODUJHUWKDQOHYHO
6DPSOLQJ ZDV SHUIRUPHG RQ WKH IDLOHG RLO SLSH DQG WKH DQGWKHUHLVQRFRDUVHWLVVXHRULQFOXVLRQV
2/6ODVHUFRQIRFDOPLFURVFRSHDQGLPDJHDQDO\VLV
V\VWHPZHUHXVHGIRUPHWDOORJUDSKLFVWUXFWXUHJUDLQVL]H
DQG QRQPHWDOOLF LQFOXVLRQV DQDO\VLV 7KH UHVXOWV DUH
VKRZQLQ)LJXUHVWR7KHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHEDVH
PHWDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHRLOSLSHLVIHUULWHSHDUOLWHDQGQR

3
E3S Web of Conferences 393, 02026 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339302026
EPPCT 2023

FRUURVLRQSURGXFWVRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHVDPSOHDUHPDLQO\
)H&DQG2ZLWKDVPDOODPRXQWRI&O
D


)LJXUH7KHWUDQVYHUVHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHSLSHERG\
D

E


E
)LJXUH7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHDURXQGWKHSLW
7DEOH7KH('6UHVXOW
(OHPHQW :HLJKW $WRPLF
&.  
2.  
&O.  
)H.  
7RWDOV  

 &RPSUHKHQVLYHDQDO\VLV
)LJXUH7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHDURXQGWKHSLW
0DFURVFRSLF DQDO\VLV VKRZV WKDW WKH SHUIRUDWLRQ RI WKH
7HQVLOH SHUIRUPDQFH WHVWLQJ ZDV FRQGXFWHG RQ
VDPSOH LV PDLQO\ FDXVHG E\ LQWHUQDO FRUURVLRQ ZLWK WKH
VDPSOHV WDNHQ IURP QRQFRUURGHG DUHDV RI WKH IDLOHG RLO
FRUURVLRQ PRUSKRORJ\ PDQLIHVWHG DV ORFDOL]HG FRUURVLRQ
WXEHDQGWKHUHVXOWVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH,WFDQEHVHHQ
SHUIRUDWLRQ DQG ODPLQDU FRUURVLRQ 6FDOLQJ H[LVWV RQ WKH
IURPWKHWDEOHWKDWWKH\LHOGVWUHQJWKWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKDQG
LQQHUZDOORIWKHRLOSLSHOHDGLQJWRXQGHUVFDOHFRUURVLRQ
HORQJDWLRQRIWKHRLOWXEHPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH$3,
%DVHG RQ WKH DERYH DQDO\VLV WKH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ
63(&&7VWDQGDUG
7DEOH0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI1RLOWXEH
\LHOGVWUHQJWKWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKDQGHORQJDWLRQRIWKHIDLOHG
7HQVLOH <LHOG HORQJDW RLO SLSH PHHW WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI $3, 63(& &7
KDUGQHVV
6DPSOH VWUHQJW VWUHQJW LRQ VWDQGDUG7KHPDWUL[VWUXFWXUHRIWKHRLOSLSHLVIHUULWH
+%:
K03D K03D  SHDUOLWHZLWKQRREYLRXVFUDFNVDQGWKHJUDLQVL]HRIWKH
3LSHERG\     PDWHULDOLVDERYHJUDGHV1RQPHWDOOLFLQFOXVLRQVRI$
5HTXLUHPHQWRI
$3,6SHF&7 •
̚
•  %DQG&W\SHVDUHSUHVHQWEXWWKHLUVL]HVGRQRWH[FHHG
 JUDGHVDQGWKHUHDUHQRFRDUVHJUDLQVRUQRQPHWDOOLF

LQFOXVLRQVH[FHHGLQJWKHVWDQGDUG
&RUURVLRQSURGXFWDQDO\VLV
:DWHUTXDOLW\DQDO\VLV
7KH FRUURVLRQ PRUSKRORJ\ DQG SURGXFWV RQ WKH LQQHU
VXUIDFHRIWKHIDLOHGRLOWXEHZHUHDQDO\]HGDVVKRZQLQ $ VDPSOH ZDV WDNHQ RI WKH RULJLQDO ZHOOERUH IOXLG DQG
)LJXUH  DQG 7DEOH  7KH UHVXOWV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH DQDO\]HG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHFRPPHQGHG LQGLFDWRUV DQG

4
E3S Web of Conferences 393, 02026 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339302026
EPPCT 2023

DQDO\VLV PHWKRGV IRU ZDWHU TXDOLW\ LQ IUDFWXUHG URFN RLO 5HIHUHQFHV
UHVHUYRLUV 6<7 DQG RLOILHOG ZDWHU DQDO\VLV
PHWKRGV 6<7 7KH DQDO\VLV UHVXOWV DUH  -:DQ73HQJ*<XDQ)%DQ0--XUDGR<;LD
VKRZQLQ7DEOH,WFDQEHVHHQIURPWKHUHVXOWVWKDWWKH ,QIOXHQFHRIWXELQJRLOEODQNHWOLIWLQJRQFRQVWUXFWLRQ
ZDWHUW\SHRIWKHZHOOLV1D&OZDWHUW\SHEXWWKHFRQWHQW DQG JHRPHWULHV RI WZRZHOOKRUL]RQWDO VDOW FDYHUQV
RI&DDQG0JLRQVLQWKHIRUPDWLRQZDWHUDUH 7XQQHOOLQJDQG8QGHUJURXQG6SDFH7HFKQRORJ\
DQG  PJ/ UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKH FRQWHQW RI &2 LV
PJ/DQGWKHFRQWHQWRI&OLRQVLVPJ/
7KH IRUPDWLRQ ZDWHU FRQWDLQV D ODUJH DPRXQW RI LURQ
EDFWHULDDQGFRUURVLYHEDFWHULD
&RPELQHG ZLWK WKH PDFURVFRSLF FRUURVLRQ
PRUSKRORJ\ PHWDOORJUDSKLF DQDO\VLV DQG ZDWHU TXDOLW\
 
KWWSVGRLRUJMWXVW
 7 4X . 7RQJ + /L - =KDR ' 6KHQ - 6RQJ
,QYHVWLJDWLRQ DQG DQDO\VLV RI IUDFWXUH IDLOXUH RI 76
 FRLOHG WXELQJ XVHG LQ RLO DQG JDV ILHOG LQ
VRXWKZHVW&KLQD(QJLQHHULQJ)DLOXUH$QDO\VLV
DQDO\VLVUHVXOWVK\GURJHQVXOILGHFRUURVLRQFDQEHUXOHG  
RXWDQGLWLVOLNHO\WKDWWKHFRUURVLRQLVFDXVHGE\FDUERQ KWWSVGRLRUJMHQJIDLODQDO
GLR[LGHGLVVROYHGR[\JHQDQGEDFWHULDOFRUURVLRQ
 1 7LZDUL 5. 0LWUD 0 <DGDY &RUURVLRQ
SURWHFWLRQ RI SHWUROHXP RLO ZHOOWXELQJ VWHHO XVLQJ
IDLOXUHDQDO\VLV WKLDGLD]ROLQHV DV HIILFLHQW FRUURVLRQ LQKLELWRU
([SHULPHQWDODQGWKHRUHWLFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ6XUIDFHV
7KHPRUSKRORJ\DQGHQHUJ\VSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVUHVXOWVRI DQG ,QWHUIDFHV   
WKHFRUURVLRQSURGXFWVVKRZWKDWWKHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVRI KWWSVGRLRUJMVXUILQ
WKHFRUURVLRQSURGXFWVRQWKHLQQHUZDOOVXUIDFHRIWKHRLO
 ;*XR-/LX*:DQJ/'DL')DQJ/+XDQJ
SLSH DUH )H & DQG 2 ZLWK D VPDOO DPRXQW RI &O 7KH
< +H 1RQOLQHDU IORZLQGXFHG YLEUDWLRQ UHVSRQVH
FRUURVLRQSURGXFWVDWWKHHGJHRIWKHFRUURVLRQSHUIRUDWLRQ
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI D WXELQJ VWULQJ LQ +3+7 RLO JDV
RQWKHLQQHUZDOORIWKHRLOSLSHDUHPDLQO\)H&DQG2
ZLWKD&OFRQWHQWDVKLJKDVZW6SKHULFDOFRUURVLRQ
SURGXFWV H[LVW DW WKH FRUURVLRQ SHUIRUDWLRQ RQ WKH LQQHU
ZDOORIWKHRLOSLSHDQGWKHHQHUJ\VSHFWUXPUHVXOWVVKRZ
WKDWWKHFRUURVLRQSURGXFWVRQWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHVDPSOH
DUH)HDQG27KHVHVSKHULFDOFRUURVLRQSURGXFWVDUHWKH
ZHOO $SSOLHG 2FHDQ 5HVHDUFK   
KWWSVGRLRUJMDSRU
 0*DOOHJR-6DQ5RPiQ*/%LDQFKL-/2WHJXL
,QIOXHQFHRIIOXLGIORZLQPLFURELRORJLFDOFRUURVLRQ
IDLOXUHVLQRLOILHOGLQMHFWRUZHOOWXELQJ(QJLQHHULQJ
FRUURVLRQSURGXFWVRQWKHLQQHUZDOOVXUIDFHRIWKHRLOSLSH )DLOXUH $QDO\VLV   
ZKLFK DUH IRUPHG E\ IOXVKLQJ DQG FRUURGLQJ DIWHU WKH KWWSVGRLRUJMHQJIDLODQDO
FRUURVLRQSHUIRUDWLRQRIWKHRLOSLSH  66 $O-DURXGL $ 8O+DPLG 0$ $O0RXPHQ
,Q VXPPDU\ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV LQGLFDWH WKDW 3UHPDWXUHIDLOXUHRIWXELQJXVHGLQVZHHW([WUD$UDE
FDUERQGLR[LGHFRUURVLRQDQGGLVVROYHGR[\JHQFRUURVLRQ /LJKW JUDGH FUXGH RLO SURGXFWLRQ ZHOO (QJLQHHULQJ
DUHWKHPDLQFRUURVLRQW\SHVRQWKHLQQHUZDOORIWKHRLO )DLOXUH $QDO\VLV   ±
SLSHWKHSUHVHQFHRI&DDQG0JLRQVDVZHOODVWKH KWWSVGRLRUJMHQJIDLODQDO
V\QHUJLVWLFHIIHFWRILURQEDFWHULDDQGFRUURVLRQEDFWHULD  6'=KX-):HL=4%DL*6=KRX-0LDR5
FDQ HDVLO\ OHDG WR VFDOLQJ LQVLGH WKH SLSH UHVXOWLQJ LQ &DL)DLOXUHDQDO\VLVRI3WXELQJVWULQJLQWKHXOWUD
XQGHUVFDOH FRUURVLRQ GXH WR WKH VPDOO GLDPHWHU RI &O GHHSRLOZHOO(QJLQHHULQJ)DLOXUH$QDO\VLV
LRQVWKH\FDQSHQHWUDWHDQGGHVWUR\WKHFRUURVLRQSURGXFW ±
ILOPDQGVFDOHOD\HUDFFHOHUDWLQJWKHFRUURVLRQDQGHYHQ KWWSVGRLRUJMHQJIDLODQDO
SHUIRUDWLRQ
 *<XDQ=<DR-+DQ4:DQJ6WUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQ
RI RLO WXELQJ WKUHDG FRQQHFWLRQ GXULQJ PDNH DQG
&RQFOXVLRQ EUHDN SURFHVV (QJLQHHULQJ )DLOXUH $QDO\VLV 
 ±
 7KH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ \LHOG VWUHQJWK WHQVLOH KWWSVGRLRUJMHQJIDLODQDO
VWUHQJWK DQG HORQJDWLRQ RI WKH RLO SLSH PHHW WKH

UHTXLUHPHQWVRI$3,63(&&7VWDQGDUG
7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRIWKHRLOSLSHPDWUL[FRQVLVWV
RIIHUULWHDQGSHDUOLWHDQGWKHUHDUHQRREYLRXVFUDFNV7KH
JUDLQVL]HRIWKHPDWHULDOLVDOODERYHOHYHOVDQGWKHUH
DUHQRFRDUVHJUDLQVRUQRQPHWDOOLFLQFOXVLRQVH[FHHGLQJ
WKHVWDQGDUG
7KHSHUIRUDWLRQRIWKHRLOSLSHLVFDXVHGE\LQWHUQDO
FRUURVLRQ PDLQO\ GXH WR &2 FRUURVLRQ DQG GLVVROYHG
R[\JHQFRUURVLRQ7KHFRH[LVWHQFHRI&DDQG0JLRQV
LURQEDFWHULDDQGFRUURVLYHEDFWHULDLQWKHZHOOERUHIOXLG
FDQOHDGWRVFDOHGHSRVLWLRQLQVLGHWKHSLSHFDXVLQJXQGHU
GHSRVLWFRUURVLRQDQGWKHDFFHOHUDWLQJHIIHFWRI&OLRQVRQ
FRUURVLRQXOWLPDWHO\OHDGVWRSHUIRUDWLRQRIWKHSLSH