Module 2 q3 Module 2 Final Business Ethics v3

Senior High School
Business Ethics and

Social
Responsibility
Quarter 3 – Module 2
Foundations of the Principles of
Business Ethics
Business Ethics and Social Responsibility – Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 2: Foundations of the Principles of Business Ethics
First Edition, 2020
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Business Ethics and

Social
Responsibility
Quarter 3 – Module 2
Foundations of the
Principles of Business Ethics
This instructional material is collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public and
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Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Pre-test 4
Lesson 1 6
Lesson 2 12
Lesson 3 21
Assessment 32
Answer Key 34
References 35
Department of Education • Republic of the

INTRODUCTION
Hello dear learners! Welcome to this module on Business Ethics and Social
Responsibility. The course deals with the fundamental concepts, principles, and
practices of ethical standards in the business environment. It combines the
theoretical foundations of setting up business enterprises with the conduct of
entrepreneurial activities in the context of one’s accountability and social
responsibility. This module Foundations of the Principles of Business Ethics will help
you understand the classical philosophies specifically, virtue ethics, the impact of
belief systems, and the Filipino Value System. The module is self – instructional and
allows you to learn in your own space, at your own pace. So, relax and enjoy
learning.
To the teacher:
This lesson assumes that the teacher has already introduced to his/ her
learners’ knowledge about business ethics and its importance as discipline and a
means of understanding life.
The primary goal of this module is to help learners identify the classical
philosophies and their implication for business principles and practices, describe
various belief systems, their similarities and differences in relation to the business
setting, and how the Filipino value system affects the attitudes of business
constituents.
To the Learners:
At the end of this module,
In order to achieve the objectives of this module, it is necessary to have

completed all the module for you to fully understand the activities and discussions.
Specifically, this module consists of the following lessons:
 Lesson 2.1- Illustrate how these philosophies are reflected

into business practices
 Lesson 2.2- Explain how the belief systems influence

business practices
 Lesson 2.3- Infer how Filipino value systems influence

business practices
 Lesson 2.4- Generate ways to improve business practices guided

by the philosophies, belief systems or Filipino values
2
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
For the learners: To be guided in achievingFor the the

objectives
teacher:of To
thisfacilitate
module,anddo the following:
ensure the students’
Read and follow instructions carefully. Clearly communicate learning competencies and objec
Write all your ANSWERS in your Motivate through applications and connections to real li
ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK. Give applications of the theory Discuss worked-out exa
Answer the pretest before going through theGive lessons.
time for hands-on unguided classroom work and d
Take note and record points for clarification. Use formative assessment to give feedback
Compare your answers against the key to answersIntroduce found at the end
extensions of the module. of concepts
or generalizations
Do the activities and fully understand each lesson.
Engage in reflection questions
Answer the self-check to monitor what you learned
Encourage in each lesson.
analysis through higher order thinking prom
Answer the posttest after you have gone over all the alternative
Provide lessons. formats for student work
Remind learners to write their answers in their Philosop
3
Before heading on to our lesson, let us first check what you already know.
Direction: Read each statement below and evaluate which of the choices is being
described by the statement. Write your answers on your activity notebook.
1. A form of applied ethics or professional ethics, that examines ethical

principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business
environment
a. Business Ethics c. Religion
b. Ethics d. Belief System
2. A branch of Philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and

recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.
3. A set of principles or tenets which together form the basis of a religion,

philosophy, or moral code.
4. Defined as a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose

of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a superhuman
agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and
often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs.
5. He is best known for the Socratic method of question and answer. He

is known for his classic philosophy, “HAVE THE COURAGE TO DISAGREE.”
a. Socrates c. Aristotle
b. Confucius d. Plato
6. His prime belief was that a person must study themselves in

order to find out their level of character. His classic philosophy is “THE
POWER TO RULE.”
7.Fill in the blank: In , the Jewish business ethics is
illustrated by the widely quoted Talmudic tradition. Thus, in the treatment of
workers, the Jews are obliged to pay their workers on time, pay their workers
a living wage and treat their workers with dignity and respect. On the side of
the workers, it is important not to steal company time.
a. Christianity c. Muslim and non-Muslim
4
b. Judaism d. Islam
8.Fill in the blank: In Islam, Prophet Muhammad’s on honesty and kind

dealings with customers are the secrets of success in business. It also
requires being honest in dealings with alike.
b. Judaism d. Islam
9. A mother offers her daughter’s friend food to eat and a room to spend
the night.
a. Utang na loob c. Hard work
b. Hospitality d. Padrino
10. Mario’s driver’s license is processed immediately by his godfather,

an LTO personnel.
Great job!
Later we will see if your answers are correct by reading the rest of this module.
Lesson 1 Illustrate how these philosophies are reflected in
5
Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of Philosophy that "involves systematizing,
defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.
Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied

ethics or professional ethics, that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems
that can arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is
relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations. As an applied branch of
General Ethics, it must be studied from the perspective of Philosophy. This is because
Ethics is a part of moral principles.
Ethics is more concerned with standards of conduct acceptable to a group, a

profession, or members of an organization.
What I Need To Know
Objectives: After going through this module, you are expected to be able to:
 Illustrate how these philosophies are reflected into business practices

ABM_ESR12-IIIe-h-2.1
 Explain how the belief systems influence business practices

 Infer how Filipino value system influence business practices

 Generate ways to improve business practices guided by the philosophies,

belief system or Filipino values ABM_ESR12-IIIe-h-2.4
What’s In
The philosophies of these Classical Philosophers have great implications on

business and are the foundations of the principles of the business ethics.
6
Socrates
He is known for his classic philosophy, “HAVE THE COURAGE TO DISAGREE.” He
is best known for the Socratic method of question and answer. The Socratic method
is a way of thinking that allows individuals to define their own purpose for learning. In
business, administrators ought not to sleepwalk or basically oblige the group.
Plato’s classic philosophy

THE POWER TO RULE. His prime belief was that a person must study themselves
in order to find out their level of character. He is acclaimed for his choices regarding
the matter of the real world. In business, it is constantly vital to know the qualities
and shortcomings of everybody.
Aristotle’s classic philosophy

LET PEOPLE SEEK FULFILLMENT. He was the most practical and business
oriented of all philosophers. In business, the association must give and condition that
is conducive to human development and satisfaction.
Confucius
The most famous for his golden rule: DO NOT DO UNTO OTHERS WHAT YOU DO
NOT WANT OTHERS DO UNTO YOU, and his famous classic philosophy is LIVE A
CONTENTED, MORAL AND HAPPY LIFE. Confucian values can aid in the creation
of business leaders who are true leaders of the society.
Plutarch
The ancient Greek historian and educator, understood that humans are incredibly
social creatures, who constantly observe the people around them and imitate them.
He is famous in his philosophy, “BE A GOOD ROLE MODEL.” In organizational
terms, it means, what you say to your employees is less important than what you do.
They will watch how you behave, how you treat others, how you cope with pressure
and whether you follow through on your promises, and they will imitate you, they will
follow your lead.
Epicurus
THE ART OF HAPPINESS. Epicurus was a fourth century Greek philosopher who
taught, rather scandalously, that the aim of life was simply to be as happy as
possible here on Earth. He warned that humans are very bad at being happy, and
very good at inventing reasons to be miserable. Today, some companies are
embracing Epicurus' philosophy, and trying to teach their employees the art of
happiness.
Immanuel Kant
One of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western philosophy. He
advances the theory of
deontology or deontological
ethics, the theory of duty and
obligation.
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What’s New
Activity
Direction. Identify the following. Write your answers on your activity notebook.
Confucius Epicurus Aristotle

Plato Plutarch Socrates
1. He was the most practical and business oriented of all

philosophers. His classic philosophy is “LET PEOPLE SEEK FULFILLMENT.”
2. He is best known for the Socratic method of question

and answer. He is known for his classic philosophy, “HAVE THE COURAGE
TO DISAGREE.”
3. He was a fourth century Greek philosopher who taught

that the aim of life was simply to be as happy as possible here on Earth. He is
very famous for his “ART OF HAPPINESS.”
4. His prime belief was that a person must study

themselves in order to find out their level of character. His classic philosophy
is “THE POWER TO RULE.”
5. He is famous for his golden rule and his famous classic

philosophy is “LIVE A CONTENTED, MORAL AND HAPPY LIFE.”
What Is It?
8
Plato said that the moral values are objective, absolute, or eternal. They
never change. They are universal as they apply to all rational creatures around the
world and throughout the time. Aristotle on the other hand philosophized that virtues
are good habits that acquire which regulate our emotions. Kantian ethics emphasize
a single principle of duty, that we have moral duties to one self and others.
Since ethics is universal and the same for all, companies should obey the
same ethical rules wherever they operate. It usually starts on those basic ethical
norms on which all or the majority of people agree. Thus, the history of ethics in
business makes evident that ethical doctrines have influenced ones thinking on the
morality of businesses.
Various moral philosophers’ views get applied in day-to-day business

situations. Since the time of Socrates in the West and Confucius in the East,
philosophers have sought the basis for right conduct in human reason.
The theories of the three major Greek philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle shaped western thoughts in areas such as persuasion and negotiation, the
structure of political society, and virtue ethics. Their philosophical principles can be
applied in management and leadership.
Socrates dialectic method of inquiry used to draw the truth out of the
individual. Managers needed to involve and guide their team while engaging them to
action through the use of questions in a process of clarity. Using the principles of the
Socratic method, managers can draw out the best in individuals while helping their
goals and share their vision for mutual benefits.
Plato’s thought suggests that the right people be in the right position and in
what ways his thought can inform leadership.
Illustration I. Here are the names and lifespans of some of those figures:
https://opentextbc.ca/businessethicsopenstax/back-matter/the-lives-of-ethical- philosophers/
The Ethics of Aristotle: Virtue Theory
Virtue Theory doesn't judge actions as right or wrong but rather the character of the
person doing the actions. It puts emphasis on the development of human values and
moral character. His virtue theory turns out to be the most promising representative
of the pre-modern category of moral theory. Instead of trying to form specific rules
for everyone to follow, it proposes to build a virtuous character. In a sense, we all
9
know what it means to have a virtuous character, we all know who can be counted
upon to do the right thing. In this classic virtue theory, four virtues stand out,
courage, moderation, justice, and prudence. Virtues matter in management and
finance.
The Ethics of Bentham and Mill: Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham, was a lawyer and a consultant to the British Parliament in the late-
eighteenth century. Bentham had a ready supporter and lieutenant in James Mill
(1773–1836), a Scottish lawyer who came to assist them in championing
utilitarianism as a political philosophy. Utilitarian ethical theories are based on one’s
ability to predict the consequences of an action. When making moral decisions, we
are advised to select that action which produces the greatest amount of good for the
greatest number of people. If the balance of good or happiness or usefulness
outweighs evil, harm, or unhappiness, then the choice is a moral one. Due to this
emphasis on the outcome of ethical decisions, utilitarianism is classified as a
consequentialist theory.
The Ethics of Kant: Deontology
The term deontology stems from the Greek deon—duty, obligation, or command.
The deontological class of ethical theories states that people should adhere to their
obligations and duties when engaged in decision making when ethics are in play.
Kant argued that there is more foundational principle of duty. He calls it categorical
imperative, it simply mandates an action, irrespective of one’s personal desires. For
Kant, we should treat people as an end, and never as a means to an end. That is
why we should always treat people with dignity, and never use them as mere
instruments.
The Ethics of John Rawls: Justice Theory
Rawls is a uniquely American political philosopher, and this can be seen from his
emphasis on political liberty. He labeled his ethics as “justice as fairness,” and he
developed it over nearly a lifetime. In Western thought, Rights theories, a right refers
to a person’s just claim or entitlement. Justice theories define justice as the ideal,
morally correct state of things and persons.
Self-Check!
Great job! You have completed Lesson 1 successfully! Before going to the
next lesson, check the icon that best shows your learning experience.
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I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach what I learned to others.
need to review and relearn.
I need to do additional work to be able to master the

le s s o n . I n e e d
If you checked t h e f ir st i c o n ,
h e lp i n s o m e ta s ks .
y o u a r e r e ad y fo r le sson 2. If you have checked the second icon, you
need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you have checked the third
icon, it would be best if you read more and ask help from your teacher, parents or
peers in clarifying the lessons that you find difficult. Be honest so that you will truly
improve.
Additional Activity
After doing the activities:
I noticed
A question I have is
I’m not sure
I realized
Lesson 2 Explain how the beliefsystems influence bus
A belief system is a set of principles or tenets which together form the basis of
a religion, philosophy, or moral code.
Historically, since the dawn of civilization, religious beliefs have been some of
the most powerful influences on human behavior. This lesson defines religion and
explores its impact on business practices.
Religion is defined as a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and
1
purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a
superhuman agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual
observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human
affairs. It is a systematic set of beliefs that influences human behaviour.
What I Know
Activity 1
Direction: Read the paragraph below. Give a brief answer to the following question.
Write your answer on your activity notebook.
Falsifying Attendance
(Case prepared by Gov. Jose B. Fernandez Jr. Ethics Center, Ateneo de Manila, Philippines)
Mr. A, an employee, timed in 4 minutes and 27 seconds late for work this
morning. While he won’t get fired for it, being late this once means that he will not
receive the perfect attendance incentive which he needs to make ends meet, given
his daughter’s recent series of hospitalizations. He actually arrived in the office five
minutes early but was unable to clock in immediately because his direct superior, Mr.
B, asked him for an informal project progress report as soon as he walked in the
door. As a Junior System Administrator, Mr. A has access and the capability to edit
the company’s attendance records. He figures that since he was unable to punch in
only because of his boss, it wouldn’t hurt to edit the timestamp on his attendance for
today.
Has Mr. A done anything wrong? Discuss your answer.
1_2
1
What’s In
T _h e_ r e a_r e 8 m_a_jo_r re_l_ig_io_n_s in t h_ e w_o_r_ld_, na_mely,

J_u_d_a_i_s_m_, _Ch_ri_s_ti_a_nity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism,
Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoism. Each of the_se
r_e_lig_i_o_n_s _h_a_s_i_ts o_w_n orga_n_ized syste_m o_f b e_l_ie_fs,
c_e_remo n_ie_s, a_n_d w_o_rs_hip.
Ea_ch relig_i_o_n _o_f_fe_rs p_o_s_it_ive e_n_de_a_vo r_ i_n b _ot_h lives
a_n_d_i_n bu_sine_ss. I_n a_g_l_obal sense, business means dealing with people
of different religions.
Judaism
The Jew_ish b_u_sine_ss et_h_ics i_s_il_lu_s_trate_d b_y _th_e w_id_e_ly
q_u_o_te_d_T_a_l_m_u_d_ic tradi_ti_o_n_that
in o_n_e_’_s _ju_d_g_men_t_i_n_t_h_e_n_e_xt w_o_rl_d_t_h_e_f_irst
q_u_e_stio_n_a_sked_i_s: “We_re y_ou h_o_n_e_st in business?” Thus, in the
treatment of workers, the Jews are obliged to pay their
workers on time, pay their workers a living wage and treat their workers with dignity
and respect. On the side of the workers, it is important not to steal company time.
Christianity
Christian businessmen and women follow the stewardship doctrine. Accordingly, as
God appointed mankind as the stewards of the earth, the Lord entrusted them all his
resources to manage them with care and skill. Christian business professionals
depend on the Lord’s leadership for their business by asking blessings through
prayer to provide strategic direction, resources, earnings, etc. Christian business
professionals also believed that the Lord delight in justice. Therefore, in conducting a
business transaction, they must be fair, like paying the workers with fair wages and
appropriate work conditions. Thus, it is not only biblical but most likely it improves
business since employees will tend to work more and be productive and happy in
their work. Being productive means, we use our knowledge and resources that the
Lord has given to us. In the life of Christian business professionals, hard work is
essential in conducting business profitably.
Islam
Prophet Muhammad’s doctrine on honesty and kind dealings with customers are the
secrets of success in business. According to Islam, no fraud or deceit, sellers must
avoid making many oaths when selling merchandise. Mutual consent is necessary.
They are also strict when it comes to weights and measures. The prophet also
forbade monopolies and a free enterprise is encouraged. Hoarding merchandise to
increase the price is forbidden. Islam also requires being honest in dealings with
Muslim and non-Muslim alike.
Hinduism
The third religion in the world by a number of believers mainly in India. The Tata
1
Group is the most respected business house in India. The five core Tata values
describe their business processes. 1.) Integrity is to conduct business fairly with
honesty and transparency. 2.) Understanding is to care, show respect, compassion
and humanity for colleagues. 3.) Excellence is to constantly strive to achieve the
highest possible standards of work in the quality of goods and services. 4.) Unity is
1
to work with colleagues and 5.) building a strong relationship across the group, and
with customers and partners around the world, based on tolerance, understanding,
and mutual cooperation and to continue to be responsible.
Buddhism
Work hard, no excuses, to those who do not want to work, they let their chance pass
by. A good work ethics and a great attitude, very little will stand in your way. If you
work hard, rest well, is one of the values of practicing Buddhism is a focus on
centering and balance. The Buddhist practice of mindfulness can be a key to good
business. Remember to be calm, and not to obsess too much about positive or
negative feedback.
Confucianism
Confucian ethics are described as humanistic. Confucianism is the most profound
and dynamic thought system in traditional Chinese culture. It is not surprising that
traditional Chinese business culture was deeply associated with Confucianism.
Taoism
Taoists believe such good behavior is an essential part not only of self-improvement
but of improving the world as a whole. Taoism suggests that the ideal way for a
leader to run their country is by example. A good leader is one that the people
respects and whose instructions are willingly followed.
Shintoism
Work is understood to be a self-expression of the great life force, Japanese people
try to unify themselves with the great life force by concentrating on their own work.
For Japanese, the company name is more important than the job title, the
community they belong to is much more important than what they do.
What’s
Activity 2
1
Direction: Read the paragraph below. Give a brief answer to the following questions
in your activity notebook.
Rumors
(Case prepared by Gov. Jose B. Fernandez Jr. Ethics Center, Ateneo de Manila, Philippines)
A few months ago, Ms. A, Head of the Sales and Marketing Department of B
Company, formally announced to her staff that she will be leaving the company in
order to be able to concentrate on her family. Since she will be leaving, there is room
for a promotion and that she would nominate their two top performers, Ms. C and
Ms. D, to the HRMD.
In an effort to give herself an upper hand, Ms. C closes deals with three big
clients two days right after Ms. A’s announcement. Two weeks after Ms. A’s
announcement, stories about Ms. C begin to make their rounds and quickly become
the mainstay headlines of office gossip. The most scandalous rumor is that Ms. C
offers sexual services to her clients – both male and female – in order to close her
sales. In the face of all these rumors, Ms. C continues to deliver excellent work. The
time has come to promote the candidates. Based on performance, Ms. C is the
better candidate but both could do the job. If you are the Manager, should you
consider the rumors? What should you do?
D_iscuss yo_u_r_an_swer.
What Is It?
While there are few common religious practices that may affect the business
practices include - prayer breaks for the Muslim employees, however, there are a
few practices where people follow religious guidelines to go ahead and help people
out of their way, to forgive, follow healthy lifestyles like no smoking and no alcohol,
etc.
1
Religion and business have throughout history interacted in ways that relate
to and affected one another, as well as influenced sociocultural evolution, political
geographies, and labor laws. As businesses expand globally, they seek a new
market which leads to expanding their corporation’s norms and rules to encompass
the new locations norms which most often involve religious rules and terms.
2018 Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (7-2):
Masterpiece Cake Shop refused to make a cake for a wedding between two
gay men due to the businesses religious standing. The Colorado Civil rights
Commission sided with the customers on the basis of discrimination on sexual
orientation. The U.S Supreme Court reversed the Colorado Civil rights Commission's
decision stating that they violated the business owner of Masterpiece Cake Shop’s
right to their free exercise of religion.
What’s More
Activity 3. True or False
Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct otherwise choose FALSE. Write
your answers on your activity notebook.
1. Virtue Theory doesn't judge actions as right or wrong but rather

the character of the person doing the actions. It puts emphasis
on the development of human values and moral character.
2. Utilitarian ethical theories are based on one’s ability to predict

the consequences of an action. Due to this emphasis on the
outcome of ethical decisions, utilitarianism is classified as a
consequentialist theory.
3. For philosopher Immanuel Kant, we should treat people as an

end, and never as a means to an end. That is why we should
always treat people with dignity, and never use them as mere
instruments.
4. Confucian ethics are described as humanistic. Confucianism is

the most profound and dynamic thought system in traditional
Japanese culture.
1
5. In Shintoism, work is understood to be a self-expression of the
great life force. For Chinese, the company name is more
important than the job title, the community they belong to is
much more important than what they do.
What I have Learned?
Activity 4
Direction: Fill in the blanks. Write your answers on your activity notebook.
Business ethics Muslim and non-Muslim Japanese

belief system Ethics or moral philosophy Judaism
1. A branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending,

and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior
2. Also known as corporate ethics or a form of applied ethics or

professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems
that can arise in a business environment.
3. A set of principles or tenets which together form the basis of a

religion, philosophy, or moral code.
4. The Jewish business ethics is illustrated by the widely quoted

Talmudic tradition. Thus, in the treatment of workers, the Jews are obliged to pay
their workers on time, pay their workers a living wage and treat their workers with
dignity and respect. On the side of the workers, it is important not to steal company
time.
5. In Islam, Prophet Muhammad’s on honesty and kind dealings
with customers are the secrets of success in business. It also requires being honest
in dealings with alike.
1
Remember these key points:
 Ethics
 Business Ethics
 Classical Philosophers:
o Socrates
o Plato
o Aristotle
o Confucius
o Plutarch
o Epicurus
o Immanuel Kant
 Three major Greek Philosophers
o Socrates
o Plato
o Aristotle
 Belief System
 Religion
 Eight major religions in the world
o Judaism
o Christianity
o Islam
o Hinduism
o Buddhism
o Confucianism
o Taoism
o Shintoism
Self-Check!
I have understood the lesson but there are still other things that I need to review
18
1
I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I need help in some
If you checked the first icon, you are ready for lesson 3. If you have checked
the second icon, you need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you have
checked the third icon, it would be best if you read more and ask help from your
teacher, parents or peers in clarifying the lessons that you find difficult. Be honest so
that you will truly improve.
Additional Activity
I noticed
I’m not sure
LessoI rnealizedFilipino Values that Influence

3 Business Practices
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the week, it is expected that the learners must be able to:
1. Enumerate the various Filipino system that influence business practices

2. Explain the importance of Filipino values in terms of business practices
3. Make ways to improve business practices guided by philosophies,
beliefs and Filipino values
1
What’s In
Activity 1. Review
Direction: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on your activity
notebook.
1. List down at least three (3) beliefs that you have learned from the previous
lesson.
2. Does beliefs correspond an appropriate Filipino values? If yes, what are those
values? If no, why?
2
3. What Filipino values does your family have?
4. How do those Filipino values help the society, specifically for the
entrepreneurs in fighting against the COVID19 pandemic crisis?
What Is It?
Most Filipinos are connected together with their beliefs, culture, tradition,
characters, traits and common values. Values are first taught at home and are
adapted and implemented in the society. It plays a vital role on the way we live,
decide, choose and interprets our daily activities in life. In ethics, values denote the
degree of importance of something or action, with the aim in determining what
actions are best to do or what way is best to live, or to describe the significance of
different actions.
Filipino values refer to the set of values that are significant and inclined with
one’s culture. Like family, relatives, ancestors or friends. It preserves social harmony
that promotes connection, unity and may understand set of people. It includes the
inimitable collection of dependable philosophies, moral codes, ethical practices,
etiquette, cultural and personal values encouraged by the family or the society they
belong.
2
The management and sustainability of the business depends on the values
and beliefs of the proprietor. In the Philippines, Filipino entrepreneurs may
implement rules, practices and principles based on their values they had grown up
with their family, learnt and adapted.
The most popular Filipino values that influence business practices are the
following:
Pakikisama (Fellowship)
The word “pakikisama” (fellowship) comes from the word “sama” and prefix “paki”,
and literally means to accompany someone. Fellowship is used to maintain good
relations with others, and the fellowship is associated with adaptation, dealings and
harmony. In business practices, the proprietor must establish “pakikisama” to their
employees, suppliers and customers because it implies closeness to the others that
would create a sustainable growth relationship.
Hospitality
Is the relationship between a guest and a host, wherein the host receives the guest
with goodwill, including the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or
strangers. Entrepreneurs should master on how to treat and provide excellent
services on welcoming their suppliers and customers to create a good reputation
and relationship since hospitality plays the fundamental role to increase or decrease
the volume of sales, popularity and production growth in a business.
Family Orientation
It refers to the family in which a person is raised. It includes one’s parents and
siblings. It may also include grandparents or other relatives. It is a primary platform
for which one encounters early socialization experiences. Values and beliefs can be
learned from the family that will inculcate to a child as he/she matures into an adult.
The Filipino valued their family and being closed to one another until the last of their
generation. Most of the successful entrepreneurs acquired and gained this ample
knowledge in dealing with their business from their family. Consequently, they
become well trained to manage their family business. Others inherit the skills not
only from their family business but also the values and beliefs in managing and
operating their business.
Joy and Humor

Business operates and grow not only by means of profit and management. An
entrepreneur operates business to find joy and happiness in his life. Helping people
by promoting employment and providing quality product and services to their clients
create a joyful feeling. Filipino values always find reason to feel joy and has a sense
of humor to establish camaraderie to others. It sheds light on the optimism and
positivity of Filipinos in whatever situation they are in. It serves as a coping
technique to remain determined in every struggles or challenges in life and in
business.
2
Ability to Survive
A Filipino has a sense of resourcefulness or the ability to survive with whatever
situation or challenges they have. They have an extraordinary ability to create
something out of almost nothing. If a Filipino is trapped in an uninhabited island, he
would still be able to find a safe area to stay, provide materials to build a house, find
foods to eat and create different tools to survive. In business, if it is needed to
promote and increase the volume of sales, a Filipino has always the ability to find
different techniques, marketing strategies and ideas to perform and create a product
in order for the business to survive.
Hard work and Industriousness

Filipinos are determined and persistent to accomplish whatever they have set in their
minds. In business, hard work and industriousness play a vital role to establish and
develop business progress. They need employees who are willing to work overtime,
with minimal supervision and resourcefulness comes with a hard work to serve the
business.
Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity

A Filipino has an ability to adapt, adopt and adept in any changes and challenges in
life either in spiritual, social, emotional and physical aspect. In business, unplanned
and anticipated events in market would not disturb the flexibility and adaptability
values of Filipino entrepreneurs. They could easily produce creative strategy,
technique and style to adjust to challenges and compete with others.
Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude)

It shows duties and responsibility to pay the debts (utang) and return it with inner-
self-free will (na-loob) the unsolicited gift or good treatment received from other
people. An obligation to appropriately repay the good deeds which value is
impossible to quantify or if there is a quantifiable value it may involve deeply
personal internal dimension that will usually start from one generation and continue
to another generation. In business, there are plenty of reasons that may influence
the business practices, either positive or negative outcome that may vary with ethical
issues.
Filial Piety
To show respect, love, care and support to their elders, parents, relatives and
ancestors. It upholds the affection and display courtesy to the family that most cases
are likely working together in one company; living together in one house; paying the
house bills of their parents. It also takes good care of one’s parents and engage in
good conduct not just towards parents but also outside the home so as to bring a
good name to one’s parents and ancestors.
Padrino (Whom you know system)

It supports with the strong relationship of people. Most of the job seekers
automatically hired regardless of their qualifications and educational background
2
through endorsements, political connections, family affiliations (nepotism) or
friendships (cronyism).
Suki
It shows loyalty and trust relationship between a customer and supplier. It usually
establishes at the market or business. If a buyer finds a trusted seller that offers a
quality product they need, the loyalty and commercial connection of a buyer will be
established to the seller and made several business transactions with their so called
“suki”.
Bahala Na
The Bahala Na Filipino value shows letting things happen beyond their control. It
shows an attitude of a person that is willing to submit everything to God or leaving
things to happen by fate. Some of investors operate business beyond their control.
They will only believe that the market will accept it if they will “do their best and let
God do the rest.”
Mañana
It comes from the Spanish word “Mañana” which literally means “tomorrow” or
“unspecified future time”. In business, the attitude that tends to delay the task,
putting off tomorrow what they can do for today or postpone on the things that
should be done right now may reduce volume of sales, loss customer trust and
satisfaction, waste opportunities and interrupt the work flow.
Amor Propio
Is a Spanish word which means “self – love”, a sense of self-esteem or self-respect
that prevents a person from swallowing his pride and concerned for one’s reputation.
It includes sensitivity to personal insult or affront.
What’s More
Activity 2. Test your knowledge
Direction: Read each statement carefully. Identify what is being described in each
statement. Write your answers on your activity notebook.
1.A responsibility to repay the good deeds which value is impossible to

quantify or if there is a quantifiable value it may involve deeply personal
internal dimension that will usually start from one generation and continue to
another generation.
a. Utang na loob c. Pakikisama
b. Filipino Value System d. Suki
2
2.To maintain good relations with others, and the fellowship is associated
with adaptation, dealings and harmony.
3.Refers to the set of values that are significant and inclined to one’s
culture by the influence of people connected with like family, relatives,
ancestors or friends.
4.A commercial connection between a seller and a buyer.

5.It shows an attitude of a person that is willing to submit everything by

fate or “come what may”.
a. Family orientation c. Amor Propio
b. Bahala na d. Joy and Humor
6.Is a Spanish word which means “self – love”, a sense of self-esteem or

self-respect that prevents a person from swallowing his pride and concerned
for one’s reputation.
7.It is a primary platform for which one encounters early socialization

experiences.
8.It sheds light on the optimism and positivity of Filipinos in whatever

situation they are in. It serves as a coping technique to remain determined in
every struggles or challenges in life and in business.
9.It upholds the affection and display courtesy to the family that most
cases are like working together in one company; living together in one house;
paying the house bills of their parents.
a. Filial Piety c. Bahala na
b. Values d. Suki
10. It denotes the degree of importance of something or action, with the

aim to determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live, or
to describe the significance of different actions.
a. Filial Piety c. Bahala na
b. Values d. Suki
2
Activity 3. Evaluate
Complete the crossword puzzle below by identifying what Filipino value is being
described in the statement. Write your answers on your activity notebook.
1. A mother offers her daughter’s friend food to eat and a room to spend the
night.
2. Mario’s driver’s license is processed immediately by his godfather, an LTO

personnel.
3. A farmer works at his farm rain or shine just to earn a living and to support the
needs of his family.
4. Pedro decided to play online games first and postponed answering his
activities on Business Ethics modules.
5. Anna is a new investor on an online business, she has no knowledge and

idea how to deal with different clients, but she is able to cope with the
challenges and established marketing techniques and strategies on it.
2
4 What I1have Learned?
Reflective Question
Draw inside in your activity notebook, what you have learned on Filipino value
system that influence business practices.
2
2
Explain what you have drawn above.
Remember these key points:
 Filipino value system that influence business practices:

 Pakikisama
 Hospitality
 Family orientation
 Joy and humor
 Ability to survive
 Had work and industrious
 Flexibility, adaptability and creativity
 Utang na loob
 Felial Piety
 Padrino
 Suki
 Bahala na
 Mañana
2
 Amor Propio
What I can do?
Activity 4. It’s Your Turn
Based on your own understanding, what are the ways that you can do to improve
business practices guided by the philosophies, beliefs and Filipino values system?
Write your answers on your activity notebook.
_
2 9
Self-Check!
I have understood the lesson but there are still other things that I need to review and rele
I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I need help in some
If you checked the first icon, you are ready for the next module. If you
have checked the second icon, you need to review the things that you need to
relearn. If you have checked the third icon, it would be best if you read more
and ask help from your teacher, parents or peers in clarifying the lessons that
you find difficult. Be honest so that you will truly improve.
Additional Activity
I noticed
I’m not sure
30
I realized
Let check how much you learned from this module’s coverage A
s
Direction. Answer the 10-item Simple Recall Test and write your answers on your
activity notebook. s
e
1.Defined as a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and
s
purp ose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of a
superhuman s
agency or agencies, usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and
often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs. m
b. Ethics d. Belief System e
n
2.A form of applied ethics or professional ethics, that examines ethical
principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business t
environment
3.In Islam, Prophet Muhammad’s on honesty and kind dealings with

customers are the secrets of success in business. It also requires being
honest in dealings with alike.
b. Judaism d. Islam
4.A branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and

recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.
5. Mario’s driver’s license is processed immediately by his godfather,

an LTO personnel.
6.A mother offers her daughter’s friend food to eat and a room to spend
the night.
3
3
7. His prime belief was that a person must study themselves in
order to find out their level of character. His classic philosophy is THE
POWER TO RULE.
8.A set of principles or tenets which together form the basis of a religion,
philosophy, or moral code.
9.In the Jewish business ethics is illustrated

by the widely quoted Talmudic tradition. Thus, in the treatment of workers, the
Jews are obliged to pay their workers on time, pay their workers a living wage
and treat their workers with dignity and respect. On the side of the workers, it
is important not to steal company time.
b. Judaism d. Islam
10. He is best known for the Socratic method of question and answer. He
is known for his classic philosophy, HAVE THE COURAGE TO DISAGREE.
Congratulations!
ompleted your journey in this module. You did a great job! It is now time to go on to the ne
Answer Key
3
What I know. Pre-assessment Test
1. A 5. A 9. B
2. B 6. D 10. D
3. D 7. B
4. C 8. B
Lesson 1. What’s New
1. Aristotle ` 4. Plato
2. Socrates 5. Confucius
3. Epicurus
Lesson 2. What I Know (Activity 1) – Answer may vary
What’s New (Activity 2) – Answer may vary
What’s More (Activity 3)
1. True 4. False
2. True 5. False
3. True
What I have Learned (Activity 4)
1. Ethics or moral philosophy 4. Judaism
2. Business Ethics 5. Muslim and non – Muslim
3. Belief System
Lesson 3. What’s In (Activity1. Review) – Answer may vary

What’s More (Activity 2. Test your knowledge)
1. A 6. C
2. C 7. A
3. B 8. D
4. D 9. A
5. B 10. B
Activity 3. Evaluate
1. Hospitality 4. Mañana
2. Padrino 5. Ability to survive
3. Hard wrok
Reflective Question (Score may vary based on rubrics)
Activity 4. It’s your turn – Answer may vary
Assessment Test
1. C 5. D 9. B
2. A 6. B 10. A
3. C 7. D
4. B 8. D
References
3
https://brainly.in/question/7508715
https://www.academia.edu/36905140/Foundations_of_the_Principles_of_Business_Ethics
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/business-learn-from-ancient-
philosophers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_ethics
https://vsnhub.com/model-of-thinking/ancient-greek-philosophers-at-a-business-meeting/
https://opentextbc.ca/businessethicsopenstax/back-matter/the-lives-of-ethical-philosophers/
https://www.dsef.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/EthicalTheories.pdf
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/religion
https://www.jesuitdigitalnetwork.org/authoring/8730-short-business-ethics-cases-for-use-in-
class/view
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/01/how-does-faith-impact-business-in-emerging-
markets/
https://prezi.com/p/ttvqiu5vn6j2/etech/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_business
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_values#:~:text=The%20Filipino%20value%20system
%20or,held%20important%20in%20their%20lives.&text=As%20with%20any%20society
%20though,religion%2C%20upbringing%20and%20other%20factors.
https://owlcation.com/social-sciences/Filipino-Traits-and-Characteristics
https://prezi.com/p/b4mzgtwgnmlw/filipino-value-systems-in-business/#:~:text=Filipino
%20value%20system%20is%20defined,an%20influence%20of%20one's
%20culture.&text=the%20Philippine%20value%20system%20includes,are%20encouraged
%20by%20their%20society.
https://tl.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/pakikisama
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality#:~:text=Hospitality%20is%20the%20relationship
%20between,guests%2C%20visitors%2C%20or%20strangers.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs468
https://www.scribd.com/document/380123998/The-Filipino-Value-System-and-Its-Effects-on-
Business https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filial_piety#:~:text=In%20more%20general%20terms
%2C
%20filial,to%20ensure%20male%20heirs%2C%20uphold
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(ethics)#:~:text=In%20ethics%2C%20value
%20denotes%20the,the%20significance%20of%20different%20actions.
https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/establish-overseas/philippines/business-practices?
&actualiser_id_banque=oui&id_banque=0&memoriser_choix=memoriser
https://www.outsourceaccelerator.com/articles/filipino-traits-and-values/
https://sanamagan.wordpress.com/2010/05/23/is-assertiveness-valued-in-filipino-culture/
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/spanish-english/amor-propio
https://images.app.goo.gl/aNyzzqNVfAXo3hRU7
3
3
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Don A. Velez St., Cagayan de Oro City
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Senior High School

Business Ethics and

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Jonathan S. Dela Peña, Ph.D., CESO V Schools Division Superintendent

Printed in the Philippines by

Business Ethics and

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education • Republic of the

At the end of this module,

In order to achieve the objectives of this module, it is necessary to have

Specifically, this module consists of the following lessons:

 Lesson 2.1- Illustrate how these philosophies are reflected

 Lesson 2.2- Explain how the belief systems influence

 Lesson 2.3- Infer how Filipino value systems influence

 Lesson 2.4- Generate ways to improve business practices guided

For the learners: To be guided in achievingFor the the

1. A form of applied ethics or professional ethics, that examines ethical

2. A branch of Philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and

3. A set of principles or tenets which together form the basis of a religion,

4. Defined as a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose

5. He is best known for the Socratic method of question and answer. He

6. His prime belief was that a person must study themselves in

8.Fill in the blank: In Islam, Prophet Muhammad’s on honesty and kind

10. Mario’s driver’s license is processed immediately by his godfather,

Lesson 1 Illustrate how these philosophies are reflected in

Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied

Ethics is more concerned with standards of conduct acceptable to a group, a

What I Need To Know

 Illustrate how these philosophies are reflected into business practices

 Explain how the belief systems influence business practices

 Infer how Filipino value system influence business practices

 Generate ways to improve business practices guided by the philosophies,

The philosophies of these Classical Philosophers have great implications on

Plato’s classic philosophy

Aristotle’s classic philosophy

Confucius Epicurus Aristotle

1. He was the most practical and business oriented of all

2. He is best known for the Socratic method of question

3. He was a fourth century Greek philosopher who taught

4. His prime belief was that a person must study

5. He is famous for his golden rule and his famous classic

Various moral philosophers’ views get applied in day-to-day business

The Ethics of Aristotle: Virtue Theory

The Ethics of Bentham and Mill: Utilitarianism

The Ethics of Kant: Deontology

The Ethics of John Rawls: Justice Theory

I need to do additional work to be able to master the

After doing the activities:

I’m not sure

Lesson 2 Explain how the beliefsystems influence bus

Religion is defined as a set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and

Has Mr. A done anything wrong? Discuss your answer.

T _h e_ r e a_r e 8 m_a_jo_r re_l_ig_io_n_s in t h_ e w_o_r_ld_, na_mely,

2018 Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (7-2):

1. Virtue Theory doesn't judge actions as right or wrong but rather

2. Utilitarian ethical theories are based on one’s ability to predict