7th Physics DLP Study Package Final

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DISTANCE
LEARNING PROGRAMME
CLASS - VII
PHYSICS
Contents
Chapter 1 Heat ........................................................................... 01 – 14
Chapter 2. Winds, Storms and Cyclones ..................................... 15 – 24
Chapter 3 Motion and Time ......................................................... 25 – 38
Chapter 4 Electric Current and Its Effects ................................... 39 – 56
Chapter 5 Light .......................................................................... 57 – 73
Olympiad Segment .............................................................. 74 – 90
[2023]
Heat
Heat is a form of energy. It makes a substance hotter or colder depending on whether heat is given or
removed from the body. Heat is measured by the temperature effect which it produces. When heat is given
to a substance, its temperature increases (it becomes hot); and when heat is removed from a substance, then
its temperature decreases (it becomes cold). Heat flows from a hotter substance to a colder substance. Heat
energy is measured in the units of joule (J).
Temperature
Temperature is the degree of hotness (or coldness) of a substance. A hot substance is said to have a high
temperature whereas a cold substance is said to have a low temperature. We usually get confused between
the terms ‘heat’ and ‘temperature’.
Points of difference between heat and temperature.
Differences between Heat and Temperature
1. Heat is a form of energy. 1. Temperature is a measure of heat energy
level.
2. Heat energy makes a body hotter. That is, 2. Temperature decides the direction of flow
heat energy raises the temperature of a of heat. Heat flows from a body at higher
body if heat is given to the body and vice- temperature to the body at lower
versa. temperature.
3. Heat is measured in the units of joule (J) 3. Temperature is measured in the units of
degrees Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K)
Measuring Temperature
Thermometer: A thermometer is a device which measures the temperature of an object. There are two
common types of thermometers : Clinical thermometer and Laboratory thermometer.
Clinical thermometer: The thermometer that measures our body temperature is called a clinical thermometer.
The clinical thermometer looks like the one shown in figure.
Normal body
temperature
Kink (Constriction)
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 ºC
Thermometer bulb Mercury thread
(Glass bulb containing mercury) Thermometer tube
(Glass tube)
Figure 1.1. A Clinical thermometer
AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 1

Class VII: Heat Physics
A clinical thermometer consists of a long, narrow glass tube. It has a bulb at one end. This bulb contains
mercury. Just above the bulb in its glass tube it has a kink (or constriction). The kink prevents the back flow
of mercury into the thermometer bulb when thermometer is removed from the mouth of a patient. Also
clinical thermomter has a very short range of temperature from 35ºC to 42ºC.
A clinical thermometer consists of a long, narrow, uniform glass tube. It has a bulb at one end. This bulb
contains mercury. Outside the bulb, a small shining thread of mercury can be seen.
Reading a Thermometer
Let us learn how to read a thermometer. Wash the thermometer,

preferably with an antiseptic solution. Hold it firmly and give it a
few jerks. Jerks will bring the level of mercury down. Ensure that
it falls below 35°C. Now place the bulb of the thermometer under
your tongue. After one minute, take the thermometer out and note
the reading. This is your body termperature.. The temperature should
always be stated with its unit,°C.
The normal temperature of human body is 37°C or 98.4° F. The

temperature of every person may not be 37°C. It could be slightly
higher or slightly lower. Actually, what we call normal temperature is the average body temperature of a
large number of healthy persons.
Precautions to be used while reading a clinical thermometer.

 Thermometer should be washed before and after use, preferably with antiseptic solution.
 Ensure that before use the mercury level is below 35°C.
 Read the thermometer keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
 Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
 Don’t hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.
CAUTION
Do not use a clinical thermometer for measuring the temperature of any object other than the human
body. Also avoid keeping the thermometer in the sun or near a flame. It may break.
Laboratory thermometer : A laboratory thermometer is used for measuring the temperature in a science
laboratory. The temperature range is from -10ºC to 110ºC. Figure 1.3 shows diagram of a laboratory
thermometer. Laboratory thermometer also consists of a long narrow uniform glass tube having bulb at one
end filled with mercury. It does not have a kink.
Fig. 1.3 Laboratory Thermometer

Precautions in Using a Laboratory thermometer
1. The laboratory thermometer should be held vertically while measuring temperature.
2. The thermometer bulb should be surrounded from all sides by the substance whose temperature is to
be measured.
3. The thermometer bulb should not touch the sides or bottom of the container in which the substance is
taken.
Difference between clinical and laboratory thermometer
Clinical Thermometer Laboratory Thermometer
1. Clinical thermometer is scaled from 35ºC to 1. Laboratory thermometer is generally scaled

42ºC or from 94ºF to 108ºF. from –10ºC to 110ºC.
2. Mercury level does not fall on its own, as 2. Mercury level falls on its own as no kink is
there is a kink near the bulb to prevent the fall present.
of mercury level.
3. Temperature can be read after removing the 3. Temperature is read while keeping the
thermometer from armpit or mouth. thermometer in the source, such as liquid
or anything.
4. To lower the mercury level jerks are given. 4. No need to give jerk to down the mercury
level.
5. Clinical thermometer is used to take the body 5. Laboratory thermometer is used to take the
temperature. temperature in laboratory.
Temperature Scales
Just as two fixed marks (of 0 cm and 100 cm) are required on a metre scale in the measurement of length, in
the same way, two fixed temperatures are required for a temperature scale in the measurement of temperature.
These two “fixed temperatures” are called “fixed points” of the temperature scale. The two fixed temperatures
(or fixed points) which can be easily reproduced are:
i) The temperature at which pure ice melts under standard atmospheric pressure is taken as the
lower fixed point of temperature scale. In other words, the melting point of pure ice is taken as the
lower fixed temperature.
ii) The temperature at which pure water boils under standard atmospheric pressure is taken as
the upper fixed point of the temperature scale. In other words, the boiling point of pure water is
taken as the upper fixed temperature.

Relation between Celsius Scale and Kelvin Scales
Fig. 1.4
The relation between kelvin scale and Fig. 1.4 celsius scale can be written as:
Temperature on kelvin scale = Temperature on celsius scale + 273
or K = C + 273
where, K = Temperature on Kelvin Scale
and C = Temperature on Celsius scale
This relation can be used to convert a celsius temperature into kelvin temperature or a kelvin temperature
into Celsius temperature.
Please note that one of the advantages of the kelvin scale over the celsius scale is that all the
temperatures on the kelvin scale are in positive figures.
Conversion of Celsius scale to Fahrenheit Scale

On the Fahrenheit scale the ice-point and the steam-point are called 32°F and 212°F and their interval has
been divided in 180 degrees. The following relation holds for conversion of celsius scale to Fahrenheit scale:
C F  32

100 180
C F  32

5 9
Transfer of Heat
Transfer of Heat: Heat can be transferred from a hot object to a cold object in three different ways:
i) conduction
ii) convection or
iii) radiation

Conduction
The process by which heat is transferred from the hotter
end to the colder end of an object is known as conduction.
In solids, generally, the heat is transferred by the process
of conduction. Depending on type of heat conduction, the
materials are of two types : Fig. 1.5 Flow of heat through a metal strip
(i) Good conductors : Those materials which allow the

flow of heat through them. e.g. Metals, Iron, Copper, etc.
(ii) Bad conductors : Those materials which donot allow the flow of heat through them. e.g., Wood,
Plastic, etc.
Convection is the mode of heat transfer by actual motion of matter.

When water is heated, the water near the flame gets hot. Hot
water rises up. The cold water from the sides moves down
towards the source of heat. This water also get hot and rises
and water from the sides moves down. This process continues
till the whole water gets heated.
Radiation is the mode of heat transfer without any medium.
From the sun, the heat comes to us by the process of radiation.
All hot bodies radiate heat. When this heat falls on some object,
a part of it is reflected, a part is absorbed and a part may be
transmitted. The temperature of the object increases due to the
absorbed part of the heat.
Fig. 1.6 Convection of heat in water
Land and Sea Breeze
Sea Breeze: In coastal areas, the breeze that moves from sea surface to the land is called sea breeze. This
happens because, during daytime, land gets heated more quickly than water. As a result, warm air from land
rises up; leaving a gap. To fill that gap, colder air from the ocean surface rushes towards the land. This
phenomenon continues and a continuous flow of cold air keeps coming towards the land. This gives rise to
the phenomenon which is called the sea breeze. Because of this, people living in coastal areas prefer to live
in a sea facing house.

Land Breeze: In coastal areas, the breeze which moves from land towards the sea is called land breeze.
In the night, the land cools down more quickly than the ocean surface. This makes the air over the water
surface warmer than air over the land surface. Warmer air over the water surface rises in the air and air
from the land rushes towards the water surface to fill the gap. This phenomenon continues which creates a
flow of air from land to the sea. This phenomenon is called land breeze.
Effects of heat:
i) Heat causes the change in the temperature of a material.
ii) Heat can lead to the expansion of the materials. This expansion can be in the length, area or volume
of the materials
 Linear expansion : Expansion in the length of the material by heating.

 Superficial expansion : Expansion in the area of the material by heating.
 Cubical expansion : Expansion in the volume of the material by heating.
iii) Change of phase (state): There are three states or phases of matter namely solid, liquid and gas. The
process of change from one state to another at a constant temperature is called the change of phase. It
is brought about by exchange of heat. Figure represents the different processes of change of phase.
N
MATIO
S UB L I
MELTING VAPORISATION
Solid Liquid Gas
FREEZING CONDENSATION
IN G
F R OS T
Fig. 1.8 Change of Phases
 The process of conversion of gases directly into solid without going through the intermediate liquid state
in called frosting.
 Heat always flow from higher temperature to lower temperature, under normal circumstance.
 Inside a refrigerator, heat is made to flow from low temperature to higher temperature, by doing an
external work.
Units of Heat
Like other forms of energy, the S.I. unit of heat is the joule (J).
The other most commonly used unit of heat is the calorie (symbol: cal).
1 calorie (or 1 cal) = 4.1855 J or 4.2 J
Thus, 1 kilo calorie = 1000 calorie
and 1 kilo calorie = 4185.5 J or 4200 J
The unit kilocalorie is generally used for measuring the energy value of foods.

Heat Capacity
From our everyday experience we know that different bodies require different amount of heat to raise the
temperature by same interval. For example, if equal masses of water and copper are heated through 1°C, the
amount of heat required for water is more than that required for copper. This property of substance is
expressed in terms of heat capacity. In other words, we say that the bodies of different materials, but of
same mass have different heat capacities.
The heat capacity of a body is defined as follows:
The heat capacity of a body is the amount of heat required to raise its temperature by 1°C.
Unit of heat capacity: By definition
Amount of heat
Heat capacity 
Rise in temperature
Thus, S.I. unit of heat capacity is joule per degree C (i.e. J°C–1)
The other unit is calorie °C–1 or kilo-calorie °C–1.
Specific Heat Capacity

Heat capacity of a body when expressed for unit mass is called its specific heat capacity. Thus, the specific
heat capacity of a substance is defined as follows:
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
unit mass of that substance through 1°C.
It is denoted by the symbol C.
Unit of specific heat capacity: By definition
Amount of heat
Specific heat capacity C
Mass × rise in temperature
Thus S.I. unit of specific heat capacity is joule per kilogram per degree C. (J kg–1 °C–1 or J kg–1 K–1). The
other unit of specific heat capacity is cal g–1 °C–1 or kilo cal kg–1 °C–1. These units are related as
1 cal g–1 °C–1 = 1 kilo-cal kg–1 °C–1
= 4.2 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1
The specific heat capacity of a substance is its characteristic property: It is different for different
substances. If we heat equal masses of two different substances on the same burner the rate of heat supply
is the same, we notice that in the same time interval, the rise in temperature for the two substances is
different. This is clearly due to their different specific heat capacities. Water has an unusually high specific
heat capacity (= 4200 J kg–1 °C–1).
Latent Heat and Specific Latent Heat

We have read that during the change of phase of a substance which takes place at a constant temperature,
a considerable amount or heat energy is absorbed or liberated. Heat energy is absorbed by a solid during

melting and an equal amount of heat energy is liberated by the liquid during freezing, without showing any
change in temperature. Similiarly, heat energy is absorbed by a liquid during vapourisation and an equal
amount of heat energy is liberated by the vapour during condensation, without showing any change in
temperature.
Since the heat energy absorbed (or librated) in change of phase is not externally manifested by any rise or fall
in temperature, it is called the latent heat. Latent heat when expressed for unit mass of substance, is called
the specific latent heat.
Specific latent heat is denoted by the symbol L. Thus, specific latent heat
Heat absorbed (or librated) for the change of phase

L= .
Mass
If amount of heat energy Q is absorbed (or librated) by mass m of a substance during its change of phase at
a constant temperature, then specific latent heat
Q
L= ... (11.14)
m
i.e. the amount of heat energy absorbed (or librated) by a given amount of substance for the change of phase
is given as :
Q  mass (m)  specific latent heat (L) ...(11.15)
QUICK RECAP


LEVEL - I
1. The celsius scale reading is 40°C. The Fahrenheit scale reading will be
(a) 100°F (b) 90°F (c) 104°F (d) 50°F
2. No medium is required for transfer of heat by the process of
(a) Conduction (b) Convection (c) Radiation (d) Relegation
3. Which of the following is good conductor of heat?
(a) Wood (b) Iron (c) Plastic (d) Paper
4. When a body is heated. Its
(a) length increases (b) breadth increases (c) volume increases (d) All of these
5. The range of clinical thermometer is
(a) from 30°C to 40°C (b) from 35°C to 42°C (c) from 20°C to 25°C (d) from 25°C to 30°C
6. The range of Laboratory thermometer is
(a) from –10°C to 110°C (b) from 10°C to 100°C
(c) from –10°C to 100°C (d) from 0°C to 100°C
7. One litre of water at 25°C is mixed with one litre of water at 40°C. The temperature of the mixture will be
(a) 25°C (b) 40°C
(c) more than 40°C but less than 60°C (d) between 25°C and 40°C
8. If the refrigerator is kept open in a room, the temperature of the room will
(a) decrease (b) increase (c) remain unchanged (d) either (a) or (c)
9. A metal sheet with a circular hole is heated. The hole
(a) gets larger (b) gets smaller
(c) remains of the same size (d) gets deformed
10. An iron ball at 50°C is dropped in a mug containing water at 40°C. The heat will
(a) flow from iron ball to water
(b) flow from water to iron ball
(c) not flow from iron ball to water or from water to iron ball
(d) increases the temperature of both
11. Stainless steel pans are usually provided with copper bottoms. The reason for this could be that
(a) Copper bottom makes the pan more durable
(b) Such pans appear colourful
(c) Copper is a better conductor of heat than the stainless steel.
(d) Copper is easier to clean than the stainless steel.
12. Bodies transmitting heat via radiation:
(a) do not require any medium (b) are liquids only
(c) make heat travels in one direction only (d) solids only
13. In Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at

(a) 0°F (b) 32°F (c) 40°F (d) 212°F

14. Thermos flask prevents loss or gain of heat by:

(a) Conduction only (b) Convection only (c) Radiation only (d) All of the above
15. Sea breeze is caused due to
(a) Conduction (b) Convection (c) Radiation (d) All of these
16. Device used for measuring temperatures is called a
(a) Barometer (b) Odometer (c) Thermometer (d) Speedometer
17. Higher the temperature of the body _____ is the kinetic energy of molecules of that body?
(a) Higher (b) Lower (c) Same (d) None of these
18. Some spoons are placed in a beaker of hot water.
Which spoon would you feel the hottest after 5 minutes?

(a) Plastic spoon (b) Copper spoon (c) Wooden spoon (d) Porcelain spoon
19. The following is the figure of an igloo in which eskimos live.
Which of the following acts as an insulator in an igloo?
(a) Ice – Water (b) Snow – Water
(c) Air – Snow (d) Air – Water
20. Which of the following is the cause for sea and land breezes?
(a) Convection (b) Radiation (c) Conduction (d) Both (A) and (C)
LEVEL - II
1. Which of the following correctly shows how heat is transferred when a kettle is used for boiling
water?
(a) Heating coil  Kettle body  Water  Surroundings

(b) Heating coil  Water  Kettle body  Surroundings
(c) Surroundings  Heating coil  Kettle body  Water
(d) Kettle body  Heating coil  Water  Surroundings

2. Why is a chocolate wrapped in a shiny, metal foil?

(a) To reflect heat from the chocolate. (b) To radiate heat from the chocolate.
(c) To absorb heat from the chocolate. (d) To conduct heat from the chocolate.
3. Identify the false statement about heat.

(a) It travels through all states of matter.
(b) It flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature.
(c) It is transmitted by convection in solids.
(d) A large object absorbs more heat than a small object.
4. Observe the given figure of an electric heater.
Identify the alloy used for making the element in it.

(a) Brass (b) Solder (c) Nichrome (d) Alnico
5. When you heat water in a pot, it boils. What can you infer from this activity?
(a) Water attained a temperature greater than 100ºC
(b) Heat is transferred from the flame to the pot by radiation
(c) Water generated heat on its own
(d) Water boiled by itself
6. Which characteristic(s) of digital thermometers makes it preferable for use over clinical thermometers?
(a) Ease of reading values
(b) Absence of toxic substance like mercury
(c) Use of electrical energy for their operation
(d) Both (a) and (b).
7. Which of the following is NOT true?

(a) Heat radiations are transmitted in straight lines.
(b) Heat from the sun reaches us directly by radiation.
(c) The transfer of heat by radiation requires a medium.
(d) The heat reaching us from a room heater is due to radiation.

8. A laboratory thermometer is placed in a liquid and a rise in the level of mercury thread is observed
and found to be steady at a certain level. But the level of mercury decreased on taking it out of the
liquid. What can be inferred?
(i) The liquid is at a higher temperature than the surrounding temperature
(ii) Heat is gained by the mercury on placing it in the liquid
(iii) Matter expands on heating
(a) Only (i) and (ii) (b) Only (ii) and (iii) (c) Only (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
9. When you heat a system, its temperature

(a) Always increases (b) Sometimes decreases
(c) May stay the same (d) Always goes up or down, depending on the heat
10. Metal pots are often made shiny on surface outside especially on the top and side and that makes
sense thermally because this .......... .
(a) Conducts heat better (b) Radiates less energy out from the pot
(c) Lowers the loss due to conduction (d) Appreciably decreases convection losses
11. During the formation of rain, when water vapours change back to liquid in the form of rain drops,
............. .
(a) Heat is absorbed (b) Heat is released
(c) heat is first absorbed, and then released (d) There is no exchange of heat
12. The temperature shown by a mercury-in-glass thermometer increases. Which of the following is
constant.
(a) Density of the mercury (b) Internal energy of the mercury
(c) Mass of the mercury (d) Volume of the mercury
13. Some blobs of wax are placed on a silver ring a shown in the diagram. If the ring is heated at X, then
choose the correct option regarding the melting of wax because of heating S
(a) Only R blob melts
(b) Blobs R, S and Q melt together
(c) Melting of blobs occurs in the order R, Q, S and P
R P
(d) P, Q, R and S blobs melt together
14. The warm water is poured slowly into a beaker of ice cubes.
Which of the following options is correct, when the warm X
Q
water was poured into the beaker?
(i) The ice starts to melt
(ii) The glass expands
(iii) The temperature of the ice increases
(iv) The temperature of the warm water decreases
(a) (i) and (iv) only (b) (ii) and (iv) only
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) only (d) All of these

15. The given diagram shows a covered cup of hot chocolate. After some time, most of the heat from the
hot chocolate is lost to the surroundings through the____________.
Steel lid
Hot Chocolate Glass beaker

Foam Cup
Marble tile
Wooden table
(a) Steel Lid (b) Marble tile (c) Foam cup (d) Wooden table
ASSERTION AND REASON

Directions: The questions in this segment consist of two statements, one labeled as “Assertion A” and the
other labeled as “Reason R”. You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the Assertion
A and Reason R are individually true and if so whether the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion.
Select your answers to these items using codes given below.
1. Assertion (A): Sea breeze blows during daytime.

Reason (R): The air above the sea is hot and moves toward land.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
2. Assertion (A): Temperature is a measure of degree of hotness of our body.

Reason (R): We use a clinical thermometer to measure the degree of hotness of our body.
Directions: Read the following two statements carefully and choose the correct options.
3. Statement 1: In a room containing air, heat can go from one place to another by radiation only.
Statement 2: In conduction & convection, heat is transferred from one place to other by actual
motion of heated material.
(a) Statement (1) is correct while statement (2) is incorrect.
(b) Statement (2) is correct while statement (1) is incorrect.
(c) Both statements are correct
(d) Both statements are incorrect.

4. Statement 1: Radiation is a method of transfer of heat.

Statement 2: The process of heat transfer that does not require any medium is called convection.
LEVEL - I
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a)
LEVEL - II
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a)


Introduction
Moving air is called wind. If the speed of wind is low, it is pleasant. If the speed is high, it becomes
destructive.
Air Exerts Pressure

Activity 1
Take a tin can and cover it with a lid. Fill it approximately half with water. Heat the can on a candle flame till
the water boils. Blow out the candle. Immediately put the lid tightly on the can. Put the can carefully in a
shallow metallic vessel or a washbasin. Pour fresh water over the can. As water is poured over the can,
some steam in the can condenses into water, reducing the amount of air inside. The pressure of air inside the
can decreases than the pressure exerted by the air from outside the can. As a result the can gets compressed.
(a) Heating water in can (b) Distorted can on pouring fresh water
Experiment showing Air exerts pressure
High Speed Wind are accompanied by a Low Pressure Region :
Activity 2
Crumple a small piece of paper into a ball of size smaller than the mouth of an empty bottle. Hold the empty
bottle on its side and place the paper ball just inside its mouth. Now try to blow on the ball to force it into the
bottle. When we blow into the mouth of the bottle, the air near the mouth has higher speed. This decreases
the pressure there. The air pressure inside the bottle is higher than near the mouth. The air inside the bottle
pushes the ball out.

Class VII: Winds, Storms and Cyclones Physics
Activity 3
Activity 3
When you blow between the balloons, they moved towards each other. This happens because pressure of air
between the balloons was reduced. The pressure outside the balloons pushes them towards each other.
Activity 4
You saw that when you blew over the paper strip, it went upwards. This could happen if blowing over the
paper reduced the air pressure above the strip.
We see that the increased wind speed is accompanied by a reduced air pressure.
Movement of Air
1. When air moves, it is called wind. Air moves because of difference in the air pressure between two
region. Air moves from the region where the air pressure is high to the region where the pressure is
low. The greater the difference in pressure, the faster the air moves.
2. On heating, the air expands and occupies more space. When the same thing occupies more space, it
becomes less denser. The warm air is, therefore, lighter than the cold air.
3. In nature there are several situations, where warm air rises at a place. The air pressure at that place is
lowered. The cold air from the surrounding areas rushes in to fill its place. This sets up convection in air.
Wind Currents
The uneven heating between the equator and the poles generate wind currents. The air near equator regions
gets warm. The warm air rises up, and the cooler air from the regions in the 0 – 30° latitude belt on either side
of the equator moves in. In this way, wind circulation is set up from the poles to the warmer latitudes.

The uneven heating of land and water also generate wind currents. In summer, near the equator the land
warms up faster and most of the time the temperature of the land is higher than that of water in the oceans.
The air over the land gets heated and rises. This causes the winds to flow from the oceans towards the land.
These are monsoon winds.
In winter, the direction of the wind flow gets reversed, it flows from the land to the ocean.
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorms develop in hot, humid and tropical areas like India. The rising temperature produces strong
upward rising winds. The swift movement of the falling water droplets along with the rising air create
lightning and sound. This is called thunderstorm.
Precautions to be taken during a thunderstorm :

(i) We should not take shelter under an umbrella with a metallc end during lightning, as metallic end of
umbrella may act as a conductor for lightning and harm us.
(ii) We should avoid taking shelter under an isolated tall tree because it is more likely to be hit by lightning
due to its nearness to the cloud.
(iii) We should not take shelter in open garages, storage sheds and metal sheds during lightning.
(iv) A car or a bus is a safe place to take shelter during lightning.
(v) If we are in water (like a swimming pool) when the thunderstorm and lightning begins we should get
out of water.
Cyclone
Cyclone is a huge revolving storm caused by very high speed winds blowing around the central area of very
low pressure in the atmosphere.
The formation of cyclone can be explained as follows :
The sun heats the sea water too much during summer.
Warm and moist air rises up very rapidly from the hot sea surface. This creates area of very low pressure
causing cool air to rush in to fill the vacant space. As the warm moist air rises high up in the atmosphere.

When water vapour changes back to liquid in the form of raindrops, heat is released to the atmosphere which
warms the air around. The air tends to rise and causes a drop in pressure. More air rushes to the centre of the
storm. This cycle is repeated. This weather condition is called a cyclone. Factors like wind speed, wind
direction, temperature and humidity contribute to the development of cyclones.
Structure of Cyclone
The centre of a cyclone is a calm area. It is called the eye of the storm. A large cyclone is a violently rotating
mass of air in the atmosphere, 10 to 15 km high. The diameter of the eye varies from 10 to 30 km.
A cyclone is known by different names in different parts of the world. It is called a ‘hurricane’ in the
American continent. In Philippines and Japan it is called a ‘typhoon’.
Destruction Caused by Cyclones

Some of the harmful effects of cyclones are as follows:
i) Sea water entered in low coastal areas can damage human and animal life and property.
ii) Cyclones can reduce the fertility of soil.
iii) Frequent rains caused by cyclones can result in floods.
iv) High speed winds caused by cyclones can damage houses, telephone lines and other communication
systems.

Tornadoes
A tornado is a dark funnel shaped cloud that reaches from the sky to the ground. Most of the tornadoes are
weak. A violent tornado can travel at a speed of about 300 km/h. Tornadoes may form within cyclones.
Effective Safety Measures
Some of the safety measures in case of cyclones are as follows:

 A cyclone forecast and warning service.
 Rapid communication of warnings to the Government agencies, the ports, fishermen, ships and to the
general public.
 Construction of cyclone shelters in the cyclone prone areas and Administrative arrangements for moving
people fast to safer places.
Action on the part of the people
 We should not ignore the warnings issued by the meteorological department through TV, radio or
newspapers.
 We should make necessary arrangements to shift the essential household goods, domestic animals and
vehicles, etc. to safer place.
 We should keep ready the phone numbers of all emergency services like police, fire brigade and medical
centres.
 Do not drink water that could be contaminated. Always store drinking water for emergencies.
 Do not touch wet switches and fallen power lines.
 Do not pressurize the rescue force by making undue demands.
 Coperate and help your neighbours and friends.
QUICK RECAP
 Floods, earthquake, cyclones, droughts, etc., are called natural hazards.
 Air exerts pressure in all directions.
 Increased wind speeds result in reduced air pressure.
 Air expands on heating. Warm air rises up, producing a low pressure area below.
 Uneven heating between the regions near the equator and the Poles and the rotation of the earth,
sets up a pattern of wind circulation on the earth.
 Monsoon winds are caused by uneven heating of land and sea.
 A thunderstorm is characterised by rain, thunder and lightning.
 A cyclone consists of a lower pressure area with higher pressure all around. High speed winds
circulate violently around the centre of the low pressure area.
 Calm conditions prevail at the centre of the cyclone, called the eye.
 Cyclones are accompanied by heavy rainfall and huge sea waves, and are often disastrous.
 A tornado is a violent, twisting funnel of wind with very high wind speed.

LEVEL - I
1. Figure shows a child blowing air with a straw near the opening of another straw which has its other
end in a soft drink bottle. It was observed that the level of the soft drink in the straw rises up as soon
as air is blown over its open end. Which one of the following best explains the reason for rise in level
of the drink?
(a) Blowing of air decreases pressure over the opening of the straw.
(b) The straw of the soft drink bottle collapses when air is blown over its open end.
(c) Blowing of air warms up the air inside the straw.
(d) Blowing of air increases the pressure on the surface of soft drink in the bottle.
2. Following precautions one must take in case a storm is accompanied by lighting.
(i) Do not take shelter under a tree.
(ii) Do not take shelter under an umbrella with a metallic end.
(iii) Do not take shelter in open garges, storage sheds, etc.
(iv) Do not take shelter in a bus in the open.
Which one of these is not correct?
(a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) (iv)
3. Choose the correct statement
(a) The moving air is called wind
(b) Uneven heating on the earth is the main cause of wind movements.
(c) Air exerts pressure
(d) All of the above
4. Air flows from a region of
(a) Low pressure to high pressure (b) High pressure to low pressure
(c) Depends on the season (d) None of these
5. A can filled with hot water gets distorted when cold water is poured over it. This happens because
(a) the pressure of air inside the can decreases than the pressure outside
(b) the pressure of air inside the can increases than the pressure outside
(c) the pressure of air inside the can becomes equal to the pressure outside
(d) it is natural tendency of can to get distorted.
6. Choose the correct alternative
(a) High speed winds are accompanied by increased air pressure
(b) In summers, wind blows from land to oceans
(c) In summers, wind blows from oceans to land
(d) None of these

7. The centre of cyclone is called

(a) Centre (b) Middle (c) Eye (d) Neck
8. The development of cyclones depends on
(a) Wind speed (b) Temperature (c) Humidity (d) All of these
9. The speed of wind is measured by
(a) Ammeter (b) Anemometer (c) Nanometer (d) Windmeter
10. Which of the following is correct about thunderstorms?
i) Thunderstorms develop in hot, humid tropical areas.
ii) Thunderstorms carry lightning and sound.
(a) Only (i) is correct (b) Only (ii) is correct
(c) Both (i) and (ii) are correct (d) Both (i) and (ii) wrong
11. Which of the following is correct about cyclone?
i) A cyclone is created by a very high pressure system.
ii) A cyclone is created by a very low pressure system.
iii) An eye of a cyclone is a calm area.
Out of these
(a) Only (i) is correct (b) Only (ii) is correct
(c) Both (ii) and (iii) are correct (d) Both (i) and (iii) are correct
12. Which one of the following place is unlikely to be affected by a cyclone?
(a) Chennai (b) Mangalore (c) Amritsar (d) Puri
13. A fire alarm usually detects smoke in case of fire. Where should such an alarm be placed in a room?
(a) Near the door (b) On the floor
(c) On any wall (d) On the ceiling
14. Development and movement of cyclones are studied by the
(a) Indian Postal Deparment (b) Indian Forensic Department
(c) Indian Meteorological Department (d) Central Investigation Department
15. What is the name given to the wind blowing from sea to land?
(a) Thunderstorm (b) Land breeze (c) Sea breeze (d) Cyclone
16. The direction of airflow is also affected by Earth’s rotation. It is called______.
(a) Coriolis effect (b) El nino effect (c) La Nina effect (d) Green house effect
17. Equator is a region of _______ pressure while poles are regions of _____ pressure.
(a) High, low (b) Low, high (c) Low, low (d) High, high
18. Which one of the following statement is incorrect?
(a) When iar gets heated, it expands
(b) When iar gets cooled, it contracts
(c) The warm air is heavier than cold air
(d) Air moves from high pressure region to low pressure region
19. How does cyclone decrease the fertility of the soil in the coastal areas?
(a) By flooding the land with saline water
(b) By dissolving soil and rocks
(c) By increasing the water table of the place
(d) By decreasing the water table of the place

20. Which of the following is correct?

(a) A cyclone is formed by a very high pressure system with very high speed winds revolving
around it
(b) In summer the winds flow from the land towards the ocean
(c) In winter the winds flow from the land to the ocean
(d) The coastline of India is not vulnerable to cyclones
LEVEL - II
1. Read the statements carefully and mark the correct option :
Statement 1 : Specific heat capacity is the cause of formation of land and sea breeze
Statement 2 : The specific heat of water is more than land.
(a) Both statements-1 and 2 are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of statement-1
(b) Both statements-1 and 2 are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of statement-1
(c) statement-1 is true and statement-2 is false
(d) Both statement-1 and 2 are false
2. Low atmospheric pressure exists on the earth in which of the following latitude?
(a) At the equator only (b) At 30ºN and S
(c) At the poles (d) At the equator and at 60ºN and S
_____________.
(c) Heat is first absorbed, and then released (d) There is no exchange of heat
4. Which statement is true in the formation of sea breeze?
(a) The temperature of the land is higher than the temperature of water
(b) The temperature of the land is lower than the temperature of water
(c) The cold air on land rises
(d) The hot air from the sea blows to the land
5. Cyclone, in some countries, is not known as
(a) hurricane (b) typhoon (c) tornado (d) thunderstorm
6. What is a tornado?
(a) Strong circulatory wind in tropical regions (b) Uneven heating between two regions
(c) A violent, twisting funnel of wind (d) Uneven pressure between two regions
7. Which of the following are the essential factors that cause a cyclone?
(i) High atmospheric humidity
(ii) High temperature in the atmosphere
(iii) High speed of spiral winds
(iv) High depression in water bodies
(a) only (i) and (ii) (b) only (ii) and (iii)
(c) only (i) and (iii) (d) only (ii) and (iv)
8. Which of the given statements is false for lightning and thunder?
(a) The negative charges collect near the upper edges of the clouds and the positive charges
accumulate near the lower edges
(b) The electric discharge between clouds and the earth or between the different clouds causes
lightning
(c) Lightning can cause loss of life and property
(d) We hear thunder after we see the lightning

9. With increase in temperature, atomospheric pressure................

(a) remains (b) decreases
(c) remains constant (d) can decrease or increase
10. When wind speed increases, air pressure

(a) increases (b) decreases (c) remain constant (d) none of these


LEVEL - I
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (a)
LEVEL - II
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (d)

6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)


Introduction
In our daily life, we have been observing the motion of various objects around us, e.g., moving vehicles, flying
aeroplanes, running animals, human beings, etc.
An object is said to be at rest (relatively) if it does not change its position with time and / or surroundings.
An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with time and / or surroundings. Rest and motion are
with respect to surrounding, not absolute, they are relative. It means an object in one situation can be at rest
but in another situation the same object can be in motion.
Physical quantities
Physical quantity : The quantity which can be measured is called physical quantity. In Physics, we study
about physical quantity.
Types of physical quantity:
i) Fundamental physical quantity.
ii) Derived physical quantity.
Fundamental physical quantity : The physical quantities which are independent of other physical
quantities are called fundamental physical quantities. Example : Length, Mass, Time, etc.
Derived physical quantity: The physical quantities which depend on fundamental physical quantities are
called derived physical quantities. Example : Speed, Energy, etc.
All physical quantities can be categorised into scalars and vectors.
Scalars
The physical quantities which have magnitude only and no direction are scalar quantities. Speed, mass, time,
current, work, etc., are the examples of scalar quantities.
Vectors
The physical quantities which have both magnitude and direction are known as vectors. Velocity which has
magnitude as well as direction is an example of a vector. The other examples are displacement, force,
momentum, impulse, magnetic field, etc. Vector quantities are those quantities which follow laws of vector
addition, subtraction etc.

Class VII: Motion and Time Physics
Quantities Unit Symbol

Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Electric current ampere A
Luminous Intensity candela cd
Distance
The total path length covered by an object during motion in a given interval of time is called distance. It can
never be zero or negative for a body in motion.
Displacement
The shortest distance measured between the initial and final position of an object is known as the displacement.
It may be zero or positive or negative.
A
B
Object moves from A to C via B
90° 3 Distance = AB + BC = 7 km
m km
4k Displacement = AC = 5 km
A C
5 km
B C
Speed
We know that some vehicles move faster than others. The distance moved by objects in a given interval
of time can help us to decide which one is faster or slower.
Speed can be defined as the distance covered by an object per unit time. Thus
Total distance covered

Speed =
Total time taken
The S.I. unit of speed is m/s and it is a scalar quantity.
Velocity
The velocity of an object is the ratio of total displacement to the total time taken. Thus
Total displacement
Velocity =
Total time taken
The S.I. unit of velocity is same as that of speed i.e. m/s but velocity is a vector quantity, because it also
determines the direction of motion.

Accelerated Motion
Any object whose velocity is changing is said to be accelerated. In an accelerated motion if the change in
velocity of an object in each unit of time is constant, the object is said to be moving with uniformly accelerated
motion. On the other hand if the change in velocity is not constant, then such a motion is called non-uniformly
accelerated motion.
Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity of an object per unit time. i.e.,
change in velocity
Acceleration = time taken
Final velocity  Initial velocity

a= time taken
v u
or a =
t
(1  zero acceleration, 2  uniform acceleration with non zero initial velocity; 3  non-uniform
retardation, 4  uniform acceleration, 5  non-uniform acceleration, 6  infinite acceleration
and 7  uniform retardation)
The acceleration is taken to be positive if it is in the direction of velocity and negative when it is opposite to
the direction of velocity. The SI unit of acceleration is m/s2.
Graphs
Through graph we can show two varying quantities which
are dependent on each other. For example, in cricket match,
Runs
runs scored by a team and number of overs bowled by the

opponent team are varying quantities and they are
dependent, also we can show the variation by taking scores
along one axis and overs along the other axis. (from the
graph we can find information about runs scored in
every over)
Overs
Similarly we can plot graph between velocity- time, displacement-time and acceleration-time graph as they
are varying quantities for a moving body.
Distance-Time Graphs
Suppose a body covers equal distances in equal intervals
of time, this means, if we take any two interval of same
duration we will find the distance covered by the object is
same.
We will plot graph of such a body taking the y-axis as the
distance axis and x-axis as time axis. From the graph, we
see that as the object moves from A to B, it covers a distance
s2 – s1 in time t2 – t1. The slope of the distance-time graph
will give us speed.
BE  Perpendicular 
Slope of the graph = tan  = = speed.  tan   
AE  Base 

Speed - Time Graphs

This graph is plotted taking the velocity of an object moving along a straight line on the vertical axis and time
along the horizontal axis.
20 20
tion
n
Velocity in m/sec
Velocity in m/sec
tio
ra
era
15 le 15
ce
ce l
ac
ac
10 rm 10
fo
rm
ni ifo
U n
5 5 n-u
No
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
(Time in seconds) (Time in seconds)
Slope = area under the speed time graph = distance
Note: Area under the velocity time graph is displacement and area under speed time graph is distance.
Velocity (m/s)
A velocity B
(constant)
ion
un
ifo
rat
rm
ele
acc
de
cel
rm
era
ifo
tio
un
O C D E
Time (s)
Three Equations of Motion (ETP)

Motion in a straight line is known as linear motion, for a linear motion with constant acceleration, we can form
equations relating velocity, displacement, time and acceleration.
Equation 1: This establishes the relationship between initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration and time.
Suppose the initial velocity u, the final velocity v, time t and acceleration a, then according to
the definition of acceleration
change in velocity
a= time taken
v u
a=
t
v  u  at
Equation 2: This equation establishes the relation between displacement, time and acceleration. This
equation gives displacement ‘s’ a body will cover initially moving with velocity u after
accelerating at the rate a for t second.
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity

(v u )
Average velocity =
2
(v u )
So, displacement = s = t
2
(u  at  u)t 1 2
s=  s  ut  at ( v = u + at)
2 2
uv  u  v  v  u  vu
Equation 3: S  t     as t 
 2   2  a  a
v2  u2

2a
or v 2  u 2  2aS
Chart of Rest and motion
Uniform Circular Motion

When an object moves along a circular path with constant speed (i.e., it covers equal distances on the
circumference of the circle in equal intervals of time), the motion of the object is called uniform circular
motion.
For example, we take a piece of thread and a small piece of stone at one of its ends. Now move the stone
with hand to describe a circular path with constant speed by holding the thread at the other end.
The motion of the athlete moving along a circular path is also an example of uniform circular motion. In
V
circular motion,
Distance covered 2r r

Speed = v = time taken =
t
Where r is the radius of the circle, 2r is the circumference of the circle. For
uniform circular motion, speed is constant but not velocity as direction of motion
changes at every instant as indicated in the figure by v.

Time period: In circular motion, the time period is defined as the time taken by the object to complete one
revolution on its circular path.
Frequency: In circular motion, the frequency is defined as the number of revolutions completed by the
object on its circular path in unit time. It is generally denoted by v, its unit is s–1 or Hertz (Hz)
1 1
T= or v =
v T
Simple Pendulum
A simple pendulum consists of a mass called a bob, which is attached to a fixed string. If the bob is displaced
a to the right side to position B and then released, it will move on to position C, at an equal distance on the
other side of the mean position A, and then go on repeating this back and forth movement between the two
extreme positions B and C. We say that the simple pendulum is oscillating or vibrating. The path of the bob is
an arc of a circle.
String
C B
A
Bob Mean
or
Central Position
The movement of the bob from one extreme position B to another extreme position C and then back to B is
considered one complete cycle of motion and is taken as one oscillation (or one vibration).
Galileo discovered that every swing or oscillation is completed in exactly the same time, provided its length is
kept constant.
Time period
The time taken by the pendulum bob to make one complete oscillation (or vibration) is called time-period of
the pendulum. It is also called ‘periodic time’ or just ‘period’ of the pendulum. It depends on
(i) length of the pendulum
(ii) acceleration due to gravity and is given by the formula
L
T  2
g
where T = Time-period of simple pendulum,
22
L = Length of the pendulum, g = Acceleration due to gravity,   or 3.14 (approx).
7

Quick Recap
Distance (Path Length)
Displacement
(Shortest distance from
initial to final point)
Kinematical
Quantities
Speed
(Rate of change of distance)
Motion in Motion in
Velocity
One Dimension Two Dimensions
(Rate of change of displacement)
Equations Graphs
Acceleration
1 2 (Rate of change of velocity)
v = u + at s = ut + at v2 = u2 +2as
2
S-t graph v-t graph

v
Body at rest
t
v
Uniform velocity
t
S v
Uniform acceleration
O T t


1. Name the SI unit for mass, time, length and temperature.

2. Name the instruments used to measure speed and distance.
3. Speed = ..............................
4. Convert as directed :
(a) 54 km/hr into m/s (b) 108 km/hr into m/s
(c) 90 m/s into km/hr (d) 35 m/s into km/hr
5. Calculate the speed of a car which travels 280 km in 5 hrs.
6. Starting from A, Ria moves along a rectangular path ABCD as shown in figure. She takes 2 minutes
to travel each side. Plot a distance-time graph and explain whether the motion is uniform or non-
uniform. 8m
A B
6m 6m
D C
8m
7. Show the slope of distance-time graph for :

(a) A car moving with a constant speed. (b) A car parked on road side.
8. If A covers a certain distance in one hour and B covers the same distance in two hours, who travels
as a higher speed?
9. A Cheetah runs a distance of 200 m in 10 seconds. Find the speed of Cheetah in m/s and km/hr.
10. A car moves with a speed of 40 km/hr in 15 minutes and with a speed of 60 km/hr for next 15 min.
What is the total distance travelled?
11. In modern times, which are the most accurate clocks and why?
12. Given below in figure, the distance-time graph of the motion an object.
10
8
Distance (m)
0 4 6 8 10 12
Time (s)
(i) What will be the position of the object at 12s?

(ii) What will be the distance travelled by the object in 12s?
(iii) What is the average speed of the object?

13. One of the metres on the dash board of a car shows km/h.
What is the name of the device and what physical quantity 20
Distance (m)
does it show? 15
From the given graph, answer the following questions : 10
(a) What is the speed of the car from 0 to 5 sec?
(b) What is the speed of the car between 5 sec to 8 sec? 5
(c) What is the speed of the car from 8 sec to 10 sec?
10 2 4 6 8
Time (s)
14. A simple pendulum is oscillating between two points A and B as shown in figure. Is the motion of the
bob uniform or non-uniform?
A B
15. Complete the data of the table given below with the help of the distance-time graph given in figure.
Distance (m) 0 4 ? 12 ? 20
Time (s) 0 2 4 ? 8 10
20
16
Distance (m)
12
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. 36 km/hr can be expressed as:
(a) 10 m/s (b) 3.6 m/s (c) 100 m/s (d) 36 m/s
2. Rohan walks to his school which is at a distance of 3 km from his home in 30 minutes. On reaching
he finds that the school is closed and comes back by a bicycle with his friend and reaches home in
20 minutes. his average speed km/h is
(a) 8.3 (b) 7.2 (c) 5 (d) 3.6
3. Two boys, P and Q are running along the same path. P is 10 m ahead of Q initially. However, Q
catches up with P, after running 50 m. Assuming that both boys are running at a constant speed, what
is the ratio of the speeds of P and Q?
(a) 6 : 5 (b) 5 : 6
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 4 : 5

4. Figure shows an oscillating pendulum. Time taken by the

bob to move from A to C is t1 and from C to O is t2. . The
time period of this simple pendulum is
(a) (t1 + t2)
(b) 2(t1 + t2)
(c) 3 (t1 + t2)
(d) 4(t1 + t2)
Passage 1 : for questions 5 to 6.
A person moves round a circle of radius r from a certain point A to B as shown.
r
A B
O
5. The distance covered by the person would be

2
(a) r (b) 2r (c) 2r (d)
r
6. What would be the displacement?
 2 2
(a) (b) (c) 2r (d)
r r r2
7. A motor car travels with a speed v1 from A to B and returns back from B to A with a speed v2. The
average speed of the car during its journey is
v1  v 2 v1 v 2 2v1 v 2
(a) (b)
v1  v 2 (c)
v1  v 2 (d) v1v 2
2
8. The second’s hand of a clock is 6 cm long. The speed of the tip of this hand is
(a) 0.62 cm/s (b) 5.2 cm/s (c) 52.0 cm/s (d) none of these
9. The rate of change of displacement with time is

(a) speed (b) acceleration (c) retardation (d) velocity
10. What is the time period of a 3.98 m long pendulum?

(a) 2 s (b) 4 s (c) 8 s (d) 12 s
11. If an object moving along a straight line keeps changing its speed then:
(a) The motion is said to be a uniform motion
(b) The motion is said to be a non-uniform motion
(c) the object is said to be stationary
(d) The motion is said to be fast motion

12. Which of the following relations is correct?

(a) Speed = Distance × Time (b) Speed = Distance  Time
(c) Speed = Time  Distance (d) Speed = 1 / (Distance × Time)
13. Which of the following is a scalar quantity?
(a) Distance (b) Displacement (c) Velocity (d) Force
14. The meter is used to measure the distance moved by the vehicle is known as____
(a) Speedometer (b) Odometer (c) Chromometer (d) Ammeter
15. Which of the following cannot be used for measurement of time?
(a) A leaking tap (b) Simple pendulum
(c) Shadow of an object during the day (d) Blinking of eyes
16. Two students were asked to plot a distance time graph for the motion discribed by Table A and
Table B
Table A
Distance moved (m) 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (minutes) 0 2 4 6 8 10
Table B
Distance moved (m) 0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (minutes) 0 1 2 4 5 5
50
Distance moved (m)
40
30
20
10
2 4 6 8 10
Time (minutes)
The graph is true for
(a) Both A and B (b) A only (c) B only (d) Neither A and B
17. Observe the figure
The time period of a simple pendulum is the time taken by it to travel from
A B
O
(a) O to A, A to B and back to A (b) O to A, A to B and B to O
(c) B to A, A to B and B to O (d) A to B
18. The motion that repeats itself after regular intervals of time can be......
(a) To and Fro Motion (b) Circular Motion (c) Rectilinear Motion (d) Periodic Motion
19. Figure shows the distance-time graph for two racing cars A and B, which one of them won the race?
D Car A
Car B
(a) Car A (b) Car B (c) Both A and B (d) None of these
20. A car travels along a circular track at a constant speed of 100 km/hr. What type of motion does it
represent?
(a) Circular motion (b) Translation motion
(c) Uniform circular motion (d) Oscillatory motion
Directions: The questions in this segment consists of two statements, one labeled as ?Assertion A? and the
other labelled as ?Reason R?. You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the Assertion
A and Reason R are individually true and if so, whether the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion.
1. Assertion (A): The time taken by a pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its time period.\
Reason (R): A slight change in displacement does not affect the time period of a pendulum.
2. Statement 1: Speedometer records the speed of the vehicle generally in km/h.

Statement 2: Odometer measures the distance moved by the vehicle in one hour.

3. Statement 1: The distance moved by an object in unit time is called its speed.
Statement 2: Faster vehicles have higher speeds.


1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c)


Introduction
Electricity is a branch of physics which deals with the nature and effects of stationary or moving electric
charges. Electricity is the most convenient and widely used form of energy. This energy can be transmitted
over long distance with relatively small loss in energy. In India, several power plants like Thermal Power
Plant, Hydro Electric Power Plant, Nuclear Power plant, etc., are constructed for generating large amount
of electricity. The fundamental concepts of electricity such as electric charges, their properties, resistance,
potential difference, electric power, energy, electric current, effects of current and their various applications
in day to day life are discussed below.
Electric Charge
There are two kinds of electric charges. The electric charge developed by rubbing a glass rod with silk is
different from the charge developed by rubbing an ebonite rod with fur. The electric charge developed on
glass rod was called Vitreous, while the charge developed on ebonite rod was called Resinous. Benjamin
Franklin (American scientist) who introduced the modern concept of electric charges. He named Viterous as
positive charge and Resinous as negative charge.
Properties of Electric Charges: The important properties of electric charges are as follows:
(i) Electric charge is a scalar quantity.
(ii) The magnitude of charge on electron and proton is same and is equal to 1.6 × 10–19 C.
(iii) Like charges repel, while unlike charges attract each other.
(iv) Electric charge is always conserved, i.e., charge can neither be created nor be destroyed.
SI unit of charge: The SI unit of charge is coulomb. It is denoted by C. 1 coulomb of charge is equivalent to
the charge of nearly 6 × 1018 electrons.
Static (or Frictional) Electricity: The electric charges developed on objects when they are rubbed with
each other is called frictional electricity.
Frictional electricity is also called static electricity because charges so developed cannot move from one part
of the object to the other part.
Current Electricity: The electricity produced due to the movement of charges is called current electricity.
Conductors: Those substances through which electricity can flow freely are called conductors.
For Example: Silver, copper, aluminium, graphite, etc.
Insulators: Those substances through which electricity cannot flow are called insulators.
For Example: Glass, rubber, paper, plastic, etc.

Class VII: Electric Current and its Effects Physics
Electric Current
The amount of charge flowing through a given cross-section of a conductor per unit time is called electric
current.
Let Q be the amount of charge flowing through a conductor in time t seconds, then electric current is given by
Q
I
t
Electric current is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A).
1 coulomb (C)
1 ampere = 1 second (s)
or 1 A = 1 Cs–1
Thus, electric current flowing through a conductor is said to be 1 ampere when 1 coulomb charge flows
through any cross-section of a conductor in 1 second.
Smaller units of electric current are:
1 milli-ampere (mA) = 10–3 A
1 micro-ampere (µA) = 10–6 A
Note: How many electrons are there in 1 coulomb of charge?
We know, Q = ne where n is the number of electrons.
Q 1
or n = = = 6.25 × 1018 electrons
e 1.6  10 19
 1 coulomb of charge contains nearly 6 × 1018 electrons.
Direction of Electric Current
Conventionally, the direction of electric current in an electric circuit is opposite to the direction of flow of
electrons, i.e., the direction of current is from positive terminal of a cell (or battery) to the negative terminal,
through external circuit.
Electric Circuit: A continuous and closed path

of an electric current is called an electric circuit.
Electric circuits are represented by drawing circuit Bulb
Ammeter
diagrams. +
A
A simple electric circuit is shown in the figure. I –
Open Circuit: An electric circuit through which K

no electric current flows is known as open electric + –
circuit. Battery Key

Closed Circuit: An electric circuit through which electric current flows continuously is known as closed
circuit.
Circuit Diagram
An electric circuit comprises a cell (or a battery), a plug key, electrical component (s) and connecting wires.
It is often convenient to draw a schematic diagram in which different components of the circuit are represented
by the symbols conveniently used. The various electrical symbols used in electric circuits are given in the
following table.
S. No. Components Symbols
1. An electric cell + –
2. A battery or a combination of cells + –
3. Plug key or switch (open)
4. Plug key or switch (closed)
5. A wire joint
6. Wires crossing without joining
7. Electric bulb or –
+
8. A resistor of resistance R
9. Variable resistance or rheostat or
+
10. Ammeter A –
+
11. Voltmeter V –
Note: Ammeter is an instrument used to measure the electric current through a branch of
circuits. An ammeter is always connected in series in an electric circuit. This is because the
resistance of ammeter is very small so that it does not affect the effective resistance of the
circuit.
Electric Potential and Potential Difference
The electrostatic potential at any point within the electric field is defined as the work done in bringing a unit
positive charge from infinity to that point without accelerating it. Potential is denoted by the symbol V and its
SI unit is volt.

The potential difference between two points in an electric field is defined as the amount of work done in
moving a unit positive charge from one point to the other without accelerating it. That is,
Work done (W)
Potential difference (V) between two points = Charge (Q)
W
or V
Q
1 Joule
When, W = 1 joule and Q = 1 columb then, V = 1 Coulomb = 1 JC–1
or 1 volt = 1 JC–1
Thus, the potential difference between two points is said to be 1 volt if 1 joule of work is done in moving
1 coulomb of electric charge from one point to another without accelerating it
Potential difference is a scalar quantity and it is measured by means of an instrument called voltmeter. The
voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the points between which the potential difference is to be
measured.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law gives a relationship between current and potential difference. Ohm’s law states that at constant
physical condition, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
across its ends. Thus, according to Ohm’s law,
IV
or I = V/R
I
V
or R
I
where R is a constant of proportionality called resistance of the V

Voltage vs. Current
conductor. The SI unit of resistance is ohm (). for an Ohmic material
Graph between V and I is a straight line passing through origin as shown in the figure.
Resistance of a Conductor
The property of a conductor due to which it opposes the flow of current through it is called resistance. The
resistance of a conductor is numerically equal to the ratio of potential difference across its ends to the current
flowing through it, i.e.
potential difference
Resistance =
current
V
or R =
I
Now, when V = 1 volt and I = 1 ampere, then
1V
R(1) = A–1
= 1 VA or 1 = 1 VA–1
1A
Thus, 1 is the resistance of a conductor if the potential difference across its ends is 1 V and the current
through it is 1 A.

Factors on which Resistance of a Conductor Depends

The resistance of a conductor depends on the following factors:
(i) Length of the conductor.
(ii) Area of cross-section of the conductor.
(iii) Nature of the material of the conductor.
(iv) Temperature of the conductor.
Effect of Length of the Conductor: The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length, ie.,
Rl when area is constant ...(i) where l is the length of the conductor.
Thus, when the length of the conductor is doubled, its resistance also gets doubled and if the length of the
conductor is halved, then its resistance also gets halved. That is why a long wire has more resistance and a
short wire has less resistance.
Effect of Area of cross-section of the conductor: The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional
to its area of cross-section. That is,
1
R when length is constant ...(ii)
A
where A is the area of cross-section of the conductor. Thus, when the area of cross-section of a conductor
is doubled, its resistance gets halved and if the area of cross-section of a conductor is halved, then its
resistance will get doubled.
From relation (i) and (ii), we have
l
R
A
l
or R ....(iii)
A
Where,  (rho) is a constant known as resistivity (or specific resistance) of the material of the conductor.
The SI unit of resistivity is ohm-metre ( m).
Combination of Resistances
We can combine resistances in two ways. The first combination is called series combination and second
combination is called parallel combination.
Series Combination
R1 R2 R3
V
The equivalent resistances is given by
R  R1  R 2  R 3

Remember
1. When a number of resistors are connected in series, then the sum of potential differences across all
resistors is equal to the voltage of the battery applied.
2. When a number of resistors are connected in series, then the same current flows through each
resistors which is same as the current flowing in the whole circuit.
3. When a number of resistors are connected in series, then the equivalent resistance of the circuit will
always be greater than the value of the largest resistor in the circuit.
Parallel Combination
The equivalent resistance is given by

1 1 1 1
  
R R1 R2 R3
Remember
When a number of resistors are connected in parallel then :
1. Their combined (net) resistance or the equivalent resistance is less than the resistance of the smallest
individual resistor.
2. The potential difference across each resistor is same as the applied voltage.
3. The sum of the current flowing through each resistor is equal to the total current flowing through the
circuit.
Heating effect of current
The wire gets hot when an electric current passes through it. This is called heating effect of the electric
current. You might have seen an electric room heater or an electric heater used for cooking. All these
contain a coil of wire. This coil of wire is called an element.
Wires made from some special materials melt quickly and break when large electric currents are passed
through them. These wires are used for making electric fuses. In all building fuses are inserted in all electrical
circuits. There is a maximum limit on the current which can safely flow through a circuit. If by accident the
current exceeds this safe limit, the wires may become overheated and may cause fire. If a proper fuse is
there in the circuit, it will blow off and break the circuit. A fuse is thus a safety device which prevents
damages to electrical circuits and possible fires.

Miniature CIrcuit Breaker

A circuit breaker has a switch and a solenoid connected in series with the live wire of a circuit. A heavy soft
iron core lies partially in the solenoid. When a curent greater than a particular value passes through the
solenoid, the core gets pulled in. The core hits the switch to open it and break the circuit. The switch can be
turned on again manually once the electrical fault is rectified. Figure shows how a circuit beaker works.
Magnetic effects of Electric Current

Take the cardboard tray from inside a discarded matchbox. Wrap an electric wire a few times around the
cardboard tray. Place a small compass needle inside it. Now connect the free ends of this wire to an electric
cell through a switch as shown in figure.
We know that the needle of a compass is a tiny magnet, which points in a north-south direction. When we
bring a magnet close to it, the needle gets deflected. We have also seen that compass needle gets deflected
when the current flows in a nearby wire.
So, when electric current passes through a wire, it behaves like a magnet. This is the magnetic effect of the
electric current. In fact, an electric current can be used to make magnets.
Electromagnets
Electromagnets are temporary magnets. When electric current is passed through a coil, it behaves as a
magnet. The electromagnets can be made very strong and can lift very heavy loads. The electromagnets are
also used to separate magnetic material from the junk. Doctors use tiny electromagnet to take out small
pieces of magnetic material that have accidentally fallen in the eye. Many toys also have electromagnets
inside them. We can make our own electromagnet by wrapping a long piece of insulated wire on an iron nail.
Finally, connect the ends of the wire to the terminals of a cell as shown in figure.

Electric Bell
Electric bell consists of a coil of wire wound on an iron piece. The coil acts as an electromagnet. An iron strip
with a hammer at one end is kept close to the electromagnet. There is a contact screw near the iron strip.
When the iron strip is in contact with the screw, the current flows through the coil which becomes an
electromagnet. It, then, pulls the iron strip. In the process, the hammer at the end of the strip strikes the gong
of the bell to produce a sound. However, when the electromagnet pulls the iron strip, it also breaks the circuit.
This process is repeated in quick succession. The hammer strikes the gong every time the circuit is
completed. This is how the bell rings.
QUICK RECAP
1. Charge is a fundamental quantity that exhibits the electrical and the magnetic effects. There are
two types of electric charge called positive and negative charge.
2. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other.
3. The SI unit of charge is coulomb. One coulomb is equivalent to the charge contained in nearly
6.25 × 1018 electrons.
4. The moving charge through a conductor constitutes the electric current.
5. The direction of electric current is opposite to the flow of electrons.
6. The SI unit of current is ampere represented by symbol (A).

7. An instrument called ammeter measures the electric current in a circuit, always connected in
series combination with the circuit carrying the current to be measured.
8. An instrument called voltmeter measures the electric potential (voltage) in a circuit. It is used in
parallel combination with the circuit across which voltage is to be measured.
9. The potential difference between two points in an electric circuit carrying current is defined as
amount of work done to move a unit charge from one point to the other.
10. The potential difference (V) between points (V) = Work done (W)/Charge (Q).
W
V
Q
11. SI unit of electric potential difference is volt (V), named after Alessandro Volta.
12. 1 V is the potential difference between two points in a current carrying conductor, when 1 J of
work is done to move a charge of 1 C from one point to other.
13. The resistance is the property of the material (conductor) that resists the flow of electrons in a
conductor. It controls the magnitude of current. The SI unit of resistance is ohm.
14. The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its
area of cross-section and the nature of material of the conductor.
l
15. Mathematically, R   symbols have their usual meanings.
A
16. Ohm’s law : The potential difference across the ends of a resistor is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it, provided its temperature remains constant.
17. The effective resistance of several resistors connected in series is equal to the sum of their
individual resistances.
i.e., RS = R1 + R2 + R3 + .....
18. The effective resistance of several resistance connected in parallel is given by
1 1 1 1 1
    ... 
R R1 R 2 R 3 Rn
19. The electrical energy disspated in a resistor is given by E = V × I × t.
20. The electrical power is the electrical work done per unit time.
W
i.e., P
t
21. SI unit of power is watt. 1 watt is the power of and apliance that consumes 1 J of the electrical
energy in one second.
V2
22. Mathematically, power (P)  VI   I2R
R
23. Commercial unit of electrical energy is (kilowatt – hour) (kWh).
1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J
24. Heat produced in a conductor, H = l2Rt
where,
I  Current through the conductor
R  Resistance of the conductor
t  Time.

R1 R2 R3
i1
V Series Combination
Ohm’s Law Defines Electrical
R3 = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
V I resistance (R)
Electric current i1
(rate of flow of charge I = q/t) i2
i3
i
Effects of
electric current
Parallel Combination
Class VII: Electric Current and its Effects
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
RP R 1 R 2 R 3
Heating Magnetic Chemical

Effect Effect Effect
2 Factors L
H = I Rt A current carrying used in R=
affecting A
Used in wire produces magnetic electroplating
field around itself and electrolysis resistance = Resistivity
AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14

Electric bulb Used in
Electric fuse Electromagnets

Electric iron Electric Bell
Electric heater
Electric geyser
48
Physics
LEVEL - I
1. Fill in the blanks :
(i) Our body is a ________________ of electricity.
(ii) An electric cell produces electricity from the _______________ in it.
(iii) In an electric circuit a fuse is a _________ _____________ to prevent possible fire.
(iv) A combination of two or more cells is called a _____________________.
2. Draw a closed electric circuit that consists of a 40 W bulb, a switch, a battery of four cells and
connecting wires.
3. P made an electromagnet by winding 50 turns of wire over an iron screw. Q also made an electromagnet
by winding 100 turns over a similar iron screw. Which electromagnet will attract more pins? Give
reason.
4. A took a wire of length 10 cm, B took a wire of 5 cm of the same material and thickness. Both of
them connected the wires as shown in the circuit given in figure. The current flowing in both the
circuits is the same.
(i) Will the heat produced in both the cases be equal? Explain.
(ii) Will the heat produced be the same if the wires taken by them are of equal lengths but of
different thickness?
(A) (B)
5. A cell, a resistor, a key and ammeter are arranged as shown in the circuit diagrams of given figure.
The current recorded in the ammeter will be
(a) maximum in (i) (b) maximum in (ii)

(c) maximum in (iii) (d) the same in all the cases

6. In the following circuits, heat produced in the resistor or combination of resistors connected to a 12
V battery will be
(a) same in all the cases (b) minimum in case (i)

(c) maximum in case (ii) (d) maximum in case (iii)
7. Electrical resistivity of a given metallic wire depends upon

(a) its length (b) its thickness
(c) its shape (d) nature of the material
8. A current of 1A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb. Number of electrons passing through a

cross section of the filament in 16 seconds would be roughly
(a) 1020 (b) 1016
(c) 1018 (d) 1023
9. Identify the circuit in which the electrical components have been properly connected.
(a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (iii) (d) (iv)
1
10. What is the maximum resistance which can be made using five resistors each of ?
5
1
(a)  (b) 10  (c) 5  (d) 1
5

1
11. What is the minimum resistance which can be made using five resistors each of ?
5
1 1 1
(a)  (b)  (c)  (d) 25 
5 25 10
12. The proper representation of series combination of cells obtaining maximum potential is
(a) (i) (b) (ii)

(c) (iii) (d) (iv)
13. Which of the following represents voltage?

Work done
(a) (b) Work done × Charge
Current  Time
Work done  Time
(c) (d) Work done × Charge × Time
Current
14. A cylindrical conductor of length l and uniform area of cross section A has resistance R. Another
conductor of length 2l and resistance R of the same material has area of cross section
(a) A/2 (b) 3A/2
(c) 2A (d) 3A
15. A student carries out an experiment and plots the V-I graph of three samples of nichrome wire with
resistances R1, R2 and R3 respectively in figure. Which of the following is true?
(a) R1 = R2 = R3 (b) R1 > R2 > R3

(c) R3 > R2 > R1 (d) R2 > R3 > R1
16. The resistivity does not change if

(a) the material is changed
(b) the temperature is changed
(c) the shape of the resistor is changed
(d) both material and temperature are changed
17. Which type of fuse is generally used in electrical appliances for domestic use?
(a) Kitkat (b) Ordinary
(c) Cartridge (d) Miniature Circuit Breaker

18. Uses of electricity are listed in the box:

(i) For heating of water and cooking food. (ii) For cooling in fridge, air conditioners etc.
(iii) For lighting bulbs and working of motors. (iv) In the working of solar cookers.
Identify the correct ones:
(a) Only (i), (ii) and (iv) (b) Only (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) Only (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) Only (ii), (iii) and (iv)
19. Which of the given alloys is used for making a strong electromagnet?
(a) Duralumin (b) Alnico (c) Bronze (d) Brass
20. Observe the given symbol.
Which of the components is represented by it?

(a) A switch in the ‘ON’ position (b) A switch in the ‘OFF’ position
(c) A fuse (d) A battery
LEVEL - II
1. ‘X’ is a safety device which prevents the damages to electrical circuits and possible fires.
Identify ‘X’
(a) An electromagnet (b) A fuse (c) An electric cell (d) A tube light
2. Study the given figure.

P
Nails
A coil is wound around a core ‘P’. When the switch is closed, nails are attracted to P as shown in
figure. On opening the switch, all the nails get detached. Which material could ‘P’ be?
(a) Steel (b) Plastic (c) Soft iron (d) Both (a) and (b)
3. Identify the element that starts glowing when heated upto a very high temperature in an electric bulb.
(a) Tungsten (b) Copper (c) Aluminium (d) Silver

4. The given figure shows a circuit which contains two identical lamps. When the switch is closed,
which of the following statements best describes, what happened to lamp P and Q?
P
Q
(a) P is brighter than before, but Q does not light up
(b) P does not light up, but Q is brighter than before
(c) Both P and Q are brighter than before
(d) P and Q both will not light up
5. Which of the following change electrical energy to heat, sound and light energy respectively?
P Q R
(a) Electric kettle Lamp Radio
(b) Toaster Electric fan Rice cooker
(c) Hair Dryer Electric iron Electric fan
(d) Electric iron Television Tubelight
6. Which of these electrical devices does not use an electromagnet?

(a) Electric motor (b) Electric door bell (c) Electric bulb (d) Loudspeaker
7. What is the physical property required for making the heating elements in electrical appliances?
(a) High electrical conductivity (b) High density
(c) Strength (d) High melting point
8. Batteries are used to make a remote-controlled car move, light up and make sounds. What form(s)
of energy have been converted directly or indirectly from the chemical energy in the batteries?
(a) Electrical energy and sound energy
(b) Kinetic energy and light energy
(c) Electrical energy, kinetic energy and light energy
(d) Electrical energy, kinetic energy and light energy and sound energy
9. When an electron moves from negative electrode to positive electrode

(a) Negative charge moves from negative electrode to positive electrode
(b) Positive charge moves from positive electrode to negative electrode
(c) No charge flows from either electrode to other electrode
(d) Both (a) and (b)

10. Marking on a bulb is 60W, 220V. What does it signify?

(a) The bulb is connected across the 220 volts, 60 joules of energy is consumed for every second
(b) The bulb is connected across the 60 joules, 220 volts of energy is consumed
(c) 60 unit of current will flow in the bulb
(d) 220 unit of current will flow in the bulb

Directions: The questions in this segment consist of two statements, one labeled as “Assertion A” and the
other labeled as “Reason R”. You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the Assertion
A and Reason R are individually true and if so, whether the reason is a correct explanation of the assertion.
1. Assertion (A): Fuse is a safety device which prevents damages to electrical circuits and possible
fires.
Reason (R): The fuse wire blows off and breaks the circuit and prevents fire and damage.
(a) Both A and R is true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R is true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
2. Reason (A): Steel core is used in an electromagnet.

Reason (R): Steel gets permanently magnetized when the current flows through the coil wound
around.
(a) Both A and R is true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R is true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
3. Statement 1: Battery is a combination of two cells only.

Statement 2: The positive and negative terminals are generally marked on the cells.
4. Statement 1: The heating up of a thin conducting wire on passing an electric current through it is
known as heating effect of current.

Statement 2: Various electrical appliances that are based on heating effect of current contain a coil
of wire called element.
5. Directions: On the basis of, following diagram / picture answer the questions given below: Ritu has
set up a circuit as shown. What should she put in the position A to make the bulb glow more brightly?
(a) Bulb (b) wire (c) Key (d) cell


LEVEL - I
5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b)

10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c)
15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b)
20. (b)
LEVEL - II
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)

6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (a)
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d)


Introduction
Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation of sight. Light is electromagnetic wave which does
not require any material medium for its propagation. The speed of light waves depend on the nature of the
medium through which they pass.
Reflection of Light
The process of bouncing back of the light to the same medium after striking the surface of another medium
is called reflection.
A surface which reflects the light is called reflector. Silver metal is one of the best reflectors of light. A highly
polished surface, such as a mirror, reflects most of the light falling on it.
Types of reflection: There are two types of reflection.
Regular Reflection: When a parallel beam of light falls on a smooth and highly polished surface, the
reflected rays are also parallel to each other and directed in a fixed direction. Such type of reflection is called
regular reflection. For example, light reflected from search light, automobile head lights, etc.
i nc
r ay
i de
ed
nt
ect
r ay
l
ref
Regular reflection Diffused reflection

Diffused Reflection: When a parallel beam of light falls on a rough surface, then the reflected rays are not
parallel but spread in all directions, such type of reflection of light is called irregular or diffused reflection. For
example, light reflected from the wooden surface. We are able to see objects around us due to diffused
reflection. In diffused reflection the laws of reflections are also followed.
Laws of Reflection
The reflection of light from a plane surface or from a spherical surface takes place according to two laws
which are: N
A B
i) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the
point of incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in Angle of Angle of
In
y
ra
the same plane.

c id
incidence reflection
ted
en
c
tr
fle
ii) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of

ay
Re
i r
reflection (i.e., i = r).
M M´
These laws of reflection are applicable to all types of O
Point of incidence
reflecting surfaces such as plane surface, spherical
surfaces or any irregular surface.

Class VII: Light Physics
Light travels along a straight line (rectilinear propagation)
Activity 1
First try to see the lighted candle through a straight pipe and then through the bent pipe. You will not be able
to see the candle through the bent pipe. This activity shows light travels along straight lines.
Reflection of Light
Activity 2
Place a lighted candle in front of a plane mirror. Try to see the flame of the candle in the mirror. It appears as
if a similar candle is placed behind the mirror. The candle, which appears behind the mirror, is the image of
the candle formed by the mirror. The candle itself is the object.
In a plane mirror, the image is formed behind the mirror. It is erect, of the same size and is at the same
distance from the mirror as the object is in front of it. In a plane mirror, image is laterally inverted. That is right
becomes left and left becomes right.
Lateral Inversion

Types of Images
There are two types of images:
i) Real image. ii) Virtual image.
Real Image: The image which can be obtained on a screen is called real image. Concave mirror forms real
image.
Virtual Image: The image which cannot be obtained on a screen is called virtual image. Plane mirror and
convex mirror forms virtual image.
Real Image Virtual Image
i) When light rays coming from an object actually i) When light rays coming from an object do
meet at a point after reflection or refraction, then not actually meet at a point but appears to
real image is formed. meet at a point when produced backwards
after reflection or refraction, then virtual
image is formed.
ii) Real image can be obtained on a screen. ii) Virtual image cannot be obtained on a
screen.
Formation of Image by Plane Mirror
Consider a point object O placed infront of a plane mirror MM´. The mirror will form an image I of the object
O. Here, two reflected rays AB and CO when produced backward, they meet at a point behind the mirror
and hence form the virtual image I at that point.
Plane mirror
M
O I
C
i
N A
r
B
M´
Properties of Images formed by a Plane Mirror:

i) The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual and erect.
ii) The distance of the object from the mirror is equal to the distance of
the image from the mirror.

iii) The size of the image is equal to the size of the object.
iv) The linear magnification produced by a plane mirror is unity. i.e.,
v h'
m=  =1.
u h
v) The image formed is laterally inverted, i.e., the left side of the object
appears to the right side of the image and vice-versa.
Uses of Plane Mirror:

i) Plane mirror is used as a looking glass.
ii) Plane mirror is used in solar cooker to reflect the sun light.
iii) Plane mirrors are used in periscopes usually used in submarines.
iv) Plane mirrors are used in barber’s shop to see the back portion of the head.
Multiple Reflection
For an object kept in between two inclined plane mirrors, we get many images of the object. This because the
light rays after reflection from one mirror fall on the other mirror. In other words, the image formed by one
mirror acts as an object for the other mirror. This continues till no more reflection on any mirror can occur.
The object and images formed by the two inclined mirrors lie on the circumference of a circle with centre at
the point of intersection of the two mirrors and radius equal to the distance of object from the point of
intersection.
The number of images formed depends on the angle between the two mirrors. If two mirrors make an angle
 with each other and the object is placed in between the two mirrors, the number of images formed is n or
360
n – 1 depending upon n  is odd or even.

360
(i) If n  is odd,

(a) the number of images is n, when the object is placed asymmetrically between the mirrors.
(b) the number of images is n – 1, when the object is placed symmetrically (i.e., on the bisector of the
angle) between the mirrors.
360
Example : If  is 72º, then n   5 i.e., n = 5 images will be formed for the object placed
72
asymmetrically between the mirrors; but (n – 1) = 4 images will be formed, if the object is placed
symmetrically between the mirrors because two images will now overlap.
360
(ii) If n  is even, the number of images is always n – 1.

360
Example : If the angle between two mirrors is 60º, n   6, the number of images is
60
(n – 1) = 5, i.e. 5 images will be formed.

Spherical Mirrors
A spherical mirror is that mirror whose reflecting surface is the part of a hollow sphere of glass. Spherical
mirrors are of two types: Concave mirror and Convex mirror. A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface is
curved inwards, that is, faces towards the centre of the sphere, is called a concave mirror. A spherical mirror
whose reflecting surface is curved outwards, is called a convex mirror.
Important Terms used in Spherical Mirrors

Centre of Curvature: The centre of the hollow sphere of which the P
spherical mirror forms a part is called centre of curvature. It is denoted by C F Principal
f axis
C. The centre of curvature of a concave mirror lies in front of it but the
centre of curvature of a convex mirror lies behind the mirror. R
Radius of Curvature: The radius of the hollow sphere of which the spherical mirror forms a part is called
radius of curvature. It is denoted by R.
Pole: The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is called its pole. It is denoted by P.
Principal Axis: The straight line passing through the centre of curvature and the pole of a spherical mirror
is called principal axis.
Aperture: The part of the spherical mirror from which the reflection of light actually takes place is called
aperture of the mirror. In other words, the diameter of a spherical mirror is called its aperture.
Principal Focus: A point on the principal axis of a spherical mirror where the parallel rays of light closed to
the principal axis meet or appear to meet after reflection from the mirror is called principal focus. It is
denoted by the letter F.
Focal Length: The distance between the pole and the principal focus of a spherical mirror is called the focal
length. It is represented by the letter f.
Note: For spherical mirrors of small aperture, the radius of curvature is equal to twice of its focal length i.e.,
R
R = 2f or f=
2
Rules to Draw a Ray Diagram
Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
r
i r i
P
C F
i) P F C

i
r
P
C F
i
ii) r P F C
P
C F
iii) P F C
i P i
C r r
F P F C
iv)
Uses of Concave Mirrors:
i) Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and vehicles headlights to get powerful
parallel beams of light.
ii) They are often used as shaving mirrors to see a larger image of the face.
iii) The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth of patients.
iv) Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnaces.
Uses of Convex Mirrors:
i) Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing) mirrors in automobiles to see the traffic at the
back side.
ii) Convex mirrors are preferred because they always give an erect, though diminished image. Also, they
have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards. Thus, convex mirrors enable the driver to view
much larger area than would be possible with a plane mirror and also they fomr erect form image for
any positon of the object (as compared to concave mirror).

Refraction of Light
The phenomenon of change in direction of light ray when it passes from one medium to another, is called
refraction of light or the bending of light ray when it passes from one medium to another is called refraction
of light.
A N A N
i r
Air O Air O
P Q P Q
Glass Glass
r i
(i) B (ii) B
N´ N´
S R S R
i) When a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
ii) When a ray of light goes from a denser medium to a rearer medium, it bends away from the normal.
Refraction by Spherical Lenses
A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are spherical, forms a lens.
There are two types of lenses: Convex lens and Concave lens. Convex lens is thicker at the middle as
compared to the edges. It is also known as a converging lens because it converges a parallel beam of light
rays.
A double concave lens is bounded by two spherical surfaces, curved inwards. It is thicker at the edges than
at the middle. Such lenses are called diverging lenses. A double concave lens is simply called a concave lens.
Dispersion of light
There are seven colours in a rainbow, though it may not be
easy to distinguish all of them. These are — red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
The prism splits sunlight into seven colours. The process

of splitting of white light into seven colours is called
dispersion.

Newton’s Disc
Take a circular cardboard disc of about

10 cm diameter. Divide this disc into
seven segments. Paint the seven
rainbow colours on these segments as
shown in figure. 15.11. Make a small
hole at the centre of the disc. Fix the
disc loosely on the tip of a refill of a
ball pen. Ensure that the disc rotates
freely. Rotate the disc in the daylight.
When the disc is rotated fast, the
colours get mixed together and the disc
appears to be whitish. Such a disc is
popularly known as Newton’s disc.

QUICK RECAP
1. Light is a form of energy which causes sensation of vision. It travels in straight line path.
2. If incident light after interacting with a boundary separating two media comes back into the
same medium this phenomenon is called reflection.
3. Images can be either real or virtual.
4. Real image is formed by the actual intersection of light rays and it can be obtained on the screen.
5. Virtual image is formed by the apparent meeting of reflected rays from a mirror or refracted
rays from lens, when produced backwards. It cannot be obtained on the screen.
6. Laws of reflection : There are two laws reflection.
(i) The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same
plane.
(ii) The angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection i.e., i  r.
7. Spherical mirror : There are two spherical mirrors, viz concave mirror and convex mirror.
Concave mirror : A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards, facing towards
the centre of the sphere.
Convex mirror : A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards opposite to
centre of sphere.
8. Focal length of a mirror : It is the distance between the pole and the focus of a spherical
mirror. It is half of its radius of curvature. It is positive for a convex miror and negative for a
concave mirror.
1 1 1
9. Mirror formula,   , gives the relationship between the object distance (u), image distance
f u v
(v), and the focal length (f) of a spherical mirror.
10. The magnification of produced by a spherical mirror is the ratio of the height of the image to the
h' v
height of the object, magnification (m)   .
h u
11. Refraction is the phenomenon in which direction of propogation of light changes at the boundary
when it passes from one medium to the other. This is because the speed of light is different in
two media. Frequency, colour do not change while wavelength and velocity of light will change
on undergoing refraction.

Very Short Answer Questions
1. A mirror always forms virtual, erect and diminished image. Identify the mirror.
2. A prisom stands in front of plane mirror and sees his image. What is the type of image formed by it?
3. Light travels in a straight line. What is this property of light known as?
4. A mirror can form real as well as virtual image. Identify the mirror?
5. A spectacular phenomenon is observed after rain when sun is shinning in the sky. Name it.
6. The image formed by a lens is always virtual, erect and smaller in size for an object kept at different
positions in front of it. Identify the nature of the lens.
7. Fill in the blanks :

(a) The inner surface of a steel spoon acts as a _______________ mirror.
(b) The outer surface of a flat steel plate acts as a _____________ mirror.
(c) The outer shining surface of a round bottom steel bowl acts as a _________ mirror.
(d) The inner surface of the reflector of a torch acts as a ___________ mirror.
8. State whether the following statements are True or False.

(a) A concave lens can be used to produce an enlarged and erect image.
(b) A convex lens always produces a real image.
(c) The sides of an object and its image formed by a concave mirror are always interchanged.
(d) An object can be seen only if it emits light.
Short Answer Questions
9. Give an example of a curved mirror.
10. Define reflection.
11. What is the type of image formed by concave lens?
12. How light make things visible to us?
13. How does light travel and what is the speed of light?
14. What type of mirror is used as a side mirror in a scooter? Why is this type of mirror chosen?

15. Observe the figures carefully and classify them as convex or concave lens.
(A) (B)
16. State the correct sequence (1-7) of colours in the spectrum formed by the prisms A and B. Shown in
the following figure.
1
2
3
4
5
1 6
2 7
3
4
5
6
7
(A) (B)
17. Two different types of lenses are placed on a sheet of newspaper. How will you identify them
without touching?
Long Answer Questions
18. List the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror.
19. Distinguish between real and virtual image.
20. Distinguish between concave and convex mirror.
21. Describe an experiment to show that a prism splits light into seven colours.
22. How far is the sun from the earth, if the light from it reaches the earth in 8 minutes? Speed of light
is 300000 km/s.
23. Convex mirror is used in vehicles as rear view mirror. Why?
24. Whatever be the distance of the object from the mirror, the nature of image does not change.
Identify the mirror.
25. Who am I?
(a) I am the one who makes things visible.
(b) I always form virtual and equal sized image.
(c) I am the one who travels at the fastest speed.
(d) I form real as well as virtual image.
(e) When someone is standing in front of me, left appears right.

26. Rahul is standing at a distance of 1 m in front of a plane mirror. What will be the distance between?
(a) His image and the mirror? (b) Rahul and his image?
27. Identify the lens :
Image
Object
Lens
28. The distance between an object and a convex lens is changing. It is noticed that the size of the image
formed on a screen is decreasing. Is the object moving in a direction towards the lens or away
from it?
29. It was observed that when the distance between an object and a lens decreases, the size of the
image increases. What is the nature of this lens? If you keep on decreasing the distance between the
object and the lens, will you still able to obtain the image on the screen? Explain.
1. The inner surface of a steel spoon acts as a _____mirror.

(a) concave (b) spherical (c) convex (d) cylindrical
2. The amount of light reflected depends upon

(a) the colour of material of the object (b) the nature of the surface
(c) the smoothness of the surface (d) all the above
3. If there were no atmosphere, what would be the colour of the earth?

(a) red (b) blue (c) black (d) white
4. The speed of light with the rise in the temperature of the medium.
(a) increases (b) remains unaltered (c) decreases (d) drops suddenly
5. The focus of a concave mirror is ____________.

(a) real (b) virtual (c) undefined (d) at the pole
6. A converging mirror is known as _____________.

(a) convex mirror (b) plane mirror (c) concave mirror (d) cylindrical mirror
7. The relation between the focal length and radius of curvature of a mirror is ____________.
f R
(a) 1  f (b) R + 2 = f (c) f  (d) f = 2R
2 2
8. Radius of curvature of a concave mirror is always ______________ to the mirror.
(a) parallel (b) perpendicular (c) inclined at 60º (d) inclined at 45º

9. An image formed by a convex mirror is always _________.

(a) virtual, erect and diminished (b) virtual, real and magnified
(c) real, inverted and diminished (d) real, erect and magnified
10. Dentists use a __________ to focus light on the tooth of a patient.

(a) concave mirror (b) convex mirror (c) plane mirror (d) cylindrical mirror
11. An object is placed 1.5 m from a plane mirror. How far is the image from the object?
(a) 3 m (b) 1.5 m (c) 2 m (d) 1 m
12. What is the value of  in the following diagram?
30º
(a) 30º (b) 45º (c) 90º (d) 60º
13. A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror and the angle of incidence is 25º. What is the angle of
reflection?
(a) 0 (b) 50º (c) 90º (d) 25º
14. A ray of light is incident on a plane mirror and the angle of reflection is 50º. Calculate the angle
between the incident ray and the reflected ray.
(a) 50º (b) 25º (c) 90º (d) 100º
15. Observe the given figure. [NSTSE 2014]
Object Z
What type of surface does object Z have?

(a) Flat and Rough (b) Rough and Hard (c) Flat and Magnetic (d) Shiny and Smooth

16. Which of the following can form a real and inverted image when objects are placed in front of them?
[NSTSE 2014]
|||||||||||
and and
|||||||||||||||
(a) (b)
|
|||||||||||
and and
|||||||||||||||
(c) (d)
|
17. Which of the following reflects white light but forms no image? [NSTSE 2014]
(a) Plane mirror (b) Metal sheet (c) Brick (d) Concave mirror
18. The characteristics of a particular type of mirror are given in the box. [NSTSE 2014]
(i) It has a flat surface. (ii) It forms an erect, virtual image of the object.
(iii) Image formed is laterally inverted. (iv) Object and image are of the same size.
(a) Plane mirror (b) Convexo-concave mirror
(c) Convex mirror (d) Concave mirror
19. When soap bubbles are blown into the air, they appear colourful. What is this phenomenon due to?
(a) Refraction of light (b) Dispersion of light [NSTSE 2013]
(c) Reflection of light (d) Both (a) and (c)
20. What happens when a concave lens is placed between a candle flame and a screen?[NSTSE 2013]
(a) A real image is formed on the screen. (b) A virtual image is formed on the screen.
(c) A diminished image is formed on the screen. (d) No image is formed on the screen.
21. Look at the given figures of discs.
(i) (ii)

Identify the colour and the name of the disc that is formed when seven coloured disc is rotated by
using a pencil at its centre?
(a) Black, compact disc (b) White, Newton’s disc
(c) Multicolour, brass disc (d) Orange, copper disc
22. A ray of light parallel to the floor strikes a plane mirror, which is inclined at an angle 40º as shown in
figure. What is the angle of reflection?
Incident ray
Plane
Mirror
40º Floor
(a) 40º (b) 80º
(c) 50º (d) 90º
23. Reyansh placed three different types of glasses in front of letters as shown below :
W W X R
I II III
Which of the following observations is correct?
(a) Glass I is transparent and unclear. (b) Glass I is translucent and clear.
(c) Glass I is opaque and frosted. (d) Glass III is translucent and frosted.
24. A ray of light incident on a plane mirror at an angle of 60º is reflected. Identify the angles of incidence
and reflection. [NSTSE 2015]
(a) 30º, 30º (b) 30º, 60º
(c) 60º, 30º (d) 60º, 60º
25. A pencil placed infront of a plane mirror is shown below [NSTSE 2015]
Plane Mirror
Pencil
Q P
The pencil is moved from position P to Q. The image formed will

(a) become smaller (b) become larger
(c) become inverted (d) remain unchanged

Directions: Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
Passage - 1:
1. One way to change the path of light is to allow it to fall on a shiny surface. A mirror can change the
path of light that falls on it. The change of direction by a mirror is called reflection of light. An image
formed by a plane mirror is
(a) erect (b) of the same size as object
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
Directions: Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.
Passage - 2
2. A light ray makes an angle of reflection 60°, when it reflects from a plane reflecting sheet. The
glancing angle of reflection will be
(a) 60° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 90°
Directions: The questions in this segment consists of two statements, one labelled as “Assertion A? and
the other labelled as “Reason R”. You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the
Assertion A and Reason R are individually true and if so, whether the reason is a correct explanation of the
assertion. Select your answers to these items using codes given below.
3. Assertion (A): The white light of sun is composed of seven colours.

Reason (R): When white light passes through a glass prism it splits the white light into seven
colours.
4. Assertion (A): The air bubble shines in water.

Reason (R): Air bubble in water shines due to refraction of light.
5. Assertion (A): Ladies use concave mirrors for doing make up.
Reason (R): Concave mirror makes a real and diminished image of an object.

6. Assertion (A): In the side mirror of a car, the images of all objects appear smaller than the objects.
Reason (R): Side mirrors are convex mirrors.

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (d)

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (a)


Class VII: Olympiad Segment Physics
OLYMPIAD SEGMENT
HEAT
1. Some spoons are placed in a beaker of hot water. [NSTSE 2014]
Which spoon would you feel the hottest after 5 minutes?

(a) Plastic spoon (b) Copper spoon (c) Wooden spoon (d) Porcelain spoon
2. The following is the figure of an igloo in which eskimos live. [NSTSE 2014]
Which of the following acts as an insulator in an igloo?

(a) Ice – Water (b) Snow – Water
(c) Air – Snow (d) Air – Water
3. Which of the following is the cause for sea and land breezes? [NSTSE 2014]
(a) Convection (b) Radiation (c) Conduction (d) Both (A) and (C)
4. Which of the following correctly shows how heat is transferred when a kettle is used for boiling
water? [NSTSE 2014]
(a) Heating coil  Kettle body  Water  Surroundings

(b) Heating coil  Water  Kettle body  Surroundings
(c) Surroundings  Heating coil  Kettle body  Water
(d) Kettle body  Heating coil  Water  Surroundings

5. Which of the given parts of a thermos flask can help to reduce loss of heat by radiation?
[NSTSE 2014]
(a) Vacuum (b) Cork stopper (c) Double glass walls (d) Shiny silvery wall
6. Why is a chocolate wrapped in a shiny, metal foil? [NSTSE 2014]

(a) To reflect heat from the chocolate. (b) To radiate heat from the chocolate.
(c) To absorb heat from the chocolate. (d) To conduct heat from the chocolate.
7. Identify the false statement about heat. [NSTSE 2014]

(a) It travels through all states of matter.
(b) It flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at a lower temperature.
(c) It is transmitted by convection in solids.
(d) A large object absorbs more heat than a small object.
8. Observe the given figure of an electric heater. [NSTSE 2014]
Identify the alloy used for making the element in it.

(a) Brass (b) Solder (c) Nichrome (d) Alnico
9. When you heat water in a pot, it boils. What can you infer from this activity? [NSTSE 2013]
(a) Water attained a temperature equal to 100ºC
(b) Heat is transferred from the flame to the pot by radiation
(c) Water generated heat on its own
(d) Water boiled by itself
10. Which characteristic(s) of digital thermometers makes it preferable for use over clinical thermometers?
(a) Ease of reading values [NSTSE 2013]
(b) Absence of toxic substance like mercury
(c) Use of electrical energy for their operation
(d) Both (a) and (b).
11. Which of the following is NOT true? [NSTSE 2013]

(a) Heat radiations are transmitted in straight lines.
(b) Heat from the sun reaches us directly by radiation.
(c) The transfer of heat by radiation requires a medium.
(d) The heat reaching us from a room heater is due to radiation.
12. When you heat a system, its temperature [NSO 2014]

(a) Always increases (b) Sometimes decreases
(c) May stay the same (d) Always goes up or down, depending on the heat

13. A laboratory thermometer gave the reading of –1ºC and 99ºC when inserted into melting ice and
boiling water respectively, both at standard atmospheric pressure. What is the error when the same
thermometer is used to measure the difference between two arbitrary temperatures?
(a) –1ºC (b) 1ºC (c) 0ºC (d) 2ºC
14. Metal pots are often made shiny on surface outside especially on the top and side and that makes
sense thermally because this .......... .
(a) Conducts heat better (b) Radiates less energy out from the pot
(c) Lowers the loss due to conduction (d) Appreciably decreases convection losses
15. During the formation of rain, when water vapours change back to liquid in the form of rain
drops, ............. . [NSTSE 2014]
16. The temperature shown by a mercury-in-glass thermometer increases. Which of the following is
constant. [NSO 2012 Level-II]
(a) Density of the mercury (b) Internal energy of the mercury
(c) Mass of the mercury (d) Volume of the mercury
17. Some blobs of wax are placed on a silver ring a shown in the diagram. If the ring is heated at X, then
choose the correct option regarding the melting of wax because of heating [NSO 2012 Level-II]
S
(a) Only R blob melts
(b) Blobs R, S and Q melt together
(c) Melting of blobs occurs in the order R, Q, S and P
(d) P, Q, R and S blobs melt together R P
18. The warm water is poured slowly into a beaker of ice cubes.
Which of the following options is correct, when the warm
water was poured into the beaker? X
(i) The ice starts to melt Q
(ii) The glass expands
(iii) The temperature of the ice increases
(iv) The temperature of the warm water decreases [NSO 2012 Level-II]
(a) (i) and (iv) only (b) (ii) and (iv) only
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) only (d) All of these
19. The given diagram shows a covered cup of hot chocolate. After some time, most of the heat from the
hot chocolate is lost to the surroundings through the____________. [NSO 2012 Level-II]
Steel lid
Hot Chocolate Glass beaker

Foam Cup
Marble tile
Wooden table
(a) Steel Lid (b) Marble tile (c) Foam cup (d) Wooden table

20. Some steamboat restaurants use paper pots for their customers to heat the food themselves. What
is the reason for the paper not to catch fire when in contact with the flame? [NSO-2016]
(i) The paper is thin and therefore heat is conducted quickly to the water in the paper pot.
(ii) Water has a boiling point lower than the burning temperature of the paper.
(iii) The paper is thick enough to withstand the high temperature of the flame.
(a) (i) and (ii) only (b) (i) and (iii) only
(c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
21. The length of mercury thread in a mercury thermometer is 2 mm at the ice point and 26 mm at the
boiling point of water. What will be the length of mercury thread in this thermometer if it is used to
measure a temperature of 75°C? [NSO-2016]
(a) 18 mm (b) 20 mm (c) 22 mm (d) 24 mm
22. Which of the following statements are correct about pots?
(i) Black pots are used for cooking because they increase the rate of cooking.
(ii) Silver pots are used for keeping food warm because they decrease the rate of heat dissipation.
(iii) Pots are made of clay to increase the rate of cooking. [NSO-2017]
(a) (i) and (ii) only (b) (i) and (iii) only
(c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
WINDS, STORMS AND CYCLONES

1. How does cyclone decrease the fertility of the soil in the coastal areas? [NSO 2012]
(a) By flooding the land with saline water (b) By dissolving soil and rocks
(c) By increasing the water table of the place (d) By decreasing the water table of the place
2. Which of the following is correct? [NSO Level-II 2011]
(a) A cyclone is formed by a very high pressure system with very high speed winds revolving
around it
(b) In summer the winds flow from the land towards the ocean
(c) In winter the winds flow from the land to the ocean
(d) The coastline of India is not vulnerable to cyclones
3. Read the statements carefully and mark the correct option : [NSO Level-II 2011]
Statement 1 : Specific heat capacity is the cause of formation of land and sea breeze
Statement 2 : The specific heat of water is more than land.
(a) Both statements-1 and 2 are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of statement-1
(b) Both statements-1 and 2 are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of statement-1
(c) statement-1 is true and statement-2 is false
(d) Both statement-1 and 2 are false

4. Low atmospheric pressure exists on the earth in which of the following latitude?
[NSO Level-II 2012]
(a) At the equator only (b) At 30ºN and S
(c) At the poles (d) At the equator and at 60ºN and S
_____________. [NSO 2014]
6. Which statement is true in the formation of sea breeze? [NSTSE 2014]
(a) The temperature of the land is higher than the temperature of water
(b) The temperature of the land is lower than the temperature of water
(c) The cold air on land rises
(d) The hot air from the sea blows to the land
7. Cyclone, in some countries, is not known as [GTSE 2014]
(a) hurricane (b) typhoon
(c) tornado (d) both (a) and (b)
8. What is a tornado? [GTSE 2014]
(a) Strong circulatory wind in tropical regions (b) Uneven heating between two regions
(c) A violent, twisting funnel of wind (d) Uneven pressure between two regions
9. Which of the following are the essential factors that cause a cyclone? [NSTSE 2015]
(i) High atmospheric humidity
(ii) High temperature in the atmosphere
(iii) High speed of spiral winds
(iv) High depression in water bodies
(c) only (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) only (ii) and (iv)
10. Which of the given statements is false for lightning and thunder? [NSTSE 2015]
(a) The negative charges collect near the upper edges of the clouds and the positive charges
accumulate near the lower edges
(b) The electric discharge between clouds and the earth or between the different clouds causes
lightning
(c) Lightning can cause loss of life and property
(d) We hear thunder after we see the lightning
11 The end of a cyclone comes quickly if the cyclone moves over [NSO-2016]
(a) Sea (b) Lake (c) Land (d) Cloud.
12. Which of the following statements are correct? [NSO-2017]
(i) Increased wind speed results in reduced air pressure.
(ii) Wind current occurs due to the uneven heating of the earth by the sun.
(iii) In thunderstorm it is safe to lie on the ground.
(iv) High pressure prevailing at the centre of the cyclone is called the eye.
(a) (i) and (ii) only (b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (i) and (iv) only (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only

13. Read the given statements and select the correct option. [NSO-2017]
Statement 1 : If you hold a paper strip of 20 cm width between the forefinger and thumb and blow
air over its top, then the far end of the paper strip begins to lift upwards.
Statement 2 : Pressure reduces when air moves with high speed.
(a) Both statement 1 and statement 2 are true and statement 2 is the correct explanation of statement
1.
(b) Both statement 1 and statement 2 are true but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of
statement 1.
(c) Statement 1 is true but statement 2 is false.
(d) Statement 1 is false but statement 2 is true.
MOTION AND TIME
1. A horse runs a distance of 1200 m in 2 minutes. What is its speed? [NSTSE 2014]
(a) 6 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 24 m/s (d) 600 m/s
2. The time period of a pendulum depends upon the [NSTSE 2014]
(a) material of the bob (b) mass of the bob
(c) length of the pendulum (d) angle through which the pendulum swings
3. A boy takes 30 minutes to go to his school on a bicycle from his house. If he rides with a speed of
2 m/s, how far is the school from his house? [NSTSE 2014]
(a) 900 m (b) 1800 m (c) 3600 m (d) 5400 m
4. Which of the given graphs represents constant speed of an object? [NSTSE 2014]
Distance
Distance
(a) (b)
Time Time
Distance
Distance
(c) (d)
Time Time
5. Which of the following has the fastest speed? [NSTSE 2013]
(a) Cheetah (b) Rabbit (c) Falcon (d) Squirrel
6. Identify the instrument fixed in the vehicle that is used to measure the distance moved by it at
different times of the journey? [NSTSE 2013]
(a) Odometer (b) Thermometer (c) Speedometer (d) Galvanometer
7. In a long distance race, the athletes were expected to take two rounds on a circular track. An athlete
completed one round of this track of diameter 300 m in 60 s. If the athlete takes the same time for
both the rounds, what is his speed in the race? [NSTSE 2013]
–1 –1 –1
(a) 15.7 ms (b) 7.85 ms (c) 31.4 ms (d) 13.8 ms–1

8. A truck takes 20s to travel the first 80 m, and another 10s to travel a further 70 m. What is the
average speed of the truck? [NSO Leve-II 2012]
(a) 0.02 m/s (b) 4.0 m/s (c) 2.3 m/s (d) 5.0 m/s
9. A car travels from one place to another in 2 hours. It’s speed-time graph during this motion is shown
in figure. The maximum acceleration during this journey is __________. [NSO Level-II 2013]
Speed (in km/hr)

60
40
20
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.5 2.00
Time
(in hours)
(a) 140 km/h2 (b) 160 km/hr2 (c) 100 km/hr2 (d) 120 km/hr2
10. Which of the following statements does not illustrate uniform motion? [NSO-2016]
(a) A boy runs 80 m along a straight track at a constant speed.
(b) A stone is thrown upwards with a speed of 10 ms1.
(c) A ball moves along a frictionless surface without any external force.
(d) An aeroplane flying with a constant speed of 250 m s ‘ at an altitude of 1000 m.
11. The given diagram shows a ball released from the top of a smooth ramp, which reaches a flat and
smooth horizontal surface connected to the ramp. Which of the following speed-time graphs best
represents the motion of this ball? [NSO-2016]
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

12. A train leaves a station X at 5:00 pm and reaches another station Fat midnight. Its speed is 90 km h
‘. What is the distance between stations X and Y? [NSO-2017]
(a) 480 km (b) 630 km (c) 800 km (d) 830 km
13. Which of the following cannot be speed-time (v - i) graph(s)? [NSO-2017]
(a) (ii) and (iv) only (b) (iii) and (v) only
(c) (iv) only (d) (i) only
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND ITS EFFECTS
1. Which type of fuse is generally used in electrical appliances for domestic use?
(a) Kitkat (b) Ordinary [NSTSE 2014]
(c) Cartridge (d) Miniature Circuit Breaker
2. Uses of electricity are listed in the box: [NSTSE 2014]
(i) For heating of water and cooking food. (ii) For cooling in fridge, air conditioners etc.
(iii) For lighting bulbs and working of motors. (iv) In the working of solar cookers.
Identify the correct ones:
(a) Only (i), (ii) and (iv) (b) Only (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) Only (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) Only (ii), (iii) and (iv)
3. Which of the given alloys is used for making a strong electromagnet? [NSTSE 2014]
(a) Duralumin (b) Alnico
(c) Bronze (d) Brass
4. Observe the given symbol. [NSTSE 2013]
Which of the components is represented by it?

(a) A switch in the ‘ON’ position (b) A switch in the ‘OFF’ position
(c) A fuse (d) A battery

5. ‘X’ is a safety device which prevents the damages to electrical circuits and possible fires.
Identify ‘X’ [NSTSE 2013]
(a) An electromagnet (b) A fuse (c) An electric cell (d) A tube light
6. Study the given figure. [NSTSE 2013]
Nails
A coil is wound around a core ‘P’. When the switch is closed, nails are attracted to P as shown in
figure. On opening the switch, all the nails get detached. Which material could ‘P’ be?
(a) Steel (b) Plastic (c) Soft iron (d) Both (a) and (b)
7. Identify the element that starts glowing when heated upto a very high temperature in an electric bulb.
[NSTSE 2014]
(a) Tungsten (b) Copper (c) Aluminium (d) Silver
8. The given figure shows a circuit which contains two identical lamps. When the switch is closed,
which of the following statements best describes, what happened to lamp P and Q?
P
Q
(a) P is brighter than before, but Q does not light up [NSO 2014]
(b) P does not light up, but Q is brighter than before
(c) Both P and Q are brighter than before
(d) P and Q both will not light up
9. Which of the following change electrical energy to heat, sound and light energy respectively?
[NSTSE 2014]
P Q R
(a) Electric kettle Lamp Radio
(b) Toaster Electric fan Rice cooker
(c) Hair Dryer Electric iron Electric fan
(d) Electric iron Television Tubelight

10. Which of these electrical devices does not use an electromagnet? [NSTSE 2015]
(a) Electric motor (b) Electric door bell (c) Electric bulb (d) Loudspeaker
11. What is the physical property required for making the heating elements in electrical appliances?
(a) High electrical conductivity (b) High density [NSTSE 2015]
(c) Strength (d) High melting point
12. Batteries are used to make a remote-controlled car move, light up and make sounds. What form(s)
of energy have been converted directly or indirectly from the chemical energy in the batteries?
[NSTSE 2015]
(a) Electrical energy and sound energy
(b) Kinetic energy and light energy
(c) Electrical energy, kinetic energy and light energy
(d) Electrical energy, kinetic energy and light energy and sound energy
13. When an electron moves from negative electrode to positive electrode [NSO 2013]
(a) Negative charge moves from negative electrode to positive electrode
(b) Positive charge moves from positive electrode to negative electrode
(c) No charge flows from either electrode to other electrode
(d) Both (a) and (b)
14. Marking on a bulb is 60W, 220V. What does it signify? [NSO 2014]
(a) The bulb is connected across the 220 volts, 60 joules of energy is consumed for every second
(b) The bulb is connected across the 60 joules, 220 volts of energy is consumed
(c) 60 unit of current will flow in the bulb
(d) 220 unit of current will flow in the bulb
15. Which of the following diagrams best depicts the situation when two long iron rods are placed at the
ends of a very short bar magnet? [NSO 2016]
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
16. Four magnetic materials are used to pick up metallic paper clips after they were taken out from a
coil which is connected to a strong direct current. The numbers of paper clips picked up by the four
magnetic materials are listed here: [NSO 2016]
Number of paper clips

Magnetic material
picked up
P 0
Q 5
R 10
S 20
Which is the best magnetic material to be used as an electromagnet?
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) S

17. Study the classification carefully and select the correct option for X, Y and Z. [NSO 2016]
18. The diagram shows three identical light bulbs X, Y and Z, connected in a circuit. [NSO 2016]
What will happen to the brightness of the bulbs if a similar bulb is connected in series with the bulb X?
X Y Z
(a) Dimmer Dimmer Brighter
(b) Dimmer Brighter Dimmer
(c) Brighter Dimmer Brighter
(d) Brighter Brighter Dimmer
19. The given diagram shows five bulbs connected to two dry cells. When one of the bulbs is faulty, the
other four bulbs remain lighted. Which bulb is faulty? [NSO-2017]
(a) 1 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 or 4 only (d) 2 or 4 or 5 only

20. Raju used a magnet to attract an iron nail. Then he observed that more nails could be attracted in a manner
as shown here. N represents north pole of magnet. Which of the following statements about the iron nails is
correct? [NSO-2017]
(a) P and S are the north poles. (b) Q will repel T.

(c) S and U will attract each other. (d) R and T are like poles.

21. A current-carrying wire is coiled around an iron horseshoe as shown in the figure. What are the
polarities at X and Y? [NSO-2017]
At X At Y
(a) North pole North pole
(b) South pole South pole
(c) North pole South pole
(d) South pole North pole
LIGHT
1. Observe the given figure. [NSTSE 2014]
Object Z
What type of surface does object Z have?
(a) Flat and Rough (b) Rough and Hard (c) Flat and Magnetic (d) Shiny and Smooth
2. Which of the following can form a real and inverted image when objects are placed in front of them?
[NSTSE 2014]
|||||||||||
and and
|||||||||||||||
(a) (b)
|
|||||||||||
and and
|||||||||||||||
(c) (d)
|
3. Which of the following reflects white light but forms no image? [NSTSE 2014]
(a) Plane mirror (b) Metal sheet (c) Brick (d) Concave mirror

4. The characteristics of a particular type of mirror are given in the box. [NSTSE 2014]
(a) It has a flat surface. (b) It forms an erect, virtual image of the object.
(c) Image formed is laterally inverted. (d) Object and image are of the same size.
(a) Plane mirror (b) Convexo-concave mirror
(c) Convex mirror (d) Concave mirror
5. When soap bubbles are blown into the air, they appear colourful. What is this phenomenon due to?
(a) Refraction of light (b) Dispersion of light [NSTSE 2013]
(c) Reflection of light (d) Both (a) and (c)
6. What happens when a concave lens is placed between a candle flame and a screen? [NSTSE 2013]
(a) A real image is formed on the screen. (b) A virtual image is formed on the screen.
(c) A diminished image is formed on the screen. (d) No image is formed on the screen.
7. Look at the given figures of discs.
(i) (ii)
Identify the colour and the name of the disc that is formed when seven coloured disc is rotated by
using a pencil at its centre?
(a) Black, compact disc (b) White, Newton’s disc
(c) Multicolour, brass disc (d) Orange, copper disc
8. A ray of light parallel to the floor strikes a plane mirror, which is inclined at an angle 40º as shown in
figure. What is the angle of reflection?
Incident ray
Plane
Mirror
40º Floor
(a) 40º (b) 80º (c) 50º (d) 90º
9. An erect and enlarged image can be formed by
(a) only a convex mirror (b) only a concave mirror
(c) only a plane mirror (d) both convex and concave mirrors
10. You are provided with a convex mirror, a concave mirror, a convex lens and a concave lens. You can
get an inverted image from
(a) both concave lens and convex lens (b) both concave mirror and convex mirror
(c) both concave mirror and convex lens (d) both convex mirror and concave lens
11. An image formed by a lens is erect. Such an image could be formed by a
(a) convex lens provided the image is smaller than object
(b) concave lens provided the image is smaller than object
(c) concave lens provided the image is larger than object
(d) concave lens provided the image is of the same size.

12. A fish sees the face of a scuba diver through a thin bubble, as shown in figure. Compared to the face
of the diver, the image seen by the fish will be __________ [NSTSE 2015]
(a) smaller and erect (b) smaller and inverted

(c) larger and erect (d) cannot predict
13. A ray of light incident on a plane mirror making an angle of 60º with reflecting surface. Identify the
angles of incidence and reflection. [NSTSE 2015]
(a) 30º, 30º (b) 30º, 60º (c) 60º, 30º (d) 60º, 60º
14. A pencil placed infront of a plane mirror is shown below [NSTSE 2015]
Plane Mirror
Pencil
Q P
The pencil is moved from position P to Q. The image formed will
(a) become smaller (b) become larger
(c) become inverted (d) remain unchanged
15. Look at the figure given below carefully [NSTSE 2015]
Apple Observer
How many mirrors are required to enable the observer to see the apple?
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3
16. Which of the following will always produce a virtual image? [NSTSE 2015]
(i) plane mirror (ii) convex lens (iii) concave lens (iv) magnifying lens
(a) only (i) and (ii) (b) only (i) and (iii)
(c) only (ii) and (iv) (d) only (iii) and (iv)
17. An object placed in front of a plane mirror forms an image [NSTSE 2015]
(i) It is laterally inverted
(ii) It is of the same size as the object
(iii) It is at the same distance behind the mirror as the object is infront of the mirror.
(c) only (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)

18. The diagram shows a metre ruler XY with a small hole drilled at the 30 cm mark. A plane mirror MN
is placed in front of the ruler and is parallel to it. [NSTSE 2016]
If an observer peeps through the hole at the mirror, the extent to which he can see the metre ruler
is between the
(a) 0 cm and 90 cm mark (b) 10 cm and 70 cm mark
(c) 20 cm and 50 cm mark (d) 15 cm and 60 cm mark
19. Two parallel rays of light strike a convex lens. Which of the following correctly shows the passage
of the rays after passing through the lens? [NSTSE 2016]
(a) O (b) O
(c) O (d) O
20. Annu shows a torchlight at a bunch of grapes as shown here. What can Anu do to enlarge the
torchlight shadow of the bunch of grapes on the screen? [NSO-2017]
Screen
Torchlight
(i) Shift the grapes nearer to the torchlight. (ii) Shift the screen away from the grapes.
(iii) Shift the screen closer to the grapes. (iv) Shift the torchlight further away from the grapes.
(a) (i) and (iii) only (b) (i) and (ii) only
(c) (iii) and (iv) only (d) (ii) and (iv) only

21. Figure shows a ray of light P striking a mirror AB. The mirror AB and the mirror CD makes an angle
of 120° with each other. [NSO-2017]
What is the angle of reflection at mirror CD?

(a) 50° (b) 40° (c) 30° (d) 90°
22. A ray of light travels from air to water as shown in figure. What are ray AB and ray AC? [NSO-2017]
Ray AB Ray AC
(a) Reflected ray Reflected ray
(b) Reflected ray Reflected ray
(c) Refracted ray Refracted ray
(d) Refracted ray Refracted ray


ANSWERS
OLYMPIAD ANSWERS
Heat
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (a)
Winds, Storms and Cyclones
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a)
Motion and Time

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d)
Electric Current and Its Effects

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (b)
Light
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (a)


7th Physics DLP Study Package Final

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Delhi Centres: • E-23, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110024. Ph.: 011-24336143/44, 24331000-02.

Chapter 1 Heat ........................................................................... 01 – 14

Chapter 2. Winds, Storms and Cyclones ..................................... 15 – 24

Chapter 3 Motion and Time ......................................................... 25 – 38

Chapter 4 Electric Current and Its Effects ................................... 39 – 56

Chapter 5 Light .......................................................................... 57 – 73

Olympiad Segment .............................................................. 74 – 90

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 1

Let us learn how to read a thermometer. Wash the thermometer,

The normal temperature of human body is 37°C or 98.4° F. The

Precautions to be used while reading a clinical thermometer.

Fig. 1.3 Laboratory Thermometer

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 2

Precautions in Using a Laboratory thermometer

1. The laboratory thermometer should be held vertically while measuring temperature.

Difference between clinical and laboratory thermometer

Clinical Thermometer Laboratory Thermometer

1. Clinical thermometer is scaled from 35ºC to 1. Laboratory thermometer is generally scaled

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 3

Relation between Celsius Scale and Kelvin Scales

Temperature on kelvin scale = Temperature on celsius scale + 273

Conversion of Celsius scale to Fahrenheit Scale

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 4

(i) Good conductors : Those materials which allow the

Convection is the mode of heat transfer by actual motion of matter.

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 5

 Linear expansion : Expansion in the length of the material by heating.

1 calorie (or 1 cal) = 4.1855 J or 4.2 J

Thus, 1 kilo calorie = 1000 calorie

and 1 kilo calorie = 4185.5 J or 4200 J

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 6

The heat capacity of a body is defined as follows:

Unit of heat capacity: By definition

The other unit is calorie °C–1 or kilo-calorie °C–1.

Specific Heat Capacity

It is denoted by the symbol C.

Unit of specific heat capacity: By definition

1 cal g–1 °C–1 = 1 kilo-cal kg–1 °C–1

= 4.2 × 103 J kg–1 °C–1

Latent Heat and Specific Latent Heat

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 7

Heat absorbed (or librated) for the change of phase

Q  mass (m)  specific latent heat (L) ...(11.15)

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 8

13. In Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 9

14. Thermos flask prevents loss or gain of heat by:

Which spoon would you feel the hottest after 5 minutes?

(a) Heating coil  Kettle body  Water  Surroundings

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 10

2. Why is a chocolate wrapped in a shiny, metal foil?

3. Identify the false statement about heat.

4. Observe the given figure of an electric heater.

Identify the alloy used for making the element in it.

7. Which of the following is NOT true?

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 11

9. When you heat a system, its temperature

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 12

Hot Chocolate Glass beaker

ASSERTION AND REASON

1. Assertion (A): Sea breeze blows during daytime.

2. Assertion (A): Temperature is a measure of degree of hotness of our body.

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 13

4. Statement 1: Radiation is a method of transfer of heat.