TABLE OF

CONTENTS
Interpret the different information found in the

chart such as :

Chart Projections

Reliance on a chart

Chart Scales

Chart Reading

Common parts of nautical chart

Different Nautical Chart

 Chart
Projections
The construction of charts
presents a problem to chart
makers on how to present a
portion of Earth’s surface
(which is a curve surface) into
a plane surface.
Types of Chart
Projections
Mercator Projection
- It is a projection of a map of the
world on to a cylinder in such a
way that all the parallels of latitude
have the same length as the
equator, used especially for marine
charts and certain climatological.
maps.
 Types of Chart
Projections
Polyconic Projection
Are developed onto a
series of cones tangent to
the earth. It is termed
polyconic because it uses
separate cones for each
parallel latitude.
Types of Chart
Projections
Lambert Conformal
Projection
- It is a single cone tangent to
the earth at a single specified
parallel of latitude is termed a
single conic projection. It is
generally a poor projection as
the scale is not correct except
along the standard parallel.

Types of Chart
Projections
Gnomonic Projection
- Commonly referred to as a
great circle sailing chart,
results when the meridians
and parallels of latitude are
projected onto a plane
surface tangent to the earth
at one point.
Types of Chart
Projections
Transverse Mercator Projection

- The transverse Mercator projection,

also known as the Gauss-Krüger
projection, is similar to Mercator
except that the cylinder touches the
sphere or ellipsoid along a meridian
instead of the equator. The result is a
conformal projection that does not
maintain true directions.
Types of Chart
Projections
Universal Tranverse
Mercator (UTM)
- The UTM (Universal Transverse
Mercator) coordinate system divides
the world into sixty north-south zones,
each 6 degrees of longitude wide.
UTM zones are numbered
consecutively beginning with Zone 1,
which includes the westernmost point
of Alaska, and progress eastward to
Zone 19, which includes Maine.
Types of Chart
Projections
Oblique Mercator
Projection
- The oblique Mercator map projection
is an adaptation of the standard
Mercator projection. The oblique
version is sometimes used in national
mapping systems. When paired with a
suitable geodetic datum, the oblique
Mercator delivers high accuracy in
zones less than a few degrees in
arbitrary directional extent.
Types of Chart
Projections
Rectangular Projection

- An equirectangular projection is a
cylindrical equidistant projection, also
called a rectangular projection, plane
chart, plate carre, or unprojected map, in
which the horizontal coordinate is the
longitude and the vertical coordinate is
the latitude, so the standard parallel is
taken as .
Types of Chart
Projections
Stereographic Projection

- In mathematics, a stereographic
projection is a perspective
projection of the sphere, through a
specific point on the sphere (the
pole or center of projection), onto a
plane (the projection plane)
perpendicular to the diameter
through the point.
Types of Chart
Projections
Orthographic Projection

- The orthographic projection is an

azimuthal perspective projection,
projecting the Earth's surface from
an infinite distance to a plane. It
gives the illusion of a three-
dimensional globe so it is often used
as inset map or for pictorial views of
the Earth from space.
RELIANCE ON
CHART
- A nautical chart is one
of the most basic tool
available for mariner.
- Mariner use charts to
plan voyages and
navigate ship in a safe
and expense manner.
- it is absolutely
necessary for safe
navigation
 Chart Scales
The scale of a chart is defined
as a ratio of a distance unit on
the chart to the actual
distance on the surface of the
earth. Because it is a ratio, it
does not matter what size the
unit is, or in what system it is
measured.
 Scales Used on Charts
1. Natural or Fractional Scale. This is a simple ratio or fraction. For example,
1:200,000 or 1/200,000.
2. Numerical or Equivalent Scales. This scale that is stated in descriptive terms.
For example, “20 miles to the inch” means that 1 inch of the chart represents
20 miles of the earth’s surface.
3. Graphic Scale. This is a line or a bar that may be drawn at a convenient
place on the chart and subdivided into nautical miles, kilometers, yards,
meters, etc.

 The term “large scale” and “small scale” are often

confusing. For example, if a chart has a scale of 1:100,000 it
would seem that it has a larger scale than one with a scale
of 1:50,000. It can also be written in fractional form
1/100,000 or 1/50,000 and the larger the denominator of a
fraction, the smaller the quantity.
CLASSIFICATION
OF CHARTS BY
SCALE
Classification of Charts by Scale
Sailing Charts - Scales 1:600,000 and smaller

General Charts - Scales 1:150,000 and 1:600,000

Coast Charts - Scales 1:50,000 to 1:150,000

Harbor Charts - Scales larger than 1:50,000

 CHART READING
AND COMMON
PARTS OF NAUTICAL
CHARTS
1. Use the
scale
indicator to
track
distance on
a chart
2. Find the unit
of
measurement
used to
indicate water
depth.
3. Read the
chart
numbers to
figure out
the water’s
lowest
depth
4. Multiply
fathoms by
6 to
measure
depths by
feet.
5. Multiply
meter
measurements
by 3 to convert
them to feet.
6. Follow
dotted
contour lines
to monitor
similar water
depths.
7. Look for
light blue
areas to
identify
shallow
water.
8. Find
yellow or
tan areas
to identify
land and
sandbars.
9. Use the
compass
rose to
identify
the
direction
you are
traveling.
10. Follow
red and
green
buoys for
navigation
al guides.
11. Look for
anchors to
find
anchoring
points for
boats.
12. Note
rocks and
other
dangers
circled on
the map.
13. Follow
arrows for
the speed
and
direction
of currents
and tides.
14. Read
abbreviation
s to identify
important
features in
the area.
15.Download
a separate
chart for a list
of less
common
symbols.
 DIFFERENT
NAUTICAL CHART
Charts is essential for safe navigation. Mariners use
charts to plan voyages and navigate ships safely and
economically
1. Sailing Charts - These charts
are small-scale charts. That
means a long distance of the
Earth's surface is represented by
a comparatively short distance
on the chart. These charts are
used mainly for deep sea
navigation and for this reason, its
coastal details such as rocks,
shoals that are lining the shores
are not depicted
General chart
General Charts - are
intended for use in
coastwise navigation
outside of outlying reefs
and shoals when the vessel
is generally within sight of
land or aids to navigation
and his course can be
directed by piloting.
Coastal chart
Coastal Charts - Coastal
charts are large-scale charts
used when navigating in
close proximity to the coast.
Many details of the coast is
depicted such as nature of
the coastline, position and
characteristics of lights,
radio telegraph stations,
towers and beacons, and
other prominent features
which are observable from
the bridge of the ship and
which may aid the
navigator. Depths of water,
current and tidal
information, positions of
rocks, shoals and buoys
and other floating aids to
navigation, are also
depicted.
Harbor chart
Harbor Charts - These are very
large-scale chart on which are
depicted detailed information of
small areas such as harbors,
river estuaries, etc.
Miscellaneous
chart
Miscellaneous Charts - In
this group are included all
charts which are not
involved in the other three
classes. These include
gnomonic charts for
facilitating great-circle
sailings, variation charts,
route charts, weather
charts, etc.
REFERENCES :
https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/mapping/properties/orthographic.htm

https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/mapping/properties/stereographic.htm

https://mathworld.wolfram.com/EquirectangularProjection.html

https://www.bluemarblegeo.com/knowledgebase/geocalc/classdef/projection/projections/oblique

_mercator_azimuth.htm

https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/latest/map/projections/transverse-mercator.htm
THANK YOU!!!!