PE de Ingeniería Aeronáutica

MECANICA DE ESTRUCTURAS AEROESPACIALES

Y LAB.

ACTIVIDAD
FUNDAMENTAL: PRACTICE 3
STRESS MEASUREMENTS

NOMBRE COMPLETO: Cynthia Michelle Reyna Hernández

NO. DE MATRÍCULA: 1978852

GRUPO: 102

LUGAR Y FECHA DE San Nicolás de los Garza, N. L.,

ENTREGA 4 de Junio 2023

DOCENTE: M.C. José de Jesús Villalobos Luna

Calificación de la AF y Firma del Docente

Fecha de Revisión.
 PRACTICE 3
STRESS MEASUREMENTS
General Objective: Determine theoretically and experimentally the basic parameters of elasticity, stress and
strain in structural components.

A. AXIAL STRESS
Particular Objective: Determine theoretically and experimentally the basic parameters of elasticity, stress
and strain in structural components under axial load.

Equipment:
• Different tension test specimen instrumented with strain-gages.
• Different Weights.
• Strain measurement device (SAM 200)

1.- Theoretical background

One-dimensional stress-strain relationship.

A specimen with axial load P, is subjected to normal stress 𝜎 = 𝑃/𝐴 .
For one-dimensional specimen, the relationship between stress and strain in the linear elastic range is given
by Hooke’ Law:
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀.
Where:
P- Force (N) 𝑁
E- Modulus of Elasticity ( )
𝑚2

A- Area (m2) 𝑙−𝑙𝑜

− Strain ( ) (m/m)
𝑙𝑜
𝑁
− Stress ( )
𝑚2

2.- Experimental setup and procedure.

Several bars instrumented with strain gauges are given as shown in Figure 1. A tensile load should be
applied, and the strain will be measured using a strain indicator.
To support

Specimen
A=10mm x 2mm
A=20 mm^2

Strain gage

To SAM 200
Measurement device

Load Weigth
 Figure 1. Tensile specimen.

Follow the following steps to apply the load and to measure the strain.

a) Mount the specimen

b) Apply load using different weights
c) Read the micro-strain (m) in the SAM 200 screen
d) Write the results perform the necessary calculations to fill the tables shown below.
e) Change the specimen, and repeat steps a) to d) for each material

Don´t forget necessary conversions:

1 MPa = 10e06 N/m2= 1 N/mm2
1GPa=1000 MPa

Aluminum (E=70 GPa = 70,000 MPa=70,000 N/mm2)

Cooper (E=112 GPa = 112,000 MPa = 112,000 N/mm2 )

Steel (E=210 GPa = 210,000 MPa = 210,000 N/mm2)

3.- Results and analysis
a) Compare theoretical stress and measured stress by using the tabulated data.
b) In the same graph, plot  vs  from theoretical results and  vs  from experimental results.

Esfuerzo vs Deformación (Aluminio)

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
Practical Stress
0.4
Theoritical Stress
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.000002 0.000004 0.000006 0.000008 0.00001 0.000012 0.000014
 Esfuerzo vs Deformación (Cobre)
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 Practical Stress

Theoritical Stress
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.000001 0.000002 0.000003 0.000004 0.000005 0.000006 0.000007

Esfuerzo vs Deformación (Acero)

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 Practical Stress

0.3 Theoritical Stress

0.2

0.1

0
-5E-07 0 0.0000005 0.000001 0.0000015 0.000002 0.0000025 0.000003 0.0000035
-0.1

c) Perform a linear interpolation between points and define the line equation of theoretical and
practical results.
i. Aluminio
1. y = 70000x + b, y = 84000x +b
ii. Cobre
1. y = 336865x + 0.0557 R2 = 0.7849, y = 112000x – 3E-16 R2 = 1
iii. Acero
1. Y = 192766x + 0.12 R2 = 0.9435, Y = 210000x + 3E-16 R2 = 1
d) Identify the value of m for a linear equation.
a. 70000
 e) What does the m term mean?
The m term is known as modulus of slope
f) How is this value compared with the given data of the Modulus of Elasticity?
If we analyze, we can appreciate that the m in the graphics of the practical stress measured is the same as
our value of the Modulus of Elasticity.

4.- Conclusion
a) Discuss the differences between experimental and theoretical results.
a. Just a few differences between these experiments, the graphics are very similar in both
cases.
b) Discuss at least two sources of error on this experiment.
a. The calibration of the measurement intstrument
c) How could you improve the experiment?
a. We could be more accurate in our theoretical calculations.

B. NORMAL STRESSES DUE TO BENDING.

Objective: Determine theoretically and experimentally the basic parameters of elasticity, stress and strain in
structural components under bending load.

Equipment:
Bending test specimen instrumented with strain-gages.
Different Weights.
Strain measurement device (SAM 200)

1.- Theoretical background.

One-dimensional stress-strain relationship

𝑀𝑐
A solid rectangular beam with an Applied Moment M, is subjected to bending stress 𝜎 = .
𝐼
Where:
𝑁 c: distance from centroid to the measure stress point (mm)
 Bending Stress ( )
𝑚2

I: Moment of Inertia for a rectangular section(mm 4)

M: Applied Moment (N-mm)
1
M=Fxl 𝐼= 𝑎𝑏 3
12

For this condition, the relationship between stress and strain in the linear elastic range is given by Hooke’
Law:
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀.
Where:
 Bending Stress ( )
𝑁
E: Young Modulus ( )
𝑁  Strain (m/m)
𝑚2 𝑚2

2.- Experimental setup and procedure.

The instrumented steel beam has thickness of 5 mm and width of 20 mm and length of 350 mm as is shown
in Figure 1. The location of the strain gauge is 265 mm from the fixed edge at the end of the bar in the free
edge where the load F is applied.
The strain is measured using the SAM 200 analyzer.

Weight
Support
To SAM 200
Measurement
device

Beam

Strain Gauge
Fixed Support
Enclosure

Figure 2. Flexural specimen.

a) Adjust the support.

b) Confirm and measure the beam dimensions and the strain gauge and applied locations.
c) Add mass using the weight support. Record this value.
d) Calculate the load F = m x g
e) Calculate the applied moment in the beam M= F x l.
𝑀𝑐
f) Determine the theoretical stress 𝜎 = ,
𝐼
g) Read and record the lecture of strain.
h) Compute the bending stress using 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀

3.- Results and analysis

a) Compare theoretical stress and measured stress by using the tabulated data.
b) Plot  vs  from theoretical and from experimental results. Use one plot for both cases.
 Esfuerzo vs Deformación
5.00E+07
4.50E+07
4.00E+07
3.50E+07
3.00E+07
2.50E+07 Practical Theoretical
2.00E+07
1.50E+07
1.00E+07
5.00E+06
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E-06 1.00E-05 1.50E-05 2.00E-05 2.50E-05 3.00E-05

c) For the experimental results, perform a linear interpolation between points and define the line
equation.
a. y = 2.10x1011x + 1x107
d) Identify the value of m and the equation.
a. m = 2.1011
e) ¿What does the m mean?
a. The m term is known as modulus of slope
f) How is this value compared with the given data of the Modulus of Elasticity?
a. If we pay attention, we can appreciate that the values of the theoretical stress is more
linear.
4.- Conclusion
a) Discuss the differences between experimental and theoretical results.
a. We can see a big difference, and is that the theoretical stress is more linear.
b) Discuss at least two sources of error on this experiment.
a. The calibration of the measurement data.
c) How could you improve the experiment?
a. We could just change de mass to have a different graph.
 C. SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DUE TO TORSION LOAD.
Objective: Determine theoretically and experimentally the basic parameters of elasticity, stress and strain in
structural components under torsion load.

Equipment:
Different tension test specimen instrumented with strain-gages.
Different Weights.
Strain measurement device (SAM 200)

1.- Theoretical background.

One-dimensional stress-strain relationship

𝑇𝜌 16𝑇
A solid circular bar with a TORQUE load T = F x r, is subjected to SHEAR stress 𝜏 = = .
𝐽 𝜋𝑑 3
For this condition the relationship between stress and strain in the linear elastic range is given by Hooke’
Law:
𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾.
Where:
T- Applied Torque (N) 𝑁
G- Shear Modulus ( )
𝑚2

d- Solid bar diameter (mm2)

− Shear strain (m/m)
𝑁
− Shear Stress ( )
𝑚2

2.- Procedure and setup.

The instrumented steel bar with 10 mm diameter and 340 mm length is shown in Figure 1. At the end of the
bar, a 200 mm diameter disc (100 mm radius) is used to apply torque to the steel bar. The disc has a groove
and a weight support is attached at the external location. When a mass is added to the support, the torque
on the bar is the weight times the radius of the disc.

The bar has a strain gauge located at 45° along its axial axis. The strain is measured using the SAM 200
analyzer.

Figure 1. Torsional specimen.

a) Adjust the support.

 b) Confirm and measure the beam dimensions and the strain gauge and applied locations.
c) Add mass using the weight support. Record this value. (Column A)
d) Calculate the load F = m x g (Column B)
e) Find the applied torque in the bar T=F x r. (Column C)
16𝑇
f) Compute the theoretical stress using 𝜏 = 3 (Column D)
𝜋𝑑
g) Read and record the lecture of strain . (Column E)
h) Compute the shear strain  considering the Poisson Ratio concept (Column F)
i) Compute the experimental shear stress .

Steel (E=210 GPa = 210,000 MPa = 210,000 N/mm2), G=E/2(1+v), v=Modulo de Poisson=0.333, G=78,947
MPa

3.- Results and analysis

a) Compare theoretical stress and measured stress by using the tabulated data.
b) Plot  vs  from theoretical results and from experimental results. Use one plot for both cases.

Esfuerzo vs Deformación

1.00E+07

8.00E+06

6.00E+06

4.00E+06
Practical Theoretical

2.00E+06

0.00E+00
-4.00E-05 -2.00E-05 0.00E+00 2.00E-05 4.00E-05 6.00E-05 8.00E-05 1.00E-04
-2.00E+06

-4.00E+06

c) For the experimental results, perform a linear interpolation between points and define the line
equation.
a. Y = 1.58x1011x + 2x106
 d) Identify the value of m of the equation
a. 1.58x1011
e) ¿What does the m mean?
a. The m term is known as modulus of slope
f) How is this value compared with data found in literature?
a. If we pay attention, we can appreciate that the m in our graph of the practical stress
measured is the same as our value of the Modulus of Elasticity.
g) Using the data from the maximum load case, draw the Mohr’s circle of strain. Explain how the
measured strain () is related to the shear strain () for this load (Torsion).

The transformation equations for plane stress can be represented in graphical form by a plot known as
Mohr’s Circle. This graphical representation is extremely useful because it enables you to visualize the
relationships between the normal and shear stresses acting on various inclined planes at a point in a
stressed body. Using Mohr’s Circle, you can also calculate principal stresses, maximum shear stresses and
stresses on inclined planes.

4.- Conclusion
a) Discuss the differences between experimental and theoretical results.
a. We can see just a few differences between these experiments, the graph is very similar in
both cases.
b) Discuss at least two sources of error on this experiment.
a. If we don´t choose the correct angle for the strain gauge, and if we use the ε value instead
of ƴ value.
c) How could you improve the experiment?
a. Changing circle´s radius.