Professional Documents
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Apartheid Notes HSC
Apartheid Notes HSC
KEY FEATURES
• Differing visions of democracy
• Nature and impact of apartheid
• Role and impact of state terror and repression
• Resistance to apartheid
• Changes in society
• Reasons for the collapse of apartheid
• International responses to apartheid
SURVEY
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
BACKGROUND
6 APRIL 1652 • Original Dutch settlement
• Founded on racial division and isolation of Dutch colony from natives
1835 - 1840 • First wave of Voortrekkers during the Great Trek
• They established Boer settlements in the interior of South Africa
1899 - 1902 • British versus Dutch war in South Africa
31 MAY 1910 • Created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire, joining the four
previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal,
Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony
1913 • Natives Land Act ➝ prevented blacks from buying land outside reserves
everywhere except Cape Province
31 MAY 1961 • Became Republic of South Africa
SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHIC
• Racial segregation led to significant inequality in all facets of • Under apartheid, the SA
life population was classes into four
SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHIC
• Racial segregation led to significant inequality in all facets of • Under apartheid, the SA
life population was classes into four
• The government continued to develop policies to further groups: Whites, Coloureds,
perpetuate these inequalities Asians, and Blacks
→ Regulated movement of black people in and out of • White population lived a
urban centres privileged lifestyle and
→ Black people had no parliamentary representation dominated the political sphere,
• Frustration over passbooks ➝ Sharpeville massacre in 1960 left despite being a small
69 protesters dead percentage of the total
population
• In 1960, the SA population of 16
million comprised of:
→ 19% Whites
→ 68% Blacks
→ 3% Asians
→ 9% Coloureds
POLICY
• Main principles of apartheid policy
→ Separate development for black people in their own territories according to their
national character
→ No political rights for black people in 'white' areas
→ Influx control and apartheid in industry
→ Division of black labour among the various economic sectors
→ Indians should preferably be repatriated, but otherwise would be segregated like blacks
and coloureds
PROHIBITION OF MIXED • Prohibited marriages between whites and members of other
MARRIAGES ACT, 1949 races
IMMORALITY AMMENDMENT • Forbade sexual relations between whites and members of other
ACT, 1950 races
POPULATION REGISTRATION • Provided for a central population register where all people
ACT, 1950 would be classes as whites, coloureds, Asians, or blacks
• Mixed marriages over generations made classifications difficult,
often families would be separated as they were classed as a
different race
GROUP AREAS ACT, 1950 • Provided for a particular area to be proclaimed as an area for a
particular racial group, in 'white' areas, black people were
forced to move out
• Mixed marriages over generations made classifications difficult,
often families would be separated as they were classed as a
different race
GROUP AREAS ACT, 1950 • Provided for a particular area to be proclaimed as an area for a
particular racial group, in 'white' areas, black people were
forced to move out
SUPPRESSION OF COMMUNISM • Banned communism and all other political protest groups in SA
ACT, 1950
NATIVE LAWS AMMENDMENT • Controlled the movement of black people in and out of urban
ACT, 1952 centres and cities
ABOLITION OF PASSES ACT, 1952 • Did not abolish passes, actually enforced pass books or
reference details, including racial group
• All black men living in 'white' areas need to carry a pass book
containing personal details
• These books needed to be renewed regularly
SEPARATE AMENITIES ACT, 1953 • Marked out all public places and services with signs determining
what areas were for which racial groups
• Black and coloured public services and areas were always
significantly inferior to that of whites
BANTU EDUCATION ACT, 1953 • Placed control of education in the hands of white government
• Black students forced to undertake courses separate to white
students
• Black students were trained as domestic servants for their
white masters
• Maths and science deemed unnecessary for black students
NATIVE LABOUR (SETTLEMENT • Prohibited registered trade unions from accepting black
OF DISPUTES) ACT, 1953 workers as members and forbade black workers to strike
PRACTICE
• In 1959, under the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, the SA government introduced
homelands or Bantustans, which were ethnic tribal homelands for black people ➝ separated
• White government spent no money on financing services for Bantustans
• Pass books ➝ carried by black Africans when entering white areas for the purpose of work
• 13% of the country divided into 10 homelands (80% of the population lived in these areas)
→ Impoverished rural areas with no capacity to function as separate states
→ Relocation of black Africans meant that they were no longer considered citizens and
were forced to work as foreign migrants without citizens rights
• Influx control laws instituted by SA government to limit number of passes issued to blacks
• Pass raids were common, people caught not carrying them were often treated with violence,
arrested, and sent back to their homelands
ECONOMICALLY
• Mining and minerals was the main reason for the rapid increase in South Africa's economy
• They faced some international criticism over apartheid
→ Diplomatic, sporting, and economic ties still existed with other nations
• Condemnation from other countries strengthened the determination of the white government
ECONOMICALLY
• Mining and minerals was the main reason for the rapid increase in South Africa's economy
• During the 1960s, the number of people employed in gold mining doubled
• Cheap black labour and new technologies propelled the economy
• Whites prospered as a result of the booming economy
• Meanwhile blacks lived in poverty despite being the backbone of the South African economy
→ They had not benefitted from an increase in wages
TOWNSHIPS
• South African society began to urbanise during the 1960s
• Many black communities were bulldozed from existence to make way for white suburbs
• Under the Group Areas Act, boundaries of the black homelands were redrawn by the
government
→ This was so townships could be included near white factories, making labour cheaper
• Facilities in townships were significantly inferior
• Bantustans were overcrowded and poverty stricken
NATIONAL RESISTANCE TO APARTHEID
NATURE, GROWTH, AND IMPACT OF THE ANC AND PAC
ANC
• African National Congress (ANC) was created in 1912 as the South African Native National
Congress (SANNC)
• The Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA) organised much of the resistance to apartheid in
the 1940s and 50s, and was led mostly by white communists
→ The banning of the party in 1952 made protest organisation difficult
• In 1944, the ANC changed its approach to mass protest by the creation of the ANC Youth
League
→ Members included: Anton Lembede, Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, and Walter Sisulu
→ They demanded more assertive 'Program of Action' Encouraged mass protests, boycotts
of white services, and passive resistance against laws e.g. pass laws
• Series of non-violent protests during the 1950s known as the Defiance Campaign (1952).
→ Was ineffective as police simply responded with extreme violence
→ Many peaceful protesters were jailed or heavily fined
→ ANC forced to call off the campaign
• After the Defiance campaign, many groups joined to form the Congress Alliance
• Congress Alliance made a series of demands compiled into the Freedom Charter (26 June 1955)
→ The people will govern
→ All national groups shall have equal rights
→ People share in the country's wealth
→ Land shared among those who work it
→ All equal before the law
→ Equal human rights
→ Shall be work and security
→ Doors of learning and culture open to all
→ Houses, security, and comfort
→ Peace and friendship
PAC
• The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) formed in 1959 as a splinter group off the ANC ➝ led by
Robert Sobukwe
• The PAC drew much support from Soweto and other black areas around Cape Town where the
ANC was not influential
• ANC policy was non-racial democratic, whereas the PAC was pro-African and, as some have
argued, anti-white
• PAC claimed to stand solely for the liberation of an oppressed Africa and its repressed people.
SIGNIFICANCE OF SHARPEVILLE
• South Africa received international condemnation following Sharpeville
• Pass Laws were suspended for one day following the protest of 30000 at the house of
parliament in Cape Town
• Vulnerability of white SA and undercurrent of black unrest was made very clear to the SA
government and the world
• ANC and PAC banned and forced to operate underground
• Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo of the ANC fled overseas
• Both ANC and PAC changed from non-violent protest to direct military action
→ Umkhonto we Sizwe (ANC) and Poqo (PAC)
• By 1964, majority of internal leadership of both groups had been arrested and jailed
→ Rivonia arrests and trial of 1963-1964
• Biko expressed that only black people could liberate themselves in a white society (white were
too accustomed to the racist policies of apartheid)
→ Black people must end all economic and social dependence on white people to be free
Biko set up community health clinic with other university students ➝ free medicine and
• Biko expressed that only black people could liberate themselves in a white society (white were
too accustomed to the racist policies of apartheid)
→ Black people must end all economic and social dependence on white people to be free
• Biko set up community health clinic with other university students ➝ free medicine and
treatment to those in need
→ Gained national and international attention from his clinics, published criticisms of white
oppression gained
→ Gained apartheid governments attention ➝ detained and banned in 1973 without trial
• From 1973 onwards, Biko was under close scrutiny from SA police for his community and
political programs
→ In 1977, he was arrested and held naked in a cell for 18 days
→ Interrogated and beaten into a coma ➝ died from internal bleeding and head wounds
on the way to the hospital
• Death of Biko ruled 'accident' ➝ BCM banned and medical clinics were destroyed by SA police
REPRESSION AND CONTROL BY SA GOVERNMENT
NATURE, IMPACT, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TACTICS OF REPRESSION AND
OPRESSION
CHANGE IN THE 1970s
• Fall of the 1960s economic boom ➝ increase in unemployment
• Black population increasing much faster than the white population ➝ imbalance
• Resistance from black organisations intensified
• International pressure against apartheid increased
• Continuation of apartheid laws + policies + enforcing bodies became very expensive
• SA neighbours were setting up independent black governments
'TOTAL STRATEGY'
• SA leader P.W. Botha introduced policy of 'Total Strategy' to counter the threat of 'Total
onslaught' from its enemies (both internal and external)
• Government intended to introduce a number of reforms in the hope of winning black support
→ Included changes in apartheid laws and policies
§ Separate amenities act
§ Laws against interracial sex and marriage
→ Recognising African Trade Unions
→ Ending some segregation in business and employment
• Also introduced new policies like:
→ Granted limited independence to four homelands
→ Planned reorganisation of urban townships - providing them with adequate facilities,
housing, water, etc
§ Hoping to reduce frequency of riots
→ Government allowed a Tricameral Parliament ➝ giving 'coloured' people and Indians
representations in parliament
§ Black people still excluded and denied the right to vote
ECONOMIC SANCTIONS
• In England, the 'Free Mandela Campaign' grew stronger and many students led anti-apartheid
movements and marched on banks to demand disinvestment in SA
→ By 1986: the European Common Market banned the purchase of SA iron and steel
→ By 1987: more than 250 international companies had withdrawn from SA (General
Motors, Ford, Coca Cola)
• Corporate disinvestment in SA saw the Rand fall by 35 percent in value ➝ causing immediate
financial crisis
• Economic sanctions were arguably the most effective method to show white supremacists the
world considered apartheid morally reprehensible
→ Some historians argued that these sanctions broke the back of apartheid
THE COLLAPSE OF APARTHEID
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE END
OF APARTHEID
FAILURE OF 'TOTAL STRATEGY'
• Policy of total strategy + counter revolution did not stop the anti-apartheid groups from
protesting for political and social equality for all races in South Africa
• State of emergency failed to make SA safer for white people
→ Many white people suffering loss of liberties under the censorship and rigid laws of the
military state
• ANC in exile continued to attack 'soft targets' (shopping centres and post offices)
• Many white people were becoming disillusioned with apartheid and feeling the rejection of
their society and culture by the rest of the world