liquid penetrant TESTING

METHOD LEVEL II & III

CHAPTER-2
Types Of Cleaning, Equipment's And Materials.
 Course Contains

1. DPT Principal And Methods.

2. Types Of Cleaning, Equipment's And Materials.

3. Surface Preparation And Penetrant Application.

4. Emulsification, Penetrant Removal And Developer Application.

5. Inspection, Evaluation, Post Cleaning And Material Control.

6. Discontinuities, Their Origin And Types.

7. Application, Training & Certification.

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 ❖ Chapter 2:- Types Of Cleaning, Equipment's And Materials.
This lesson discusses the equipment and material required to perform the various penetrant tests and the required pre- and
post-test cleaning.

• Proper cleaning is essential to liquid penetrant testing for two reasons:

1. If the specimen is not clean and dry, penetrant testing is ineffective.

2. If all traces of penetrant materials are not removed after the test, they may have a harmful effect on the specimen.
(Chlorine and sulfur may affect some alloys.)

• Immersion tanks and detergent solutions are common means of assuring that a specimen surface is both physically
and chemically clean.

• Vapor degreasing is particularly effective in the removal of oil, grease, and similar organic contamination.
However, certain alloys have an affinity for specific elements used in vapor degreasing and if exposed to them may
become structurally damaged.

• Steam cleaning is particularly adaptable to the cleaning of large, unwieldy articles.

• Solvent cleaning may be used in immersion tanks or may be used in a wipe-on and wipe-off technique. Solvent cleaning is
usually less effective than the previous methods of cleaning. Widely used because easy to portable.

• Rust and surface scale can be removed by any good commercially available acid or alkaline rust remover following
manufacturer's directions.

• Paint removal is often done in dissolving-type hot-tank paint strippers, bond release, or solvent paint strippers.

• Etching is effective for use on articles that have been ground or machined. This process uses an acid or an alkaline solution
to open up grinding burrs and remove metal from surface discontinuities.

Surface cleaning processes to be avoided include blast (shot, sand, grit, or pressure), liquid honing, emery cloth, wire
brushes and metal scrapers. These processes tend to close discontinuities by peening or cold working the surface of the
specimen.
 Penetrant test equipment (stationary)

Stationary equipment used in liquid penetrant testing varies in size and is largely dependent upon the size of the test specimen.
Depending on the type and process used, a stationary system could include the following:
1. Precleaning station (usually in remote area) 2. Penetrant station (tank) 3. Drain station 4. Emulsification station (tank)
5. Rinse station (tank) 6. Developing station (tank) 7. Drying station (usually oven) 8. Inspection station (enclosed booth or
table with proper lighting) 9. Post cleaning station (usually in remote area)
 Penetrant test equipment (portable)
Both visible and fluorescent dye penetrants are available in kits which can be used at a remote location or when testing a
small portion of a large article.
A visible dye penetrant kit usually contains:
1. White Light or Lamp if require

2. Pressurized spray cans of cleaning or removal fluid.

3. Pressurized spray cans of visible dye penetrant.

4. Pressurized spray cans of nonaqueous developer.

5. Wiping cloths and brushes.

A fluorescent dye penetrant kit usually contains:

1. A portable black(UV-A) light and transformer or torch LED UV-A types light..

2. Pressurized spray cans of cleaning or removal fluid.

3. Pressurized spray cans of fluorescent dye penetrant.

4. Pressurized spray cans of nonaqueous developer.

5. Wiping cloths and brushes.

 Penetrant test equipment (portable)
Black (UV-A) light equipment is required in fluorescent penetrant testing since it supplies light of correct wavelength to
cause the penetrant to fluoresce.(Three types of UV light UV-A, UV-B, UV-C, Vacuum)
A deep red-purple filter is used to pass only those wavelengths of light that will activate the fluorescent material. At least a
five-minute heat-up time is required to reach the correct arc temperature when using mercury arc lamps.
The black (UV-A) light emits a special light with wavelengths that fall between visible and ultraviolet. Provided that the filter
is not broken or cracked, there is no danger of injury to the human eye. It is suggested that the filter be checked prior to each
use.
Penetrant test equipment (portable)
Penetrant testing materials can be used in a variety of combinations. Most materials are available in either pressurized
spray cans or in bulk quantities.
The flow chart below illustrates the different material combinations. However. Care should always be taken to assure that
manufacturers' specifications or company procedures are closely followed.
 Penetrant testing materials
Penetrant materials are often restricted to specific groups. The established groups of penetrant materials will
use the following in a variety of combinations to obtain the best results:
1. Water-washable penetrants-contain an emulsifying agent which makes them easily removable by a water
rinse or wash. This penetrant material can be obtained with either a visible or fluorescent dye.
2. Post-Emulsifiable penetrants-are highly penetrating, oily visible or fluorescent penetrants which are not
soluble in water. These penetrants must be treated with an emulsifier before they can be removed by a water
rinse or wash.
3. Solvent-removable penetrants-are oily penetrants that do not c on ta in a n e mu ls i f yi n g a gent an d a re
r e mo va b l e o n l y b y solvents specifically designed for that purpose.
4. Emulsifiers-when applied to a penetrant-coated specimen make the resultant mixture removable b y water
rinse or wash. Emulsifiers have low penetrant characteristics and do not remove indications from the
specimen surface.
5. Removers (solvent)-are designed to be used in conjunction with specific penetrants. Typical removers are
available in bulk or pressurized spray containers.
6. Dry developers-are a fluffy, absorbent white powder that is used in both fluorescent and visible dye penetrant
tests. It functions to draw the penetrant indications to the surface thus making them visible.
7. Wet developers-function similarly to dry developers except that they are a mixture of a developing powder
and water.
8. Nonaqueous wet developers-differ from wet developers in that the developer powder is mixed with a rapid-drying liquid
solvent,
9. Liquid oxygen (lox) compatible materials-must be used when articles inspected are subjected to contact with either
liquid or gaseous oxygen. These materials are specifically designed to be inert when in the presence of lox.
10. Low sulfur and low chlorine-penetrant materials must be specifically designed to avoid the harmful effects caused on
some nickel and titanium alloys by the sulfur and chlorine content.

Safety precautions
In general, the materials used in penetrant inspection can be flammable and can cause skin irritations.
In addition, the ultraviolet spectrum of light rays generated from the mercury arc lamp can cause sunburn and may be injurious
to the eyes. However, if the proper filter for fluorescent dye inspection is used, the harmful rays will be filtered out.
Fire-many penetrant materials are flammable. Safe practice requires that penetrant materials used in open tanks have a
flashpoint of greater than 48.890 C.
Skin irritation-skin irritation can be avoided by preventing unnecessary contact and by the use of gloves, aprons, and
protective hand creams.
Air pollution-the developing powders are considered nontoxic but excessive inhalation must be avoided. Exhaust fans
should be installed in any confined area where dry developers or vapors from the penetrants are present.
Thank You