7th Chemistry DLP Study Package Final

Delhi Centres: • E-23, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110024. Ph.: 011-24336143/44, 24331000-02.
DISTANCE
LEARNING PROGRAMME
CLASS - VII
CHEMISTRY
Contents
Chapter 1. Fibre to Fabric ............................................................ 01 – 19
Chapter 2. Acids, Bases and Salts .............................................. 20 – 39
Chapter 3. Physical and Chemical Changes ................................. 40 – 47
Chapter 4 Metals and Non-Metals ............................................... 48 – 56
Chapter 5 Water ......................................................................... 57 – 66
Olympiad Segment .............................................................. 67 – 99
[2023]
Introduction
A very thin, thread-like strand from which cloth is made
is called fibre. Fibre is called ‘tantu’ or ‘resha’ in Hindi.
Fabric means cloth (kapda or vastra). Fabric is
produced by weaving or knitting long, twisted threads
called yarn made from fibres. We use various types of
fabrics for making our clothes. Our school uniform,
shirts, pants (trousers), blouses, skirts, shorts, sarees,
shawls, blanket, bed sheets, towels, table cloth, curtains,
dusters, etc., are all made from different kinds of
fabrics. Even the school bag, and gunny bag (used for
storing food grains) are also made from a different
type of fabric.
Variety of Fabrics
If we go to a cloth shop in the market, we can see a large variety of fabrics (or cloth). Some fabrics are
made of cotton, others are made of wool or silk and some others are made of synthetic materials) (or man-
made materials). Thus, the various types of fabrics which are commonly used by us are:
1. Cotton fabrics 2. Silk fabrics 3. Synthetic fabrics
We usually wear clothes made of cotton fabrics during the hot days of summer season and woolen clothes
are worn in the cold days of winter. The clothes made of silk fabrics and synthetic fabrics are most comfortable
when the weather is neither very hot nor very cold.
Before we go further, we should know the meaning of the term ‘yarn’. Yarn is a ‘spun thread’ which is used
for weaving (or knitting) fabrics. In most simple words yarn is a long thread which is used for making fabrics
(or cloth).
What are fabrics made of?

Fabrics are made of ‘yarns’ which are, in turn, made from ‘fibres’. This will become more clear from the
following discussion.
AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 1

Class VII: Fibre to Fabric Chemistry
If we look at any fabric (or cloth), it seems to be a ‘continuous object’. If, however, we look at a piece of
fabric closely (or through a magnifying glass), we will find that a fabric is made of a network of thread (or
yarns) going along the length and breadth of the fabric, at right angles to one another.
Let us now find a loose yarn (or thread) at one of the edges of the piece of cotton fabric and pull it out with
our hand. If no loose yarn is visible, we can pull out the yarns from the fabric with the help of a pin or needle.
We can go on pulling more and more yarns (or threads) from the piece of cotton fabric. In fact, the whole
piece of cotton fabric can be pulled into a large number of pieces of yarn (or thread). This shows that a piece
of cotton fabric (or cotton cloth) is made up of cotton yarn (or cotton thr eads) woven
together.
A fabric is made up of yarns (or threads) woven together. We have just learnt that fabrics are made of yarn
(which is a spun thread). We now want to know what are these yarns made of. Yarns are made of fibres.
Fibres
Cotton is a white, soft and fluffy material. If we hold a piece of cotton between our hands and pull it apart,
we will see a large number of very thin and tiny thread like stands in it. These small and thin strands are
called cotton fibres. A lump of cotton is a collection of a large number of fibres. Thus, cotton is a fibrous
material or a fibre. We can now define fibres as follows: Fibres are very thin, thread-like strands from which
fabrics (or cloth) is made. Some of the examples of fibres are : Cotton, wool, silk, flax, jute, nylon, polyster
and polyacrylic. The fibres are spun into yarn which can then be woven on a loom to make a fabric
(or cloth).
Types of fibres
Fibres are of two types:
1. Natural fibres 2. Synthetic fibres
The fibres which are obtained from natural sources like plants and animals are called natural fibres.
Natural fibres are a collection of tiny threads obtained from plants and animals. The example of natural
fibres are :Cotton, Wool, Silk, Flax and Jute. Cotton, Flax and Jute are the natural fibres obtained from
Plants. Wool and silk are the natural fibres obtained from animals.
The fibres which are prepared from chemical substances in industry, are called synthetic fibres. Some of
the examples of synthetic fibres are: Nylon, polyster (like Terylene) and polyacrylic (like Orlon). Synthetic
fibres are also known as artificial fibres or manufactured fibres. All the synthetic fibres are used for making
fabrics (or cloth). These fabrics are then used for making our dresses and for other domestic purposes like
curtains, etc. Synthetic fibres are also used for making carpets and ropes. The synthetic fibres are much
more strong than natural fibres. The clothes made of synthetic fibres last for much longer time.
Fibers obtained from animals
Wool and silk are two important fibres obtained from animals. Wool fibres are obtained from the fleece
(hair) of sheep, goat, yak, camel, etc., while silk is obtained from the salivary secretions of the
silk worm.

Wool
Wool is used for making winter clothing which keep us warm. Wool is obtained from the fleece of domesticated
animals like sheep and goat. It is also derived in lesser quantity from camels, yak and rabbits. Wool is a
versatile, durable and elastic fibre. It is light, soft, thick and wrinkle resistant. It is made up of proteins. The
fleece of sheep is spun to make yarn. The yarn is then weaved to make woolen clothes.
Animals yielding wool
Sheep: There are many breeds of sheep that provide us wool differing
in their fineness, shine, length and resistance. Some important Indian
breeds of sheep are Gaddi, Lohi, Bakharwal, Bikaneri and Rampur
Bushair. The finest wool is obtained from the Merino sheep
Goat: Wool is also obtained from goats. The important breeds of goat
found in India are Kashmiri, Gaddi, Chamba and Angora. The fibre
obtained from Angora is called Mohair.
Camel
The hairs on the body of a camel are also used

as wool. Bactrian camels of Siberia, Mongolia
and China give us the best quality wool. A male
camel yields on an average 12 to 15 kg of
wool annually and a female camel yields about
6 to 8 kg of wool. Alpaca and Llama found in
South America yield wool which is very fine, soft and lustrous.
Rabbit: Wool is also obtained from rabbit hairs. Angora rabbit gives a very fine wool.
Yak: Wool is obtained from yak. It is commonly found in Ladakh and Tibet.

Sheep farming
Sheep farming consists of rearing and domesticating sheep for
their wool, meat and hides. Sheep farming is economically
beneficial for the farmers living particularly in arid, semi arid
and mountainous regions. They are generally kept and reared
in dry lands with less rainfall. These animals live and move in
groups called flocks. A group of sheep is called a herd. They
have a lifespan of 10 to 12 years. Sheep and goats have a
gestation (pregnancy) period of 5 months.
Shelter for Sheep
Sheep do not need elaborated housing facilities. Sheds with gunny bags and thatched roof can provide
enough protection from the Sun, rain, winds, and natural enemies. Their sheds should be kept dry and well
ventilated. Warms and closed sheds should be avoided as they sweat profusely and catch cold very easily
Food and water
Sheep are herbivores. Their main food consists of grasses, leaves and grains. Sheep are active grazers and
can graze on food that is closer to the ground. They are usually fed twice a day or allowed to graze in a
pasture or a vacant field. You must have seen shepherds taking their herds of sheep for grazing. Apart from
grazing, sheep rearers also feed them on a mixture of pulses, corn, jowar and oil cakes. They are given fresh
water from ponds.
Breeding of Sheep
The sheeps which have desirable characteristics such as fine under hairs are specially chosen for breeding.
After selecting sheeps, they are allowed to mate under natural conditions. This process of selecting sheeps
for obtaining desirable characters in their offspring is known as selective breeding. Sheep give 1 to 3 young
at a time.
Shearing and Processing Wool:

Shearing
The process of removing fleece from the body of sheep

is called shearing. The person who removes the wool
is called a shearer. The animals are given bath
thoroughly and dried before shearing. It is done
manually with clippers or a pair of scissors. It can also
be done by using a shearing machine. The removal of
wool by a machine is easy, quicker, and uniform. Hand
shearing does not remove wool completely from the
body of sheep.
Most flocks are usually shorn twice a year i.e. between March to April after the winter season and between
September to October after the rainy season.

Processing Fleece to Fabrics

The sheared wool is processed further which involves the following step.
Scouring : The raw sheared wool is washed with detergent and alkali in tank to remove grease, dust and
dirt. This is called scouring. Nowadays it is done by machines.
Figure: Scouring in tanks Figure: Scouring by machines
Sorting: The process of separating hairs of different texture is called sorting. It is done after scouring.
Grading: It involves grouping of wool according to their length, colour, texture and ease to dyeing.
Quality of wool also helps in grading it.
Quality of wool
The quality of wool is judged by the following factors,
Scale Structure: A good wool fibre has scales which overlap like shingles on a roof.
Crimp: The presence of crimps or bends makes the wool fibre bulkier than other textiles.

They help us to retain heat. Finer quality of wool generally has more crimps.
Diameter: The diameter of wool fibres varies from 15 to 30 micrometers.
Length: Its length varies from 6 to 15 inches. A finer variety of wool has longer fibres than a coarser one.
Colour : Wool is generally creamy white in colour. However, some breeds of sheep produce black, brown
or grey wool.
Dyeing : The fibres are dyed in various colours depending on our requirements because the natural fleece
is black, brown or white.
Spinning : The fibre thus obtained is oiled, straightened, washed, twisted and spun into yarn.
Weaving and knitting : The shorter fibres are spun and woven into woolen clothes, whereas larger fibres
are spun and knitted making sweaters.
Flow Chart showing the Process of Obtaining Fabrics
Figure : Asummary of the conversion of fleece into woolen fabrics
Woolmark: Wool is marketed worldwide by the International Wool Secretariat (IWS) which is located in
the United Kingdom (UK). Woolmark is the world’s best known textile fibre brand. The Woolmark Logo
indicated the purity of the woolen fabrics being bought by us.
Wool producing State of India
The woolen industry in India is small and is located in the States of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Hiryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
Wool Producing Countries
The best wool producing countries are Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Uruguay, China and Argentina.
Australia is the World’s largest producer of raw wool and contributes 29% of total world supply.

Silk
Silk is an important animal fibre. It is strong, lustrous, soft, hard, wearing and is produced in long continuous
strands. It is made up of proteins. The rearing and management of silk worms for obtaining the silk is called
sericulture. Silk is obtained from the cocoons of the silk worm. Larvae (caterpillar) of the silk moth secrete
a sticky fluid from their salivary glands and form a long silk thread. This silk is used for making clothing
materials.
Silk Production
The various steps involved in the life history of silk moth are described below: Laying of eggs.
The female silk moth lays many tiny eggs. The eggs are washed and incubated at 25°C for best hatching
percentage.
Larvae of Caterpillar
These eggs hatch into black worms called larvae or caterpillars (Figure). The larvae are fed on mulberry
leaves for 3 to 4 weeks. During feeding each larva sheds its skin known, as moulting. Larvae eat voraciously
and grow fast.
Cocoon
After some time larvae stop eating, climb up the twigs and start spinning the cocoons. Under ideal conditions
silk worm completes cocoon formation in about a week. This stage is called the pupa stage. The cocoon thus
formed are collected and processed.
Silk Moth
If the cocoons are left to themselves, the pupae develop into moths. When the moth comes out from the
cocoon, the thread gets damaged. Some silkworms are allowed to live to be used for breeding.

The silk is obtained from the undamaged cocoon by unraveling the cocoon. The complete life cycle of a silk
moth is shown in the figure.
Varieties of Silk
The common varieties of silk available in the market are:
1. Mulberry silk 2. Tassar silk

3. Mooga silk 4. Kosa silk
Processing of Silk
A pile of cocoon are collected and boiled in water to kill the pupae inside the cocoon. On boiling, silk fibre
separate out. Silk thread is collected from the cocoons by a process called reeling. It is done in special
machines. The resulting fibres is known as raw silk. It can be dyed into various colour.
Silk fibres are then spun into silk threads which are woven into silk clothes by weavers.
Silk producing state of India
Mulberry silk is the main variety of silk produced in India. India is the second largest producer of silk in the
world after China. About 90% of mulberry silk comes from Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
States like Assam, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa also produce silk.
KEY POINTS
 Silk and wool are fibres obtained from animals
 Wool is obtained from the hairs of sheep, goat, camel, rabbit and yak
 Silk fibre is obtained from cocoons of the silk moth
 The removal of wool from sheep is called shearing. It can be done either manually or with a
shearing machine.
 The process of extracting silk from cocoons is called reeling

Very Short Answer Questions

1. What are the source of wool and silk?
2. Name some animals which provide wool.
3. Which part of the animals is used to get wool?
4. Name the wool commonly available in the market.
5. Which are the source of angora wool?
6. What is Sorting
7. What is sericulture?
Short Answer Questions

8. Explain reeling the silk
9. Write a short note on “Sorter’s disease”.
10. Write/Give brief account of life history of silk moth.
11. Wool comes from sheep, goat, yak and some other animals. Why these animals have a thick coat of
hairs.
Short Answer Questions

12. The process of selecting parents for obtaining desired characters in their offspring’s, such as thick
coat of hairs on their body which yields good quality wool in large quantities.
13. How many types of fibres are found in sheep?
14. Explain the process to obtain silk thread from cocoon.
Long Answer Questions

15. Explain various steps used in the process of making wool.
The various steps to obtain wool are:
Step-I. Shearing: The fleece of the sheep along with thin layer of skin is removed from its
body. This process is called shearing.
Step-II. Scouring: The sheared skin with hair is washed in tanks to remove grease, dust and
dirt. This process is called scouring.
Step-III. Sorting: The hairy skin is sent to a factory where hair of different textures are separated
or sorted.
Step-IV. The small fluffy fibres called” burrs are picked out from the hair. The fibres are scoured
again and again and dried.
Step-V. Fibres can be dyed in various colours.
Step-VI. The fibres are straightened, combed and rolled into yarn. The longer fibres are made
into wool for sweaters and the shorter fibres are spun and woven into woolen cloth.

LEVEL - I
1. Which among the following statements is false?

(a) Nylon is a artificial fibre
(b) Artificial threads are non elastic
(c) Woolen threads are non elastic
(d) The process of drawing and winding silk fibres is called “reeling”
2. The threads are found to be arranged loosely with space in

(a) Wool (b) Cotton (c) Silk (d) None of these
3. Plants are dependent on which of the following

(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Argon (c) Hydrogen (d) Carbon monoxide
4. Identify the insect that destroy clothes

(a) Spider (b) Catfish (c) Silver fish (d) Ant
5. The loom in which feet press the planks and the hands pull the ropes is called:
(a) Power loom (b) Hand loom (c) Machine loom (d) All the above
6. Silk is a
(a) Rough fibre (b) Way fibre (c) Staple fibre (d) Filament fibre
7. Which country is the largest producer of silk?

(a) India (b) Pakistan (c) China (d) None of these
8. Which country is the largest producer of wool?

(a) India (b) Australia (c) Pakistan (d) China
9. Mooga is a strongest variety of

(a) Silk (b) Wool (c) Cotton (d) None of these
10. An International trade mark for new and pure wool is

(a) ISI (b) ISO (c) Woolmark (d) Agmark
11. Wool is obtained from

(a) Sheep (b) Cotton (c) Deer (d) Carnal
12. Silk and wool are

(a) protein fibres (b) carbohydrate fibres (c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
13. Which of the following is a filament fibre?

(a) Cotton (b) Silk (c) Wool (d) Jute
14. Science of rearing silk worms so as to obtain silk cocoons, is:

(a) Apiculture (b) Floriculture (c) Silviculture (d) Sericulture

15. The dried perspiration of sheep is called

(a) Suint (b) Yolk (c) Web (d) None of these
16. ‘Boa baa black sheep, have you any wool’, which part of the black sheep have wool?
(a) Hair (b) Skin (c) Nail (d) Eye
17. ‘Mary had a little lamb, whose fleece was white as snow.’ What is meant by the white fleece of the
lamb?
(a) Hair (b) Skin (c) Nail (d) Eye
18. The silkworm is (A) a caterpillar, (B) a larva. Choose the correct option
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) both (A) & (B) (d) Neither (A) nor (B)
19. Which of the following does not yield wool?
(a) Yak (b) Camel (c) Goat (d) Woolly dog
20. The most common variety of silk is :
(a) Tassar silk (b) Mooga silk (c) Mulberry silk (d) Kosa silk
21. A piece of fabric burns by giving a smell of burning hair. It is made up of :
(a) natural silk (b) artificial silk (c) natural silk or wool (d) natural wool
22. The wool of sheep is removed only once a year before the beginning of :
(a) spring season (b) summer season (c) winter season (d) rainy season
23. Rampur bushair and Bakharwal are the breeds of :
(a) goat (b) yak (c) sheep (d) camel
24. Pattanwadi is an Indian breed of sheep found in :
(a) Gujarat (b) Punjab (c) Haryana (d) Rajasthan
25. The cut off ‘wool coat’ of a sheep along with a thin layer of skin is called :
(a) grease (b) fleece (c) fleet (d) skeet
26. Sorter’s disease is caused by :
(a) bacteria (b) virus (c) protozoa (d) fungus
27. The process of cleaning the fleece by using soap (or detergent) and a lot of water
so as to remove dust dirt, and grease, etc., is called :
(a) sorting (b) shearing (c) scouring (d) washing
28. Which of the following fibres are made of proteins ?
(a) silk and cotton (b) natural silk and artificial silk
(c) rayon and wool (d) wool and silk
29. The process of taking out silk fibres from the cocoons for use as silk is called :
(a) reeling (b) shearing (c) combing (d) sorting

30. Which of the following produces silk ?

(a) pupa (b) larva (c) baby silk moth (d) adult silk moth
31. Silk production involves the cultivation of :
(a) blackberry trees (b) mulberry trees (c) gooseberry trees (d) strawberry trees
LEVEL - II
1. Which of the following is an animal fibre?
(a) Jute (b) cotton (c) polyester (d) silk
2. Wool can be obtained from
(a) Sheep (b) goat (c) yak (d) all of these
3. Which is not related to silk industry?
(a) Sericulture (b) moriculture (c) apiculture (d) reeling
4. Silk is obtained from
(a) Cocoon (b) Egg (c) Pupa (d) Moth
5. Which one is not a variety of silk?
(a) Tassar (b) Mooga (c) Ruby (d) Kosa
6. Rearing of silk moth is known as
(a) Sericulture (b) Apiculture (c) Horticulture (d) Floriculture
7. Which of the following is obtained from plants?
(a) Nylon (b) Polyester (c) Cotton (d) PVC
8. Burrs are the
(a) Wool obtained from the camel (b) wool obtained from the goat
(c) Small fluffy fibres in wool (d) All of these
9. Silk thread is extracted from the cocoons by a process
(a) Reeling (b) shearing (c) sorting (d) sericulture
MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS

12. Column – I Column – II
(a) Cotton fibres (i) Takli charakha
(b) Woollen fibres (ii) Twisted
(c) Mulberry (iii) Silk worm
(d) Spinning (iv) Elastic
13. Column – I Column – II
(a) Warp (i) White coats as uniforms
(b) Dry cleaning (ii) Uniforms made from tough fibres
(c) Doctors (iii) Cleaning clothes without water
(d) Soldiers (iv) Length wise threads

FILL IN THE BLANKS

14. Wool is obtained from the……………… of sheep or yak.
15. The process of removal of fleece of the sheep along with a thin layer of skin is called ………………
16. The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called………………….
17. Silk fibres are made of
18. The most common silk moth is the……………..
19. Silk and ………………… are animal fibres.
20. ………………… is the food of silkworm.


EXERCISE (Single Correct Type)

LEVEL - I
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b)

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (a) 25. (b)
26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (b)
LEVEL - II
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)

6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a)
MATRIX TYPE QUESTIONS
12. a – ii, b – iv, c – iii, d – i 13. a – iv, b – iii, c – i, d – ii
FILLIN THE BLANKS
14. Fleece 15. shearing 16. sericulture 17. Protein

18. Mulberry silk moth 19. Wool 20. Mulberry leaves


NCERT EXERCISE
1. The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called
(a) cocoon (b) silk (c) sericulture (d) silviculture
2. Which of the following is not a type of silk?
(a) Mulberry silk (b) Tassar silk (c) Mooga silk (d) Moth silk
3. Paheli wanted to buy a gift made of animal fibre obtained without killing the animal. Which of the
following would be the right gift for her to buy?
(a) Woollen shawl (b) Silk scarf
(c) Animal fur cap (d) Leather jacket
4. Silk fibre is obtained from
(a) fleece of sheep (b) cotton ball
(c) cocoon (d) shiny jute stalk
5. Wool fibre cannot be obtained from which of the following?
(a) Goat (b) Llama (c) Alpaca (d) Moth
6. Selective breeding is a process of
(a) selecting the offsprings with desired properties.
(b) selecting the parents with desired properties.
(c) selecting an area for breeding.
(d) selecting fine hair for good quality wool.
7. The general process that takes place at a sheep shearing shed is
(a) removal of fleece.
(b) separating hair of different textures.
(c) washing of sheep fibre to remove grease.
(d) rolling of sheep fibre into yarn.
8. The term sericulture is used for
(a) culture of bacteria. (b) rearing of silkworm.
(c) making silk fabric from silk yarn. (d) production of sarees.
9. Reeling of silk is
(a) a process of making silk reels.
(b) spinning of silk fibres.
(c) weaving of silk cloth.
(d) the process of taking silk threads from cocoon.
10. Silkworms secrete fibre made of
(a) fat (b) cellulose (c) protein (d) nylon

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

11. Fill in the blanks in the following statements.
(a) ________and________fibres are obtained from animals.
(b) Silk fibres come from________of________ silk.
(c) Wool yielding animals bear________on their body.
(d) Hair trap a lot of ________, which is a poor________of heat.
12. State whether the following statements are True or False. If false, correct them.
(a) Silkworms are caterpillars of silk moth.
(b) In India, camels and goats are generally reared for obtaining wool.
(c) The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called silviculture.
(d) In the process of obtaining wool from fleece, sorting is done after scouring.
(e) Yak hair are not used to make woollen fabric.
13. How do the hair of certain animals help in keeping their bodies warm?
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

14. Match the items of Column I with the items given in Column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Yak wool (i) Sheared hair
(b) Angora goats (ii) Silkworm
(c) Mulbery leaves (iii) Tibet and Ladakh
(d) Scouring (iv) Jammu and Kashmir
15. Various steps involved to obtain wool from fleece are given here.
(i) Picking out the burrs
(ii) Dyeing in various colours
(iii) Shearing
(iv) Scouring
(v) Sortinge the above steps in the correct sequence in which they are carried out.
16. Some words related with silk are jumbled up. Write them in their correct form.
(a) TURECULRISE (b) WILSMORK

(c) BELMURRY (d) RINGLEE

17. Figure 3.1 shows three rings of circles with letters in them. Some of these letters in each
ring can form the name of one wool yielding animal. Find the names of these animals.
18. Write a caption for each of the figures given as Figure 3.2 (a–d).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
19. Steps for the production of silk are given below in a jumbled order. Arrange them in their
proper sequence.
(a) Eggs are warmed to a suitable temperature for the larvae to hatch from eggs.
(b) Fibers are taken out from the cocoon.
(c) After 25 to 30 days, the caterpillars stop eating and start spinning cocoons.
(d) The larvae/caterpillars or silkworms are kept in clean trays along with freshly chopped
mulberry leaves.
( e) Female silk moths lay eggs.
(f) Cocoons are kept under the sun or boiled in water.
20. A wholesale woollen fibre dealer gets the woollen fibre of different textures sorted for
various purposes. Match the items in Column I with the woollen fibre in Column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Pashmina Shawl (i) Camel wool
(b) Woollen Carpet (ii) Angora Wool
(c) Body blanket (iii) Kashmir goat
(d) Woollen sweater (iv) Sheep wool

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

21. Complete the paragraph related to the life history of silk moth by filling in the blanks.
T he _ _ _ _ ( a ) _ _ _ s ilk mot h la y s _ _ _ ( b ) _ _ _ , f r om whic h ha t ch _ _ _ ( c ) _ _ _ , ca l led
___(d)___,or ___(e)___. They grow in size and when the caterpillar is ready to enter the
next stage of its life history called ___(f)___, it first weaves a covering to hold itself,
which is known as___(g)___
22. Paheli went to the market to buy sarees for her mother. She took out a thread from the
edge of the two sarees shown by the shopkeeper and burnt them. One thread burnt with a
smell of burning hair and the other burnt with the smell of burning paper. Which thread is
from a pure cotton saree and which one from a pure silk saree? Give reason for your
answer.
23. Explain the phrase – “Unity is Strength” on the basis of the making of fabric from fibre.
24. Write various steps for processing fibres into wool.
25. Describe the life history of silk moth with the help of figures of various stages.

20. Boojho, Paheli and their friend Golu were provided with a test tube each containing China
rose solution which was pink in colour. Boojho added two drops of solution ‘A’ in his test
tube and got dark pink colour. Paheli added 2 drops of solution ‘B’ to her test tube and got
green colour. Golu added 2 drops of solution ‘C’ but could not get any change in colour.
Suggest the possible cause for the variation in their results.
21. Fill in the cross word given as Figure 5.2 with the help of the clues provided
A cro s s
(2) The solution which does not change the colour of either red or blue litmus.
(4) Phenolphthalein gives pink colour in this type of solution.
(7) Colour of blue litmus in lemon juice.

Down
(1) It is used to test whether a substance is acidic or basic.
(3) It is a natural indicator and gives pink colour in basic solution.
(5) Nature of ant’s sting.
(6) It is responsible for increase in temperature during a neutralisation reaction.
22. A farmer was unhappy because of his low crop yield. He discussed the problem with an
agricultural scientist and realised that the soil of his field was either too acidic or too basic.
What remedy would you suggest the farmer to neutralise the soil?
23. You are provided with four test tubes containing sugar solution, baking soda solution, tamarind
solution, salt solution. Write down an activity to find the nature (acidic/basic/neutral) of
each solution.
24. You are provided with three test tubes A, B and C as shown in Figure 5.3 with different
liquids. What will you observe when you put
(a) a piece of blue litmus paper in each test tube.
(b) a piece of red litmus paper in each test tube.
(c) a few drops of phenolphthalein solution to each test tube.
25. Paheli observed that most of the fish in the pond of her village were gradually dying. She
also observed that the waste of a factory in their village is flowing into the pond which
probably caused the fish to die.
(a) Explain why the fish were dying.
(b) If the factory waste is acidic in nature, how can it be neutralised?
26. Explain two neutralisation reactions related to daily life situation.

Substances can be classified as acidic, basic or neutral.
Acidic Substances (Acids)
The word acid is derived from the Latin word acere meaning sour. Substances that taste sour contain acids.
The chemical nature of such substances is acidic. Example: Curd, lemon juice, tamarind, spinach and vinegar.
Properties of Acids
 Acids have corrosive action on skin.
 Acids are good conductors of electricity.
 Acids neutralize bases to form salt and water.
Classification of Acids: Acids can be classified as natural and mineral acids.
Natural acids are present in food. Example: Lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid and tartaric acid.
Common laboratory acids like hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acids are mineral acids or
inorganic acids.
Examples of some natural acids along with their sources:
Organic acid Sources of Organic acid
Acetic acid Vinegar

Citric acid Oranges, Lemons
Formic acid Ant sting
Tartaric acid Tamarind
Oxalic acid Tomatoes
Lactic acid Curd
Chemical formula of some common acids
Name of the acid Chemical Formula
Hydrochloric Acid HCl

Nitric Acid HNO 3
Sulphuric Acid H2 SO 4
Carbonic Acid H2 CO 3
Acetic Acid CH3 COOH
Formic Acid HCOOH

Class VII: Acids, Bases and Salts Chemistry
Basic Substances (Bases)

Basic substances taste bitter. The chemical nature of such substances is basic. Bases are slippery to touch.
Example: Milk of magnesia, Soaps, Lime water, Household cleaners.
Properties of bases
 Bases are bitter to taste.
 Bases are soapy to touch.
Chemical formula of some common bases

Name of the base Chemical Formula
Sodium hydroxide NaOH

Potassium hydroxide KOH
Copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2
Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2
Ammonium hydroxide NH 4 OH
Ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3
Neutral substance
Substance that does not show acidic or basic properties is called neutral substance.
Example: Water.
INDICATORS
Special type of substances are used to test whether a substance is acidic or basic. These substances are
known as indicators. Indicators are substances which show a change in colour when brought in contact with
acids and bases.
You have learnt about acidic, basic and neutral substances. But how would you find out whether a substance
is acidic or basic? One way of doing it is tasting the substance. But it is not a safe method. Certain chemicals
are used to identify the substances called indicators.
Indicators: Indicators are substances that are used to test whether a substance is acidic or basic or neutral
in nature. They change their color when added to a solution containing an acidic or a basic substance.
Indicators are of two types - natural and artificial. Naturally occurring indicators are turmeric, litmus, china
rose and red cabbage.
Natural Indicators
1. Litmus as an indicator : The most common indicator used in laboratory is the litmus. It is extracted
from lichen. It is available in two colours red and blue.
 Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions
 Red litmus paper turn blue under basic conditions. Litmus is also available in the form of solution.

2. Turmeric as an indicator : Turmeric is another naturally found indicator.
S.No. Name of Indicator Acidic Solution Basic Solution Used for testing
1 Litmus Red Blue Acids

2 Turmeric Yellow Red Bases
3 Purple cabbage Red Green Acid as well as base
4 China rose Magenta Green Bases
5 Beetroot Red Green Acid as well as base
Neutralization
The process in which an acid completely reacts with a base to form salt and water is called neutralization.
This reaction cancels the effects of the acid and base.
Acid + base  Salt + Water
The following reaction is an example of neutralization
HC1 + NaOH  NaC1 + H2 O

Hydrochloric Sodium Sodium Water
Acid Hydroxide chloride
Neutralization in everyday life
1. Indigestion 2. Insect Stings

3. Soil treatment 4. Factory Waste
1. Indigestion: People particularly of old age suffer from acidity problems in the stomach which is
caused mainly due to release of excessive gastric juices containing HCI. The acidity is neutralized by
antacid tablets which contains sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda), magnesium hydroxide etc.

2. Ant bite: The stings of bees and ants contain formic acid. Its corrosive and poisonous effect can be
neutralized by rubbing soap which contains NaOH (an alkali) or by rubbing baking soda (NaHCO3) or
by calamine an alkali. The poisonous effect can be neutralized by an acid like acetic acid (present in
vinegar).
3. Soil treatment: Farmers generally neutralize the effect of acidity in the soil caused by acid rain by
adding slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to the soil.
4. Factory wastes: The wastes of many factories contain acids. If they are allowed to flow into the
water bodies, the acids will kill fish and other organisms. The factory wastes are, therefore, neutralized
by adding basic substance.
Indicator: The neutralisation reaction between an acid and a base can be identified by an indicator.
Example: For the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, phenolphthalein is added as an
indicator.
Phenolphthalein gives pink colour in sodium hydroxide which is a base. When hydrochloric acid is added to
it, the color slowly fades to pale pink and then colorless. This change in color indicates neutralisation.
Acid Rain
Acid Rain: The rain which contains excess of acid is called acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the acidic
gases like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide which are released into the air as pollutants
during the burning of various types of fuels. Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in falling rain drops to form
sulphuric acid; nitrogen dioxide gas dissolves in rain drops to form nitric acid whereas carbon dioxide gas
dissolves in rain drops to form carbonic acid.
The presence of sulphuric acid, nitric acid and carbonic acid in rain water makes the rain water acidic. And
when this acidic rain water falls on the earth, we call it acid rain.
Acid rain causes damage to aquatic animals (like fish), trees, crop plants, metal structures and stone buildings
and monuments.
The ill effects of acid rain are as follows:-
(i) Acid rain makes the water of lakes, ponds and rivers too acidic due to which fish and other aquatic
animals get killed.
(ii) Acid rain damages the vegetation. Acid rain also damages crop plants in the fields.
(iii) Acid rain damages the metal structures like steel bridges, etc., when it falls on them. (iv) Acid rain
damages the surfaces of buildings and monuments made of stone.
Salts
A salt is a substance formed by the reaction of an acid with a base.
Example of salt is sodium chloride. It is formed by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide
base. In a way we say that a salt has two parents: an acid and a base. So, the name of a salt consists of two

parts: the first part of the salt’s name is derived from the name of the base and the second part of the salt’s
name is derived from the name of the acid. For example, the name of the salt called ‘sodium chloride’ comes
from the ‘sodium hydroxide’ base and ‘hydrochloric acid’.
(i) The salts of hydrochloric acid are called chlorides.
(ii) The salts of sulphuric acid are called sulphates.
(iii) The salts of nitric acid are called nitrates.
(iv) The salts of carbonic acid are called carbonates.
(v) The salts of acetic acid are called acetates.
The names and formulae of some of the bases and acids, and the salts formed from them are given below:
Base Acid Salt
1. Sodium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid  Sodium chloride

(NaOH) (HC1) (NaC1)
2. Sodium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid  Sodium sulphate

(NaOH) (H2 SO4 ) (Na 2 SO4 )
3. Potassium hydroxide + Nitric acid  Potassium nitrate

(KOH) (HNO 3 ) (KNO 3 )
4. Ammonium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid  Ammonium chloride

(NH4OH) (HC1) (NH4 C1)
5. Sodium hydroxide + Carbonic acid  Sodium carbonate

(NaOH) (H2CO3) (Na2CO3)
Salts can be of three types: (i) Neutral salts (ii) Acidic salts, and (iii) Basic salts.
KEY POINTS
 Acids are sour in taste and corrosive in nature
 Bases are bitter in taste and soapy to touch
 Substance which shows a change in colour when brought in contact with acids and bases are
called indicators.
 Substances which are neither acidic nor basic are called neutral.
 Water soluble bases are called alkali.
 When an acid reacts with a base it results in the formation of salt and water. This reaction is
known as neutralization reaction
 Neutralization reactions are commonly observed in our everyday life.

NCERT QUESTIONS
1. State differences between acids and bases.
2. Ammonia is found in many household products, such as window cleaners. It turns red litmus blue.
What is its nature?
3. Name the source from which litmus solution is obtained. What is the use of this solution?
4. Is the distilled water acidic/basic/neutral? How would you verify it?
5. Describe the process of neutralisation with the help of an example.
6. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:

(i) Nitric acid turn red litmus blue. (T/F)
(ii) Sodium hydroxide turns blue litmus red. (T/F)
(iii) Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid neutralise each other and form salt and water. (T/F)
(iv) Indicator is a substance which shows different colours in acidic and basic solutions. (T/F)
(v) Tooth decay is caused by the presence of a base. (T/F)
7. Dorji has a few bottles of soft drink in his restaurant. But, unfortunately, these are not labelled. He
has to serve the drinks on the demand of customers. One customer wants acidic drink, another
wants basic and third one wants neutral drink. How will Dorji decide which drink is to be served to
whom?
8. Explain why:
(a) An antacid tablet is taken when you suffer from acidity.
(b) Calamine solution is applied on the skin when an ant bites.
(c) Factory waste is neutralised before disposing it into the water bodies.
9. Three liquids are given to you. One is hydrochloric acid, another is sodium hydroxide and third is a
sugar solution. How will you identify them? You have only turmeric indicator.
10. Blue litmus paper is dipped in a solution. It remains blue. What is the nature of the solution? Explain.
11. Consider the following statements:

(a) Both acids and bases change colour of all indicators.
(b) If an indicator gives a colour change with an acid, it does not give a change with a base.
(c) If an indicator changes colour with a base, it does not change colour with an acid.
(d) Change of colour in an acid and a base depends on the type of the indicator.
Which of these statements are correct?
(i) All four (ii) a and d (iii) b and c (iv) only d

CBSE CORNER
1. Define indicators.
2. Give examples for natural indicator?
3. Give examples for synthetic indicators?
4. Define neutralization.
5. Define acids.
6. Define bases.
7. What are neutral substances?
8. Give examples for acidic substances?
9. Give examples for basic substances?
10. Which is the commonly used indicator?
Short Answer Questions Type
1. Ammonia is found in many household products, such as window cleaners. It turns red litmus blue.
What is its nature?
2. Is the distilled water acidic/basic/neutral? How would you verify it?
Medium Answer Questions Type
1. Name the source from which litmus solution is obtained. What is the use of this solution?
2. Blue litmus paper is dipped in a solution. It remains blue. What is the nature of the solution? Explain.
3. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:

(i) Nitric acid turns red litmus blue. (T/F)
(ii) Sodium hydroxide turns blue litmus red. (T/F)
(iii) Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid neutralize each other and form salt and water. (T/F)
(iv) Indicator is a substance which shows different colours in acidic and basic solutions. (T/F)
(v) Tooth decay is caused by the presence of a base. (T/F)
Long Answer Questions Type
1. State the differences between acids and bases.
2. Describe the process of neutralization with the help of an example.
3. Dorji has a few bottles of soft drink in his restaurant. But, unfortunately, these are not labeled. He
has to serve the drinks on the demand of customers. One customer wants acidic drink, another
wants basic and third one wants neutral drink. How will Dorji decide which drink is to be served to
whom?

4. Explain why:
(a) An antacid tablet is taken when you suffer from acidity.
(b) Calamine solution is applied on the skin when an ant bite’s.
(c) Factory waste is neutralized before disposing it into the water bodies.
6. Three liquids are given to you. One is hydrochloric acid, another is sodium hydroxide and the third is
a sugar solution. How will you identify them? You have only turmeric indicator.
LEVEL - I
1. Acid taste _______.

(A) bitter (B) Sour (C) both (A) & (B) (D) None of these
2. Chemical formula of sodium hydroxide is

(A) HCl (B) NH4OH (C) NaOH (D) KOH
3. In the following reaction, the salt formed is

NH4OH(aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ______ + 2H2O(l)
(A) NH4OH (B) (NH4)2 SO4 (C) (NH4)3PO4 (D) (NH4)2 S
4. In the following reaction, identify the products HCl + NaOH  _____+ H2O
(A) Sodium hydroxide (B) Hydrochloric acid (C) Water (D) Sodium chloride
5. Acid + Base  ________ + water

(A) Indicator (B) Salt (C) Atom (D) Molecule
6. Maleic acid is found in

(A) Grapes (B) Mango (C) Curd (D) Apple
7. Acid turn blue litmus

(A) Violet (B) Orange (C) Pink (D) Red
8. Which of the following is used for making baking powder

(A) NaCl (B) NaHCO3 (C) Na2CO3.10H2 O (D) CaCO3
9. The chemical name of common salt is

(A) Calcium chloride (B) Sodium chloride (C) Calcium carbonate (D) Calcium sulphate
10. Chemical name of HCl is
(A) Sodium hydroxide (B) Sodium chloride (C) Sodium Nitrate (D) Hydrochloric Acid

LEVEL - II
1. The term ‘Acidus’ means?

(A) Bitter (B) Sweet (C) Sour (D) None of these
2. Citric acid is found in

(A) Orange (B) Curd (C) Spinach (D) Grapes
3. Tartaric acid is found in

(A) Tamarind (B) Lemon (C) Amla (D) Orange
4. Calcium hydroxide is present in

(A) Soap (B) Window cleaner (C) Lime Water (D) None of these
5. Magnesium hydroxide is present in

(A) Lime water (B) Milk of magnesia (C) Soap (D) None of these
6. Ammonia hydroxide is present in

(A) Lime water (B) Window cleaner (C) Soap (D) None of these
7. NaOH is a/an
(A) Acid (B) Base (C) Salt (D) None of these
8. NaCl is a/an
(A) Acid (B) Salt (C) Base (D) None of these
9. Turmeric is an
(A) Artificial indicator (B) Natural indicator (C) Both A & B (D) None of these
10. Which of the following is used for washing clothes

(A) NaHCO3 (B) NaC1 (C) Na2CO3.10H2 O (D) CaCO3
LEVEL - III
1. The aqueous solution of one of the following will turn China rose indicator from light pink to green.
This solution is of :
(A) vinegar (B) baking soda (C) lemon juice (D) carbonic acid
2. Which of the following is a base?

(A) NaCl (B) KCl (C) KOH (D) All of these
3. When a basic solution is added to an indicator, a green colour is produced. The indicator should be :
(A) red litmus indicator (B) china rose indicator
(C) phenolphthalein indicator (D) turmeric indicator
4. Which of the following bases cannot be used as antacids ?

A. Sodium carbonate
B. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
C. Magnesium hydroxide
D. Sodium hydroxide
(A) A and B (B) B and C (C) A and D (D) B and D

5. The reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water is called :
(A) carbonation (B) hydrogenation (C) neutralization (D) titration
6. The dilute solutions of which of the following are not harmful to drink ?
A. Magnesium hydroxide
B. Potassium hydroxide
C. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
D. Sodium carbonate
(A) A and B (B) B and C (C) A and C (D) B and D
7. With which of the following ‘milk of Magnesia’ be reacted so as to have a neutralisation reaction?
(A) baking soda (B) vinegar (C) ammonia solution (D) quicklime
8. When an ant stings a person, it injects a liquid into the skin of the person which contains :
(A) acetic acid (B) calcium hydroxide
(C) formic acid (D) potassium hydroxide
9. The two indicators which give red or pink colour on adding a basic solution are:
A. China rose indicator
B. Turmeric indicator
C. Phenolphthalein indicator
D. Blue litmus indicator
(A) A and B (B) B and C (C) C and D (D) A and D
10. When an ant stings a person, it causes a burning pain. Which of the following should be rubbed on
the stung area of skin to get relief?
(A) lemon juice (B) baking soda solution
(C) vinegar solution (D) formic acid solution
COMPETITIVE CORNER
1. Which one of the following type of medicine is used-for treating indigestion?
(A) Antibiotic (B) Analgestic (C) Antacid (D) Antiseptic
2. A blue litmus turns red when react with

(A) Salt (B) base (C) acid (D) All of these
3. Which of the following is not a characteristic of base

(A) Sour in taste
(B) Red litmus change to blue
(C) Exothermic when reaction with water
(D) To evolve hydrogen gas when react with metal
4. Name the acid present in Lemon Juice

(A) Acetic acid (B) Citric acid (C) Propanoic acid (D) Sodium carbonate

5. Milk of magnesia has

(A) Acidic nature (B) basic nature (C) Amphoteric nature (D) neutral
6. Stomach secretes
(A) H2SO4 (B) HCl (C) CH3 COOH (D) NHO3
7 ………is the product formed in neutralization reaction

(A) Acid (B) Base (C) Salt (D) Alkali
8. Which indicator will produce a pink colour on adding a few drops of sodium hydroxide solution?
(A) blue litmus (B) phenolphthalein (C) turmeric paper (D) china rose indicator
9. Which of the following is a mineral acid?

(A) citric acid (B) acetic acid (C) carbonic acid (D) oxalic acid
10 ……….turns phenolphthalein indicator to colourless

(A) Acid (B) base (C) KOH (D) all
Match the Following

1. Match the column I with column II
Column - I Column – II
a) Vinegar i) Natural indicators
b) Lime water ii) Manmade indicators
c) Milk of Magnesia iii) Acetic acid
d) China rose, turmeric iv) Mg(OH)2
e) Methyl orange, Phenolphthalein v) Ca(OH)2
Fill in the Blanks

1. When acid and base react ……… and …….are formed.
2 ……….are used to test acidic and basic nature of solution.
3. Calamine solution contains……………..
4. Acid turn ………….litmus to …………….. .
5. Bases are……….. in taste
6. The reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water is called………..
7. Vinegar contains ……………..acid.
8. Neutral substances are neither …………………..nor ……………………… in nature
9. Litmus, turmeric and China rose petals are ………………… indicator.
10. Acid + Base …………………….. + Water + Heat


NCERT QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1. The difference between acids and bases are given below
Acids Bases
(i) Acids are sour in taste. (i) Bases are bitter in taste.
(ii) It turns litmus paper red. (ii) It turns litmus paper blue.
(iii) It doesn’t change the colour of (iii) It changes the colour of turmeric
turmeric indicator. indicator to red.
(iv) It doesn’t feel soapy on touching. (iv) It feels soapy on touching.
2. Ammonia turns red litmus blue so it is basic in nature.
3. Litmus solution is obtained from lichens dissolved in distilled water. It is used to detect the acidic and
basic characteristic of a substance as it changes its colour to red in acidic medium and into blue in
basic medium.
4. The distilled water is neutral.

Litmus paper can be used to verify whether the distilled water acidic/ basic/ neutral.
Distilled water doesn’t changes the colour of blue or red litmus paper. So, it is neutral in nature.
5. When an acid solution and a base solution are mixed in suitable amounts both the solutions neutralise
the effect of each other and a new substance salt is formed. This process is called neutralisation.
When the solution of sodium hydroxide (a base) and hydrochloric acid (an acid) is mixed in test tube
in proper ratio, both neutralize each other. In this reaction, a new substance sodium chloride is
formed. The mixture obtain is neutral in nature which can be justified by litmus solution or
phenolphthalein solution. The reaction can be written as:
Hydrochloric acid(HCl) + Sodium hydroxide(NaOH)  Sodium Chloride(NaCl) + Water (H2O)
6. (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T (v) F
7. Dorji will take red and blue litmus paper and dip it into every bottles of soft drink. The drink in which
red litmus paper turnes blue is bottle of basic drink. The drink in which blue litmus paper turns red is
bottle of acidic drink.The drink in which both litmus paper show no changes in colour is of neutral
drink.
8. (a) Excessive amount of acids in stomach causes pain and antacids prove relief from that
pain. Antacids neutralises the effect of excessive acid as it is a base and acts against the acids.
(b) When an ant bites, it injects the acidic liquid (formic acid) into the skin. Calamine solution
contains zinc carbonate which neutralises the effect of acid injected by the ant.
(c) Factory waste is neutralised before disposing it into the water bodies because these wastes
contain chemicals and harmful acids which may be harmful for the aquatic life and also its leads
to pollution of water.

9. Dip the turmeric indicator in each liquids. The liquid in which the colour of turmeric indicator changes
to red is basic in nature i.e. sodium hydroxide. Since, we already identified sodium hydroxide. We
will pour the sodium hydroxide in other two bottles. The liquid which get warm after pouring the
sodium hydroxide(base) in it is of hydrochloric acid as heat gets evolved in the neutralisation process.
The last one which shows no effect is liquid of sugar solution.
10. The above solution could be a base or a neutral solution because blue litmus paper doesn’t change
its colour in the neutral as well as basic solution.
11. (iv) only d
CBSE CORNER
1. Solutions of substances that show different colour in acidic, basic and neutral solutions are called indicators
2. Litmus paper , China rose , Turmeric indicators.
3. Methyl orange, Phenolphthalein indicators.
4. The reaction between an acid and a base is known as neutralization.
5.. Substances which are sour in taste are called acids.
6. Substances which are bitter in taste and soapy to touch are called bases.
7. Substances which are neither acidic nor basic in nature are called neutral substances. Example water.
8. Vinegar, curd, lemon juice etc.
9. Milk of Magnesia, Cleaning solution etc.
10. Litmus paper.
Short Answer Questions Type
1. Ammonia is basic in nature as it turns the colour of red litmus paper to blue.
2. Distilled water is neutral in nature. The same can be verified by using red and blue litmus papers.
Neither will show a colour change with distilled water. This proves that distilled water is neutral.
Medium Answer Questions Type
1. Litmus solution is obtained from lichens. A natural dye extracted from lichens is dissolved in distilled
water to obtain litmus solution. It is used as an indicator to distinguish between acids and bases.
Solution Colour of litmus solution
Acidic Red
Basic Blue
Neutral No change
2. We know that basic and neutral solutions do not change the colour of blue litmus paper. Since blue litmus
remains blue after dipping in the solution, the solution is either basic or neutral in nature. Put a drop of
this solution on a red litmus paper. If it turns blue, then the above solution is basic in nature and if no
colour change occurs, then it is neutral.
3. l) False 2) False 3)True 4) True 5) False

Long Answer Questions Type

1. ACIDS BASES
1. These are sour to taste 1. These are bitter to taste
2. Acids turns blue litmus to red. 2. Bases do not change the colour of blue litmus
3. Bases turn red litmus to blue 3. Acids do not change the colour of red litmus
4. With china rose indicator, these give 4. Bases give green colour with china rose indicator
dark pink colour
5. Acids do not change the Colour of 5. Bases turn the colour of turmeric indicator to red.
turmeric indicator
2. The reaction between an acid and a base is known as neutralization reaction. In this reaction, both acid
and base cancel each other’s effect. Neutralization reaction results in the formation of salt and water.
During this reaction, energy is released in the form of heat.
Acid + Base Salt + Water + Heat
For example, when sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is added to hydrochloric acid (HCI), sodium chloride
(NaCl) and water (H20) are obtained.
NaOH(aq) + HC1(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(aq) + Heat
Sodium Hydrochloric Sodium Water
hydroxide acid chloride
3. 1)False 2) False 3)True 4) True 5) False
4. Since the drinks are edible, Dorji can take the decision by tasting the drinks. Acidic drinks will be sour to
taste whereas basic drinks will be bitter to taste and neutral drinks will have no taste. If Dorji has litmus
indicator (solution or paper), then he can take its help. He should put one drop of each drink on blue
litmus paper. If the colour of the litmus paper changes to red, then it is an acidic drink. Out of the
remaining drinks, some are acidic and some are neutral. Again, he should put one drop of the remaining
drinks on red litmus paper. If the colour changes to blue, then it is basic and the others are neutral. In this
way, he can serve all the three customers their respective drinks.
5. (a) This is because during acidity, an excess of acids is produced in the stomach. An antacid contains
base, such as milk of magnesia. These bases react with excess of acids and neutralize their effect,
thus giving us relief.
(b) When an ant bites, it injects formic acid into the skin. Calamine solution contains zinc carbonate
which is basic in nature. Therefore, it is applied on the skin to neutralize the effect of formic acid.
(c) Factory wastes contain acids. Therefore, these wastes, when thrown directly to water bodies, harm
aquatic lives. Hence, these wastes are neutralized with basic chemicals before disposing to water
bodies.

6. We will put a drop each of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sugar solution on the turmeric
indicator. The liquid which changes the colour of turmeric indicator to red is basic in nature, that is,
sodium hydroxide.
Now, add NaOH to the remaining two test tubes containing HCl and Sugar solution.
Test tube-1: The solution containing mixture of sugar & turmeric on adding NaOH changed to red
colour. This indicates given solution is sugar.
Test tube-2: The solution containing mixture of HC1 & turmeric on adding NaOH no change in colour.
This indicates given solution is HC1.
Turmeric
NaOH  Turns to Re d.
Turmeric NaOH
HCl  No change  No change
Turmeric NaOH
Sugar  No change  Turns to Re d
LEVEL - I
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (B)

6. (D) 7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (D)
LEVEL - II
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (B)
6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (C)
LEVEL - III
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (C)
6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (B)
COMPETITIVE CORNER
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B)
6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (A)
MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1) a - iii; b - v; c - iv; d- i; e - ii
FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. Salt, water 2. Indicators 3. Zinc carbonate
4. blue, red 5. bitter 6. Neutralization reaction
7. acetic 8. acidic, basic 9. Natural
10. salt


NCERT EXERCISE
1. The correct way of making a solution of acid in water is to
(a) add water to acid.
(b) add acid to water.
(c) mix acid and water simultaneously.
(d) add water to acid in a shallow container.
2. Products of a neutralisation reaction are always
(a) an acid and a base. (b) an acid and a salt.
(c) a salt and water. (d) a salt and a base.
3. Turmeric is a natural indicator. On adding its paste to acid and base separately, which colours
would be observed
(a) Yellow in both acid and base. (b) Yellow in acid and red in base.
(c) Pink in acid and yellow in base. (d) Red in acid and blue in base.
4. Phenolphthalein is a synthetic indicator and its colours in acidic and basic solutions, respectively
ar e
(a) red and blue. (b) blue and red.
(c) pink and colourless. (d) colourless and pink
5. When the soil is too basic, plants do not grow well in it. To improve its quality what must be
added to the soil?
(a) Organic matter (b) Quick lime
(c) Slaked lime (d) Calamine solution
6. ‘Litmus’, a natural dye is an extract of which of the following?
(a) China rose (Gudhal) (b) Beetroot
(c) Lichen (d) Blue berries (Jamun)
7. Neutralisation reaction is a
(a) physical and reversible change. (b) physical change that cannot be reversed.
(c) chemical and reversible change. (d) chemical change that cannot be reversed.
8. A solution changes the colour of turmeric indicator from yellow to red. The solution is
(a) basic (b) acidic (c) neutral (d) either neutral or acidic
9. Which of the following set of substances contain acids?
(a) Grapes, lime water (b) Vinegar, soap
(c) Curd, milk of magnesia (d) Curd, vinegar
10. On adding phenolphthalein indicator to a colourless solution, no change is observed. What is the
nature of this solution?
(a) Basic (b) Either acidic or basic
(c) Either acidic or neutral (d) Either basic or neutral
11. Which of the following is an acid-base indicator?
(a) Vinegar (b) Lime water (c) Turmeric (d) Baking soda


12. Look at the given reaction.
Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide (base)  Sodium chloride (salt) + Water
Sodium chloride formed in this reaction remains in solution form. Can we get solid sodium
chloride from this solution? Suggest a method (if any).
13. State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
(a) All substances are either acidic or basic.
(b) A compound if acidic will turn all indicators red.
(c) Lime water turns red litmus blue.
(d) Common salt dissolved in water turns blue litmus red.
(e) Phenolphthalein is a natural indicator.
(f) Calamine can be used to treat ant’s sting.
(g) Lemon water is basic in nature.
14. Paheli is suffering from indigestion due to acidity. Is it advisable to give her orange juice in this
situation and why?

15. Look at Figure 5.1 which shows solutions taken in test tubes A,B,C and D. What colour is
expected when a piece of red litmus paper is dropped in each test tube? Nature of the solutions
is given in the table for your help.

16. While playing in a park, a child was stung by a wasp. Some elders suggested applying paste of
baking soda and others lemon juice as remedy. Which remedy do you think is appropriate and
why?
17. Form a sentence using the following words – baking soda, ant bite, moist, effect, neutralised,
rubbing.
18. Match the substances in Column I with those in Column II.

Column I Column II
(a) Tartaric acid (i) soap
(b) Calcium hydroxide (ii) curd
(c) Formic acid (iii) unripe mangoes
(d) Sodium hydroxide (iv) ant’s sting
(e) Lactic acid (v) lime water
19. Fill the blanks in the following sentences
(a) Lemon juice and vinegar taste because they contain .
(b) Turmeric and litmus are acid-base indicators.
(c) Phenolphthalein gives colour with lime water.
(d) When an acidic solution is mixed with a basic solution, they each other forming and water.
20. Boojho, Paheli and their friend Golu were provided with a test tube each containing China rose
solution which was pink in colour. Boojho added two drops of solution ‘A’ in his test tube and
got dark pink colour. Paheli added 2 drops of solution ‘B’ to her test tube and got green colour.
Golu added 2 drops of solution ‘C’ but could not get any change in colour. Suggest the possible
cause for the variation in their results.

21. Fill in the cross word given as Figure 5.2 with the help of the clues provided.
Across
(2) The solution which does not change the colour of either red or blue litmus.
(4) Phenolphthalein gives pink colour in this type of solution.
(7) Colour of blue litmus in lemon juice.
Down
(1) It is used to test whether a substance is acidic or basic.
(3) It is a natural indicator and gives pink colour in basic solution.
(5) Nature of ant’s sting.
(6) It is responsible for increase in temperature during a neutralisation reaction.
22. A farmer was unhappy because of his low crop yield. He discussed the problem with an
agricultural scientist and realised that the soil of his field was either too acidic or too basic.
What remedy would you suggest the farmer to neutralise the soil?
23. You are provided with four test tubes containing sugar solution, baking soda solution, tamarind
solution, salt solution. Write down an activity to find the nature (acidic/basic/neutral) of each
solution.
24. You are provided with three test tubes A, B and C as shown in Figure 5.3 with different liquids.
What will you observe when you put
(a) a piece of blue litmus paper in each test tube.
(b) a piece of red litmus paper in each test tube.
(c) a few drops of phenolphthalein solution to each test tube.

25. Paheli observed that most of the fish in the pond of her village were gradually dying. She
also observed that the waste of a factory in their village is flowing into the pond which
probably caused the fish to die.
(a) Explain why the fish were dying.
(b) If the factory waste is acidic in nature, how can it be neutralised?
26. Explain two neutralisation reactions related to daily life situation.

Class VII: Physical and Chemical Changes Chemistry
There are several differences between a physical and chemical change in matter or substances.
A change in which no new substances are formed and can be reversed using physical ways is called a
physical change.
Also a change in which new substances are formed and cannot be reversed by physical methods is called as
a chemical change.
For example, if a piece of paper is cut into small pieces, it still remains paper. This would be a physical
change, as the only change is in the shape and size of the paper. If the same piece of paper is burned, it is
burnt up into different substances that are not paper, and changes the chemical properties.
Physical change can be reversed, chemical changes cannot be reversed with the substance changed back
without extraordinary means, if at all. For example, a cup of water can be frozen when cooled and then can
be returned to a liquid form when heated.
If one decides to mix sugar into water to make sugar water, this would be a physical change as the water
could be left out to evaporate and the sugar crystals would remain. However, if one made a recipe for a
cake with flour, water, sugar and other ingredients and baked them together, it would take extraordinary
means to separate the various ingredients out to their original form.
When heat is given off in a chemical change or reaction, it is called an exothermic reaction. When heat is
absorbed in a chemical change or reaction, it is called an endothermic reaction.
Physical and chemical change can take place together. A common example is the burning of candle. The
melting of wax and solidification of molten wax are physical changes. The burning of molten wax is a
chemical change (due to which the size of candle reduces with time).
Difference between Physical and Chemical Change.
Physical Change Chemical Change
i) It is a temporary change i) It is a permanent change
ii) Occurs due to change in physical properties ii) Occurs due to change in chemical properties of
of the substance substance
iii) No new substance is formed iii) New substance is formed
iv) Can be reversed by physical methods v) Cannot be reversed by physical methods

DEFINITIONS
1. Physical Change: A change in which no new substance is formed.
2. Chemical Change: A change in which new substances are formed.
3. Rusting: The conversion of iron into iron oxide due to exposure with air and moisture is called
rusting.
4. Crystallisation: The process of obtaining a pure salt from its impure fraction is called
crystallisation.
5. Galvanisation: The process of coating iron objects with zinc to prevent corrosion.
LEVEL - I
1. Write true/false for the following statement:
i) With a physical change, no new substance is formed.
ii) With chemical change, no change in composition of substance occurs.
iii) With a physical change, energy is either given off or absorbed.
iv) A chemical change can be easily reversed.
v) A catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction.
2. Fill in the Blanks
i) Coating of iron objects with zinc is called ______________.
ii) Burning of coal is a ______________ change.
iii) Melting of wax is a ______________ change.
iv) Pure crystals of salt are obtained by ______________.
v) Dissolving sugar in water is ______________ change.
vi) ______________ is given out or absorbed during a chemical change.
vii) When CO2 is passed through ______________ it becomes milky.
viii) Burning of magnesium ribbon forms ______________.
3. Which of the following is an reversible change?
(a) Burning of wax (b) Melting of wax
(c) Curdling of milk (d) Cooking of food
4. Which of the following is not a reversible change?
(a) Melting of iron (b) Freezing of water
(c) Burning of kerosene (d) Water into steam

5. During which of the following changes are new substances formed?

(a) Melting (b) Sublimation
(c) Evaporation (d) Rusting
6. Rusting takes place in
(a) air free moisture (b) moisture free air
(c) moist air (d) none of these
7. Anaerobic bacteria digest animal waste and produce biogas (Change A). The biogas is then burnt as
fuel (Change B). The following statements pertain to these changes. Choose the correct one.
(a) Process A is a chemical change
(b) Process B is a chemical change
(c) Both processes A and B are chemical changes
(d) None of these process is a chemical change
8. Which of the following is a chemical change?
(a) Boiling of water (b) Tearing of newspaper
(c) Cooking vegetable (d) Freezing water into ice
LEVEL - II
1. Formation of gas bubbles is ______.
(a) a physical change (b) a chemical change
(c) a physical property (d) a chemical property
2. Any characteristic that gives a sample of matter the ability / inability to undergo a change that alters
its composition it is called
(a) Physical change (b) Chemical change
(c) Physical property (d) Chemical property
3. A man painted his main gate made up of iron, to
(i) prevent it from rusting (ii) protect it from sun
(iii) make it look beautiful (iv) make it dust free
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) (ii) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) Only (ii) (d) (i) and (iii)
4. Paheli mother made a concentrated sugar syrup by dissolving sugar in hot water. On cooling, crystals
of sugar got separated. This indicates a
(a) physical change that can be reversed (b) chemical change that can be reversed
(c) physical change that cannot be reversed (d) chemical change that cannot be reversed

5. Which of the following statement is incorrect for a chemical reaction?

(a) Heat may be given out but never absorbed
(b) Sound may be produced
(c) A colour change may take place
(d) A gas may be evolved
6. Which of these is a chemical change?

(a) A substance with different chemical properties is formed
(b) A substance is a different state but similar chemical properties is formed
(c) The molecules of the substances do not undergo any change
(d) A substance with a different shape and size but similar chemical properites is formed
7. Two drops of dilute sulphuric acid were added to 1 g of copper sulphate powder and then small
amount of hot water was added to dissolve it (step 1). On cooling beautiful blue coloured crystals got
separated (step II). Step I and Step II are:
(a) physical and chemical changes respectively
(b) chemical and physical changes respectively
(c) both physical changes
(d) both chemical changes


LEVEL - I
1. (i) True (ii) False (iii) True (iv) False (v) True
2. (i) galvanisation (ii) chemical (iii) physical
(iv) crystallisation (v) physical (vi) Heat
(vii) lime water (viii) magnesium oxide
3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c)
8. (c)
LEVEL - II
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a)

6. (a) 7. (b)


NCERT Question
1. Which of the following is a physical change?
(a) Rusting of iron (b) Combustion of magnesium ribbon
(c) Burning of candle (d) Melting of wax
2. Which of the following is a chemical change?
(a) Twinkling of stars (b) Cooking of vegetables
(c) Cutting of fruits (d) Boiling of water
3. A chemical change may involve –
(a) change in colour only (b) change in temperature only
(c) evolution of gas only (d) any or all of the above
4. Which of the following is/are true when milk changes into curd?
(i) Its state is changed from liquid to semi solid.
(ii) It changes colour.
(iii) It changes taste.
(iv) The change cannot be reversed.
Choose the correct option from below :
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct (b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct (d) (i) to (iv) are correct
5. A man painted his main gate made up of iron, to
(i) prevent it from rusting.
(ii) protect it from sun.
(iii) make it look beautiful.
(iv) make it dust free.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (c) only (ii) (d) (i) and (iii)
6. Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar in Delhi is famous for the following facts. Which of these
facts is responsible for its long stability?
(a) It is more than 7 metres high.
(b) It weighs about 6000 kg.
(c) It was built more than 1600 years ago.
(d) It has not rusted after such a long period.
7. Galvanisation is a process used to prevent the rusting of which of the following?
(a) Iron (b) Zinc (c) Aluminium (d) Copper

8. Paheli’s mother made a concentrated sugar syrup by dissolving sugar in hot water. On cooling,
crystals of sugar got separated. This indicates a –
(a) physical change that can be reversed.
(b) chemical change that can be reversed.
(c) physical change that cannot be reversed.
(d) chemical change that cannot be reversed.
9. Which of the following statement is incorrect for a chemical reaction?
(a) Heat may be given out but never absorbed.
(b) Sound may be produced.
(c) A colour change may take place.
(d) A gas may be evolved.
10. Two drops of dilute sulphuric acid were added to 1 g of copper sulphate powder and then
small amount of hot water was added to dissolve it (step I). On cooling, beautiful blue
coloured crystals got separated (step II). Step I and step II are:
(a) physical and chemical changes respectively.
(b) chemical and physical changes respectively.
(c) both physical change.
(d) both chemical change.
11. State whether the following statements are true or false:
(a) When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes take place.
(b) Anaerobic bacteria digest animal waste and produce biogas.
(c) Ships suffer a lot of damage though they are painted.
(d) Stretching of rubber band is not a physical change.
12. Melting of wax is a change where a solid changes to liquid state. Give one more such change.
which you observe in your surroundings.
13. What kind of change is shown by tearing of paper?
14. Match the items of Column I with the items of Column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Large crystals (i) Turns lime water milky
(b) Depositing a layer of zinc on iron (ii) Physical change
(c) Souring of milk (iii) Rust
(d) Carbon dioxide (iv) Sugar candy (Mishri)
( e) Iron oxide (v) Chemical change
(f) Dissolving common salt in water (vi) Galvanisation

15. Fill in the blanks in the following statements using the words given in the box.
rusted, colourful, substance, chemical, physical,
reversible, iron oxide, object
(a) Making sugar solution is a change.
(b) A physical change is generally .
(c) Grinding of wheat grain changes its size. It is a change.
(d) Iron benches kept in lawns and gardens get_______. It is a change because a new
is formed.
16. Classify the following processes into physical or chemical changes:
(i) Beating of aluminium metal to make aluminium foil.
(ii) Digestion of food.
(iii) Cutting of a log of wood into pieces.
(iv) Burning of crackers.
17. Write word equations for two chemical reactions with the help of materials given in the box.
Air, copper sulphate, iron, vinegar, iron oxide, carbon dioxide, iron sulphate, copper,
lime water, water
18. Explain the following:
(a) Lime water turns milky on passing carbon dioxide gas into it.
(b) Bubbles are produced when acetic acid is added to a solution of sodium hydrogen
carbonate.
19. Give two examples for each of the following cases:
(a) Physical changes which are reversible.
(b) Physical changes which are not reversible.
(c) Chemical changes.
20. Give an example of a chemical reaction for each of the following situations:
(a) A change in colour is observed.
(b) A gas is evolved.
(c) Sound is produced.
21. If you leave a piece of iron in the open for a few days, it acquires a film of brownish
substance, called rust.
(a) Do you think rust is different from iron?
(b) Can you change rust back into iron by some simple method?
(c) Do you think formation of rust from iron is a chemical change?
(d) Give two other examples of a similar type of change.
22. A student took a solution of copper sulphate in a beaker and put a clean iron nail into it and
left it for about an hour.
(a) What changes do you expect?
(b) Are these changes chemical in nature?
(c) Write a word equation for the chemical change, if any.

All the elements found on the earth can be divided into Metals and Non-metals. Metals generally have one
or two or three electrons in their outermost shell. While non-metals have four or more than four to seven
electrons in their outer most shell. Elements can be classified as metals or non-metals on the basis of their
properties.
Physical Properties of Elements
 Appearance
 Density
 Melting and boiling point
 Conductivity of heat and electricity
 Tensile strength (resistnace to bending)
 Malleability (ability to beaten into sheets)
 Ductility (ability to draw into a wire)
Metals are found on the left hand side of the Periodic Table while non-metals are found on the right hand
side. Metal atoms therefore lose one or two or three electrons and become positively charged ions called
cations. Non metals contain four, five, six or seven electrons in their outermost shell. So they gain electrons
to form negatively charged ions called anions. There are elements like Antimony and Arsenic whose properties
resemble those of both metals and nonmetals. Such substances are called Metalloids.
 When the minerals contain a very high percentage of a particular metal which can be profitably
extracted from it, then such minerals are called ores.
 Aluminium is the most abundant metal which constitutes 8.1% of the Earth’s crust while Fe is the
second most abundant metal which constituted 5% of the Earth’s crust.
 Oxygen is the most abundant element that makes 46.6% of Earth’s crust.
 Silicon (metalloid) is second most abundant element that form 27.7% earth’s crust.

Class VII: Metals and Non-Metals Chemistry
Property Metallic Elements Non-Metallic Elements

Appearance Lustrous Dull
Density Moderate to high Low to moderate
Physical State (25°C, 101.3 kPa) Solid (except mercury) Solid, liquid or gas
which is a liquid
Melting and Boiling Point Moderate to high Wide range
Heat and Electrical Conductivity Good Poor (except graphite)
Tensile strength (resistance to bending) High Brittle
Malleability (rolled into sheets) Malleable Not malleable
Ductility (drawn into wire) Ductile Not ductile
Position of Metallic and Non-Metallic Elements in the Periodic Table
Metals Metals occur on the left hand side of the Periodic Table
Non-metals Non-metals occur on the right handside of the Periodic Table
Semi-metals (metalloids) Semi-metals with properties in between metals and non-metals occur
between these two groups. (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te)
Metals
 Most metals are solids at room temperature except mercury which is liquid.
 Most metals have high densities because their atoms form close clusters.
 Most metals shine and can be easily polished.
 Metals are malleable or can be hammered into thin sheets. They are also ductile or can be drawn into
thin wires except sodium and pottasium
 Metals are sonorous because they produce sound when struck.
 Most metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
 Metals combine with oxygen to produce basic oxides.
4Na + O2  2Na2O
 Metals react with water to form oxides and hydroxides.
Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2
Mg + H2O  MgO + H2
 Metals react with dilute hydrochloric and sulphuric acids to produce salt and hydrogen.
2Na + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2
2Na + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2

 More reactive metals displace less reactive metal from their salts in the order shown in electrochemical
series. Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
 Metals react with chlorine to form metal chlorides.
Ca + Cl2  CaCl2
Non-metals
 Many non-metals are liquids or gases at room temperature.
 Non-metals look dull. Many of them are coloured.
 Non-metals are neither malleable nor ductile.
 They do not produce sound when struck.
 They are bad conductors of heat and electricity except graphite.
 Non-metals combine with oxygen to produce acidic or neutral oxides.
2N2 + O2  2N2O (Acidic oxides) 2C + O2 2CO (Neutral oxide)
S + O2  SO2 (Acidic oxide)
 Non-metals cannot displace hydrogen from dilute acids and water. Thus they do not react with them.
 Non-metals react with hydrogen to form covalent compounds.
H2 + S  H2S
 Non-metals react with chlorine to form covalent chlorides.
P4 + 6C12  4PC13
Alloys
Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of two or more metals (or a metal & small amounts of non-metals).
Alloys are prepared by mixing various metals in the molten (fused) state and then cooling the mixture
to the room temperature.
For Example : Brass is an alloy of Copper & Zinc; Bronze is an alloy of Copper & Tin; Solder is
an alloy of Lead & Tin ; steel is an alloy of Iron, Chromium, Nickel & some traces of Carbon. Other
examples include - Duralumin, Magnalium, Stainless steel etc.
Reactivity of Metals :
 Due to different chemical properties of all metals, they show difference in reactivity towards other
elements or compounds. The order of reactivity of metals describes the arrangement of metals in
increasing / decreasing order of their respective reactivity.
 The metals which are more reactive than Hydrogen, evolve Hydrogen when they react with water.

For example Na & K etc.
 The metals which are less reactive than hydrogen do not evolve hydrogen from water. For example
Cu, Ag etc.
 Reactivity series :
Metal Symbol
Very highly Potassium K React vigousously
reactive metals Sodium Na with water
Calcium Ca
Decreasing order of Reactivity

Magnesium Mg
Aluminium Al React slowly with
Less reactive metals Zinc Zn water
or moderately Iron Fe
reactive metals Nickel Ni
Lead Pb
Hydrogen H Non-Metal
Copper Cu
Mercury Hg Do not react with
Least reactive Silver Ag acids or water to
metals Gold Au give H2
Platinum Pt
 The metals placed above Hydrogen in the reactivity series can displace Hydrogen from dilute acids
or water but metals which are placed below Hydrogen cannot displace Hydrogen.
E.g., Mg(s)  2HCl(aq) 

 MgCl2  H2 
 A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal but a less reactive metal cannot displace
a more reactive metal from its salt solution.
E.g., Zn(s)  CuSO4 (aq) 

 Cu(s)  ZnSO4 (aq)
USES OF METALS
a) Iron: It is used in making pipes, tanks, cylinders, agricultural tools, nails, etc. Steel is used to make
bridges, ships, buildings, utensils and machine parts. Steel is formed by mixing iron with other elements.
(Ni and Cr)
b) Copper: It is a good conductor of heat and electricity. It is used in making electric wires, cables and
utensils.
c) Aluminium: It is light, strong and has high tensile strength. It is used to make bodies of aircraft,
automobiles, machine tools and parts.
d) Zinc: Zinc does not rust easily and is used to coat iron sheets by a process known as galvanisation.
e) Mercury: Its property of not wetting glass and expanding a lot when heated, makes it ideal for being
used in thermometers.

f) Silver: The lustre of this metal has made it popular for making jewellery. Things made of other metals
are often coated with a protective layer of silver by a process called electroplating.
g) Gold: Gold is used for making jewellery, electro-plating metals and in medicines. The purity of gold is
measured in carats. Pure gold is 24 carat.
USES OF NONMETALS
a) Carbon: Both graphite and diamond are allotropic forms of carbon. Graphite is used to make the lead of
pencil and crucibles. Diamond is used to make tools for cutting and grinding glass and rocks. It is also
used in jewellery.
b) Sulphur: Sulphur is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, gunpowder, dyes, matches and fireworks.
It is also used to treat rubber by a process called vulcanisation.
c) Phosphorus: Match-heads and fertilisers contain phosphorus.
d) Hydrogen: It is used to manufacture ammonia and hydrogen chloride. When vegetable oil is treated
with hydrogen, form vegetable, ghee (dalda). This process is known as hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
e) Silicon: It is a semiconductor. It is used to make water proof materials, polishes and as an insulator in
the electrical appliances.
f) Brass: It contains 60% copper and 40% zinc. It is used to make parts of telescopes and microscopes.
g) Bronze : It contains copper and tin. It is used to make statues, coins, bells and parts of some machines.
h) Solder: This alloy is made of lead and tin. It is used for joining electric wires.
i) Stainless steel : It consists of iron, carbon, chromium and nickel. It is used to make ships, bridges,
railway lines, machinery, buildings, etc.
j) Duralumin: It consists of aluminium, copper, magnesium and manganese. It is used to make bodies of
aeroplanes, automobiles, spacecraft, ships and pressure cookers.
Corrosion of metals
The slow destruction of material by chemical reaction is called corrosion (in the presence of water and
oxygen).
Preventing corrosion
1. Use paint or grease to prevent the contact with air,
2. Coating with another metal and
3. Alloying.
Metallurgy (Basics)
 The elementary state or the compounds in the form of which the metals occur in nature are called
minerals.

 Sandy and rocky impurities associated with the mineral are called gangue or matrix.
 The mineral from which the metal can be extracted conveniently and economically is called an ore.
“All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.”
 Obtaining metal from the ore is called the extraction of metals & various steps involved in the
extraction followed by refining of the metal is called Metallurgy.
 The choice of method for metallurgy depends on the following factors :
(a) nature of the ore.
(b) nature of the impurities present.
(c) nature of the metal (reactivity order) to be extracted.
 There are mainly 3 steps involved in the extraction :-
(a) Erichment of the ore / concentration of the ore.
(b) Extraction of the metal from the concentrated ore
(c) Refining of the impure metal.
Brief Overview of Metallurgy
REVISION AT A GLANCE
 Chemical elements are classified as metals and non-metals.
 Some metals as well as non-metals occur in free state.
 Metals display properties like metallic lustre, ducticity, hardness, malleability, conductivity, etc.
 Metals on combustion produce basic oxides.
 Generally non-metals are opposite to metals in physical and chemical properties.
 Non-metals are soft, non-lustrous, brittle and act as insulator in nature.
 Non-metals react with oxygen to produce acidic oxides.


LEVEL - I
1. A homogenous solid solution of two or more metals is
(a) Alloy (b) Allotropes (c) Isotopes (d) Isobars
2. Stainless steel is an alloy of

(a) Fe, Cr, C, Ni (b) Fe, Ni, C (c) Cu, Al (d) Fe, Al, Ni
3. Brass is an alloy of
(a) Cu, Sn (b) Cu, Zn (c) Cu, Al (d) Sn, Pb
4. The alloy in which copper is one of the component is

(a) bronze (b) steel (c) solder (d) nichrome
5. Copper and zinc are components of

(a) brass (b) invar (c) bell metal (d) alnico
6. The alloy which contains aluminium is

(a) nichrome (b) type metal (c) duralium (d) gunmetal
7. An alloy of Al and Mg is
(a) duralumin (b) t-metal (c) alnico (d) magnalium
8. Which of the following is not a property of aluminium?

(a) Good conductor of heat and electricity (b) It is malleable
(c) It is heavy (d) It is ductile
9. The metal which is soft is

(a) Na (b) Pb (c) Al (d) Cu
10. The metal with the lowest density is

(a) Mg (b) Li (c) Ag (d) Au
11. The metal which is liquid at room temperature is

(a) Hg (b) Mg (c) Ag (d) Mn
12. Tungsten is used in electric bulbs because

(a) it is sonorous (b) high melting point
(c) it has high tensile strength (d) it has high density
LEVEL - II
1. The nonmetal which is a conductor of electricity is
(a) silicon (b) sulphur (c) graphite (d) phosphorus
2. Metals combine with oxygen to form_______________oxides.

(a) acidic (b) basic (c) amphoteric (d) none

3. Metals react with water to form oxides or hydroxides and _____________

(a) hydrogen (b) oxygen (c) carbon dioxide (d) carbon monoxide
4. Metal which does not react even with steam

(a) potassium (b) iron (c) magnesium (d) silver
5. Metals displace____________from HCl and H2SO4 .

(a) SO2 (b) O 2 (c) Cl2 (d) H 2
6. Amphoteric oxides are those which have

(a) Acidic oxides (b) Both acidic and basic properties
(c) Basic oxides (d) None of the above
7. When a metal MA reacts with metal MB, it displaces MB, while metal MC replaces MA from its salt,
so the activity order will be
(a) MA > MB > MC (b) MC > MB > MA (c) MC > MA > MB (d) MB > MA > MC
8. When metal reacts with water and a burning matchstick is brought to the mouth of the vessel in
which reaction is taking place, a ‘pop’ sound is produced. The shows the
(a) Evolution of oxygen gas (b) Evolution of hydrogen gas
(c) Evolution of sulphur (d) Evolution of chlorine gas
9. When a metal is displaced by another metal from its salt solution, the reaction is called as
(a) Combination reaction (b) Displacement reaction
(c) Addition reaction (d) Decomposition reaction
10. Select the correct one

(a) Alloys are heterogeneous mixture of two or more metals
(b) Gold is less reactive element than iron
(c) Metals are always solid in nature
(d) All are correct
11. Metal  e  
 Cation
(Metal)
Which property of metal is shown here?

(a) Amphoteric nature (b) Property to lose electron
(c) Non-reactive nature of metal (d0 Property to gain electron
Comprehension Type Questions
Comprehension 1: When a metal reacts with water it evolves hydrogen gas with the formation of metal
oxide or metal hydroxide.
Metal  H 2 O 
 Metal oxide  H 2 (gas) 
or
Metal hydroxide
More reactive metals give metal hydroxides, less reactive metals give metal oxides and the least reactive
metals do not react with water. For example, the order of reactivity of some metals is
K > Na > Al > Zn > Fe > Ni.

12. Which of the following metals gives metal hydroxide as a product with cold water?
(a) Al (b) Na (c) Fe (d) Zn
13. Metallic oxides are generally
(a) Neutral in nature (b) Acidic in nature (c) Basic in nature (d) Amphoteric in nature
14. Which of the following metals does not displace iron from iron sulphate solution?
(a) Ni (b) Al (c) Zn (d) Both Al and Ni
LEVEL - I
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b)
LEVEL - II
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a)


5
Introduction
Distribution on earth’s surface
Saline water (97%) Fresh Water (3%)

(Surface water - Oceans and Seas)
Surface Underground
water (70%) water (30%)
Rivers Lakes Swamps

(87%) (2%) (11%)
Physical properties
1. Colourless, odourless and tasteless
2. Freezes at 0ºC under normal pressure i.e. 76 cm of Hg.
3. Boils at 100ºC under normal pressure i.e. 760 mm of Hg.
4. Ice has lower density than water and continues to increase till the temperature rises to 4ºC i.e.
maximum density.
5. Specific heat (amount of heat required to raise temperature of unit mass of substance through 1ºC)
of pure water is 1 cal/g/ºC.
6. Latent heat of fusion (solid to liquid) - 80 cal/g.
7. Latent heat of vaporisation (liquid to vapours) - 540 cal/g.
8. Pure water is poor conductor of electricity, but presence of dissolved salts increases the conductivity.
9. It is known as universal solvent.
Sources of water
1. Surface water
Oceans and seas : 97% available on earth in the form of
oceans and seas. 2.5% common salt is dissolved in it, known
as saline water. Pure water
Sea Water
Desalination (Removal of salt) : Carried out by reverse (I) (II)
osmosis process.
Pure water from vessel (I) moves to the vessel (II) through
Semi permeable membrane
semi permeable membrane when the pressure is applied.
Rivers and Lakes : Rain water from high altitudes flows down and forms rivers. Proportion of
dissolved salts is less than saline water.
Rain water : Main source of natural water.

Class VII: Water Chemistry
2. Underground water
Part of rain water seeps into the soil and reaches bottom layers and fills some empty spaces and
rocks in deep layers of earth, it is known as infiltration and water is called underground water.
Water Cycle
The continuous process by which water is circulated throughout earth and atmosphere is called water
cycle. This process involves evaporation, condensation, precipitation and transpiration. It is also called
hydrological cycle.
Depletion of water table

Underground water is drawn out using various devices, water is again replenished by means of seepage
of water during rainy season. When there is imbalance between underground water and replenishment,
level of water table decreases.
Causes of depletion :
• Scanty rainfall
• Deforestation
• Increasing population
• Increasing industrialisation
• Increased agricultural activities
Hard and soft water
Soft water : Which forms lather with soap
Hard water : Which does not form lather (foam) with soap and forms a precipitate or scum.
Causes of hardness : Presence of bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium.
Types of Hardness :
1. Temporary : Due to presence of carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.
Can be removed by two methods :
(a) Boiling :

Ca  HCO3 2   CaCO3  H2O  CO2 
Carbonate can be removed by filtration.

(b) Clark’s method :

Addition of slaked lime to water either in solid or liquid form.
Ca  HCO3 2  Ca  OH 2 
 2CaCO3  2H 2 O 
slaked lime
2. Permanent : Due to the presence of sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium.
Can be removed by following methods :
(a) Addition of washing soda :
MgSO 4  Na 2 CO3 
 MgCO3   Na 2SO 4
Sodium salts are soluble in water and do not cause any hardness.
(b) Permutit process :
Water is passed through cylindrical tube filled with permutit  Na 2 Al2SiO 8 .xH 2 O . Calcium and
magnesium ions are replaced by sodium ions and water is said to be softened.
Potable water or Drinking water
Purification involves two steps :
(i) Removal of suspended impurities
(a) Sedimentation
(b) Addition of chemicals
(c) Filtration through sand and gravel
(ii) Removal of microorganisms by addition of bleaching powder which releases chlorine and helps in
killing the harmful bacteria.

Electrolysis of water
• Since pure water is poor conductor of
electricity, little amount of sulphuric acid is
added, this acidulated water on passage of
electricity decomposes to give hydrogen and
oxygen gas in 2 : 1 vol. ratio.
2 H2O  2 H2  O2
• Acidic water filled in 2 test tubes and
inverted over two iron nails which act as
electrodes. Nail connected to positive
terminal of battery is anode and the other
one is cathode.
• When electricity is passed, gases formed in
respective electrodes with the decrease in
volume of water.
IMPORTANT TIPS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS

1. Among different sources of water, rain water is considered to be the purest.
2. Though distilled water is a pure form of water we use potable water for drinking.
3. Specific heat of water is 1 cal/g/ºC is the highest for any known substance.
4. Density of water is maximum at 4ºC which is equal to 1g/cc.
5. The boiling point is directly proportional to external pressure.
6. Due to the presence of calcium and magnesium salts, water does not form lather and so much
water is called hard water.
7. Pollution of water is caused by defecation of living beings,industries, agricultural operations and
thermal power plants etc.
8. The volumentric composition of water is hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 : 1.
PART - I: MISCELLANEOUS DOMAIN

Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. What is the role of water in the evolution of aquatic life?
2. What is an aquifer?
3. Why is spring water used for medicinal purpose?
4. What is desalination?
5. Distinguish between temporary hardness and permanent hardness?
Short Answer Type Questions
6. What is meant by infiltration? Explain the role of infiltration in water management.
7. Give the characteristics of potable water.
8. Describe the various stages of purification of drinking water.
9. Give some causes of depletion of water table.
10. Draw a neat line sketch of water cycle.

Long Answer Type Questions

11. Explain water cycle and its role in rising the ground water table.
12. Explain the electrolysis of water in determining the volumentric composition of water with diagram.
13. (i) Mention the cause of water pollution.
(ii) Mention different types of pollutants.
(iii) Mention the control measures for water pollution.
Fill in the blanks
(i) Carbon dioxide on dissolution in water forms __________ .
(ii) __________ % of the total water available on the earth is saline water.
(iii) Watering plants by using narrow tubes is called __________ .
(iv) __________ is added to prevent evaporation of water.
(v) Water containing calcium bicarbonate produces __________ with soap.
True or False
(i) Hard water is fit for dying clothes.
(ii) Underground water is free from suspended impurities.
(iii) Salt is added to pure water to increase its electrical conductivity.
(iv) Specific heat of water is 1 cal/g/ºC.
(v) Permanent hardness is removed by Clark’s method.
Match the following
Column - A Column - B
A. Sedimentation (i) Softened water
B. Filtration (ii) Addition of Alum
C. Chlorination (iii) Removal of suspended impurities
D. Permutit (iv) Purification of drinking water
PART - II: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The salts of which among the pairs of metals cause greater water pollution?
(a) Calcium, aluminium (b) Mercury, cadmium
(c) Calcium, cadmium (d) Calcium, mercury
2. Density of water is less than 1g/cc _________ :
(a) At 4ºC (b) Above 4ºC (c) Below 4ºC (d) Both (b) and (c)
3. Which of the following terms is not related to underground water?
(a) Infiltration (b) Aquifer (c) Water table (d) Potable water
4. When the water gets converted to ice, its volume?
(a) Decreases (b) Increases
(c) Remains the same (d) Initially decreases and then increases

5. Which of the following dissolved gases are present in drinking water?

(a) Oxygen, nitric oxide (b) Oxygen, carbon monoxide
(c) Oxygen, carbon dioxide (d) Oxygen, hydrogen
6. Which of the following substances used in agriculture do not cause water pollution to large extent?
(a) Manures (b) Pesticides (c) Fertilizers (d) Insecticides
7. Which among the following types of water is poor conductor of electricity?
(a) Saline water (b) Tap water (c) River water (d) Distilled water
8. The pair of ions which do not cause hardness of water is :
(a) Sulphate, chloride
(b) Bicarbonate, chloride
(c) Bicarbonate, sulphate
(d) Nitrate, phosphate
9. Spring water usually contains :
(a) Dissolved salts (b) Minerals (c) Suspended impurities (d) Both (a) and (b)
10. When the temperatue of water rises from 0ºC to 10ºC, the density of water :
(a) Decreases gradually
(b) Decreases upto 4ºC and then increases
(c) Increases upto 4ºC and then decrease
(d) Increase gradually
11. The solvent water is used in the car radiators. Which of the following properties of water is
exploited?
(a) High solubility (b) Poor conductivity (c) Maximum density (d) High specific heat
12. The amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of 20g of water by 1ºC is :
(a) 10 cal (b) 20 cal (c) 15 cal (d) 2 cal
13. The volumentric composition of water is :
(a) 1 : 2 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen respectively
(b) 1 : 8 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen respectively
(c) 1 : 1 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen respectively
(d) 2 : 1 ratio of hydrogen and oxygen respectively


NCERT Question
1. Which of the following does not show water shortage?

(a) Taps running dry.
(b) Long queues for getting water.
(c) Marches and protests for demand of water.
(d) A family gets three buckets of water per person per day.
2. Seas and oceans are full of water on earth. However, a very small percentage of water
present on earth is available for us. This percentage is roughly
(a) 0.006%. (b) 0.06%. (c) 0.6%. (d) 6%.
3. Which of the following are not the liquid forms of water?
(i) Snow
(ii) Lake water
(iii) River water
(iv) Water vapour
(v) I c e
Choose the correct combination from the options below.
(a) (i), (iv) and (v) (b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iv) only
4. A man digging the ground near a water body found that the soil was moist. As he kept
digging deeper and deeper he reached a level where all the spaces between particles of
soil and gaps between rocks were filled with water. The upper limit of this layer is called
(a) water level. (b) water table.
(c) ground water. (d) water limit.
5. Which of the following is a way to use water economically?
(a) Construction of bawris (b) Rainwater harvesting
(c) Drip irrigation (d) Infiltration
6. On which of the following day is World Water Day observed?
(a) 22 March (b) 14 November (c) 2 October (d) 21 December
7. The amount of water recommended by the United Nations for drinking, washing, cooking
and maintaining proper hygiene per person per day is a minimum of
(a) 5 litres (b) 15 litres (c) 30 litres (d) 50 litres

8. “Every Drop Counts” is a slogan related to

(a) counting of drops of any liquid. (b) counting of water drops.
(c) importance of water. (d) importance of counting.
9. Water cycle does not involve which of the following?
(a) Evaporation (b) Condensation
(c) Formation of clouds (d) Rainwater harvesting
10. Which of the following inhibits the seepage of rainwater into ground?
(a) A pukka floor (b) Playground
(c) Grass lawn (d) Forest land
11. State whether the following statements ar e True or False. If false, write the cor rect
statement.
(a) Water vapour is the gaseous form of water.
(b) Ice is solid whereas snow is the semi-solid form of water.
(c) Ocean water cannot be used for domestic purposes.
(d) Rapid growth of industries is one of the causes for water shortage.
12. Some definitions are given below which can be corrected by changing one word. Correct
them.
(a) Aquifer is ground water stored between layers of hard rock above the water table.
(b) The process of evaporation of water in the ground is called infiltration.
(c) The evaporation of water from oceans and its arrival back into oceans is called vapour
cycle.
13. What is the source of water in each of the following ?
(a) Wells
(b) Ground
(c) Atmosphere
14. State whether the following statements ar e True or False. If false, give the cor r ect
statement.
(a) The process of seeping of water into ground is called filtration.
(b) 51% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
(c) Year 2003 was observed as the International Year of Freshwater.
(d) Snow and ice both are solid forms of water.


15. Fill in the blanks in the given passage.
The r ainwater and_____________from other sour ces such as rivers and ponds seeps
through the__ __ ___ __ and fills the empty spaces and cracks
deep below the ground. The process of s eep in g of wa t er in t o the gr ou nd i s
called____ _________.
16. Fill in the blanks and complete the story selecting words from the box given here.
cold, demand, leaders, dry, hot, scarcity, workers, wet, oceans, harvesting,
Rajasthan is a _________ and dry place. The challenge of natural _________ of water
was met by a successful experiment. A band of social _________had
transformed a _________area int o a gr een pla ce. T hey ha ve r evived f ive dr ied-u p
_________by constructing water _________ structures.
17. Place the following statements in a proper order to form a meaningful paragraph.
(a) Which in turn decreases the seepage of rain water into the ground.
(b) This decreases the open areas like park, and playgrounds.
(c) Increasing population create demand for construction of houses, shops, offices, roads
and pavements.
(d) This results in depletion of water table and creates scarcity of more water.
18. How can you observe the three forms of water in
(i) nature and
(ii) at home?
19. Complete the given table
Form of water Process by which formed Location where found
(a) Liquid
(b) Solid
(c) Gaseous
20. Match Column I with Column II.
Column I Column II
(a) Ground water (i) solid form of water
(b) Bawri (ii) wastage of water
(c) snow (iii) water management
(d) drip irrigation (iv) Small water
( e) Leaking taps (v) water table

21. A list of jumbled words are given here. Write the correct form of each word.
(a) WASHFERRET (b) CHARREGE (c) QUIFERA (d) WOSN
22. From where do the following usually get water? In which form is water present in them?
(a) Clouds (b) Plants (c) Mountain tops
(d) Aquifer ( e) Animals
23. Complete the following chart by writing appropriate words in the boxes marked (a) to (e).
24. What is ground water? What are the sources of water which are fed by ground water?
25. Water is very precious for all the living beings. What will happen in future if we do not
save water now?

OLYMPIAD RENDEZVOUS
1. Select the option that contains only wool yielding animals. [NSO-2012]
(a) Sheep, Camel, Deer (b) Camel, Lama, Goat
(c) Sheep, Goat, Beer (d) Deer, Camel, Antilope
2. Observe the given venn diagram. What does X and Y show? [NSO- 2012]
(a) X - Jute, Y - Flax
(b) X-Flax, Y-Jute
(c) X-Jute, Y-Cotton
(d) X-Cotton, Y-Jute
3. Charkha is used for [NSO-2012]
(a) Spinning (b) Ginning (c) Weaving (d) Knitting
4. ‘Silk has come under fire from animal rights activists.’ Why? [NSO-2012]
(a) Because female silkmoth is reared to lay hundred of eggs at time
(b) It takes approximately 630 cocoons to make a silk blouse.
(c) Cocoons are collected and put into very hot water, killing the silkworm inside them.
(d) After hatching, the silkworms are fed on mulberry leaves continuously for six weeks.
5. Select the incorrect statement : [NSO-2013]
(a) Fabrics are made from yarns, which in turn are made from fibres
(b) Wool has a higher absorbtion capacity and it can absorb a large quantity of water
(c) Silk is a bad conductor of heat
(d) While burning artificial fibres give a smell of burning paper
6. Mohair, which is one of the expensive wools is got from [NSO-2013]
(a) Angora goat (b) Angora rabbit (c) Cashmere goat (d) Merino sheep
7. Which of the following fibre is given the status of ‘Queen of textiles’? [NSO-2013]
(a) Wool (b) Silk (c) Cotton (d) Jute
8. Silk is mainly made up of _________ and _________ proteins [NSO-2014]
(a) Fibroin and sericin (b) Keratin and fibroin
(c) Keratin and sericin (d) Fibroin and silicin

Class VII: Olympiad Segment Chemistry
9. Match the following: [NSO-2014]

Column - I Column - II
A. Clothing material (i) Nylon
B. Twisted fibre (ii) Fabric
C. Synthetic fibre (iii) Yarn
D. Animal fibre (iv) Cotton
E. Plant fibre (v) Silk
(a) (A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-v, E-iv) (b) (A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-v, E-iv)
(c) (A-iii, B-ii, C-ii, D-v, E-iv) (d) (A-ii, B-iii, C-i, D-iv, E-v)
10. The salivary glands of the P secrete fibre made up of protein which hardens on exposure to Q and
becomes silk fibre. [NSO-2015]
P and Q are respectively
(a) Pupa and air (b) Pupa and water
(c) Caterpillar and water (d) Caterpillar and air
11. Choose the correct sequence of steps for processing of wool [NSTSE - 2009]
(a) Shearing  scouring  sorting  rolling  drying  dyeing
(b) Shearing  scouring  sorting  drying  dyeing  rolling
(c) Scouring  sorting  shearing  drying  dyeing  rolling
(d) Shearing  sorting  scouring  drying  rolling  dyeing
12. Study the characteristics given below: [NSTSE, 2010]
 It has high tensile strength.
 It has high water absorption capacity.
 When burnt it smells like burnt hair.
Which of the following options yields fibres having the above characteristics?
(a) Sheep (b) Silkworm (c) Cotton plant (d) Flax
13. Silk industry first originated in : [NSTSE-2012]
(a) China (b) India (c) Korea (d) Australia
14. Which of these is not a property of wool? [NSTSE-2014]
(a) Tears easily (b) Dries fast
(c) Can be dyed easily (d) Damaged by certain insects
15. Which of the following is not a property of silk? [NSTSE-2014]
(a) High tensile strength (b) Protein nature
(c) Good absorbency (d) Very good conductor of heat

Passage (Q.16 to Q.18): Read the passage and answer the following multiple choice questions:
Thermosetting plastics are heat resistant material. They thus can be moulded only once and cannot be
reshaped again and again while, thermoplastic become soft on heating and they melt on excess heating.
Polythene, polystyrene and PVC are the examples of thermoplastics while bakelite, melamine are thermosetting
plastics. [NSO-2014]
16. Polythene
(a) Can be moulded again and again (b) Can be moulded once
(c) Cannot be moulded at all (d) It bakes on heating
17. Melamine is not a
(a) Versatile material (b) Heat resistant material
(c) Thermosetting plastic (d) Thermoplastic
18. Polystyrene and bakelite are respectively
(a) Thermosetting and thermoplastic (b) Thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic
(c) Both thermoplastics (d) Both thermosetting plastics
19. Acidic soil can be neutralised by : [NSO-2012]
(a) Vinegar (b) Quick lime (c) Orange juice (d) Tamarind juice
20. Lemon juice and coffee : [NSO-2012]
(a) Are both acidic (b) Are both basic
(c) Lemon juice is acidic, coffee is basic (d) Lemon juice is basic, coffee is acidic
21. Which of the following types of medicines is used for treating indigestion? [NSO-2013]
(a) Antibiotic (b) Antacid
(c) Antiseptic (d) Antipyretic
22 Identify the wrong statement : [NSO-2013]
(a) Bases are corrosive and have sour taste
(b) Milk of magnesia contains magnesium hydroxide
(c) Sodium hydroxide is a strong base
(d) Water is produced during neutralisation reaction
23. Match the following : [NSO-2014]
Column - I Column - II
A. Water soluble base (i) Sodium chloride
B. Organic acid (ii) Sulphuric acid
C. Mineral acid (iii) Alkali
D. Common salt (iv) Acetic acid
(a) (A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i) (b) (A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i)
(c) (A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-i) (d) (A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i)

24. Read the statements and select the correct option : [NSO-2014]
Statement 1: Acid rain causes damage to buildings, historical monuments, plants and animals.
Statement 2: Air pollutants such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve in
rain drops to form carbonic acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid respectively.
(a) Both statements are true and 2 is correct explanation of 1
(b) Both statements are true but 2 is not correct explanation of 1
(c) Statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false
(d) Both statements are false
25. A base reacts with an acid to form salt and water. What is this reaction called? [NSTSE-2012]
(a) Oxidation reaction (b) Neutralisation reaction
(c) Reduction reaction (d) Ionisation reaction
26. When an ant bites, what kind of liquid is injected into the skin? [NSTSE-2012]
(a) Acid (b) Base (c) Salt (d) Water
27. Identify the acid present in tamarind? [NSTSE-2012]
(a) Tannic acid (b) Lactic acid (c) Tartaric acid (d) Citric acid
28. What does Ba(OH)2 stand for? [NSTSE-2012]
(a) Beryllium hydroxide (b) Barium hydroxide
(c) Boron hydroxide (d) Bismuth hydroxide
29. Identify washing soda from the following : [NSTSE-2012]
(a) NaCl. xH2O (b) Na2CO3. 10H2 O
(c) NaHCO3. 5H2 O (d) NaOH. 3H2 O
30. In which of the following acids, is glass soluble? [NSTSE-2013]
(a) Hydrochloric Acid (b) Nitric Acid
(c) Sulphuric Acid (d) Hydrofluoric Acid
31. Study the given chemical reaction in the box : [NSTSE-2013]
X  H 2 O  Y  H2 
When china rose indicator is added to Y, it changed to green. Identify X and Y.

X Y
(a) NaOH NaCl
(b) KCl KNO 3
(c) NaOH HNO 3
(d) Na NaOH

32. An ant bit Anita on her hand. It became red and swollen. The solution containing which of the
following compounds can be applied on her skin to give her relief? [NSTSE-2013]
(a) Zinc carbonate (b) Sodium hydroxide
(c) Potassium hydroxide (d) Sodium chloride
33. Manisha took a sample of soil from her garden and mixed it with water. When she dipped a blue
litmus paper in the mixture, it turned red. By adding which of the following to the soil in her garden
will she get a better plant growth? [NSTSE-2013]
(a) Hydrochloric acid (b) Slaked lime
(c) Water (d) Salt
34. Identify the insect whose sting is basic : [NSTSE-2014]
(a) Wasp (b) Ant (c) Honey bee (d) Nettle
35. Which of the following elements is absent in inorganic acids? [NSTSE-2014]
(a) Calcium (b) Carbon (c) Magnesium (d) Zinc
36. Which oxide on hydrolysis forms the ‘king of acids’? [NSTSE-2014]
(a) Sulphur trioxide (b) Phosphorus pentoxide
(c) Magnesium oxide (d) Calcium oxide
37. In which of the following is hydrofluoric acid stored? [NSTSE-2014]
(a) Teflon bottle (b) Plastic container
(c) Glass bottle (d) Both (a) and (b)
38. Which of the given combinations of reactants undergo chemical reactions inside a fire extinguisher
to produce CO2 gas? [NSTSE-2014]
(a) AgCl2 + 2HNO3 (b) 2KCl + H2SO4
(c) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 (d) MgCl2 + 2HNO3

39. Melting of wax is : [NSO-2012]
(a) An irreversible physical change (b) An irreversible chemical change
(c) A reversible chemical change (d) A reversible physical change
40. When an iron spade is left lying in a moist atmosphere it : [NSO-2012]
(a) Develops reddish brown powdery layer of iron oxide
(b) Develops green layer of iron oxide
(c) Develops brown layer of oxygen
(d) Does not undergo any change
41. Which of the following methods cannot be used to prevent rusting? [NSO-2013]
(a) Painting (b) Alloying (c) Galvanisation (d) Mixing with sulphur

42. Some example of changes are given below : [NSO-2014]

A. Cutting a log of wood into pieces
B. Breaking down of ozone
C. Melting of glaciers
D. Lime water turns milky
E. Digestion of food
F. Punching a hole in a paper
Classify the above changes into
I. Irreversible physical change
II. Chemical change
III. Reversible physical change
(a) I - A, F ; II - B, D, E ; III - C (b) I - A, B, E ; II - D, F ; III - C
(c) I - A ; II - B, D ; III - C, E, F (d) I - F ; II - C, E ; III - A, B, D
43. Which of the following statements is not true? [NSO-2014]
(a) Adding sugar in milk is a physical change
(b) Ice and steam are two forms of same substances
(c) Rusting of iron is a chemical reaction
(d) Chemical changes are generally reversible
44. Adding salt to water makes it salty, which of the following is true regarding this change?
(a) It is a chemical change because a new substance is formed [NSTSE-2012]
(b) It is a physical change because the original substances can be recovered
(c) It is a chemical change because there is a change of heat
(d) It is a physical change because there is a slight change in colour
45. Sonu’s mother prepares chapatis from wheat flour. What kind of change is undergone by wheat flour
in the process? [NSTSE-2012]
(a) Physical change (b) Reversible chemical change
(c) Irreversible chemical change (d) Change of state
46. What kind of change is undergone by expansion of railway tracks during summer?[NSTSE-2012]
(a) Irreversible physical change (b) Reversible chemical change
(c) Irreversible chemical change (d) Reversible physical change
47. Which of the following changes caused by heat is irreversible? [NSTSE-2012]
(a) Change in size and temperature (b) Change in state
(c) Change in colour (d) Change in substance

48. Which of the following are not correctly paired? [NSTSE-2012]

(a) Sublimation - physical change (b) Precipitation - physical change
(c) Decomposition - chemical change (d) Decantation - physical change
49. Which of the following statements is / are correct? [NSTSE-2013]
(i) A chemical change is permanent
(ii) Energy changes occur during a chemical change
(iii) Heat energy is evolved or absorbed during a physical change
(d) Only (i) and (ii) (b) Only (ii) and (iii)
(c) Only (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
50. An iron nail was put in a dilute solution of blue vitriol. What change took place? [NSTSE-2013]
(a) The solution changed from bright blue to greenish black
(b) The solution changed from bright blue to bright yellow
(c) The colour of nails changed to blue
(d) The colour of nails changed to green
51. Observe these figures : [NSTSE-2014]
(i)
(ii)
Petrol
(iii) (iv)
Which of the given figures shows a chemical change?
(a) Only (i) and (ii) (b) Only (ii) and (iii) (c) Only (i) and (iii) (d) Only (i) and (iv)
52. Observe the given figures showing a process. [NSTSE-2014]
S
N
Iron Bar Iron Bar Iron Bar
What type of change has occured in iron bar?

(a) Irreversible (b) Chemical
(c) Reversible (d) Periodic

53. Identify the type of change and gas released apart from formation of water vapour when some
amount of wax is burnt in a vessel. [NSTSE-2014]
Type of change Gas released
(a) Physical Hydrogen
(b) Chemical Hydrogen
(c) Physical Carbon dioxide
(d) Chemical Carbon dioxide
54. Which of the following activites is not a method of preventing water pollution? [NSO-2011]
(a) Stop littering and dumping of waste in water bodies
(b) Treating waste water before discharging it into rivers
(c) Collecting rainwater to water plants
(d) Never build factories near water reservoirs
55. Under which of the following conditions, heat is lost? [NSO-2011]
(a) Evaporation of water (b) Boiling of water
(c) Freezing of water (d) Melting of ice
56. Ground water gets recharged by the process of : [NSO-2012]
(a) Transpiration (b) Transportation (c) Aquafication (d) Infiltration
57. (a) and (b) are the results of condensation. [NSO-2012]
Select the correct option for (a) and (b) :
(a) Water vapour, cloud (b) Cloud, dew
(c) Dew, steam (d) Steam, water vapour
58. Which of the following is not fit for drinking? [NSO-2012]
(a) Ground water (b) Mineral water (c) Sea water (d) Water from well
59. Water can be obtained from aquifer by : [NSO-2013]
(a) Digging a tube well (b) Hand pump (c) Infiltration (d) Either (a) and (b)
60. Which of the following statements is correct about water table of a place? [NSO-2013]
(a) It changes from time to time (b) It changes from place to place
(c) It goes down when rains are less (d) All of these
61. The approximate percentage of fresh water present on earth is : [NSO-2013]
(a) 28% (b) 97.4% (c) 2.6% (d) 30%
62. The process by which water changes from the liquid state to solid state is called (a). It happens when
water is cooled to (b). [NSO-2014]
Select the correct option for (a) and (b)
(a) Freezing, 0ºC (b) Boiling, 100ºC (c) Freezing, 100ºC (d) Boiling, 0ºC
63. Which of the following is not a consequence of water scarcity? [NSO-2014]
(a) Decreased crop production (b) Occurence of water-borne disease
(c) Drought (d) Green house effect

64. Ms. Kritika a science teacher demonstrated an activity in the class. She burnt a thin strip of magnesium
and collected the powdery ash in a China dish. Then she mixed some water and tested the mixture
with various indicators. [NSO-2016]
Which of the following observations are correct?
I. The colour of China rose indicator changed to green.
II. The colour of turmeric paper changed to blue.
III. Red litmus changed to blue.
IV. Colour of methyl orange changed to yellow.
(a) I, III and IV only (b) II and III only (c) III and IV only (d) I and II only
65. The given diagram shows burning of sulphur : After heating sulphur for few minutes, it melts (process
I) and then vaporises (process II). After this, vapour ignite and burn with oxygen to form sulphur
dioxide (process III). Identify the types of changes taking place in these processes. [NSO-2016]
(a) Processes I and III are chemical changes while II is a physical change
(b) Processes II and III are chemical changes while I is a physical change
(c) Process III is a chemical change while processes I and II are physical changes\
(d) All are chemical changes
66. The following activity was performed to check the solubility of various liquids in water :
[NSO-2016]
Which of the following observations is correct?
(a) Two separate layers will be formed in beakers I and II and liquids are completely miscible
(b) Components will mix well in beakers III and IV as they are completely miscible
(c) Vinegar will disappear completely in beaker II as it is a miscible liquid
(d) Cooking oil from a separate layer below water in beaker IV
67. Which portion of the ship will rust the fastest? [NSO-2016]
(a) P (b) Q
(c) R (d) P, Q and R will rest equally

68. The given table shows the properties of four substances K, L, M and N : [NSO-2016]
Substance Colour Nature Magnetic Dissolves in water
K White Salty No Yes
L Blue Sweet No No
M White Sweet No Yes
N Black Metallic Yes No
Which two substances would be most difficult to separate when mixed in water?
(a) K and L (b) K and M (c) L and M (d) M and N
69. Observe the given figure carefully and identify the substances marked as p, q and r. [NSO-2016]
p q r
(a) Baking soda Vinegar Carbon dioxide
(b) Magnesium Hydrochloric acid Chlorine
(c) Calcium carbonate Hydrochloric acid Carbon dioxide
(d) Zinc Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen
70. Study the given Venn diagram : [NSO-2016]
Centre point ‘P’ represents
(a) Rusting of iron
(b) Eruption of volcanoes
(c) Ripening of a fruit
(d) Burning of cooking gas
71. Shruti tested the nature of a few common substances with the help of some indicators. Indicators
used and changes she observed are as follows : [NSO-2017]
Substances present in test tubes I, II, III and IV are respectively.

(a) Salt solution, curd, lemon juice and vinegar
(b) Orange juice, window cleaner, sugar solution and lime water
(c) Vinegar, soda water, soap solution and lemon juice
(d) Lemon juice, lime water, window cleaner and soap solution

72. Match column I with column iI and select the correct option from the given codes. [NSO-2017]
Column-I Column-II
P. Difference in size of components (i) Winnowing
of a mixture
Q. Difference in the weight of components (ii) Handpicking
of a mixture
R. Difference in size, shape and colour of (iii) Sieving
a mixture
S. If solid particles in a liquid are very (iv) Centrifugation
small and can pass through a filter paper
(a) P - (i), Q - (ii), R - (iv), S - (iii) (b) P - (iv), Q - (iii), R - (ii), S - (i)
(c) P - (ii), Q - (iv), R - (i), S - (iii) (d) P - (iii), Q - (i), R - (ii), S - (iv)
73. Observe the given change carefully and identify W, X, Y and Z. [NSO-2017]
W X Y Z
(a) CuSO4.5H2 O Physical change CuSO4 H2O vapours
(b) MgSO4 .7H2 O Physical change MgSO4 H2O vapours
(c) FeSO4 .7H2 O Chemical change FeSO4 H2O droplets
(d) CuSO4.5H2 O Chemical change CuSO4 H2O droplets
74. Consider the following pairs of substances : [NSO-2017]
I : Glass plate and steel plate
II : Iron Nail and wooden rod
III : Glass marble and flower petals
IV : Chalk powder and sugar
Which of the following represents the properties best suitable to distinguish between the substances
of each pair?
I II III IV
(a) Conductivity Elasticity Shape Physical state
(b) Transparency Magnetic nature Relative density Solubility in water
(c) Brittleness Colour Miscibility Taste
(d) Transparency Conductivity Elasticity Solubility in water

75. Ms. Rakhi, a science teacher listed some keywords on the blackboard as : [NSO-2017]
(i) Freezing (ii) Evaporation (iii) Melting
(iv) Sublimation (v) Condensation (vi) Vaporation
She asked students to match the keywords with the common changes which are listed as :
P : When we put a lid on a vessel containing hot milk, the inside of the lid gets wet.
Q : When we breathe onto a cold mirror it turns foggy.
R : When we spread hard butter on a warm toast, it becomes soft.
S : Solid piece of an air freshener kept on the bathroom shelf disappears in a few days.
T : When we put ice cubes in water, they disappear after some time.
U : Milk left in the freezer becomes ice cream.
The correct match is
(a) P - (i), Q - (ii), R - (iv), S - (iii), T-U - (i) (b) P-Q - (ii), R - (iii), S - (iv), T-U - (i)
(c) P-Q - (v), R-T - (iii), S - (iv), T-U - (i) (d) P - (i), Q-R - (v), S-T -(iii), U - (iv)
76. Observe the given figure carefully and choose the incorrect statement(s). [NSO-2017]
I. Large volume of acid should be added to a small volume of water slowly.

II. The figure represents the process of concentrating dilute H2SO4
III. The process involves release of a large amount of heat.
IV. Water should not be stirred.
(a) I and IV only (b) II and III only (c) I, II and IV only (d) II only
77. Ria, a class 7 student classified a few changes as shown in the table : [NSO-2017]
S.No. Periodic Change Non-periodic Change
I. Occurrence of new moon Volcanic eruption
II. Growth of plants Heartbeat
III. Occurrence of a rainbow Low and high tides
IV. Sunrise and sunset Falling of trees
V. Opening of Morning Earthquake
glory flower
The changes classified correctly are :
(a) I, IV and V only (b) I, II and IV only (c) I and V only (d) I, II, III, IV and V

78. Study the given Venn diagram and identify points 1, 2, and 3. [NSO-2017]
1 2 3
(a) Melting of ice Boiling of rice Burning of a candle
(b) Burning of paper Rusting of iron Cutting of fruits
(c) Breaking of a glass Baking a cake Burning of LPG in kitchen
(d) Tearing of paper Evaporation of water Making lemonade
OLYMPIAD PRACTICE QUESTIONS

79. Pashmina shawls are made of wool obtained from
(A) sheeps of selective breed of Tibet and Ladakh
(B) yaks, common in Tibet and Ladakh
(C) angora goats, found in hilly areas of Jammu & Kashmir
(D) special breed of Kashmiri goats
80. Fresh water stored in the ground ....................................... that present in all the rivers, ponds
and lakes of the world
Which one of the following is the correct for the blank space in the above
sentence ?
(A) is much more than (B) is almost equal to
(C) is much less than (D) is slightly less than
81. Match the statements of Columns-I and II and tick-mark () the correct matching, given as one
of the four alternatives A, B, C and D.
Column-I Column-II
(a) Condensation (i) seeping of water into the ground
(b) Evaporation (ii) loss of water from plants through stomata
(c) Infiltration (iii) process of conversion from liquid state tovapour state
(d) Precipitation (iv) process of conversion from gaseous state to liquid state
(e) Transpiration (v) growing of water vapour into mist, snow or rain, etc., and
falling under gravity
(A) (a) - iv, (b) - ii, (c) - i, (d) - v, (e) - iii
(B) (a) - iii, (b) - iv, (c) - i, (d) - v, (e) - ii
(C) (a) - iv, (b) - iii, (c) - i, (d) - v, (e) - ii
(D) (a) - iv, (b) - iii, (c) - v, (d) - i, (e) - ii

82. Silk fibre is mainly made up of

(A) proteins secreted by caterpillar (B) carbohydrates secreted by caterpillar
(C) carbonates secreted by caterpillar (D) cellulose and proteins
Column-I Column-II
(a) Acetic acid (i) lemon
(b) Citric acid (ii) unripe grapes
(c) Lactic acid (iii) spinach
(d) Oxalic acid (iv) vinegar
(e) Tartaric acid (v) curd, yogurt
(A) (a) - iv, (b) - v, (c) - i, (d) - iii, (e) - ii
(B) (a) - iv, (b) - i, (c) - v, (d) - ii, (e) - iii
(C) (a) - iv, (b) - i, (c) - v, (d) - iii, (e) - ii
(D) (a) - iv, (b) - i, (c) - iii, (d) - v, (e) - ii
84. Fill in the blanks with proper words in the following paragraph and choose the correct option, given below.
The female silk moth lays eggs, from which hatch ............. which are called caterpillars. These
grow in size and when the caterpillar is ready to enter the next stage of its life history, called
............. , it first weaves a net to hold itself. Then it swings its head from side to side in the form
of figure eight (8). During these movements of the head, the caterpillar ............. fibre made up
of a ............. which hardens on exposure to ............. and becomes ............. .
(A) larvae, pupa, secretes, protein, sunlight, silk yarn
(B) pupa, larvae, secretes, protein, sunlight, silk yarn
(C) larvae, pupa, makes, material, air, silk fibre
(D) larvae, pupa, secretes, protein, air, silk fibre
85. Find out the incorrect statement from the following.
(A) Biogas is produced during anaerobic decomposition of sludge
(B) Used water is wastewater and cannot be reused
(C) Waste generation is a natural part of human activity
(D) Sewage is a liquid waste which causes water and soil pollution
Column-I Column-II
(a) Baking soda (i) copper sulphate
(b) Caustic soda (ii) calcium carbonate
(c) Washing soda (iii) sodium bicarbonate
(d) Blue vitriol (iv) sodium carbonate
(e) Chalk (v) sodium hydroxide

(A) (a) - iii, (b) - v, (c) - iv, (d) - i, (e) - ii

(B) (a) - iii, (b) - iv, (c) - v, (d) - i, (e) - ii
(C) (a) - iii, (b) - v, (c) - iv, (d) - ii, (e) - i
(D) (a) - v, (b) - iii, (c) - iv, (d) - i, (e) - ii
87. Which one of the following statements is not correct about water ?
(A) Approximately 70% of the fresh water, which is actively handled by humans, is consumed
for agriculture
(B) Blood in animals and sap in plants are composed of mainly water
(C) Drinking more water increases the efficiency of the kidney to filter toxins from blood streams
(D) Water regulates the earth’s temperature and it also regulates the temperature of the human
body
88. Match the statements of Column-I and Column-II and tick-mark() the correct matching, given
as one of the four alternatives A, B, C and D.
Column-I Column-II
(a) Percentage of earth’s surface covered (i) 70%
with water
(b) Percentage of total water stored in the (ii) 0.6%
oceans in the world
(c) Percentage of total water in rivers, lakes (iii) 75%
and springs
(d) Percentage of water that forms the (iv) 2.4%
human body
(e) Percentage of water stored in glaciers (v) 97%
and ice-bergs
(A) (a) - iii, (b) - v, (c) - ii, (d) - i, (e) - iv
(B) (a) - iii, (b) - v, (c) - iv, (d) - i, (e) - ii
(C) (a) - i, (b) - v, (c) - iv, (d) - iii, (e) - ii
(D) (a) - iii, (b) - v, (c) - ii, (d) - iv, (e) - i
89. Which one of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) Silk fibre is made up of proteins
(B) Silk yarn is as strong as steel thread
(C) Silk worm breeding is called silviculture
(D) The most common silk moth is the mulberry silk moth
90. Which one of the following pairs are not properly represented (i.e. name and its chemical formula
do not match) ?
(A) Magnesium hydroxide : Mg(OH)2 (B) Iron dust : Fe3O2
(C) Copper sulphate : CuSO4 (D) Baking powder : NaHCO3

91. Cleaning, washing and removing dirt, dust and grease from the ‘sheared skin with hair’ of the
sheep is called
(A) scrubbing (B) scouring (C) shearing (D) sourcing
92. Which one of the following is not the source of tartaric acid ?
(A) Lemon (B) Unripe mango (C) Grapes (D) Tamarind
93. After heavy exercise, we get muscle cramps. The muscle cramps are due to the formation and
accumulation of
(A) carbon dioxide (B) lactic acid (C) alcohol (D) acetic acid
94. Natural fibres are greatly elongated substances produced by plants and animals that can be spun
into filaments, threads or ropes. Which one of the following natural fibre is different from the other
three ?
(A) Cotton (B) Jute (C) Coir (D) Silk
95. Find the incorrect statement from the following.
(A) To relieve indigestion an antacid, like milk of magnesia, is taken
(B) Phenolphthalein is insoluble in water and is usually dissolved in alcohol, before being used as
indicator
(C) The most commonly used natural indicator in laboratory is turmeric
(D) Sodium hydroxide (lye) or potassium hydroxide (potash) is commonly used for making soap
96. Tick-mark() the incorrect statement from the following.
(A) China rose indicator turns acid solution to dark pink and basic solution to green
(B) Salt produced during neutralisation reaction between an acid and a base is neutral in nature
(C) The effect of sting by red ants can be neutralised by calamine solution containing zinc
carbonate
(D) Lime water is the common name of saturated solution of calcium hydroxide
97. Which one of the following statements is incorrect ?
(A) The water found below the water table is called ground water
(B) The ground water below water table and stored between layers of hard rocks is called aquifer
(C) The rain water used to recharge ground water is called water harvesting
(D) The process of seeping water into the ground is called filtration
98. Which one of the following statements is not correct about natural organic acids ?
(A) Lactic acid is produced in muscles, during anaerobic respiration to fulfil the demand of energy
when heavy exercise is done
(B) Vinegar used in homes is acetic acid
(C) Oxalic acid is a weak organic acid found in most fruits and vegetables. This is used at
preservative in many foods and drinks
(D) Formic acid is found in red ants and strings of bees

Column I Column II
(a) Pure cellulose, world’s most widely (i) silk
used natural fibre
(b) Developed in China, but kept secret (ii) flax
for long. Also known as ‘queen of fabrics’
(c) Fibre obtained from outer shell of fruit of (iii) jute
a tall tree
(d) Off-white to brown fibre obtained from (iv) cotton
the stem of the plant
(e) One of nature’s strongest vegetable fibre (v) coir
which is soft and lustrous
(A) (a) - iv, (b) - i, (c) - iii, (d) - v, (e) - ii (B) (a) - iv, (b) - i, (c) - v, (d) - iii, (e) - ii
(C) (a) - iv, (b) - i, (c) - v, (d) - ii, (e) - iii (D) (a) - iv, (b) - i, (c) - ii, (d) - iii, (e) - v
100. Which one of the following processes is a chemical reaction ?
(A) Crystallisation (B) Ripening of fruits on the tree
(C) Sublimation (D) Rotation of earth around the sun
101. Which one of the following statements is not correct about transpiration ?
(A) It is evaporation of unutilised water through stomata of leaves in plants
(B) It maintains the temperature of the plant
(C) It helps plant to suck water and water-dissolved nutrients from roots to the leaves
(D) It forms a part of water cycle in nature
102. Treated water, supplied by municipality, is not necessarily essential for
(A) drinking (B) bathing (C) watering plants (D) washing clothes
103. The process of disinfecting water which kills disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria, viruses
and protozoans, is called
(A) aeration (B) chlorination
(C) water treatment (D) uv (ultraviolet) ray treatment
104. Find which of the following statements are true or false ; then tick-mark() the correct answer,
given as one of the four alternatives A, B, C and D.
(i) When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it turns milky due to the formation of
calcium carbonate
(ii) Crystallisation is a chemical process
(iii) In the absence of air and water, iron will not rust, even for a longer time
(iv) While testing acidic nature of a solution, litmus is generally added to it. Mixing of litmus to
acidic solution is a chemical change
(A) true, true, true, true (B) true, false, true, true
(C) true, false, true, false (D) false, false, true, true

105. DNA, present in each cell of our body, controls every feature of the body such as our looks, colour
of our eyes, our height, etc. It is
(A) acidic in nature (B) basic in nature (C) neutral in nature (D) none of these
106. Which one of the following is not sour in taste ?
(A) Vinegar (B) Curd (C) Baking soda (D) Orange
107. Match the salts (common names) given in Column-I and the corresponding chemical names given
in Column-II and tick-mark() the correct matching, given as one of the four alternatives A, B,
C and D.
Column I Column II
(a) Baking soda (i) calcium hydroxide
(b) Washing soda (ii) carbonated water
(c) Lime water (iii) sodium carbonate
(d) Vinegar (iv) sodium bicarbonate
(e) Soda water (v) acetic acid
(A) (a) - iv, (b) - iii, (c) - ii, (d) - v, (e) - i (B) (a) - iii, (b) - iv, (c) - i, (d) - v, (e) - ii
(C) (a) - iv, (b) - iii, (c) - i, (d) - v, (e) - ii (D) (a) - iii, (b) - iv, (c) - ii, (d) - v, (e) - i
108. Which one of the following is not properly matched, for neutralisation in every day life ?
(A) Tooth paste : basic in nature
(B) Factory waste : treated with acidic substances
(C) Ant sting : moist baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate)
(D) Indigestion : milk of magnesia (magnesium hydroxide)
109. The colour of natural indicator litmus, extracted from lichens, is
(A) red (B) blue (C) colourless (D) purple
110. X secretes fibre made of protein which hardens on exposure to air and becomes silk fibre. Here,
X stands for
(A) pupa (B) cocoon (C) caterpillar (D) adult silkworm
Column I Column II
(a) Oranges and lemons (i) tartaric acid
(b) Okra (bhindi), spinach, beets (ii) lactic acid
(c) Guava, green chillies, amla (iii) citric acid
(d) Grapes, mango, tamarind (iv) ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
(e) Cheese, yogurt, curd (v) oxalic acid
(A) (a) - iii (b) - iv, (c) - v, (d) - ii, (e) - i (B) (a) - iii (b) - v, (c) - iv, (d) - ii, (e) - i
(C) (a) - v (b) - iii, (c) - iv, (d) - i, (e) - ii (D) (a) - iii (b) - v, (c) - iv, (d) - i, (e) - ii

112. Which one of the following is not a part of water cycle ?

(A) Irrigation (B) Transpiration (C) Precipitation (D) Evaporation
113. The water found below the water table is called ..................... . The .............. and water from
other sources .......... through the soil and fill the empty spaces and cracks deep below the ground.
This process of seeping of water into the ground is called ................... . The groundwater thus
gets ................. by this process. At some places the ................... is stored between the layers
of hard ................. below the water table. This is known as .................
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words and tick-mark() the correct answer, given as one of
the four alternatives A, B, C and D.
(A) groundwater, rainwater, seep, seepage, recharged, groundwater, rock, aquiculture
(B) groundwater, surfacewater, flow, infiltration, recharged, groundwater, mountain, aquifer
(C) springwater, rainwater, flow, infiltration, recharged, springwater, rock, aquifer
(D) groundwater, rainwater, seep, infiltration, recharged, groundwater, rock, aquifer
114. Find the wrong statement from the following.
(A) Water can be made to boil at 98°C, even though its boiling point is 100°C
(B) Water in the hand-pump rises and comes out of the earth due to atmospheric pressure
(C) Increased wind speed is also associated with increased air pressure
(D) Movement of rain-carrying clouds is controlled by the pressure difference at two different
places
115. In the following list, how many are poor conductors of heat ?
Paper, Leather, Copper, Glass, Water, Gold, Silver, Wood,
Plastic, Brick, Iron, Air, Wool, Brass, Aluminium, Mud
(A) 11 (B) 10
(C) 9 (D) 8
(A) Removal of fleece from the skin of the sheep is called shearing
(B) The uppermost layer of the skin is dead
(C) Cotton and silk are crop products
(D) Soft silk yarn is as strong as a comparable thread of steel
117. To test whether a given solution is acidic or base, which one of the following cannot be used as
an indicator ?
(A) Litmus solution (B) Phenolphthalein solution
(C) China rose solution (D) Milk of magnesia solution

118. Silk is animal fibre. India ranks among the leading silk-producing countries in the world. In the
following crossword, some words connected with silk and its production are given.
S T S I L K W O R M S X Y
C A T E R P I L L A R S R
O S C H I N A A T N M U E
C S S E R I C U L T U R E
O A B S E N T E E H L P L
O R U S T I N G S R B U I
N S I L K M O T H A E P N
M I L K P R O D U X R A G
T L L S I L K F I B R E Y
S K S H E A R I N G Y X Z
The number of such connected words is
(A) 10 (B) 11
(C) 12 (D) 13
119. Silk fibre is made up of primarily
(A) carbohydrates (B) proteins
(C) carbonates (D) calcium phosphates
120. Sheeps from which country are known to yield best quality of wool ?
(A) Australia (B) China
(C) India (D) New Zealand
121. Which of the following statements are true or false ?
(i) Near coastal areas, sea breeze blows during day time
(ii) Water is heated, both by conduction as well as convection
(iii) Heat contained in a body is measured by a thermometer
(iv) Conduction, convection and radiation are the three modes of transfer of heat
(v) 37°C is the normal temperature of human body
(A) true, false, false, true, true (B) false, false, false, true, true
(C) false, true, false, true, true (D) true, true, false, true, true

122. In the following list, count the number of substances which are of acidic nature, basic nature and
neutral :
Common salt solution, Baking soda solution, Vinegar, Aerated drinks,
Tooth paste, Shampoo, Soap, Curd, Lime water, Blood, Urine,
Black coffee, Tomatoes, Apples, Borax, Milk of magnesia,
Water, Milk, Sugar solution, Ammonia, Soil, Grapes
Acidic in nature Basic in nature Neutral
(A) 11 9 2
(B) 10 9 3
(C) 11 8 3
(D) 12 8 2
(A) If a substance, when added to water, increases concentration of hydrogen

ions, then this substance is an acid
(B) The stomach uses hydrochloric acid to help digestion of food. This acid
also kills bacteria in the food we eat, thus helping us to keep away from
getting sick
(C) Almost each cell of our body contains an acid
(D) When acidic solution is added to phenolphthalein, it gives pink colour
124. Acid rain water may not contain
(A) sulphuric acid (B) hydrochloric acid
(C) carbonic acid (D) nitric acid
125. Solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) is
(A) acidic in nature
(B) basic in nature

(C) neutral solution
(D) acidic, basic or neutral, depending on its concentration
126. Which one of the following statements is incorrect ?
(A) An irreversible change may be a physical change
(B) Covering iron surface with zinc, called galvanisation, is a physical change
(C) An iron bar, kept in dry and hot atmosphere, cannot get rusted
(D) Passing of carbon dioxide through lime water is a physical change

127. Maximum supply of wool, for woollen clothing, is provided by which of the following animals ?
(A) Angora goat (B) Sheep
(C) Yak (D) Llama
128. Bacterium Anthrax is the cause of which one of the following diseases ?
(A) Ringworm (B) Tuberculosis (TB)
(C) Sorter’s disease, a fatal blood disease (D) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
129. Sequence of steps in the processing of wool are, in order, as
(A) shearing, sorting, dyeing, scouring, rolling (B) shearing, scouring, dyeing, sorting, rolling
(C) shearing, sorting, scouring, dyeing, rolling (D) shearing, scouring, sorting, dyeing, rolling
130. Match the statements of Column-I and Column-II and find the correct matching, given as one of
Column I Column II
(a) Land breeze and sea breeze in coastal areas (i) conduction
(b) Earth receives heat energy from the sun (ii) convection
(c) Boiling of water in glass beaker (iii) radiation
(d) Finding temperature of human body, using
thermometer
(e) Heating of room in winter, using room heater
(f) Cooking food in a pan
(A) (a) - ii (b) - iii, (c) - i, (d) - i, (e) - ii, (f) - iii
(B) (a) - ii (b) - iii, (c) - ii, (d) - i, (e) - iii, (f) - i
(C) (a) - ii (b) - iii, (c) - ii, (d) - i, (e) - i, (f) - iii
(D) (a) - ii (b) - iii, (c) - i, (d) - iii, (e) - ii, (f) - i
131. From the following list, count the number of acidic substances :
Coffee, Butter, Tooth paste, Urine, Blood, Milk, Milk of magnesia,
Sugar solution, Common salt solution, Baking soda solution,
Cooking oil, Vinegar, Stomach, Shampoo, Rain water, Lime water,
Coca cola, Curd, Soap, Phenolphthalein
(A) 11 (B) 10
(C) 9 (D) 8
132. Read the following paragraph carefully and fill in the blanks with appropriate words :
Excessive use of chemical ...................... makes the soil ........... . Plants do not ............ ..........
when the soil is either too acidic or too basic. When the soil is too ........... , it is treated with bases
like quick lime (................ .........) or slaked lime (.................... ...................). If the soil is too
basic, organic matter is added to it. Organic matter releases ................ which neutralises the
............ nature of the soil.
(A) manures, acidic, grow well, acidic, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, acids, basic
(B) manures, acidic, grow fast, acidic, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, gases, basic
(C) fertilisers, acidic, grow fast, acidic, calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, gases, basic
(D) fertilisers, acidic, grow well, acidic, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, acids, basic

Column I Column II
(a) Blue vitriol (i) calcium hydroxide
(b) Banking soda (ii) copper sulphate
(c) Brownish rust (iii) calcium carbonate
(d) Lime water (iv) iron oxide
(e) Chalk (v) sodium hydrogen carbonate
(A) (a) - ii (b) - v, (c) - iv, (d) - iii, (e) - i (B) (a) - ii (b) - v, (c) - iv, (d) - i, (e) - iii
(C) (a) - ii (b) - iii, (c) - i, (d) - v, (e) - iv (D) (a) - ii (b) - iii, (c) - iv, (d) - v, (e) - i

(A) ‘Maximum and Minimum’ thermometer is used for finding variation of
temperature at a place for the previous day
(B) The range of laboratory thermometer is usually from –10°C to 110°C
(C) The range of clinical thermometer is from 36°C to 43°C
(D) Digital thermometers do not use mercury
135. Which one of the following is a chemical change ?
(A) Crystallisation (B) Galvanisation
(C) Stainless steel formation (D) Neutralising acid with base
(A) The process of seeping of water into the ground is called infiltration
(B) The amount of water recommended by the United Nation for drinking, cooking and
maintaining proper hygiene is a minimum of 100 litres per person per day
(C) The level below which the ground is saturated with water is called water-table
(D) Water is available in all the three states of matter
Column I (Name of Acid) Column II (Found in)
(a) Acetic acid (i) green chilli, guava
(b) Formic acid (ii) orange, lemon
(c) Oxalic acid (iii) ant’s sting
(d) Ascorbic acid (iv) grapes, unripe mangoes
(e) Citric acid (v) vinegar
(f) Tartaric acid (vi) spinach
(A) (a) - v (b) - vi, (c) - iii, (d) - i, (e) - ii, (f) - iv
(B) (a) - v (b) - vi, (c) - iii, (d) - ii, (e) - i, (f) - iv
(C) (a) - v (b) - iii, (c) - vi, (d) - ii, (e) - i, (f) - iv
(D) (a) - v (b) - iii, (c) - vi, (d) - i, (e) - ii, (f) - iv

138. Substances like litmus, phenolphthalein, etc. which give different colours with an acid and a base
are called indicators. In the following table, which indicator is not showing the proper colours of
acidic and basic solutions ?
When drops of indicator Colour of Colour of

are added acidic solution basic solution
(A) Turmeric solution Red Yellow
(B) Litmus solution Red Blue
(C) Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink
(D) China rose Dark pink (magenta) Green

139. Which one of the following is a chemical change ?
(A) Absorption of UV rays by ozone layer, to protect us from their damaging
effects
(B) Depositing a layer of zinc on iron (galvanisation) to protect it from rusting
(C) Mixing carbon with iron to form stainless steel which does not rust
(D) Forming crystals of copper sulphate from its hot concentrated solution
140. Which one of the following is the correct sequence in processing wool fibres (from sheep) into wool
yarn ?
(A) shearing, sorting, scouring, dyeing, yarn
(B) shearing, scouring, sorting, dyeing, yarn
(C) scouring, shearing, sorting, dyeing, yarn
(D) shearing, scouring, dyeing, sorting, yarn
141. It is a serious bacterial disease of sheep and cattle, typically affecting the skin and lungs. It can
be transmitted to humans causing severe skin ulceration. The name of this disease is
(A) scabies (B) anthrax
(C) meningitis (D) hoof and mouth disease
(A) People living in the coastal areas experience land breeze during night
(B) Radiation of heat from a hot body does not required any medium for its propagation
(C) The temperature of human body can also be found by using a laboratory thermometer
(D) Liquid and gases are heated due to convection form of transmission of heat
143. Which one of the following is not alkaline ?
(A) Blood (B) Milk
(C) Toothpaste (D) Milk of magnesia

144. Which one of the following statement is not correct ?

(A) Calamine solution contains zinc carbonate
(B) Our skin is slightly alkaline
(C) Coffee, having bitter taste, is slightly acidic in nature
(D) Our stomach contains hydrochloric acid which helps us to digest the food
145. Thoroughly washing in tanks to remove grease, dust and dirt from ‘sheared skin with hair’ is called
(A) cleansing (B) scouring
(C) scrubbing (D) laundering
146. Which one of the following processes represent physical change ?
(A) Alloying (B) Electroplating
(C) Galvanisation (D) Amalgamation
147. A technique of watering plants, by making use of narrow tubings which deliver water directly at
the base of the plant, is called
(A) sprinkle irrigation (B) drip irrigation
(C) trickle irrigation (D) drop irrigation
The process of ................... of water into the ground is called ................... . The groundwater thus
gets ................... by this process. At places the ....................... is stored between layers of hard
rock below the water table. This is known as .................. .
(A) seeping, percolation, recharged, subsoil-water, aquifer
(B) percolating, infiltration, refilled, groundwater, sinkhole
(C) seeping, infiltration, recharged, groundwater, aquifer
(D) percolating, percolation, refilled, subsoil-water, aquifer
149. Which of the following statements are true or false ?
(i) Wool yielding animals Llama and Alpaca are found in South America
(ii) The uppermost layer of the skin of the animals is dead
(iii) To remove grease, dust and dirt from the fleece with skin of sheep is called shearing
(iv) The cocoon secretes fibre made of a protein which hardens on exposure to air and becomes silk
fibre
(v) The most common silk moth is the mulberry silk moth
(vi) The rearing of silkworms for obtaining silk is called sericulture
(A) true, true, false, false, true, true (B) true, true, true, false, true, true
(C) true, false, false, true, true, true (D) true, false, true, false, true, true
150. Which of the following breed of sheep gives that wool which is used for making wool carpets ?
(A) Lohi (B) Marwari
(C) Nali (D) Patanwadi

151. Celsius scale is a metric scale of temperature measurement. Which one of the following statements
is not correct about Celsius scale ?
(A) 0°C is the freezing point and 100°C is the boiling point of water
(B) Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician, developed the Celsius
scale
(C) Laboratory thermometers use Celsius scale but clinical thermometers use Fahrenheit scale
(D) India and many other countries have adopted Celsius scale
152. Count the number of acidic substances in the following group :
Human blood, Human skin, Baking soda, Washing soda, Cow milk,
Milk of magnesia, Lime water, Rain water over cities, Sea water,
Mineral water, Human saliva, Toothpaste, Vinegar, Tea, Coffee,
Butter, Soaps (most), Shampoo, Egg white, Ant sting, Spinach,
Phenolphthalein, Detergent solution, Grapes, Mango, Sugar solution,
Common salt solution, Lye, Human sweat, Urine, Tomato
(A) 21 (B) 20
(C) 19 (D) 18
153. In the list of above question, how many substances are alkaline (basic in nature)?
(A) 12 (B) 11
(C) 10 (D) 9
(A) Indicator China rose turns acidic solutions to dark pink (magenta) and basic solution to green
(B) Our stomach contains hydrochloric acid which helps us to digest food
(C) Plants do not grow when the soil is either too acidic or too basic
(D) An acid and a base neutralise each other and form a salt which is neutral in nature
155. Find the wrong statement about rusting ?
(A) Stainless steel does not rust
(B) Salt water makes the process of rust formation faster
(C) Rusting of iron takes place under all conditions
(D) In humid environment, rusting becomes faster
156. Which one of the following is not a chemical change ?
(A) Absorption of ultraviolet rays by ozone in the ozone layer above the earth
(B) Absorption of sun rays by the leaves of plants
(C) Absorption of water by the seed in the soil
(D) Absorption of sun rays by sand in deserts, during day time


(A) For rusting of iron, the presence of oxygen and water (or water vapours) is essential
(B) A change in which one or more new substances are formed is called chemical change
(C) Galvanisation and photosynthesis are chemical changes
(D) Ozone layer, in our atmosphere, protects us from the harmful ultraviolet radiations which
come from the sun
158. World Water Day is an annual UN observance day that highlights the importance of fresh water.
World Water Day is celebrated around the world on
(A) March, 02 (B) March, 22
(C) April, 02 (D) April, 22
(A) About 71% of earth’s surface is covered with water
(B) Most of the water is not fit for human consumption. The water that is fit for use is called
‘fresh water’ and is available in rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, icebergs, glaciers, etc.
(C) Increase in population, increased industrial and agricultural activities are some common
factors affecting water cycle
(D) The distribution of fresh water, over the globe, is not uniform
160. Acid rain can cause damage to building, historical monuments, plants and animals. Which one
of the following gases, when released excessively, in the atmosphere is not responsible for acid
rains ?
(A) Nitrogen dioxide (B) Sulphur dioxide
(C) Carbon dioxide (D) Chlorine dioxide
Our stomach ................ hydrochloric acid which ............ us to ................ food. But too much of
this acid in the stomach ............... ................... . To relieve ................. , we take an ..................
such as milk of ..................... .
(A) contains, helps, digest, causes, heartburn, heartburn, antacid, magnesia
(B) contains, helps, digest, causes, indigestion, indigestion, antacid, magnesia
(C) encloses, helps, digest, causes, indigestion, indigestion, antibiotic, magnesia
(D) encloses, helps, digest, causes, indigestion, indigestion, antacid, magnesium
162. The amount of water recommended by the United Nation for drinking, washing, cooking and
maintaining proper hygiene is a minimum of
(A) 80 litres per person per day (B) 60 litres per person per day
(C) 50 litres per person per day (D) 40 litres per person per day


(A) Only about 0.66% of the total water on the earth is drinkable and is present in lakes and
rivers of the world
(B) Aquifer is a permeable underground rock-layer that contains drinkable water. This water
in the aquifers can be pumped out with the help of tube wells or handpumps
(C) Population explosion is the most important factor in the depletion of water table
(D) Water harvesting helps in recharging ground water
Column I Column II
(a) This domesticated long-haired mammal is found (i) camel
throughout the Himalayan region and Tibetan
Plateau. Its long-haired fibre wool is commonly
used to make clothing, tents, ropes and blankets.
(b) Its wool fibre is much warmer and lighter due to (ii) Yak
hollow core of the fibre. Its wool is known for its
softness and thin fibre. Its wool is named after the
name of goats found in Jammu and Kashmir
(c) The fur of the body of this animal is also used as (iii) cashmere goat
wool. This animal has hump on its back and is
long-legged dometicated animal
(d) This animal is found in Peru and Bolivia of South (iv) sheep
America and is closely related to lhama. Its wool
is noted for its strength, warmth and softness
(e) Wool has been used for centuries to produce (v) angora goat
carpets, blankets and woolen garments. Though
wool comes from many animals, maximum wool
comes from this species of animals
(f) This wool producing animal is found in India and (vi) alpaca
north Pakistan. Its fibre is finer, stronger lighter,
softer and three times more insulating than sheep
wool
(A) (a) - vi, (b) - iii, (c) - i, (d) - ii, (e) - iv, (f) - v
(B) (a) - ii, (b) - iii, (c) - i, (d) - vi, (e) - iv, (f) - v
(C) (a) - vi, (b) - v, (c) - i, (d) - ii, (e) - iv, (f) - iii
(D) (a) - ii, (b) - v, (c) - i, (d) - vi, (e) - iv, (f) - iii
165. Which one of the following processes is not associated with the processing fibres into wool ?
(A) Shearing (B) Rearing
(C) Scouring (D) Combing and rolling

166. Which one of the following groups has all bodies as bad conductors of heat?
(A) Water, wood, aluminium and plastic (B) Glass, air, gold and wood
(C) Salt water, rubber, nichrome and snow (D) Air, water, wood and rubber
167. In the universe, maximum transfer of heat takes place through
(A) radiation (B) convection
(C) conduction (D) equally through all the above
(A) Ozone is very important for planet earth
(B) Ozone protects earth from harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun, by absorbing these
harmful radiations. Thus, ozone acts as natural shield against these harmful radiations
(C) While absorbing ultraviolet radiations. ozone breaks down to oxygen
(D) So conversion of ozone to oxygen by ultraviolet radiations is a physical change
(A) In the absence of moisture, water or/and water vapours, oxygen cannot rust iron
(B) To avoid rusting, iron pipes are galvanised (coated with layer of zinc). Only galvanised iron
pipes are used in our houses to carry water
(C) Galvanising of iron pipe is a chemical change as it stops rusting of iron
(D) Rusting of iron articles is more common near coastal areas than in hot or dry places
(A) The large fluffy fibre is also called burr
(B) The uppermost layer of the skin is dead
(C) Removal of grease, dust and dirt, by washing, from sheered skin is called scouring
(D) Soft silk yarn is as strong as comparable thread of steel
171. The name of the bacterium which causes a fatal blood disease, called “sorter’s disease”, is
(A) anthrax (B) salmonella
(C) tetanus (D) syphilis
172. Compare the statements of Column-I and Column-II and find the correct matching, given as one
Column I Column II
(a) Acid that acts as disinfectant against viruses and (i) acetic acid
becteria and is present in lemon, orange, etc
(b) Acid that is present in our stomach and helps in (ii) ascorbic acid
the digestion of food
(c) This acid has anti-bacterial properties and health (iii) citric acid
benefit and is consumed with salad in the form
of vinegar
(d) This acid is used to prevent and treat scurvy (iv) tartaric acid
(a disease that causes fatigue, gum swelling, joint
pains, etc. due to lack of vitamin C in our body)
(e) This acid moisturises the skin and is a common (v) hydrochloric acid
ingredient in the skincare products. This is

found in grapes, unripe mango, taramind, etc.

(A) (a) - iii, (b) - v, (c) - i, (d) - ii, (e) - iv
(B) (a) - iv, (b) - v, (c) - i, (d) - ii, (e) - iii
(C) (a) - iii, (b) - v, (c) - ii, (d) - i, (e) - iv
(D) (a) - iv, (b) - v, (c) - ii, (d) - i, (e) - iii
Too much of hydrochloric acid in the ............... causes indigestion, which is ............... sometimes.
To .............. indigestion, we take an .................. such as milk of magnesia which contains
................... .................. .
(A) intestines, aching, relieve, antacid, manganese hydroxide
(B) stomach, burning, relieve, antiacid, magnesium, dioxide
(C) intestines, painful, soften, antitoxic, magnesium, hydroxide
(D) stomach, painful, relieve, antacid, magnesium, hydroxide
174. In the atmosphere, ozone acts as a natural shield against
(A) harmful radioactive radiations from sun
(B) harmful ultraviolet radiations from sun
(C) harmful ultraviolet radiations from cosmos
(D) harmful ultraviolet emissions from sun and stars
175. Rust (iron oxide) is
(A) Fe2 O 3 (B) Fe2 O 2
(C) FeO 2 (D) Fe3 O 2
Drip .................. is a .................... of watering ............. by making use of .............. tubings which
.............. water directly at the .......... of the plant.
(A) irrigation, method, vegetation, narrow, supply, base
(B) irrigation, technique, vegetation, thin, deliver, roots
(C) irrigation, technique, plants, narrow, deliver, base
(D) watering, method, plants, narrow, deliver, base
177. Aquifer is the name
(A) underground water below rocky area
(B) underground water, below the water table
(C) layers of hard rocks above water table
(D) layers of hard rocks storing underground water

ANSWERS
CHAPTER-01 - BASICS OF CHEMISTRY &
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d)
10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a)
15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b)
20. (a) 21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (b)
30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (b)
35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b)
40. (c) 41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (b) 44. (c)
45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (a)
50. (d) 51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (d)
55. (c) 56. (c) 57. (d) 58. (c) 59. (d)
60. (a) 61. (b) 62. (c) 63. (b) 64. (a)
65. (b)
CHAPTER-02 - FIBRE TO FABRIC

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a)
16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a)
CHAPTER-03 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

(CHEMICAL REACTIONS
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c)
26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b)
36. (b) 37. (d)

CHAPTER-04 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (c)
CHAPTER-05 - WATER
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (d)
CHAPTER-06 METALS AND NON-METALS

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (a)
26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (d)
36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (b)
46. (a) 47. (c) 48. (d) 49. (d) 50. (c)
51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (a)
OLYMPIAD QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b)
26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b)
36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (c)

46. (d) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (d) 50. (a)
51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (c)
56. (d) 57. (b) 58. (c) 59. (d) 60. (d)
61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (d) 64. (a) 65. (c)
66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (d) 70. (c)
71. (b) 72. (d) 73. (d) 74. (b) 75. (c)
76. (c) 77. (a) 78. (c) 79. (d) 80. (a)
81. (c) 82. (a) 83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (b)
86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (a) 89. (c) 90. (b)
91. (b) 92. (a) 93. (b) 94. (d) 95. (c)
96. (b) 97. (d) 98. (c) 99. (b) 100. (b)
101. (b) 102. (c) 103. (b) 104. (b) 105. (a)
106. (c) 107. (c) 108. (b) 109. (d) 110. (c)
111. (d) 112. (a) 113. (d) 114. (c) 115. (d)
116. (c) 117. (d) 118. C 119. B 120. D
121. A 122. C 123. D 124. B 125. C
126. D 127. B 128. C 129. D 130. B
131. B 132. D 133. B 134. C 135. D
136. B 137. D 138. A 139. A 140. B
141. B 142. C 143. B 144. B 145. B
146. A 147. B 148. C 149. A 150. C
151. C 152. B 153. C 154. D 155. C
156. D 157. C 158. B 159. C 160. D
161. B 162. C 163. A 164. D 165. B
166. D 167. A 168. D 169. C 170. A
171. A 172. A 173. D 174. B 175. A
176. C 177. D

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Delhi Centres: • E-23, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110024. Ph.: 011-24336143/44, 24331000-02.

Chapter 2. Acids, Bases and Salts .............................................. 20 – 39

Chapter 3. Physical and Chemical Changes ................................. 40 – 47

Chapter 4 Metals and Non-Metals ............................................... 48 – 56

Chapter 5 Water ......................................................................... 57 – 66

Olympiad Segment .............................................................. 67 – 99

1. Cotton fabrics 2. Silk fabrics 3. Synthetic fabrics

What are fabrics made of?

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 1

Fibres are of two types:

1. Natural fibres 2. Synthetic fibres

Fibers obtained from animals

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 2

Animals yielding wool

The hairs on the body of a camel are also used

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 3

Shelter for Sheep

Food and water

Shearing and Processing Wool:

The process of removing fleece from the body of sheep

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 4

Processing Fleece to Fabrics

Figure: Scouring in tanks Figure: Scouring by machines

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 5

Diameter: The diameter of wool fibres varies from 15 to 30 micrometers.

Flow Chart showing the Process of Obtaining Fabrics

Figure : Asummary of the conversion of fleece into woolen fabrics

Wool producing State of India

Wool Producing Countries

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 6

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 7

The common varieties of silk available in the market are:

1. Mulberry silk 2. Tassar silk

Silk producing state of India

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 8

Very Short Answer Questions

2. Name some animals which provide wool.

3. Which part of the animals is used to get wool?

4. Name the wool commonly available in the market.

5. Which are the source of angora wool?

Short Answer Questions

9. Write a short note on “Sorter’s disease”.

10. Write/Give brief account of life history of silk moth.

Short Answer Questions

13. How many types of fibres are found in sheep?

14. Explain the process to obtain silk thread from cocoon.

Long Answer Questions

AMITY I NSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 9

1. Which among the following statements is false?

2. The threads are found to be arranged loosely with space in

3. Plants are dependent on which of the following

4. Identify the insect that destroy clothes

7. Which country is the largest producer of silk?

8. Which country is the largest producer of wool?

9. Mooga is a strongest variety of

10. An International trade mark for new and pure wool is

11. Wool is obtained from

12. Silk and wool are

(a) andfibres are obtained from animals.

(b) Silk fibres come fromof silk.

(d) Hair trap a lot of , which is a poorof heat.