Non-destructive field tests

video GPR – Ground Penetrating Radar Profometer / Covermeter video

Inspection & Diagnostics
Relevant sensors
-Vibration -Stress & Strain
-Mechanical -Optical
-Sonic/Ultrasonic -Radiography
-Thermal/Infra-red -Electrical
-Electromagnetic

Microwave tomography

Laser
PUNDIT
PI8000

video video
3D laser scanner
uses laser
measurement
technology capable
of obtaining
thousands of point
measurements per
second.

SubSurface AQUA-MU-
DC AquaTrac Acoustic
Operating principle of phase-based and time-
of-flight 3D laser scanners http://rmseura.tkk.fi/rmlehti/2009/nro4/RakMek_42_4_2009_5.pdf
Water Leak Detector
5G Centre overview video : Click here to watch video
5G Digital Twin : Click here to watch video
5G Building Maintenance and Operations : Click here
5G Safety and Security : Click here to watch video
5G Health and Wellness: Click here to watch video
 http://www.geokon.com/

vibrating wire
Field Diagnostics
 Vibration
Field Diagnostics
Gyroscopes

Vibration
A gyroscope in operation, showing the
freedom of rotation in all three axes. The
rotor will maintain its spin axis direction
regardless of the orientation of the outer
frame

Accelerometers
The force caused by vibration or a
External Internal change in motion (acceleration)
causes the mass to "squeeze" the
Earthquakes Machinery piezoelectric material which
Winds HVAC produces an electrical charge that is
Construction Lifts proportional to the force exerted
Blasts Escalators upon it.
traffic Renovation
Functions

Magnetometers
Accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers all Many smartphones contain
miniaturized microelectromechanical
can be used to measure motion : systems (MEMS) magnetometers which are
• Gyroscopes: providing a measure angular rate used to detect magnetic field strength and are
• Accelerometers: providing a measure specific used as compasses.
force/acceleration

Video – Accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer

• Magnetometers (optional): measurement of the magnetic
field surrounding the system
Field Diagnostics

Vibration
Shenton Way
Station
(T225)
Field Diagnostics

Vibration
Field Diagnostics

Tiltmeter
Vibration
A portable tiltmeter is used to monitor changes in the inclination of a structure. The tiltmeter system includes a number of tilt plates, the portable tiltmeter, and a readout unit.

The portable tiltmeter uses a force-balanced servo-accelerometer to measure inclination. The accelerometer is housed in a rugged frame with machined surfaces that facilitate accurate
positioning on the tilt plate. The bottom surface is used with horizontally-mounted tilt plates and the side surfaces are used with vertically-mounted tilt plates.

To obtain tilt readings, the operator

connects the tiltmeter to the readout
unit, positions the tiltmeter on the
tilt plate, and notes the displayed
reading. The operator then rotates
the tiltmeter 180 degrees and
obtains a second reading. Later, the
two readings are averaged to cancel
sensor offset. Changes in tilt are
found by comparing the current
reading to the initial reading.
Field Diagnostics

Stress and Strain

Stress is defined as the object's internal resisting forces, and

strain is defined as the displacement and deformation that
occur.
Field Diagnostics
Strain Gauges Stress and Strain

Bonded Metallic Strain Gauge

Strain may be compressive or tensile and is typically measured by strain gauges. It was Lord Kelvin who first
reported in 1856 that metallic conductors subjected to mechanical strain exhibit a change in their electrical
resistance. This phenomenon was first put to practical use in the 1930s.

Mechanical strain gauge used to measure the growth of a

crack in a masonry foundation.

The majority of strain gauges are foil types, available in

Crack monitoring using Demec Gauge
a widechoice of shapes and sizes to suit a variety of
applications. They consist of a pattern of resistive foil
which is mounted on a backing material. They operate
on the principle that as the foil is subjected to stress, the
resistance of the foil changes in a defined way.
Field Diagnostics
Stress and Strain
Vibrating Wires
The strain gauge operates on the principle that a tensioned wire, when plucked, vibrates at a
frequency that is proportional to the strain in the wire. The gauge is constructed so that a wire is
held in tension between two mounting blocks that are welded to the structural member. Loading
of the structural member changes the distance between the two mounting blocks and results in a
change in the tension of the wire. An electromagnet is used to pluck the wire and measure the
frequency of vibration. Strain is then calculated by applying calibration factors to the frequency
measurement.

Vibrating Wire Crackmeter

The VW crackmeter consists of a VW displacement transducer and a mounting kit. Anchors are
installed on opposite sides of the crack and the transducer is mounted across the anchors. A
change in the distance across the crack causes a change in the frequency signal produced by the
VW displacement transducer when excited by the readout or data logger.
Field Diagnostics
Stress and Strain
Load Cell History
Load cells
• Mechanical lever scales can involve either the use of a weight balancing mechanism or the detection of the force developed by mechanical levers.

• In 1843, English physicist Sir Charles Wheatstone devised a bridge circuit that could measure electrical resistances. Today, except for certain laboratories where
precision mechanical balances are still used, strain gage load cells dominate the weighing industry.

A load cell is a transducer which converts force into a measurable electrical output.
Although there are many varieties of load cells, strain gage based load cells are the
most commonly used type.
 Field Diagnostics

Mechanical
Windsor Probe
Windsor Probe -1

Windsor Probe – 2
Field Diagnostics
Mechanical
Elcometer – Pull-off adhesion tester

The PosiTest AT Pull-Off Adhesion Tester measures the force required to pull a specified test diameter of coating away from its substrate using hydraulic pressure. The pressure is
displayed on a digital LCD and represents the coating's strength of adhesion to the substrate in accordance with ASTM D4541, D7234, ISO 4624 and others.
Field Diagnostics
Bond Tester Mechanical
Video

James Bond Tester™ MK III Pull Disk Being Mounted

in Puller Assembly

http://www.ndtjames.com/James-Bond-Tester-p/p-c-7300.htm
Field Diagnostics
Mechanical
Bond Tester

Video Video
Field Diagnostics
Concrete Rebound Hammer Mechanical

Video – rebound hammer

 Balance between slip resistance and stainability or cleanability?

The glass ‘water drops’ on the ceramic

tiles both prevent a slippery floor and at
the same time massage the feet of the
person walking on them, creating the
strange illusion of a rain splattered floor
that stays permanently dry. (Glass drop
floortiles are produced by Royal
Tichelaar Makkum)

Black slate floor tiles, features a

natural slip-resistant versatility Granito Slip Resistant vitrified
ceramic Floor Tiles

Chemical to Anti-slip treatment process alters the mineral structure of the floor surface which in turn increases the slip
make floor resistive properties and makes the floor safer when wet.
As the treatment chemical is applied to the surface, it removes soft particles and exposes hard particles of
tiles less the flooring surface.
slippery So, what used to look like the 'great prairies' of Canada, now looks like the Rocky Mountains, ...only 'under
a microscope'!!!

http://www.chem-solutions.com/index.php/concrete_floor_systems/anti-slip_flooring_systems/safe-stride/faq__safe-stride/
 Slip Resistance Test Methods
This pendulum device is portable and consists of a weighted foot with a test slider that swings
down and slides across the surface wetted with water.

Pendulum Mean BPN

AS/NZS 4586 AS/NZS 4663 Notional contribution of the floor
Four S TRL Classification surface to the risk of slipping when wet

>54 >44 V Very low

45 – 54 40 – 44 W Low

35 - 44 - X Moderate

25 – 34 - Y High

Wet Pendulum Slip Test <25 - Z Very high

Video – Pendulum
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPqcX62DfPU&feature=related

A battery operated machine commonly referred to as the "dry FFT“ or "Tortus". The dry FFT
measures the force opposing the motion of a 9 mm diameter test slider of Four S rubber as it
moves across the surfaces at a constant speed of 1m/min.

Floor friction tester AS/NZS 4663 Notional contribution of the floor

AS/NZS 4586 Classification
mean value surface to the risk of slipping when dry

≥0.40 F Moderate to very low

<0.40 G High to very high

Video – Tortus
Dry Floor Friction Slip Test http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6QZTDGb1DlI
http://www.safeenvironments.com.au/slip-resistance-test-methods/
Field Diagnostics
Mechanical
Concrete Coring
Field Diagnostics
SHOTCRETE MORTAR SYSTEM Mechanical
Vivo City For Feature Wall At VIVOCITY

A gigantic-waved feature wall project Coring tests

1
9 1
2
2 7
1
1 0 1
1 9
8
4 1
3 1
2
0

3 1

5 4 2
6

Installation Of Strain Gauges On

Installation Of Strain Gauges On Frame Installation Of Strain Gauges On Frame: Installation Of Strain Gauges On Wall Surface Wall Surface: Locations
Locations
Field Diagnostics
SHOTCRETE MORTAR SYSTEM Mechanical
For Feature Wall At VIVOCITY
Pull-off Test

Strain Changes Caused by Hammer Knocking

Strain Changes Caused by Vehicle Movement To

Simulate Vibration Effect

Pull-off Test
Field Diagnostics
Electrical
Protimeter / Moisture Meter

Protimeter ≠ Profometer

Without pins -
low-frequency
With pins - use signals are
small probes that transmitted into
penetrate the the material being
material to be tested to measure
tested the change in
(conductive impedance
testing). caused by the
presence of
moisture.
Field Diagnostics
Paint detectors Video – pinholes & Electrical
holidays

Video –
paint
gauge
Field Diagnostics
Microwave tomography Microwave

MOIST portable microwave meters

• Material types: wood, building materials, walls & brickwork

• Non-destructive
• Fast scanning for moisture depth and distribution
• Real-time contour available for analysis report by PC notebook
• Penetration to depth from 30mm to 110mm
• Facilitate tracing water source

Moisture measurement using this technique is based upon the relatively high
dielectric constant of water in comparison to the dielectric properties of other
materials.

To illustrate this technique, common sand (silicon dioxide) produces a dielectric

constant of 4.2 compared to the dielectric constant of water of 80.4. The
variation of water within the sand would result in a large variation in the
combined dielectric constant which would then be measured by monitoring the
change in the microwave signal. Both the velocity of the microwave signal (or
phase shift) and the ultimate signal strength (or attenuation) would be affected
by the change in the dielectric constant of the analysed material. Put simply, the
microwave measurement is effected mainly by the excitation of free moisture
molecules rather than many other types of materials.
http://www.bdc.com.hk/load.php?link_id=119007&parent_id=154648&parent_name=Water%20Seepage%20Detection&root_object_id=154485
Field Diagnostics
Video Microwave tomography Microwave

Tomography on the underside of driveway

Scan Depth 0mm Scan Depth 30mm Scan Depth 110mm

2-D Microwave Tomographic Image - High moisture concentration noted at depth 30 and 110mm. The red circled area in the tomographs
indicates likely source of leakage.
Field Diagnostics
Optical

grossmeter

fibrescope
Video Dye Penetrant Inspection Optical

Welds at joints
Field Diagnostics
Optical
Video – drone
façade inspection

SUSPICIOUS (CRACKED) AREA FOUND AND DOCUMENTED BY THE

UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM DURING POST PHOTOGRAPH ANALYSIS

http://victoriaairphotos.com/roof_inspections.html
Field Diagnostics
Electromagnetic
Protimeter ≠ Profometer Rebar Scanner / Profometer

Profometer 650 AI
Video – Proceq Profometer 6
Field Diagnostics
Ultrasonic Test Sonic / Ultrasonic

Video -
PUNDIT
Field Diagnostics
Impact Echo Sonic / Ultrasonic
Nondestructive evaluation of concrete and masonry, based on the use
of impact-generated stress (sound) waves that propagate through the
structure and are reflected by internal flaws and external surfaces.

Tapping an object with a hammer is one of the oldest forms of

nondestructive testing based on stress wave propagation.
Depending on whether the result is a high-pitched “ringing” sound
or a low frequency “rattling” sound, the integrity of the member can
be assessed. The method is subjective, as it depends on the
experience of the operator, and it is limited to detecting near surface
defects.
Despite these inherent limitations, sounding is a useful method for
detecting near-surface delaminations, and it has been standardized
by ASTM D 4580.
 Ultrasonic Test
Ultrasonic pulse velocity tests

PUNDIT

Impact-Echo Tester PUNDIT + Impact-Echo Tester

 Water Leak Detector Sonic / Ultrasonic
SubSurface AQUA-MU-DC AquaTrac Acoustic Water Leak Detector
The equipment allows the noises to be heard directly from the pipe as well as on the ground.
The noise level is displayed on the equipment’s screen in graphical form, as well as
numerically. The unit identifies the frequency of the audio collected which is then transmitted
into the headset, this process is an intrinsic part of the whole system. The headphones are
equipped with noise isolating features that allow the user to acquire the best audio possible,
and to pinpoint the water leak location.

video
LISTENING STICKS - A simple and handy equipment. It consists of a metal transmission rod
with a earpiece. By placing the listening stick on the road surface or against a pipe or pipe-
fitting, the leak sound is transferred to the earpiece (PUB, 2018a).
ELECTRONIC LISTENING STICK & GROUND MICROPHONE - This detector is
battery operated. It consists of an amplifier, a sensor, a probe rod/magnet, and
headphones. Leak sounds detected by the probe rod/magnet are transmitted to the sensor
and onto the amplifier display unit which measures the leak sound intensity (PUB,
2018a).

GEOPHONE
The Geophone has two circular sensor Leak Noise Correlator in action.
heads. This apparatus works on the The information collected is
principle similar to that of a doctor’s transmitted to a computer
stethoscope. The leaking sound will be wirelessly and a software will
transmitted from the sensor heads correlate the information to pin
through the plastic tube to the earpiece point the leak spot along the pipe.
(PUB, 2018a).
Fig. LL Ground Penetrating Radar
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Depth: 1.0 to 1.5 m.
Antenna: 900 MHz
Each pipe generates a path signal having a hyperbolic shape
whose apex corresponds to the pipe location. Unlike metal
detectors, ground penetrating radar can reach greater depths.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey for
determining existing cross-section profiles
and services in Jurong Island using GSSI
3000 system with 100MHz and 400MHz
antenna to detect underground utilities
services at depth up to 8m
Fig. QQ Total Stations
Building settlement marker and prism to monitor
Leica Nova MS60
movement of existing structures

Total
Station
𝝧𝝧

target height
instrument height
Settlement prism

unknown
A total station is a theodolite with an known point
integrated distance meter that can measure point
angles and distances simultaneously

Monitoring
sections of
a tunnel
with prism
targets (left)
and ATS
mounted on
the tunnel
wall

Settlement marker
Field Diagnostics Laser

3D laser scanner uses

laser measurement
technology capable of
obtaining thousands of
point measurements
per second.

Operating principle of phase-based and time-of-

flight 3D laser scanners http://rmseura.tkk.fi/rmlehti/2009/nro4/RakMek_42_4_2009_5.pdf
Fig. KK Infra-red thermography

An infrared scanning camera is used to detect Infra-red Thermography

variations in the infrared radiation output of a
surface. Thermal gradients arise because of
differences in surface temperature between sound
and unsound concrete. Hence defects such as
delaminating in concrete surfaces can be detected

Contrast in surface temperature in an Infra-red cameras

Contrast in surface temperature in an evening
afternoon indicating possible tile
indicating possible wetness
delamination