Development Across The Life Span 8th Edition Feldman Test Bank 1

Development Across the Life Span 8th Edition
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Chapter 10
ASSESSMENT Social and Personality Development in
GUIDE Middle Childhood
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

LO 10.8: Describe how Multiple Choice 56
friendships between the
races change during the True/False 96 95
school years. Essay
LO 10.9: Summarize Multiple Choice 57-58, 61-65, 67-68, 66, 76 77
how today’s diverse 69-75, 78-80
family and care True/False 100 97 98-99
arrangements affect
Essay
children in middle
childhood.
LO 10.10: Describe how Multiple Choice
children’s social and True/False
emotional lives affect Essay
their school performance
in middle childhood.
577
Chapter 10
Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
MULTIPLE CHOICE
10-1. According to Erikson, from roughly ages 6 to 12, children go through a period
characterized by a focus on efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents, peers, school,
and the other complexities of the modern world. This stage is called
a) inferiority-versus-superiority.
b) industry-versus-inferiority.
c) social comparison.
d) puberty.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 324
Skill: Factual
LO 10.1: Describe the major developmental challenge of middle childhood.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
10-2. Which psychologist promoted the theory that addresses middle childhood children’s focus
on meeting the challenges presented by the world?
a) Erikson
b) Freud
c) Skinner
d) Watson
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 324
Skill: Factual
578
10-3. According to research by Vaillant & Vaillant, which of the following characteristics is
most highly associated with adult success?
a) high level of intelligence

b) family background
c) childhood industriousness
d) genetic predisposition
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 325
Skill: Factual
10-4. Eleven-year-old Tina characterizes herself as a smart, friendly person who is helpful to
others. Tina’s views of herself are based on
a) her physical skills.

b) psychological characteristics, inner traits that are more abstract.
c) her desire to be popular with her friends.
d) external activities relying on motor skills.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 326
Skill: Applied
LO 10.2: Summarize ways in which children’s views of themselves change during middle
childhood.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
10-5. Twelve-year-old Sam believes he is a pretty good soccer player but not as good in chorus.
This is an indication of Sam’s
a) self-esteem.
b) self-concept.
c) social reality.
d) social comparison.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 325
Skill: Applied
childhood.
579
10-6. ______________ is an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-
evaluation (which is more emotionally oriented), whereas ______________ reflects beliefs and
cognitions about the self.
a) Self-concept; self-esteem
b) Self-esteem; self-concept
c) Self-esteem; social comparison
d) Social comparison; self-concept
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 327
Skill: Conceptual
LO 10.3: Explain why self-esteem is important during middle childhood.
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
10-7. Which of the following terms relates to an individual’s overall and specific positive and
negative self-evaluation?
a) social comparison
b) self-concept
c) self-esteem
d) downward social comparison
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 327
Skill: Factual
10-8. Harry is facing an important test and expects to do poorly. He is so anxious that he cannot
concentrate or study effectively, but he figures that since he’s going to do badly anyway, he
should not bother. This is an indication of Harry’s
a) self-esteem.
b) self-concept.
c) social reality.
d) social comparison.
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 327
Skill: Applied
580
10-9. Generally, overall self-esteem is high during middle childhood but begins to decline
around the age of ___ due to _____.
a) 15; puberty.
b) 16; sexual activity.
c) 12; school transition.
d) 11; self-concept.
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 327
Skill: Factual
10-10. Parents can help break the cycle of low self-esteem in a child by using a(n) _________
child-rearing style.
a) authoritarian
b) permissive
c) authoritative
d) passive
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 328
Skill: Conceptual
10-11. During middle childhood years, it appears that children in immigrant families
a) often have significant learning problems.

b) often do quite well in the United States.
c) are less fluent in communication skills.
d) suffer from depression.
Answer: B
Level: Easy
Page: 330
Skill: Factual
581
10-12. Sima is a child of recent immigrants to the U.S. Sima is likely to demonstrate which of
the following?
a) higher grades in school than nonimmigrant children

b) a higher level of self-esteem than nonimmigrant children
c) relatively higher socioeconomic status
d) a high level of popularity among peers
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 321
Skill: Applied
10-13. Recent research indicates that around age 11, African American children begin to show
higher self-esteem than Caucasian American children. Which of the following is NOT a reason
for this?
a) African American children begin to notice more visibility on television of African

Americans.
b) African American children begin to identify with their racial group.
c) African American children begin to develop more complex views of racial identity.
d) African American children begin to view positive aspects of their group membership.
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 329
Skill: Conceptual
582
10-14. According to ____________, members of a minority group are likely to accept the
negative views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic
possibility of changing the power and status differences between the groups.
a) social comparison theory

b) low self-esteem theory
c) downward social comparison theory
d) social identity theory
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 330
Skill: Conceptual
10-15. The term that refers to the complex relationship between self-esteem and minority group
status comes from
a) social comparison.
b) social identity theory.
c) downward social comparison.
d) low self-esteem.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 330
Skill: Factual
10-16. Which of the following psychologists contends that people pass through a series of stages
in the kind of reasoning they use to make moral judgments as their sense of justice evolves?
a) Freud
b) Erikson
c) Kohlberg
d) Bandura
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 331
Skill: Factual
LO 10.4: Describe how children’s sense of right and wrong changes in middle childhood.
583
10-17. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects
concrete interests of the individual considered in terms of rewards and punishments?
a) conventional morality
b) postconventional morality
c) moral reasoning
d) preconventional morality
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 331
Skill: Conceptual
10-18. A seventh grade student is tempted to cheat on an exam, but talks himself out of it
because he is afraid he will get caught and will fail the course. This student is demonstrating
a) conventional morality.
b) preconventional morality.
c) postconventional morality.
d) a lack of morality.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 331
Skill: Applied
10-19. According to Kohlberg’s theory, the 4th stage of development is
a) authority and social-order-maintaining morality.

b) universal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of a particular
society.
c) obedience and punishment orientation.
d) morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted law.
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 331
Skill: Factual
584
10-20. Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg found that ____________ is relatively rare.
a) preconventional reasoning
b) a lack of morality
c) postconventional morality
d) conventional morality
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 331
Skill: Factual
10-21. Kohlberg proposes that moral development occurs in a fixed order, and that people are
unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to __________.
a) middle childhood; lack of cognitive development

b) adolescence; lack of experience and peer pressure
c) young adulthood; lack of experience
d) adolescence; lack of cognitive development
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 331-332
Skill: Conceptual
10-22. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which of the following stages reflects a
person’s approach to moral problems as a member of society, where the person is interested in
pleasing others by acting as a good member of society?
c) moral reasoning
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 331-332
Skill: Conceptual
585
10-23. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, what stage reflects a person’s use of
moral principles, which are seen as broader than those of any particular society?
c) moral reasoning
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 331-332
Skill: Conceptual
10-24. Which of the following psychologists developed the three stages of moral development
for women?
a) Lawrence Kohlberg
b) B. F. Skinner
c) Carol Gilligan
d) Sigmund Freud
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 331-332
Skill: Factual
10-25. According to one psychologist, girls view morality in which of the terms below?
a) broad principles of fairness/justice

b) responsibility toward men
c) competition with individuals is a more prominent factor in moral behavior for
women than for men
d) gradual transition from selfishness to responsibility, which includes thinking about
what would be best for others
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 331-332
Skill: Conceptual
586
10-26. Which of the following best describes the first of the three-stage process of women’s
morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan?
a) goodness as self-sacrifice
b) orientation toward individual survival
c) morality of nonviolence
d) moral equivalence established between self and others
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 333
Skill: Factual
10-27. Which of the following best describes the second of the three-stage process of women’s
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 322
Skill: Factual
10-28. Which of the following best describes the third of the three-stage process of women’s
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 333
Skill: Factual
587
10-29. Friends influence children’s development during the middle childhood years in which of
the following ways?
a) Friendship provides a child with similar others who reinforce their racial identity.
b) Friendship provides physical support that helps the child develop fine motor skills.
c) Friendship provides a training ground for communicating and interacting with others.
d) Friendships provide more security than relationships with parents and other family
members.
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 335
Skill: Conceptual
LO 10.5: Describe the sorts of relationships and friendships that are typical of middle childhood.
10-30. According to psychologist William Damon, a child’s view of friendship passes through
which of the stages below?
a) basing friendship on intelligence

b) basing friendship on attractiveness
c) basing friendship on similarity of appearance
d) basing friendship on psychological closeness
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 327
Skill: Factual
10-31. According to Damon, the first stage of building friendship for middle-school-age children
is
a) basing friendship on intelligence.

b) basing friendship on others’ behavior.
c) basing friendship on trust.
d) basing friendship on psychological closeness.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 335
Skill: Factual
588
10-32. According to Damon, when Sammy (who is a kindergarten student) is asked, “How do
you know that someone is your best friend?” it is highly likely that he will respond
a) “Because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it.”
b) “Because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you, and
they will stick with you no matter what.”
c) “Because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot.”
d) “Because a friend is somebody who is kind and puts my feelings first.”
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 335-336
Skill: Applied
10-33. According to Damon, when Martha (who is 8 years old) is asked, “How do you know that
someone is your best friend?” it is highly likely that she will respond
a) “Because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it.”
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 335-336
Skill: Applied
10-34. Which of the following is considered to be the centerpiece of friendship during middle
childhood?
a) similar racial or ethnic background

b) mutual trust
c) similar size and weight
d) living geographically near one another
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 335
Skill: Conceptual
589
10-35. According to Damon, the second stage of building friendship for middle-school-age
children is

Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 335-336
Skill: Factual
10-36. According to Damon, the third stage of building friendship for middle-school age children
is

Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 335
Skill: Factual
10-37. According to Damon, when Steven (who is 15 years old) is asked, “How do you know
that someone is your best friend?” it is highly likely that he responded
a) “Because a friend is someone who shares his/her possessions with you.”

Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 336
Skill: Applied
590
10-38. Status is
a) the amount of money a person or his/her family has.

b) the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in
social settings.
c) the geographical location of a person’s home.
d) the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group.
Answer: D
Level: Easy
Page: 336-337
Skill: Factual
LO 10.6: Describe what makes a child popular and why it is important in middle childhood.
10-39. High-status children tend to do all of the following except
a) form friendships with other high-status children.

b) have a greater number of friends.
c) form cliques of groups that are seen as desirable and exclusive.
d) form friendships with lower class or unpopular children.
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 336-337
Skill: Factual
10-40. What is the term for the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform
successfully in social settings?
a) status
b) morals
c) social competence
d) social problem solving
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 337-338
Skill: Factual
591
10-41. Research indicates that popular children have which of the following personality
characteristics?
a) a sense of humor
b) being domineering
c) being competitive
d) being bashful
Answer: A
Level: Easy
Page: 337
Skill: Factual
10-42. Compared to less popular children, popular children are more likely to do which of the
following?
a) demonstrate a good sense of humor and appreciate others’ attempts at humor

b) suppress emotional experiences
c) control the behavior of others more effectively
d) disregard others’ emotional experiences
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 337
Skill: Conceptual
10-43. What is the term that means the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that
are satisfactory both to oneself and to others?
a) social problem solving

b) status
d) conflict resolution
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 338
Skill: Factual
592
10-44. According to psychologist Kenneth Dodge, successful ___________ proceeds through a
series of steps that correspond to the child’s information processing strategies.
a) status management
b) conflict resolution
Answer: D
Level: Difficult
Page: 337-338
Skill: Factual
10-45. According to your textbook, _________ schoolchildren stay home from school each day
because they are afraid of being bullied.
a) 160,000
b) 100,000
c) 1,000,000
d) 500,000
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 337-338
Skill: Factual
10-46. What is one of the newest forms of bullying?
a) physical torture
b) lying or blaming others for their misdeeds
c) internet bullying
d) theft of the person’s personal items or schoolwork
Answer: C
Level: Easy
Page: 337-338
Skill: Applied
593
10-47. What does the term “border work” mean?
a) same-sex groupings that dominate in middle childhood

b) adolescent schoolboys and girls who occasionally enter each other’s “territories” with
romantic overtones
c) making friendships within one’s own race
d) making friendships within one’s own school or chronological age
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 331
Skill: Factual
LO 10.7: Describe how gender affects friendships in middle childhood.
10-48. The segregation of friendships according to gender occurs
a) in the U.S. only.

b) only among separate racial groups.
c) in almost all societies and in nonindustrialized societies.
d) when boys are assigned one type of chore, and girls are assigned another type of
chore.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 340
Skill: Factual
10-49. The lack of cross-gender interaction in the middle childhood years means that
a) girls and boys may not learn to like each other and have difficulty making cross-
gender friendships.
b) boys’ and girls’ friendships are restricted to members of their own sex.
c) girls and boys do not have enough time or opportunity to learn about each other’s
differences and/or similarities.
d) it is more difficult for boys and girls to build social competence.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 340
Skill: Conceptual
594
10-50. Middle-school-age boys typically have which of the following?
a) larger networks of girls they count as best friends

b) the tendency to play in groups rather than pairing off
c) primarily egalitarian interactions without hierarchy
d) one or two “best friends” who are of relatively equal status
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 340
Skill: Conceptual
10-51. Which of the following terms means rankings that represent the relative social power of
those in a group?
a) social competence
b) status
c) dominance hierarchy
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 340
Skill: Factual
10-52. Boys’ play tends to come in bursts rather than in more extended, tranquil episodes, due in
part to
a) lack of social competence skills.

b) boys’ concern over dominance hierarchy, known as restrictive play.
c) lack of dominance hierarchy, leading to equal status of different members.
d) lack of social problem-solving skills.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 340
Skill: Conceptual
595
10-53. Middle-school-age girls tend to __________, while middle-school-age boys tend to
_________.
a) play in pairs; develop a dominance hierarchy

b) have a smaller network of friends; ignore differences in status
c) avoid differences in status; have a smaller network of friends
d) focus on one or two “best friends”; smooth over disagreements
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 340-341
Skill: Factual
10-54. According to the textbook, the motivation of middle-school-age girls to solve conflict
among friends is due to
a) lack of self-confidence.
b) lack of social competence.
c) apprehension over the use of more direct approaches.
d) the desire to make social interaction nonconfrontational.
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 340
Skill: Conceptual
10-55. Sally, who is a middle-school-age girl, wants her friend, Beth, to go to the movies with
her. Which of the following statements is Sally likely to use to get her friend to go?
a) “I want you to go the movies with me.”

b) “You have to go to the movies with me.”
c) “I want to go to the movies.”
d) “Let’s go to the movies.”
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 340
Skill: Applied
596
10-56. Which of the following is true when it comes to middle school children’s friendships?
a) Children tend to make an equal number of same-race and different-race friends.

b) Children can show a high degree of mutual acceptance.
c) Children tend to make same-gender but different-race group friends.
d) Children cannot make more different-race friendships as they age.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 341-342
Skill: Conceptual
LO 10.8: Describe how friendships between the races change during the school years.
10-57. ____________ is the period in which parents and children jointly control children’s
behavior.
a) Self-care
b) Social competence
c) Coregulation
d) Adolescence
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 343
Skill: Factual
LO 10.9: Summarize how today’s diverse family and care arrangements affect children in middle
childhood.
10-58. During the middle school years, which of the following occur?
a) Children spend significantly more and more time with their parents.
b) Parents still remain the major influence in their children’s lives.
c) Siblings have very little important influence, neither good nor bad, on children.
d) Peer relationships are more influential than family relationships.
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 343
Skill: Factual
childhood.
597
10-59. Which of the following children is likely to be better adjusted, have higher self-esteem,
and a stronger motivation to succeed?
a) an only child in the People’s Republic of China

b) a child in China who has one sibling
c) a child in China who has two siblings
d) a child in China who has more than four siblings
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 351
Skill: Applied
10-60. Which of the following children tends to academically outperform other children?
a) an only child of Chinese descent

b) a child of Chinese descent with siblings
c) a child born in the U.S. with siblings
d) a child born in the U.S. with one sibling
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 351
Skill: Applied
10-61. What is the term for children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait
alone until their caretaker(s) return from work?
a) latchkey children
b) social competent children
c) self-care children
d) autonomous children
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 344-345
Skill: Factual
childhood.
598
10-62. What percentage of children in the U.S. between the ages of 5 and 12 spend some time
alone after school without adult supervision?
a) 12–14%
b) 15–20%
c) 5–10%
d) 8–10%
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 344
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-63. According to psychologist Sandra Hofferth, which of the following is a part of self-care
children’s development?
a) Given their schedule, self-care children may feel very bored during a period of
decompression after school.
b) Self-care children may have fewer opportunities to develop greater autonomy.
c) Self-care children who stay at home rather than “hanging out” unsupervised with
friends may avoid activities that lead to difficulties.
d) Self-care children seem more emotionally damaged than children who come home to
and are supervised by one parent.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 344-345
Skill: Factual
childhood.
599
10-64. What is the approximate percentage of children in the U.S. who spend their entire
childhood living in the same household with both parents?
a) 33%
b) 50%
c) 40%
d) 25%
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 346
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-65. Immediately after a divorce, both children and parents may show several types of
psychological maladjustment for a period that may last from
a) 1 to 2 years.
b) 3 months to 3 years.
c) 6 months to 2 years.
d) 1 to 3 years.
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 346
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-66. Following a divorce, a child may exhibit which of the following?
a) gender dysphoria
b) depression
c) ADHD
d) bedwetting
Answer: B
Level: Easy
Page: 346
Skill: Conceptual
childhood.
600
10-67. After a divorce, ______-year-old children feel pressured to choose sides between the
mother and father, and may experience a degree of divided loyalty.
a) 5- to 6
b) 10
c) 2
d) 6- to 8
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 346-347
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-68. With regard to children of divorced parents, which of the following is true?
a) Four times as many children of divorced parents enter psychological counseling as

children from intact families.
b) 18 months to 2 years after the divorce, most children begin to return to their
predivorce state of psychological adjustment.
c) People who have experienced parental divorce are less likely to get divorced as
adults.
d) Divorce is not beneficial to children living in households overwhelmed by parental
strife.
Answer: B
Level: Difficult
Page: 346-347
Skill: Factual
childhood.
601
10-69. Approximately how many children under the age of 18 in the U.S. live in single-parent
households?
a) 50%
b) 33%
c) 25%
d) 10%
Answer: C
Level: Difficult
Page: 345-346
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-70. Almost ________ of African American children under the age of 18 and almost
_________ of Hispanic American children under the age of 18 live in a single-parent household.
a) 60%; 35%
b) 35%; 60%
c) 45%; 50%
d) 50%; 45%
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 348
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-71. The prevalence of three-generation families who live together is greater among
a) African American families.

b) Caucasian American families.
c) Asian American families.
d) Hispanic American families.
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 346
Skill: Factual
childhood.
602
10-72. By definition, a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them is called
a
a) multigenerational family.
b) single-parent family.
c) blended family.
d) mixed family.
Answer: C
Level: Easy
Page: 346-347
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-73. What percentage of children in the U.S. live in “blended families”?
a) 17%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) 10%
Answer: A
Level: Difficult
Page: 346
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-74. When living in a blended family, roles and expectations can be unclear, and this is called
a) autonomy.
b) self-care.
c) shared benefits.
d) role ambiguity.
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Page: 346
Skill: Factual
childhood.
603
10-75. More than ______________ households in the United States contain at least one spouse
who has remarried.
a) 1 million
b) 10 million
c) 4 thousand
d) 10 trillion
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 346
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-76. Children who grow up in which of the following families tend to have a stronger sense of
extended family?
a) families headed by gay and lesbian parents

b) families headed by Caucasian American parents
c) families headed by Asian American parents
d) families headed by African American or Hispanic American parents
Answer: D
Level: Medium
Pages 348
Skill: Conceptual
childhood.
604
10-77. A young man who sees his father as a powerful figure who maintains discipline, and who
is taught that it is his responsibility to care for his parents throughout his lifetime, is likely to be
a) Caucasian American.
b) African American.
c) Asian American.
d) Hispanic American.
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 348
Skill: Applied
childhood.
10-78. Children living in poverty experience many more disruptions than children in
socioeconomically secure environments. Examples of these disruptions include which of the
following?
a) infrequent moving by the family to find work

b) the death of a grandparent
c) attending inferior schools in unsafe neighborhoods
d) living in single-parent households
Answer: C
Level: Medium
Page: 348
Skill: Factual
childhood.
605
10-79. What are the major effects of poverty, chronic stress, and susceptibility to disease in
children?
a) significant hardships, poor academic performance, and cardiovascular disease

b) there are no major effects regarding stress and susceptibility to disease
c) children who are prone to brain delays and adjustment problems
d) poor self-esteem, high resilience, improved health
Answer: A
Level: Medium
Page: 348
Skill: Factual
childhood.
10-80. The word “orphanage” has been replaced by the term
a) “foster home.”
b) “group home” or “residential treatment center.”
c) “alternative lifestyle.”
d) “latchkey child.”
Answer: B
Level: Medium
Page: 348-349
Skill: Factual
childhood.
606
ESSAY QUESTIONS
10-81. Briefly provide information regarding the success and adjustment of the children of
immigrant families.
Answer: Immigrant children are faring quite well, and in some ways, doing better than their
nonimmigrant peers. They tend to have equal or better grades than nonimmigrant students, and
demonstrate similar levels of self-esteem. Their socioeconomic status is relatively high, and their
parents are educated. Immigrant children are highly motivated and place a higher value on
education than nonimmigrant children, and immigrant children feel an obligation and duty to
succeed. Due to a strong identity, they do not adopt undesirable “American” behaviors.
Level: Medium
Page: 330
Skill: Conceptual
10-82. Briefly describe criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning.
Answer: Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized because it is based solely on observations within
Western cultures. Members of industrialized, technically advanced societies move through
morality stages faster than members of nonindustrialized countries. One theory is that
Kohlberg’s morality involves governmental and societal institutions such as the police and court
system, while less industrialized cultures’ morality may be based on the relationship between
people in a village. Kohlberg’s morality also does not explain females’ moral judgments because
his data was based on males.
Level: Medium
Page: 331
Skill: Conceptual
607
10-83. Briefly explain the major points regarding psychologist Carol Gilligan’s moral
development for girls.
Answer: Girls see morality in terms of responsibility toward individuals and willingness to
sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals within the context of particular relationships.
There are three stages that girls pass through: 1) orientation toward individual survival; 2)
goodness as self-sacrifice; and 3) morality of nonviolence.
Level: Medium
Page: 333
Skill: Conceptual
TRUE/FALSE
10-84. Children are on a quest for self-understanding in middle childhood.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 325
Skill: Conceptual
LO 10.2: Summarize the ways in which children’s views of themselves change during middle
childhood.
10-85. Recent research indicates that around age 11, African American children begin to show
slightly higher self-esteem than Caucasian American children.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 329-330
Skill: Factual
608
10-86. Kohlberg’s theory contends that students with higher levels of moral reasoning are less
likely to engage in antisocial behavior at school.
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Page: 332
Skill: Conceptual
10-87. One experiment found that 15% of students who reasoned at the postconventional level of
morality (the highest category) cheated when given the opportunity.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 332
Skill: Factual
10-88. Kohlberg’s morality theory is problematic because his data was largely based on males
rather than equally on males and females.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 333
Skill: Conceptual
10-89. Psychologist Carol Gilligan suggested that differences in the ways boys and girls are
raised in society leads to basic distinctions in how men and women view moral behavior.
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Page: 333
Skill: Conceptual
609
10-90. Although generally popular children are friendly and cooperative, one subset of popular
boys displays negative behaviors such as aggressiveness and disruptiveness, which is viewed as
cool because they are seen as breaking the rules.
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Page: 337
Skill: Conceptual
10-91. Despite frequent attempts, it is impossible to teach social competence to unpopular

children.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 337
Skill: Applied
10-92. Bullying is a phenomenon that is exclusive to preschool children.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 337
Skill: Conceptual
10-93. Some 90% of middle school children report being bullied at some point in their time at
school, beginning as early as the preschool years.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 339
Skill: Factual
610
10-94. Middle-school-age girls typically have larger networks of friends than boys.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 340
Skill: Factual
10-95. Research indicates that, for the most part, friendships are color-blind.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 341
Skill: Conceptual
10-96. A good deal of research supports the notion that contact between majority and minority
groups can reduce prejudice and discrimination.
Answer: True
Level: Easy
Page: 341
Skill: Factual
10-97. Children who have no siblings are not as well-adjusted as children who grow up with
siblings.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 343
Skill: Conceptual
childhood.
611
10-98. Single-parent African American families tend to rely substantially on grandparents for
everyday child care.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 346
Skill: Applied
childhood.
10-99. Adolescents are able to adjust better to living in a blended family than school-age
children.
Answer: False
Level: Medium
Page: 347
Skill: Applied
childhood.
10-100. Research indicates that African American children growing up in households headed by
a grandmother are well adjusted.
Answer: True
Level: Medium
Page: 348
Skill: Factual
childhood.
612
REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS
EOM Quiz Question 10.1.1
A classic research study found that ____________ was more closely related to adult
occupational success than intelligence or family background.
a) cognitive ability
b) childhood industriousness
c) physical skill
d) psychological complexity
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: The Developing Self
Skill: Factual
In the middle childhood years, children begin to base their self-concepts on ____________
characteristics.
a) intellectual
b) physical
c) psychological
d) moral
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
childhood.
613
The desire to evaluate one’s behavior, abilities, expertise, and opinions in reference to others is
called ____________.
a) social comparison
b) self-evaluation
c) normative modeling
d) self-understanding
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
People in Kohlberg’s level of ____________ morality rely upon universal moral principles that
are broader than the rules of the particular society in which they live.
a) preconventional
b) conventional
c) postconventional
d) metaconventional
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
614
According to Carol Gilligan, boys are raised to view morality primarily in terms of broad
principles, while girls are raised to regard morality in terms of ___________.
a) pleasing not displeasing

b) responsibility to others
c) cooperation not competition
d) moving toward consensus
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
In the third stage of friendship, which begins toward the end of middle childhood, friendship is
based on _____________.
a) time spent together

b) mutual trust
c) others’ behavior
d) psychological closeness
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Relationships: Building Friendship in Middle Childhood
Skill: Factual
615
The use of strategies for resolving conflicts in ways that are satisfactory to oneself and to others
is called ____________.
a) group decision-making
b) mutual self-regulation
c) social problem solving
d) interactive behavior-management
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
Which of the following is an effective way to reduce bullying in school?
a) posting clear signs discouraging bullying behavior

b) training students to intervene when they witness bullying
c) downplaying the importance of bullying by ignoring it
d) promptly removing the victims of bullying from the scene
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
The rigid rankings of group members that typify friend networks among boys are known as the
______________.
a) dominance hierarchy
b) social gradient
c) stratification ladder
d) status curve
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
616
Which of the following statements about cross-race friendships among middle-school children is
true?
a) The number of cross-race friendships increases as children grow older.

b) As children mature, cross-race friendships increase among girls, but not boys.
c) The number of cross-race friendships declines as children grow older.
d) Cross-race friendships decrease in schools with ongoing integration efforts.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Analytical
The shift from almost complete parental control to shared control by parent and child is called
____________.
a) joint responsibility
b) coregulation
c) mutual enforcement
d) codependency
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Family and School: Shaping Children’s Behavior in Middle Childhood
Skill: Factual
childhood.
617
The seriousness of children’s reactions to a divorce is most strongly affected by the

________________.
a) age of the children

b) length of the marriage
c) gender of the children
d) pre-divorce parental harmony
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
childhood.
Which of the following is a major challenge of living in a blended family?
a) greater incidence of intergenerational conflict

b) role ambiguity
c) declining financial situation in the new family
d) social isolation
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
childhood.
618
Personal explanations for the reasons behind academic success or failure are called
______________.
a) dispositions
b) determinants
c) attributions
d) rationalizations
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
LO 10.10: Describe how children’s social and emotional lives affect their school performance in
middle childhood.
The skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of
emotions are called ________________.
a) self-control
b) attributional orientation
c) mature self-regard
d) emotional intelligence
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
middle childhood.
619
EOC Quiz Question 10.1
The middle childhood period encompasses Erikson’s __________ stage of psychosocial

development.
a) initiative versus guilt

b) industry versus inferiority
c) industry versus guilt
d) identity versus role confusion
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
Evaluating one’s own behavior, abilities, and opinions against those of others is called
__________.
a) comparative self-esteem
b) social comparison
c) reflexive comparison
d) associative esteem
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
childhood.
620
School-age children measure their self-esteem against __________.
a) their peers
b) societal standards
c) internal standards
d) all of these
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
According to Kohlberg, children at the __________________ stage primarily consider avoiding

punishment and receiving rewards in their view of what is moral behavior.
a) preconventional morality
b) conventional morality
c) postconventional morality
d) egocentric morality
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
According to Damon, the primary criterion for friendship in Stage 3 is __________.
a) popularity
b) attractiveness
c) loyalty
d) mutual trust
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
621
A child who is a member of a clique likely __________.
a) can readily interpret the meaning of others’ behavior

b) has limited strategies for dealing with social problems
c) has a fairly obtuse sense of humor
d) can react inappropriately in some situations
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Popular children often are skilled at __________, which would make them good diplomats.
a) social problem-solving
b) meditation
c) situational protocol
d) trust dynamics
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
Approximately how many childhood bullies have been raised in an abusive situation?
a) 17 percent
b) 35 percent
c) 50 percent
d) 64 percent
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
622
In social relationships, boys are interested in __________; girls are interested in __________.
a) status and conflict; equality and harmony

b) status and direct language; status and passive language
c) dominance and compromise; equality and confrontation
d) territory and directness; fairness and directness
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Analytical
Travis is playing kickball with some kids. As he heads for home plate after a huge kick, nerdy
Oliver throws the ball. It nicks his heel and he gets called out. Travis says Oliver missed, but
everybody says he’s out. Since it is his ball, Travis takes it and the game is over. This is an
example of __________.
a) bullying
b) cycle of failure
c) restrictive play
d) power play
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
623
Younger children are somewhat colorblind in choosing friendships. But by high school, the
number of African American children who consider someone of another race to be their best
friend drops to __________.
a) 5 percent
b) 8 percent
c) 16 percent
d) 23 percent
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
As children get older, their parents shift from providing hard-and-fast rules to setting guidelines
and trusting that kids will make the right choices, a process known as __________.
a) permissive parenting
b) coregulation
c) shared responsibility
d) power shifting
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Skill: Factual
childhood.
624
When Jamaal leaves school, he goes straight home according to his mom’s rules. He watches
cartoons, does homework, and sets the table for supper. When mom comes home from work, she
cooks and they discuss their days. What is the developmental term for Jamal?
a) unsupervised child
b) self-care child
c) self-sitter
d) after-school independent
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
childhood.
How has life for the average child changed over the last several decades?
a) There is a greater number of families with two working parents.

b) There is a greater number of blended, gay-lesbian, and other nontraditional
families.
c) There is a higher percentage of scheduled activity time for children.
d) all of these
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Analytical
childhood.
625
Naomi believes that she does well on a test because of how hard she studied. She is making what
kind of attribution?
a) situational
b) dispositional
c) externalizing
d) self-serving
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
middle childhood.
626

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Topic Factual Conceptual Applied

Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

a) high level of intelligence

a) her physical skills.

a) often have significant learning problems.

a) higher grades in school than nonimmigrant children

a) African American children begin to notice more visibility on television of African

a) social comparison theory

10-19. According to Kohlberg’s theory, the 4th stage of development is

a) authority and social-order-maintaining morality.

a) middle childhood; lack of cognitive development

a) broad principles of fairness/justice

a) basing friendship on intelligence

a) basing friendship on intelligence.

a) similar racial or ethnic background

a) basing friendship on intelligence.

a) basing friendship on intelligence.

a) “Because a friend is someone who shares his/her possessions with you.”

a) the amount of money a person or his/her family has.

10-39. High-status children tend to do all of the following except

a) form friendships with other high-status children.

a) demonstrate a good sense of humor and appreciate others’ attempts at humor

a) social problem solving

10-46. What is one of the newest forms of bullying?

a) same-sex groupings that dominate in middle childhood

10-48. The segregation of friendships according to gender occurs

a) in the U.S. only.

a) larger networks of girls they count as best friends

a) lack of social competence skills.

a) play in pairs; develop a dominance hierarchy

a) “I want you to go the movies with me.”

a) Children tend to make an equal number of same-race and different-race friends.

a) an only child in the People’s Republic of China

a) an only child of Chinese descent

10-66. Following a divorce, a child may exhibit which of the following?

a) Four times as many children of divorced parents enter psychological counseling as

a) African American families.

10-73. What percentage of children in the U.S. live in “blended families”?

a) families headed by gay and lesbian parents

a) infrequent moving by the family to find work

a) significant hardships, poor academic performance, and cardiovascular disease

10-80. The word “orphanage” has been replaced by the term

10-82. Briefly describe criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning.

10-84. Children are on a quest for self-understanding in middle childhood.

10-91. Despite frequent attempts, it is impossible to teach social competence to unpopular

10-92. Bullying is a phenomenon that is exclusive to preschool children.

EOM Quiz Question 10.1.1

EOM Quiz Question 10.1.2

EOM Quiz Question 10.1.4

a) pleasing not displeasing

EOM Quiz Question 10.2.1

a) time spent together

EOM Quiz Question 10.2.3

Which of the following is an effective way to reduce bullying in school?