eka ye Book Package 9s ee D a) Structures of Metals and Alloys.. Equilibrium Diagram and Phase Changes... Heat Treatments of Steels... Plastics, Ceramics and Composite Materials «0.0. Mechanical Properties 0. Engineering Alloys and Its Commom Applications sms 40-47 Basies of Nano Materials... Corrosion and lis Cont... nesnneetetneienen sessnsennenceneee 50-58 La GEES | MADE EASY Publications Tote Ths book contns copight subject mater to MADE EASY Fubetons, New Dahl Ho part f ths book nay be fepodced, soe ina teresa sjten oF transite Iya form er by ny meas. tors ae Tablet be legally prosecutedCHAPTER Q.1. For Molybdenum, which has a body centered cubic lattice structure, the number of atoms per unit cell is @1 (0) 2 (o) 4 @sé Q2 A plane intersects the coordinate axes at 2 y=4,.2=4, thon its miller indices is err) (a) (932) (o) (452) © @13) (6) (964) Q3_ Specily the sequence correctly @) Grain growth, rectystallization, stress relief (0) Stress relief, grain growth, recrystallization (©) Stress relief, reorystallization, grain growth (d) Grain growth, stress relief, recrystallization Q.4 Assuming atoms to be perfect spheres, what is the value of the highest possible atomic packing factor (APF) in metals ? (@ 095 (®) 074 (©) 0.66 (d) 05 Q.5_An infinite array of points in throe-dimensional space in which each point is identically located with respect to the other is known as (@) spacelattice —(b) Basis, (©) Unitcell (6) Crystal Q.6 Atomic packing factor for chromium willbe equal to (@) 0523 (b) 0.68 (© 074 (@) 0.84 Q7_ Millerindices (101) is (@) paraliel to x-axis, (©) parallel to z-axis (©) parallel to y-axis (2) None of the above Q.8 When a pair of one cation & one anion are absent from an ionic crystal, the defect is called as (2) Substitutional impurity (b) Interstitial impurity (©) Frenkel's defect (d) Schottky’s defect UE TALS TS} Structures of Metals and Alloys Q.9 Ratio of elastic strain energy of an edge dislocation to the screw dislocation is @ (I-y) tev © &) Q.10 Match List+ (Crystal structure) with List (Atomic packing factor) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List- Listl A. Simple cubic 1. 74% B. Body-Centredoubic 2. 74% C. Face-Centred cubic 3. 52% D. Hexagonalclosepacked 4, 68% Codes: A BC D @ 3 4 21 o) 4 8 2 4 @ 3 4 1 2 @®@ 4 3 4 2 Q.11 The ratio of long and short unit cell dimensions of ideal HCP crystal structure should be (@) 1.56 (b) 1.89 () 1.633 (@) 1.59 Q.12 Cubic closed Packed (CCP) is also known as (a) sc (b) BCC (e) Fcc (d) BCT Q.13 Phenomenon of cross-slip occurs in (@) edge dislocation (b) screw dislocation (0) mixed dislocation (6) edge & mixed dislocation Q.14 Which one of the following is not correct about the characteristics of dislocation? (@) Edge aislocations travel much faster than screw dislocations (6) Two edge dislocations of opposite sign, of equal Burgers vector & on the same slip plane cancel outMADE EASY Publications (c) The elastic strain energy per unit length of a dislocation is directly proportional to the burgers vector ‘b’ (6) The sum of Burgers vectors meet at a point called nodal point, inside the crystal remains ze10. Q.15 Amiller indices of the diagonal plane of cube is {@) (200) (b) (11) (@ (110) Q.16 The crystal structure of austenite is (2) body centered cubic (b) face centered cubic (c) hexagonal closed packed (@) body centered tetragonal (©) (010) Q.17 Crystal structure of metals is studied by (2) metallographic techniques (b) X-ray techniques (©) electron microscopy (6) high powered microscope Q.18 Match List-I (Crystal Structure) with List -II (Example) and select the correct answer: List! List-il A. Simple Cubic 1. Zine B. Body-centered Cubic 2. Copper C. Face-centered Cubic 3. Alpha iron at room temperature D. HexagonalClose . 4, Manganese Packed Codes: A Bc D @4 3 1 2 4 324 @3 4214 Gas ee Q.19 Consider the following statements about edge dislocation: 1, Iteppears when there is an extra incomplete plane of atom in crystal. 2, Burger's vector is perpendicular to the dislocation edge. Which of the above statements are correct? (®) tonly (b) Zonly (Q Both tand2 —(d) Neither tnor2 Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 3 Q.20 Consider the following statements about screw dislocation: 1. Itforms when crystal displaces angularly over the remaining parts. 2. Burgers vector is paraliel to screw dislocation line 3. Scrow dislocations are symbolically represented by clockwise & anticlock-wise and referred on negative & positive screw dislocation respectively Which of the above statement are correct? (a) tand2 (®) 2and3 (©) tand3 (@ 1,2and3 Q.21 Match List-I with List-Il and select the correct answer given below the lists: List-1 List-ll A. BCO 4, Zn B. FOC 2. Po c. sc 3. Ni D. Hep 4. Na Codes: ABCD @m43 214 3 4 4 2 @3 4214 @ 4 3 1 2 ‘0.22 What is the approximate strain energy expression for a dislocation of unit length, irrespective of its edge or screw character? eb ae ae ace @b Ge oF @ Q.23 Which one of the following is correct for Climb"? (@) Dislocation moves parallel to the slip plane (b) Dislocation moves perpendicular to the slip plane (©) Sliding of one plane of atoms over the other plane (d) Dislocation moves from a slip plane to another slip plane4 | Mechanical Engineering Q.24 Match Listl with Listll and select the correct ‘answer given below the lists: List-1 List (Miller indices) (Denotes) A. (nk) 1. direction B. [hkl] 2. plane c. {hk} 3. family of directions D. 4. Family of planes Codes: A BCD @m1 23 4 ® 12 4 3 @2 1 4 3 @2 13 4 Q.25 Match List-l with List-lI and select the correct answer given below the lists: List- Point Imperfection Line Imperfection Surface or planer Imperfection Volume Imperfection List 1. Pores 2. Twinning 3. Frenkel defect, 4. Mixed imperfection/dislocation 9Op> Codes: AS CeaD, @®3 4 2 14 (Be) eae ee) @) 4 Gd 4 (Op sesee ee Q.26 The defect responsible for the phenomena of slip, by which most metals deform plastically, is known as @ © © @) Q.27 The effective number of lattice points in the unit call of simple cubic, body centered cubic and face centered cubic space lattices respectively are (@) 1.2.2 (0) 1,24 (©) 2,3,4 @) 24,4 fracture ‘winning dislocation strain hardening Postal Book Package EXPAT MADE ERSY Publications Q.28 Miller Indices (x,y, 2) for the hatched plane in the below unit cell are represented as ane) oer j= @ (100) © @11) Q.29 Line imperfection in a crystal is called (@) Miller defect (b) Frenkel defect (©) Schottky defect’ (d) Edge dislocation (b) (110) (6) (101) Q.30 X-ray with a wavelength are used for calculating gq in nickel. The reflection angle is 8° and the order of reflection’is 1. What will be the lattice parameter? (a) 5.38902, (b) 0.13910, (©) 3.5926, (d) 7.1853), Q.31 Motion of dislocation in screw distocation and edge dislocations are termed as (@) climb and glide respectively (©) glide and climb respectively (©) glide and glide respectively (@) climb and climb respectively Q.32 Match List-! with List-Il and select the correct answer given below the lists: List-1 List-ll A. Allotropy 1. Identical properties at all direction ina body B. Isotropic 2. Acontinuous body with no void C. Anisotropic 3. Doesn't have identical properties Element in more than one lattice form D. Homogeneous 4, Codes: ABCD @43 12 @ 4 1 3 2 (Oils (pe oe 4)MADE EASY Publications @.33 Consider the following statements about FCC and HOP crystal structure: 1. Both have same coordination number and atomic packing fraction. 2, Both represent closely packed crystal structures, 3. Both structures are generated by stacking of close packed planes on top of one another, but only the stacking sequence is different. Which of the statements given above are correct? (@ tand2 (b) 2and3 (©) 1,2and3 — (d) tand3 Q.34 If atomic radius of copper is 1.278 A, lattice constant willbe equal to (@) 2.556 A (o) 361A (©) 295A (@) 3.95A Q.35 The Miller indices of a material in a plane are proportional to (@) the reciprocal of numerical parameters of the intercepts (0) the square of unit cell dimensions (6) the intercepts of the planes on the coordinate axes (A) the interplanar spacing Q.36 A metal has lattice parameter of 2.9 A, density of 7.87 g/cc, atomic weight of 55.85, and Avogadro's number's 6.0238 x 10°°, The number of aloms per unit cell will be nearly @1 2 ©s (A) 16 Q.37 Which one of the following pairs of axis lengths (4, b, 0) and inter axial angles (0, B, y) represents the tetragonal crystal system? (@ a=b=ca=fp=7=" (o) a= b#c0, B=7= 90° (©) atbeca 90° (@) a= D=ca=P=7#90° Q.38 Ascrew dislocation 4. Lies parallel to its Burger's vector 2. Lies perpendicular to its Burger's vector 3. Moves in a perpendicular direction to the Burgers vector 4, Moves inan inclined direction to the Burger's vector Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 5 Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (@) tand4 (b) tend 3. () 2and3 (6) 2and4 Q.39 Match List-I (Element) with List-Il (Crystal structure) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List List. A. Alphalron 1, Hexagonal closed packed B. Copper 2. Body-centered cubic ©. Zine 3. Amorphous D. Glass. 4. Face-centered cubic Codes: ABCD @23 1 4 @1 423 @2 413 (13 24 Q.40 Consider the following statements about screw dislocation 1, Itforms when crystal displaces angulanly over the remaining parts 2, Burgers vector is parelielto screw distocation line 3. Screw dislocations are symbolically represented by clockwise & anticlock-wise and referred to negative & positive screw dislocation respectively Which of these statements are correct?” (@) 1and2 (b) 2and3 (0) tand3 () 1,2and3 Q.41 The density of copper will be in kg/m; if atomic radius of copper is 1.278 A. (@) 6970 (0) 7370 () 8970 (d) 9970 Q.42 Ametal having FCC crystal structure has an edge length of 0.4 nm and atomic weight as 64 g/mol ‘Then the density of the metal is (2) 3:78 10% kglm® (b) 4.98 x 108 kgim® (0) 332 10% kglm? () 6.64 x 10° kg/m? Q.43 Miller indices of a plane will be whose intercepts are a, b/2 & 30 on x, y & z axes respectively in a simple cubie unit ool? (a) (123) (b) (821) (©) (361) (@) (631)6 | Mechanical Engineering Q.44 Whatis the planar densty for body centered cubic structure with miller indices (1 1 0)? 2 2 OPER OF 1 O ZB Q.45 What is the Miller Indices for the plane shown below? 1 | | ty | 12 @ (221) (b) (121) (©) (211) (@ (122) uy Q.46 Consider the following statements about FCC and HOP crystal structure: 1. Both have same coordination number and atomic packing fraction. 2, Both represent closely packed crystal structures, 3. Both structures are generated by stacking of close packed planes on top of one another, but only the stacking sequence is different. Which of the statements given above are correct? @) tand2 (©) 2and3 (© 1,2and3 (@ tand3 Q.47 Planar density in BCC on (111) plane is i ig) Ae Postal Book Package PLYAI| MADE ERSY Publications Q.48 The number of ators per unit cell and the number of slip systems, respectively, for a face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal are @ 3.3 ©) 3,12 (0) 4,12 ©) 4,48 Direction (Q.49 to Q.52): The following questions consist of to statements, one labeled as ‘Assertion (A) and ‘these two statements carefully and select the answers to ‘these items using the codes given below. Codes: (@) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (0) Ais true but R is false (d) Ais false but R is true Q.49Assertion (A): Refining the grain size of polycrystalline line material renders it harder and stronger. Reason (R); Grain boundaries provide easy paths ‘0 dislocation motion. Q.50 Assertion (A): Aluminium hes atomic packing fraction equal to 0.74. Reason (R): Aluminium is face centred cube (FCC). Q.51 Assertion (A): Unlike in the case of ionic bonds, the coordination numbers for covalently bonded atoms are not controlled by the radii ratio. Reason (R): A covalent bond has a specific direction of bonding in space. Q.52 Assertion (A): All metals have unit cells with cubic symmetry. Reason (R): Face centered cubic, body centered cubic and simple cubic structure are examples of cubic crystal system, Q.53 The atomic packing factor for a material with body centered cubio structure isMADE EASY Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 7 (EEE structures of Metals and Alloys 1. (0) 2. 3. (0) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (&) 8. (d) 9. (6) 10. (ac) 11. (©) 12. (©) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (@) 22. (b) 23. (bd) 24. (c) 25. () 26. (0) 27. (b) 28. (0) 29. (d) 30. (cd) 31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (a) =~ -34. (bo) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (0) 38. (b) 39. (¢) 40. (a) 41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (0) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (d) = $2. (d) 53. (0.68) Structures of Metals and Alloys Bow Grain growth is the increase in the size of grain in a material at high temperature. This occurs when, Crystal structure Effective No. of recovery and recrystallization are complete, atoms in unit cell * Diamond cubic 8 iw The atomic packing factor of simple cubic = 0.52 eee J ‘Atomic packing factor of BCC = 0.68 “Face centered 0 ‘Atomic packing factor of FOC = 0,74 “HOP 6 Atomic packing factor of HCP = 0.74 meee 2 ‘Atomic packing factor of diamond structure = 0.34 Exo Ee Taking reciprocal of intercepts on x, yand 2 axis, ‘Aninfirite array of points in three-dimensional space in which each point is identically located with respect to the other is called space lattice. ©) integer, we have (364) as miller indices ofthis plane. i z APF we have (3.22) and forming fractions into Amt? xNe _ An? x2 ey ane x2 ( peniaXee ea a(4r/ V3) Miller indicates (101), willnot any intercepton y-axis so will be parallel to plane y-axis. y Eo Stress relief involves removing stresses in a material usually by heating it to a temperature at A which it can deform easily. Seed le Recrystallization is a procedure by which deformed grains are replaced by anew set of defect free grain that nucleate and grow until the original grain have been entirely consumed. t8 | Mechanical Engineering ie {tin an ionic crystal of the type A*B- equal number of cations and anions are missing from thelr latice site, so that the electrical neutrality is maintained, itis called Schottky’s defect. It is a point defect. Ege Elastic strain energy of screw dislocation, Elastic strain energy of edge dislocation, GPR 5 Me Ratio Bae In crystallography, atomic packing factor (APF) or packing efficiency is the fraction of volume ina crystal structure that is occupied by the constituent particles. It is a dimensionless quantity ape a Natoma X Neo Vernet APF for different structures is given below: Crystal structure APF Simple cubic 0.62 BCC 0.68 FCC 0.74 HCP. : 0.74 Eo fe For the ideal HCP packing, the ratio of olais = i.e. 1.633. The actual HCP metals deviate from ideal c/a ratio. a The cubic closed pack structure is the structure in which the unit cell consists layers contains sixatoms at the corners of a hexagon and one atom at the centre of each hexagon. FCC is cubic closed pack Postal Book Package PUPA MADE ERsy Publications Eo Phenomenon of cross-slip occurs in screw dislocation, in which burger vector is parallel to the dislocation line, Screw dislocations are so named because the atomic planes form a spiral ramp, Ho Elastic strain eneray per unitlenath of a disiocation is directly proportional to the square of burger’s veotor'b. eo The miller indicates of the diagonal plane (ABC) of cubeis (111). io Austenite is the solid solution of ferrite and iron carbide in gamma iron which is formed when steel contains carbon upto 1.8% at 1 130°C temperature, Itis non-magnetic in nature and its crystal structure is FCC. oy The crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. X-ray crystallography is used to determine the structure of metals. ie Diamond cubic - , Ge, Grey -Tin BCC~LiNa,K,Mo, a ~Fe, 0 — Cr, a~W, 6 FCC~Al,Cu, Ag, Au, y-Fe, B-Co,B—Ni ete HOP—Mg, Zn, Cd, Ca, ~Ti,Ba ote Eo ‘An edge dislocation’ line is perpendicularto its Berger's vector. * The movernent of edge dislocation in the slip planes is in the direction of Berger's vector,MADE EASY Publications © The speed of movement is fast. * The edge dislocation explains only plastic deformation. © The shear stress required to produce edge dislocation are less. Ege In screw dislocation, burger’s veotor is parallel to screw dislocation line, and is formed when crystal displaces angularly over the remaining parts. Ee © BCC ~ Li, Na, K, Mo, o-Fo, Cr. o-W, 6 Fo, 5-Ti FCC Al, Cu, Ag, AU, 7Fe, B-CO, BNI HCp = Mg, Zh, Ca, Ca, -T, Ba, etc SC~o-Polonium b) The siress energy for a dislocation of unit length can be written as U= 2 where G= modulus of rigidity iy Ew Climb is a dislocation movement in which dislocation moves from one slip plane to another slip plane. ‘Where as Glideis a dislocation movement in which dislocation moves within the same slip plane. © (hk1) denotes plane [hk1] denotes direction {hk1} denotes family of planes denotes family of directions El @ © Pointimpertection - Vacancy defect, Interstitial defect, Schottky defect, Frenkel defect © Line imperfection ~ Dislocation * Surface imperfection —Grain boundary, Twinning * Volume imperfection — Pores Ego Dislocations are another type of defects in crystals, Dislocations are the areas where the ‘atoms are out ofthe position in crystal structure. Dislocations are generated and move when a stress (shear) is applied. The motion of dislocations allow slip-plastic deformation to occur in metals. Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 9 EA ib) For simple cubic effective number of lattice point = 1 For B.C.C. effective number of lattice point = 2 For F.C.C. effective number of lattice point = 4 Ego The intercept on Z-axis is infinite . So taking reciprocal, itwill be zero on z-axis. Thus the miller indices for the hatched plane will be (110). Ea Edge dislocation is line defect. Frankel and schottkey defect are both point defects. Frankel & Schottkey defects are point defect. In frankel defect an atom in lattice occupies an interstitial void. In schottkey defect an anion and a cation are absent in lattice, 1 30.) X-ray wavelength = A. Reflection angle, @ = 8° for n= a Interplanar distance, d= —————— eee +P © PP +O a hoo = 5 ‘As per Bragg’s lav, 2dsino =m 2x(8) sine = 1xd 7.1853). So,lattice parameter, a= 7.1853), Bee Glide is movement of a dislocation on its slip plane, while climb is movement of a dislocation perpendicular to its stip plane. Climb is a movement of a dislocation perpendicular- absorb or emit vacancies. It is a temperature sensitive process, Note: Glide is a fast process whereas climb is a slow process.10 | Mechanical Engineering Eso Allotropy — element in more than one lattice form + Isotropic — Identical properties at all direction in a body. * Anisotropic - Don’t have identical properties, + Homogeneous - A continuous body with no void Ege Both HCP and FCC have same coordination number of 12 and atomic packing fraction of 0.74, * Both represent closely packed crystal structures. Eg 4 40) A yl 278x10"?)=3.61 A Ea Itis the reciprocal of numerical parameters of the intercepts. Edie Ny x Atomic weight ° * 6.028% 10% x volume of unit col TET GICC = 6 003x10% x(a Ney 55.85 © 6.02810 x(2.9%10 Ngy=2.069 ) System ‘Axes length Interaxial angle a=b=c a=B=7=90° ae Bay= 9 Cubic Teragonal «= a= bee Orthorhombie ax bee Rhomboned ral a=b=6 a=B=7790" an B= 90°27 a= y490=8 ae pey=90" Hexagonal a= bee. Monoclinic aw bec Trictinic aebec Postal Book Package PLPAT MADE EASY Publications Edo ‘Screw dislocation ties parallel to Burger vector and moves in perpendicular direction to Burger vector. Edge dislocation—Burger vector in normal to dislocation line and movement willbe parallel to Burger vector, ie 1. Body centered cubic: Na, k, Cr, Mn, Fe (a, siron) mild steel etc. 2. Face centered cubic: Cu, Ni, Ag, Pb, brass, ‘yiron, He, Ne, Al, S, Ar, Cate 8. , Hexagonal closed packed: Zn, Zr, graphite, Be, Cd, etc. 4. Amorphous: Glass etc © Tho screw dislocation lines are parallel to its Berger's vector (b). * The movement of edge dislocation is perpendicular to the direction of Berger's veotor, EE «o tras Q2r= 22(1.273x 10) =361A 63.54%4 (3.61x 10)" = 8970kg/ m* @ = Given:Edge length, a=0.4nm = 4x 10% om Number of atoms per unit cell, n= 4 ‘Atomic weight, A= 64 g/mol ‘Avogadiro’s number, Nj = 6.023 x 10’ atoms/mot Volume of unit cell, V, = 64x 10% om? We know tht, nA Density, p = (We)(Na) 6.64 glom® * 6.023 = 6.64x 10° kg/m?MADE ERSY Material Science Ege Publleations e tne) =(12 ® Planar density = Number ot atom _ _2 Areacfplane = 2 {for (1 1 0) plane of area = ax av2 = a°V2, Number of atom = 2} Eo xyz Intercept- 4 1/2 1/2 Reciprocals-4 2 2 Enclosure- (122) aie Both have same coordination number i., 12and also the atomic packing fraction, Both structures are generated by stacking of closed packed planes on top of one another, but only the stacking sequence is different. Ea ; moa” Cal Doane)? 2 Elo Number of slip systems = Number of close packed plane(CPP) x close packed direction (CPO) For FCC, CPP are (1 1 1) x 4 Numbers CPD are : [1 1 0] x 3 Numbers hence, number of slip systems are 12. Ele Grain boundaries stop dislocation. Thus an easy way to improve the strength of material is to make the grains as small as possible. Smailer grains have greater ratios of surface area to volume which means a greater ratio of grain boundary to dislocations. The more grain boundaries exist, the higher the strength becomes. Objective Practice Sets | 11 ‘Aluminium has face-centered cubic (FCO) structure and FCC has atomic packing fraction = 0.74, hence Aluminium has APF = 0.74. ‘The correct option is (d) Le., Assertion is false but Ris true. © The covalent is directional ie., itis between specific atoms and may exist only in the direction between one atom and another that participate in the electron sharing. © onic bond is termed non-directional that's the magnitude of the bond is equal in all direction around anion. Coordination number (2) Itis the number of nearest neighbours ina crystal structure. It depends on the radius ratio + type of hybridigation in covatent ones and the radius ratio inionic structure. The CNis strongly controlled by radius ratio, the radius of an ion (or atom) may (and usually does) change as a function of CN. Ego Notall metals have unit cells with cubic symmetry, some of the metals may have hexagonal close packed crystal structure. Some of the example of HCP crystal structure are Titanium, Zine, Cadmium and Magnesium. EE cs) The atomic packing factor for a material with body centered cubic structure (BCC) is 0.68 (Say 68%).2 Css a2 ‘Tomporature Qs a4 Ferrites are (@) Ferro-magnetic (©) Para-magnetic (b) Ferimagnetic (d) anti-magnetic Consider the following lead-tin phase diagram given below + 0% a nn Composition wt% of Sa 100% For which one of the following alloy compositions, the alloy will have the lowest melting point at 185°C? (@) 20% Sn and 80% Pb by weight (b) 60% Sn and 40% Pb by weight (0) 97% Sn and 3% Pb by weight (0) 40% Sn and 60% Pb by weight Inperitectoid reaction on cooling, we get one solid phase from (a) two liquid phases (0) two solid phases (©) one solid & one liquid phase (2) none of these Mach List-l (Phase diagram) with List-II (Characteristic) and select the correct answerusing the codes given below the lists: List-t Isomorphous system Eutectic system Peritectic system Monotectic system pomp as a6 EELS ta Equilibrium Diagram and Phase Changes List-tt 1, One liquid decomposes into another liquid and solid 2, One liquid and another solid combine to form anew solid 3. Two metals are completely soluble in liquid state and completely insoluble in solid state 4, ‘Two metals, soluble In solid and liquid state Codes: A B Cc D @ 2 3 4 14 ® 4 1 2 8 ™ 2 1 4 8 @® 4 8 2 4 Which one of the following reaction is eutectic reaction in Iron-carbon equilibrium diagram, ferrit (@) Austenite (y) + comentite (Fe,C) (&) a+ 7 [= Fe,C (cementite) (© Fesc+y a a (a) eee y+ Fe3C Match List-l (Fe-Fe,C Phase Diagram Characteristic) with List-Il (Phase) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-1 A. Alpha (a) iron B. Iron carbide having crystal lattice C. BCC pure allotrope of iron is stable between 1388°C & its meiting point at 1535°CMADE EASY pSensoara Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 13 List-Il Which of the above are application? 1. Biron (@) 1,3and4 —(b) 2,3and4 2. Eutectic with 3 iron and 1 carbon atom (c) 1,2and4 (@) 1,2, 3and4 8. Ferrite stable upto 910°C 4, Cementite Codes: A BC @ 4 2 38 3 4 4 @ 4 2 1 @ 3 1 2 Q.7__ Arrange following types of cast iron in increasing order of hardness: (@) Malleable Cl< Gray Cl < Nodular Cl ) 21. @) 22.) 23. @ 28. (©) 29. (0) Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 15 Q.28 Which of the following is true about binary isomorphous phase diagram? 1. In binary isomorphous phase diagrams mushy zone does not appear. 2. Material which are completely soluble in liquid as well as in solid state form binary isomorphous phase diagram. 3. One of the example of binary isomorphous phase diagram is Pb-Sn phase diagram. 4. Materials which form binary isomorphous. phase diagram does nothave any fixmetting point. (a) 1and3only (c) 2and4only (&) 1and 4 only (d) Sand 4only Q.29 Consider the following statements: 1. Bainite cannot be produced by continuous cooling, 2. Austempering i the process of producing bainite. Which of the above statements is/are correct? (@) tonly (©) only (©) both tand2 ——(d) neither 1 nor2 6% 7@ &© 9% 15. (a) 16. (0) 17. (&) 18. () 24. (c) 25. (0) 26. (@) 27. (e)16 | Mechanical Engineering Postal Book Package ELA) MABE EASY Publications Equilibrium Diagram and Phase Changes Ea Ferrites are solid solution of carbon in a-iron which is of bec structure, has ferro- magnetic character, Eo ‘Ateutoctic point, alloy will have lowest melting point, which occurs at 60% Sn and 40% Pb alloy composition. Ee When two solids combine together to forma single solid, itis peritectoid reaction. 5+ ag S ES @ Isomorphous system refers complete solubility in iquid as well as solid state. Peritectic : liq + solid A —> Solid.B Peritectoid : Solid A + solid B—> Solid C Eutectoid : Solid A—> Solid B + Solid C Eutectic : Liquid — Solid A + Solid B Monotectic : Liquid A— Liquid B + Solid C Lo) Iniron-certoon equilibrium diagram, eutectic reaction results in liquid converting into two different solids. Eo Alpha (@) iron: © Stable upto 910°C. * Maximum solubility of carbon is 0.025%@723°C © Minimum solubility. of carbon is 0,0025%@room temperature. © Structure-BCC and magnetic in nature. Biron: © It contains very small carbon, maximum solubllty of cartoon is = 0.10% at 1495°C. 70) Malleable Ci 720 Grey Cl 130 Nodular Cl 180 White Cl 400 Ego Black ron has carbon % from 2.2 to 2.8%. Black irons given by Fe,0,. * Wihite iron has 8.2 to 8.6% of carbon. Ege It represents the shortest time required for specified fraction of transformation. El Increasing phosphorous from 0.45 to 2.85% In gray ccastiron increases the amount of eutectic phosphide which results in weakening the mechanical properties like tensile strength reduces, impact strength decreases, hardness increases. It increases the porosity which is not good for mechanical applications. It increases fusibility, fluidity but reduces biittieness. Hi« ‘According to Gibb's phase rule, Number of degree of freedom, FeC-P+1 ‘where, C= number of components; P= number of phases For binary system, C = 2 and for eutectic point, P= 3 Fe 2-341=0 Elo The analysis of problems involving the casting of alloys requires a complex blend of fluid mechanics, heat flow, chemical diffusion and solid mechanics. Phase diagrams, especially when applied to the character of a material at a given position and time (local equilibrium), provides the basic constitutive relation regarding the physical state of the alloy. A major use of phase diagrams comes about in the prediction of the degree of micro-segregation and inclusion. Amodern approach to study phase diagrams lies in the various applications like alloy making, soldering, semi-conductor devices, zone refining atc.Material The correct option is (d) ie., all of the above. Iron carbon equillorium diagram indicates the phase ‘changes, that occur during heating and cooling and the nature and amount ofthe structural component, that exist at any temperature, Besides itestablishes a correlation between the microstructure and properties of steel and cast irons and provides a basis for the principles of heat treatment Ee © Phase is physically and chemically homogeneous composition of a substance. © Degree of freedom is the number of independent variables required to describe the state of system. © Equilibriumis state ofa system at any specified condition when the system possesses minimum free energy. © Components are elements that constitute a system. Ee Iron-carloon equllbrium diagrem terminates at 6.67% catbon, we donot study ahead of 6.679%, because all commercial alloys are made by carbon composition well below 6.67% Ea Molybdenum adds corrosion resistance and high temperature strength. Therefore, it shifts the lower critical temperature line in iron-iron carbon equilibrium diagram towards the higher side. fia & Austenite has face centered cubic struciure other materials like Copper, Aluminium, Nickel has also FCC structure. Ee ‘According to lever rule: Amount of solid phase (40-32) = (Bagg 100 = 22.2% ‘Amount of liquid phase (68-40) , 100 = 77.8% = (8-32) Objective Practice Sets | 17 Eo In peritectoid reaction on cooling, we get one solid phase from two solid phases. Solid (1) + Solid (2) pS Sold (3) Some examples: Ag-Al, N-Zn otc. Ege Cementite has Fe,C composition, inter metallic ‘compound. Eo Eutectic reaction is a reversible reaction which can take place both ways. OB Ede The plane carbon steel @1.0% carbon contents slowly cooled from molten state to 740°C, the structure will contain austenite and cementite. Ele Eutectoid composition -.0.8% of carbon, Ferrite composition - 0.025% of carbon and ‘cementite ~6.67%C, ‘Applying the lever rule to get the percentage as of ferrite = eee x 100 = 88.8% ferrite (0.80-0.025) sot cementite = 080-0025) , 199 2 41.7% of cement = (57 g1036) * cementite18 | Mechanical Engineering noite 202 MADE EASY Publicstions 68 _ 20 ™ = 98" ee Now, density of a and B, plOO Fee Oe eco OT Oz 07s 107 47 98, 2 _ 1686 7 170 Fg Pa Ma Pa Pp 68107 - 88" i7x100 © Bx 107 20x1686 88x17x 100” 88x17000 eo 20x 1686 68x 1070 = 0.6833 = 68.33% And, 10,6833 = 0.3167 = 31.67% Ell (One solid phase transforms, upon heating, intoa liquid phase and another solid phase. Solid (1) se Solid (2}+ Liquid Some examples: AL-Ag, Co-Fe etc. ‘This reaction is also known as peridotic reaction Eg 4. Eutectic reaction: 11600 beat ~iton+FegC “Texas 2, Eutectoid reaction: Pealite is having plate like structure of c-iron and. Fe,C. Itis phase mixture of a-iton and Fe,C. itis, mainly produced by diffusion. 8. Peritectic reaction: Brion + L MES y~ iron Tr Oe ct ud @ Eutectic reaction occurs, in iron-iron-carbon diagram, at a temperature about 1130°C at carbon content 4.3% as shown below: Liquid G32 Austenite + Camentite Exo 1. In binary isomorphous phase diagrams mushy zone is present, 2. Materials which are completely soluble in liquid as well as in solid state form binary isomorphous phase diagrams. 3. Cu-Ni is an example of binary isomorphous phase diagrams. 4, Materials which form binary isomorphous phase diagrams does not have any fix melting point. These materials have a range of melting point. Exo Austenite sample is quenched ata rate greater than or equal to critical cooling rate to a temperature below the nose but above martensite start line. This temperature is maintained for substantial period of time so that transformation line enters into TTT curve. This produces bainite. Bainite cannot be produced by continuous cooling. This process of producing bainite is called austempering.Material Science Heat Treatments of Steels Pinas Qi a2 as a4 as Normalizing treatment for stee! involves (@) soaking above critical temperature & quenching in oil (0) soaking below critical temperature & cooling inair (©) soaking above the critical temperatures & cooling in furnace (d) soaking above the critical temperature & cooling in air ‘A heat treatment process in which the metal is, heated to a temperature near the oritical point, held there for a proper time & then cooled slowly in the furnace is called 7 @) normalizing (©) tempering (©) annealing (@) casehardening ‘The microstructure composition of pearl Fe-Fe,C diagram consists of (@) Carbon dissolved in alpha-iron having a body centered cubie structure (©) Carbon dissolved in gamma iron having @ body centred cubie structure, (6) A mixture of body centred alpha having a face centred gamma iron, (d) Carbon dissolved in body centred alpha-iron and Fe,C compound of higher carbon. for an During strain aging (@) strength of material increases & ductility decreases (©) strength of material decrease & ductility increase (© strength of material as well as ductility decrease (d) strength of material as well as ductility increase Killed steels (@) have minimum impurity level. (6) have almost zero percentage of phosphorous & sulphur (6) are product by LD process (d) are free from oxygen Q.6. Which of the quickest stee! hardening process? (@) cyaniding (©) carburising (©) nitriding (@) induction hardening Q7 ‘Tempering’ of quenched martensitic steel is necessary to improve the (a) hardness of the metal (b) surface texture of the metal () corrosion resistance of the metal (@) ductility of the metal Q.8 Consider the foliowing pairs: Heat treatment Effects on medium carbon steel 1. Normalising : Grain refinement 2. Fullannealing : Uniform grain structure 3. Martempering : Decreased ductility 4. Spheroidizing : Maximum softness Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched? (@ 1and2 (b) 2and3 () Sand4 () 1,2,3and4 Q.9 Age hardening is applicable to (@) Duralumin (b) Burst steet (©) Solder (6) German Silver Q.10 Eutectic reaction for iron carbon system occurs at (@) 800% (b) 723°C (© tare (6) 498°C Q.11 Sub zero treatment of steel (@) is used to reduce the retained austenite in hardened steel (b) increases the abilty of steel to workin sub-zero atmospheres (©) isusedto suppress martensite transformation (6) is performed after hardening operation to induce temper brittleness20 | Mechanical Engineering Postal Book Package PU4I| Publications Q.12 Globular form of cementite is the structure of steet is obtained through a) Normalising (©) Spheroidising (b) Malleabilising (@) Carbonising Q.18 Consider the following processes on FFT diagram. Which one of the following process has highest lity of getting metallic glass used In Liquid sio, Time (b) Process (c) (@ Process (a) Q.14 Which the following is not the purpose of annealing? i. Toincrease hardness. 2. Torefine grain size. 3. To prepare steel for subsequent heat treatment. 4. Toincrease ductility. Select the correct answer using codes given (@) Process (d) (©) Process (b) below: (@) 1,2and3only ~ (b) 2and3only (©) tonly (d) 1,2,3and 4 Q.15 Two plain carbon steel specimens having 0.8% carbon content are welded. If we observe the weldment under Metallurgical Microscope from entre towards either side, the following structures are observed at different zones 1. Fine Pearlite 2, CoarsePearite , 3, Martensite Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (@) 4,2,3 (©) 1,3,2 (2 2.1.3 @ 312 Q.16 Which of the following element is added to steel to impart high strength and toughness? (@) Magnesium (b) Manganese (©) Phosphorous (qd) Sulphur Q.17 Steelis made from castiron by removing all excess. (@) ferrous carbide (pb) tungsten (©) carbon (@) sulphur Q.18 Which one of the following has maximum hardness (a) austenite (b) pearlite (c) martensite (d) sorbite Q.19 Consider the following statements about heat treatment of martensitic steel 4. Tempering reduces both brittleness and hardness. 2. Normalizing reduces brittleness without any significant loss in hardness. Which of above statements is/are correct? (®): tonly (&) 2only (©) tand2 (@) None of these Q.20 Which of the following are true regarding ledeburite? 1. Itisa plate lke structure of a-ferrite and Fe,C. 2. Itis a plate like structure of Austenite and Fe,C. 3. Ledeburite is formed at a temperature of 150°C with carbon percentage 4.3%. 4. Ledeburiteis formed ata temperature of 725°C. with carbon percentage 0.8%. (@) ands (b) 2and4 (©) tand4 (@) 2ands Q.21 Doubling the frequency of current in an induction hardening process (a) doubles the depth of hardening (6) half the depth of hardening (©) increases the depth of hardening by a factor of 2 (@) reduces the depth of hardening by a factor of v2 Q.22 Which of the following is not an objective of normalizing: (a) For producing Pearite structure (b) For residual stress removal (©) For producing hard surface and tough core (d) Itincreases the yield point and utimate tensile strength in steelsMADE EASY ~ Publications Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 27 Q.23 Aniron-carbon binary alloy has 0.5% C by weight. What is this alloy called ? @) Eutectoid alloy (©) eutectic alloy (©) Hypoeutectoid alloy (A) Hypereutectoid alloy Q.24 Rapid cooling and slow cooling produces grains respectively (@) Smaller and Smaller (b) Smaller and larger (© larger and larger (@) larger and smaller Q.25 Which one of the following pair decreases on heating to a comparatively low temperature during recovery? (@) Strength and hardness (b) Strength and ductility (©) Hardness and Elastic timit (@) Elastic limit and ductility Q.26 Recrystallization (@) produces new structure as wellas new grains (b) produces new structure only, not new grains (©) produces new grains only, not new structure (d) does not produce new grains & new structure Q.27. Match the heat treatment processes of steels in Group-1 with the microstructural features in Group-2: Group-1 P. Quenching Q. Mar R. Tempering S. Austempering Group-2 1, Bainite 2, Mattensite 3. Intermetallic precipitates 4. Epsilon carbide Codes: (2) P-2,0-8,R1,S-4 (b) P-1,03,R-3,S-4 (0) P-2,0-3,R-4,S-1 (0) P-3, 0-2, RA, S-4 Q.28 Case hardening is the only method suitable for hardening (@) high alloy steel (b) high carbon steel (©) lowcatbon steel (d) high speed steel Q.29 Isothermal annealing is mainly used in alloy steals toimprove. (a) Machinabilty —_(b) Toughness (c) Ductility (0) Weldability Q.30 Consider the following statements regarding annealing process: 1. Allstructural imperfections are removed. 2. The hypo-eutectoid steel is heated to about 50-70°C below upper critical temperature. 3. Cooling can be done inheat treating furnace, by heating it, keeping the metal in it and turning off furnace till it cools to room ‘temperature. 4, Uniform grain structure is resulted, Which of these statements are correct? (@) 1,2and3only — (b) 2,and4only (© 1,3and4only (@) 1,2,3and4 Q.31 A heat treatment process in which the metal is heated to a temperature near the oritical point, hold there fora proper time and then cooled slowly in the furnace is called (a) Normalizing (0) Annealing (©) Tempering (@) Case hardening Q.32 Consider the following statements When a metal or alloy is cold worked 1, Itisworked below room temperature 2. It is worked below recrystallization temperature 3. Iishardness and strength increases 4, Itshardness increases but strength does not increase Which of these statements are correct? (@ tand 3 (©) 1and3 (©) 2and3. (d) 2and4 Q.33 From the lists given below, choose the most appropriate set of heat treatment process and the corresponding process characteristics Process P. Tempering Q. Austempering R. Martempering Characteristics Austenite is converted into bainite ‘Austenite is converted into martensite Cementite is converted into globular structure Both hardness and brittleness are reduced Carbon is absorbed into the metal ©) P-3,0-4,R-5 (0)P-4, 0-8, R-2 (6) P-4, Q-4, R-2 (d) Pt, 5, Rd PReNs22 | Mechanical Engineering Q.34 When steel is cooled from high temperature region and allowed to decompose into troosite, the cooling medium is (@) Fumace © oi (0) Air () Water Q.35 Which one of following is correct increasing order of hardiness? (@) Ausienite ~ Peailiie < Tenite < Marieisiie (©) Pearlte < Austenite < Ferrite < Martensite (©) Austenite < Ferrite < Peatlite < Martensite (6) Austenite < Martensite < Ferrite < Peatlte Q.36 Process annealing can be applied to (2) low carbon steet (0) Medium carbon steet (©) High-carbon steel (d) Allof the above Q37 Which one of following advantage of cyaniding isincorrect? (@) Distortion is more easily avoided (©) Hardness change from case to core is gradual (©) Flakingis eliminated (@) Process canbe used for high carbon steels Q.38. Which of the following is the best method used for localized hardening of material? (@) Flamehardening —(b) Cyaniing (©) Nitriding (@) Induction hardening Q.39. Consider the following statements for ron carbon diagram 1. Ledeburite can be produced by cooling liquid metal contains approx 4.3% carbon at temperature of 1150°C 2. Peatlte is a phase mixture of iron and Fe, produced primarily by diffusion. 3. At peritectic point mixture of two solid phases produce another solid phase. Which of the above statements are correct? (@ tand2 (0) 1and3 (© 2anda (@) 1,2ana3 Q.40 Consider the following statements regarding grain size of austenite. Which of the following statement is incorrect? (@) If grains are fine, there is improvement in the strength of the stoe! after heat treatment, (©) Creep strenathis less for coarse grains with respect to fine grains. Postal Book Package EXPal MADE EASY Publications, (©) Quenching cracks and distortion are reduced infine grains. (@) During fabrication ofthe steel, fine-grain steel ‘may be heated to higher temperature without appreciable coarsening of grains. Q.41 Consider the following regarding tempered Martensite: i. The phases preseniare o-Feniie + Fe,C. 2, ‘The microstructure is very small Fe,C sphere- like particle in o-Ferrite matrix 8. Ductlty is more than that of martensite but less than that of pearite. Which of the above statements are correct? (a) 1,2and3 (pb) tand2 (©) tand3 (@ 2and3 Q.42 Which of the following is true regarding full annealing process? 1. Material is exposed to elevated temperature for a fixed time period, 2. Material is cooled slowly in furnace. 3. Full annealing processes is mainly used for increasing the machinability of high carbon steels. (@) 1and2 (b) 2and3 (2) 1and3 () 1. 2and3 Q.43 Consider the following statements about heat treatment processes. 1, The spheroidising process is usually applied {to high cartoon tool steels which are difficult ‘tomachine. 2, Inspheroidising process, the cementite in the ‘granular form is produced in the structure of steel 3. The annealing process causes complete recrystallization in steels which have been severely cold worked and a new grain structure is formed. Which of these statements is/are wrong? (@) tand2 (®) tand3 (© 2and3 (@) none of these Q44_ Which of the following gives extreme hardness tothe surface? 2) Carburising (b) Cyaniding (©) Nitriding (@) Hardening1 easy oeoePuealions Q.45 Consider the following treatments : (1) Normalizing (2) Hardening (@) Martempering (4) Cold working Hardness and tensile strengtt slainless steel can be increased by (@ 1,2and3 —() tand3 (© 2and4 (6) 4alone austenitic Q.46 Which of the following statements are true of annealing steels? 4, Steels are heated to 500°C to 700°C. 2. Cooling is done slowly & steadily. 3. Internal stress are relieved. 4, Ductility of steels is increased. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (@ 23and4 —(b) 1,3and4 () 1,2and4 — (@) 1, 2and3 Q.47 The iron carbon diagram and the T7Teurves are determined under (@) Equilibrium and non-equlliorium conditions respectively (©) Non-equilidrium and equilibrium conditions respectively (©) Equilibrium conditions for both (6) Non-equilibriur conditions for both Q.48 During heat treatment of steel, the hardness of various structures in increasing order is (@) martensite, fine pearlite, coarse pearlite, spherodite (6) fine pearilte, martensite, spherodite, coarse pearlite (c) martensite, coarse peariite, fine pearlte, spherodite (¢) spherodite, coarse pearlite, fine pearlte, martensite Q.49 Hardness of steel greatly improves with (a) annealing (b) eyaniding (©) normalising (d) tempering Q.50 Consider the following statement about homogenisin: 1. Itcan be applied to both carbon & alloy steel. 2... Itis cartied out to temperature from 100°C to 120°C 3. Itcauses very slow growth Which of the above statements are correct? (@) tand2 (®) tand3 (©) 2and3 (@ 1,2end3 Material Science Objecti Practice Sets | 23 Q.51 Match List-I with List-ll and select the correct, answer given below the lists: List-1 List-II (Cast Iron) (Application) A. Graycastiron 1. Parts subjected to bending & vibrations B. White cast Iron 2. Hinges C. Nodularcastiron 3. Dies D. Malleable cast 4. Pistons Iron Cod A BCD @m2 3 1 4 4 3 1 2 @©4 1 3 2 @®2 13 4 Q.52 The main purpose of spheroidising treatment is to improve (@) hardneability of low carbon steels (b) machinabilty of low carbon steels (6) hardenabilty of high carbon steo!s (d) machinability of high carbon steels Q.53 The process of reheating the martensitic steel to reduce its brittleness without any significant loss in its hardness is, @) normalising (©) quenching (6) annealing (@) tempering Q.54 Match List}! with List-II and select the correct answer given below the lists: List List-I1 (Element) (Effects on cast iron) A. Silicon’ 1. Asa graphitiser B. Sulphur 2. Hard & brittle C. Molybdenum 8. Shook resistance to casting D. Nickel 4, Promotes formation of free graphite Codes: A Bc OD @1 3 2 4 439 21 12 3 4 @4 2 3 1MADE ERSY Publications. eee 2021) Direction (Q.59 to Q.62): The following questions consist 24 | Mechanical Engineering Q.55 Match List-! (Austenite cooled to temperature) with Q.58 Hardenability of steel is a mea! List-II (Obtain) and select the correct answer given below the lists: of two statements, one labelled as ‘Assertion (AY' and the other labelled as ‘Reason (R)’. You are to examine List-! List-I these two statements carefully and select the answers to A. 700°C 1. Martensite these items using the codes given below, B. or 2. Troosite Codes: C. 5O0550°C 8. Ferrite +Cementite (@ Both A and R are individually true and R is D. 240-(-50)°C . 4, Sorbite the correct explanation of A Codes: (h) Rath A and R aro inividially trie hit R is er cr D) not the correct explanation of A @ 3 4 1 2 (©) Als true but R is false (Glan eet (@) Ais false but R is true @4 3 4 2 ; @3 424 Q.59 Assertion (A) : Carboutizing is done on nonferrous Q.56 Abig advantage of surface hardening by nitriding process is that @) itis amass production process (6) itis simple and cheap (©) parts need not be quenched (@) none ofthese Q.57 Match the heat treatment processes (Group A) and their associated effects on properties (Group 8) of medium carbon steel Q.eo alloys to increase the surface hardness Reason (R) : Precipitation hardening of nonferrous alloys involves solution heat treatment followed by precipitation heat treatment. Assertion (A) : The steel when heated above a certain temperature and cooled to room temperature., structure adjustment stabilizes. Reason (R) : The modification is mainly based ‘on cooling rate. Group A Q.61 Assertion (A) : All metals have unit cells with P:: Tempering cubic symmetry. Q: Quenching Reason (R) : Face centered cubio, body centered R:: Annealing cubic and simple cubic structure are examples of 8 : Normalizing cubic crystal system, Group B Q.62 Assertion (A) : The main objective of process 1 : Strengthening and grain refinement 2 : Inducing toughness annealing is to reduce hardness or brittleness and to increase ductility. 3: Hardening Reason (R) : In process annealing mild stee! 4: Softening specimen is heated to recrystalization temperature Codes: and then cooled slowly in the furnace. PQeRs @3 4214 2 3 4.4 @3 2.4 4 @23 44 of (a) the depth to which required hardening is obtained when it is austenitized and then quenched. (©) the ability to harden when itis cold worked ©) the ability to retain its hardness when it is heated to elevated temperatures (q) the maximum hardness that can be obtained when itis austenitized and then quenchedMADE ERSY Publications Material Science (EERE Heat ‘Treatments of Steels 1.) 2) 3. @) 4. (0) 5. (c) 16@ 26) 3. @ 4. @) 5. (@) 10. ©) 11. @) 12. © 13. (d) 14. (©) 19. () 20. dd) 21. @ 22. (b) 23. (c) 28. (0) 29. @) 30.@) 31.) 320 37. (d) 38. (d) 39.) 40,0) 41. @) 46. (2) 47. (2) 48.) 49. (b) «50. @) 55. (d) 56. (0) 57. (b) 58. (2) 59. @) Heat Treatments of Steels Ea Normalising Is the process of heating steel to a temperature 40-50°C above the line where austenite is stable (critical temperature line), holding at that temperature for a short period and subsequently cooling in air at room temperature. This is known as airquenching. i So Annealing is the process in which the metal is heated to a temperature near the critical point, held there for a proper time and then cooled slowly the furnace. Annealing leads to increased ductility, and improved machinabiility. Ea “The microstructure composition of pearlte for an Fe-Fe,C diagram consists of carbon dissolved in body-centred alpha-iron and Fe,C compound of higher carbon. Ee Strain aging is a phenomenon in which carbon atoms in steels segregate to dislocations, there by piling them & in this way increasing the resistance to dislocation movement. Bile ‘illed steel is a fully deoxidized steel, that is, oxygens removed and porosity is thus eliminated. In the deoxidatian process, the dissolved oxygen in the molten metal is made to react with elements such as aluminium, silicon, manganese and vanadium that are added to the melt. These elements have an affinity for oxygen and form metallic oxides. Objective Practice Sets | 25 6) 7) B. (b) 9. ©) 6&@ 7.@ 8 @ 9. (a) 16. (0) 16. (6) 17. () 18. (©) 24. (b) 25. @) 26. ©) 27. ©) 33. (c) 34. ©) 35. (©) 36. @) 42. (a) 43. @) 44. (©) 45.) 51. (6) 52. @) 53. (dd) 54. (A) 60. (2) 61. @) 62. (d) Ea @ Induction hardening where metal part is placed in copper induction coils and is heated by high frequency current then quenched. Since time required is very small‘hence the process is very quick and productivity is high. Hie The martensite, formed during quenching, is too brittle and hence cannot be used in many cases. The tempering consists of heating the hardened steel to a temperature below the lower critical temperature, holding it for some time and then cooling slowly, It is the final operation of heat treatment which Is used to increase the ductility EB 1. Normalising: It is the heat treatment process which is given to the products, which are ‘subjected to high stresses. It reduces the grain size which makes the product harder and stronger but less ductile. 2. Full annealing: The primary objective of this process is to increase ductility and decrease hardness. It gives uniform grain structure. 3, Martempering: Itforms martensite soductility decreases and hardness of whole mass 4, Spherodising: This process is applied to high carbon steels which are difficult to machined. It causes the formation of all carbides into the steel in form of very small globules or spheroids like sphere thus gives maximum, softness.26 | Mechanical Engineering eee 2021) MADE BASU Publestions Ege ‘Age hardening is the process of hardening taking place due to precipitation, in which the alloy is reheated to an intermediate temperature and then held there for a period of time, during which precipitation takes place. It is applicable to duralumin. Eutectic reaction occurs at 1147°C and 4.3%C in which liquid converts into austenite (y)and cementite (Fe,0) sarc L MEE y+ Foye Ea ‘Asub zero treatmenthas been devised to reduce the retained Austonite in hardened steel. It consists of cooling the metal or steel to sub zero temperature. This realment is suitable only when the temperature at which the martensite transformation is completed. Roughly itis below zero degree centigrade. Elo ‘Spherodising process is applied to high carbon steels which are difficult to machine. It causes the formation of all carbides present in the steel in form of very small globules or spheroids like sphere. It gives maximum softness to steel. Upon quenching liquid metals at a very fast rate (108°C /se0) the metal will also convert into glass called metallic glass and is used in transformer cores to minimize the eddy current losses. Eo ‘Annealing is the heating of steel to austenite temperature and then cooling slowly in the furnace, To reduce hardness To improve machinabilty To increase ductility To relieve internal stresses To reduce or eliminate structural inhomogeneity 6, To prepare steel for subsequent heat treatment Skene Bo When we observe the weldment under metallurgical microscope from centre to either side, then first nearest to centre we find coarse grain of pearlite and when we move towards outer periphery of weldment then we get fine grain and. then martensite structure. fae Manganese has following effects on steel: ‘* Contributes markedly to strength and hardness (but toa lesser degree than carbon) * Counteracts brittleness from sulphur © Lowers both ductility and weld ability itis present in high percentage with high carbon content in steel. Ea © Steel is made from cast iron by removing excess carbon, Eo When austenite is cooled at a high rate, such as by ‘quenching it in water, its fec structure is transformed toa body-centered tetragonal (BCT) structure. This: microstructure is called martensite, and it does not have as many slip systems as a BCC structure, so itis extremely hard and brittle. Eo The martensite, formed during quenching, is too brittle and hence cannot be used in many cases. Thus tempering is done to reduce brittleness and. hardness. . Normalising reduces britteness without significant loss in hardness. Ee encase Liquid ron —"erSaag > HF OC ‘ge ttre This reaction is known as eutectic reaction. io xe sooo] (= depth of hardening) fr tia. FL ope feeMADE EASY Material Science publications ao The normalising is the heat treatment process which is given to the products subjected to high ‘Objective Practice Sets | 27 to improve their machinabilty where as spherodise ‘annealing process for high carbon and alloy steel in order to improve their machinability. stresses Ede Normalising produced pearite structure, Itproduces hard surface but tough care. The increases the yield point and ultimate tensile strength in steels. EE Hypoeutectoid alloy have carbon% less than 0.77%C, so alloy having 0.5%C by weight will be called hypoeutectoid alloy. Ew Rapid cooling produce smaller grains, butif cooling is slow, then grains growth ocour resulting in larger grains. Ege Strength and hardness decreases on heating toa comparatively low temperature during recovery. Ego Recrystallisation is the growth of new grains if the material is somewhat above recrystallisation temperature. However, it does not create new structure Steps in annealing process: 41. Structural imperfections are removed in annealing. 2, Heating the steel to about 50 to 75°C above the upper critical temperature for hypooutectoid steels and above the lower critical temperature for hyper eutectoid steel. 3. Holding it at this temperature for a sufficient time depending upon the thickness of object the holding time is 3-4 min/mm of thickness of the largest sections. 4, Slowly cooling in the furnace. The rate of cooling varies from 80°C-200°C per hour depending upon the composition and stability of austenite, when slow cooling in done austenite.is decompose into coarse peatlite and ferrite structures in hypoeutectoid steels and in eutectoid steels is converted into pearlte, Hypereutectoid steels may undergo full annealing after hot working like cooling Austenite decomposes into pearlite and cementite. EA) Eo The rapid quenching produces the martensite structure of steet which is very hard. Maraging process makes intermetallic precipitates. ‘Austemping is a rapid cooling belownose of TTT diagram but M,(Martensite transformation line) and then held isotermally to have 100% bainitic. structure. EB «© Eo Case hardening is the only method suitable for hardening low carbon steel. There are various types of case hardening like carburizing, nitriding Annealing is a heat treatment process is which the metal is heated to temperature near the critical temperature, held there fora proper ime and then cooled slowiy in the furnace. Annealing results in formation of ferrite, spheroidal cementite and coarse peariite. When metal is cold worked (below recrystalization) then strain hardening takes place due to which hardness and strength both increases. and cyaniding. Ele EM Isothermal Annealing: Ferrous materials pataly offllaustenitize followed by slow cooling to below the lower critical temperature and held for transformation to'a soft, coarse poarlt. This is tainly applicable for low carbon and alloy steels (P) Tempering—Both hardness and brittleness are reduced, (Q) Austempering—Austenite is converted into bainite (R) Martempering—Austensite is converted into martensite28 | Mechanical Engineering Postal Book Package ELAN MADE EASY Ego ‘When steel is cooled from high temperature region and allowed to decompose into troostite, the cooling medium is oll, providing faster cooling rate. Ele Martensite is hardest, brittle and least ductile constituent of steel, while austenite is soft and ductile. Soin increasing order of hardness: Austenite < Ferrite < Pearlite < Martensite Ele Process annealing is usually carried out to remove the effects of cold working and to soften itto make it suitable for further plastic deformation and can be applied to low carbon steel. (a) Cyaniding is used for low and medium carbon steels in which work is immersed in molten salt bath containing NaCN which is heated to 820-880°C, this is usually followed by water quenching. Exo Induction hardening is used to increase hardness, wear resistance and endurance limit of the surface of the work piece. The structure of work piece remains unchanged because it is not affected by heat. Ea 1. Eutectic reaction: sre a 4360 y-lrontFesC fie 2. Eutectoid reaction: y-ion Pedite Pealite is having plate ike structure of iron and Fe,C. Itis phase mixture of a-iron and Fe,C. Itis mainly produced by diffusion. 3, Peritectic reaction: Briton + L tS sola T Licuic Eo Coarse grain structure is more creep resistant than fine grain structure. There is always improvement in strength of steel after he treatment by grain refining. There are more quenching cracks and distortion in coarse grain structure, Ege Tempering is accomplished by heating a martensitic stee! to a temperature below eutectoid for a specified time period. The single phase BCT martensite, which is supersaturated with carbon, transforms to the tempered martensite, composed of stable ferrite and cementite phase. Ductilty is improved and strength is reduced relative to the martensite. Ege In full annealing process material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time period and then slowly cooled in the furnace. Full annealing is mainly used for reducing the hardness or brittleness or to increase the ductility or toughness. Note: Sphercidise annealing is mainly used for increasing the machinability of medium and high carbon steels. El @ The spheroidising process is applied to high carbon steel which are difficult to machine, converting its carbide into small globules or sphoroidals like sphere thus makes it easier to be machined, In annealing completely new grain structure. is formed, EB «0 The time consumed in following sequence: Nitriding > Carburising > Cyaniding Cost of operation in following sequence: Cyaniding > nitriding > Carburising Ele Hardness and tensile strength in austenitic stainless steel can be increased by cold working and hardening, not by heat-treatment. Ege Inannealing, steels are heated to above 501075°C above their recrystalisation temperature, depending on the degree of prior cold workMADE ERS Publications EA te) ‘The iron-iron-carbon diagram is determined under equilibrium condition and TTT diagram is determined under non-equilibrium condition. Ea Structure Rockwell hardness Coarse pearlte RC 15 Fine perlite RC25 Martensite RC 6S Ea Hardness of steel greatly improves with cyaniding process, other remaining processes do not improve hardness. In cyaniding, a case of high hardness and wear resistance is produced. It is used to produce light cases on small shafts, worms, nuts, springs, pins etc. Ege Homogenising causes rapid growth as itis carried out at high temperatures from 1 100°C to 1200°C. Ea» Graycastiron Pistons © White cast iron - Dies, Extrusion nozzles * Nodularcastiron - Parts subjected to bending and vibrations Malleable cast iron - Hinges Ej This process is applied to high carbon steel which are difficult to machine. It causes the formation of all carbides present in the steel to small globules or spheroids like sphere to decrease the hardness and making it able to be machined. Eo This is heat treatment process which is given to products which are subjected to high stresses. The tempering reduces the brittleness of steel without any significant loss in hardness. Ede © Silicon — promotes the formation of free graphite which makes the iron soft and machinable © Sulphur = make hard and brittle © Molybdenum ~ Shock resistance to casting © Nickel ~ acts as a graphitiser Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 29 @ Austenite cooled to temperature of 700°C, then ferrite + cementite is obtained. © Sorbite is obtained when austenite cooled to 600°C. © Troosite -500-550°C © Martensite - 240~(-50)°C wo) © Tempering reduces hardness and brittleness both. Quenching makes the producthard. © Annealing produces the softness in the final product. * Normalising refines the grain and hence strength improves. Ege The depth and hardness achieved by quenching is called hardenability. Hardenability should not be confused with hardness, Hardenabilty can be defined as the depth to which a certain hardness level can be obtained by the quenching process. Elo Carburising is applied to low cartoon steel not non- ferrous alloys to increase the surface hardening. Ege ‘The steel when heated above a certain temperature and cooled to room temperature, structure adjustment stabilizes. Which totally depends upon the cooling rate. For example, air cooling gives fine pearlite, oil quinched. produced very fine pearlite and furnace gives coarse pearlite. Eo Not all metals have unit cells with cubie symmetry, some of the metals may have hexagonal close packed crystal structure. Some of the example of HCP crystal structure are Titanium, Zine, Cadmium and Magnesium, Ee ‘The main objective of process annealing istoremove the after effect of cold working i.e, relieving the internal stress frommild ste! specimen. in process annealing, material is heated to reorystallization temperature. aeCHAPTER Qt Q2 as a4 Qs ae Refractory material can withstand (@) abration (0) high temperature (©) lowtemperature (d) corrosion Bakelite is an example of (@) anelastomer —(b) afibre (©) athermoset (d) athermoplast Cermets are {@)_ metals for high temperature use with ceramic like properties (0) ceramics with metallic stength and lustre (©) coated too! materials (d) metal-ceramic composites Select the true statements among the following ‘Thermosetting plastics are 1. Formed by addition polymerisation 2, Formed by condensation polymerisation 3. Softened on heating and hardened on cooling for any number of times 4, Moulded by heating and cooling (@) 1and3 () 2and4 (©) 1,2and4 () 1,2and3 Which one is not a characteristics of plastics? (a) Low density (©) Machinability (©) High strength (d) Large plastic deformation Consider the following statements relating to mechanical properties of ceramics: 1. Tensile strength is theoretically high but in practice quite low. 2. Compressive strength is many times lower than, tensile strength 3. Shear strengths high 4, Transverse strength is easy to ascertain, Which of these statements are correct? (@) iand3 (b) tand4 (9) 2and3 (&) 2and4 Cie ter yd le Plastics, Ceramics and Composite Materials Q7_ The hardest known material is (@) ceramic (b) high speed steel (c) diamond (d) cemented carbide Q8_ Thechemical name of teflon is (@) polytetrafluoroethylene (b) urea formaldehyde (© polystyrene (@) phenol acetaldehyde Q.9_ Which of the following polymers produces HCl as condensate? (@) Phenon formaldehyde (©) Poly carbonate (©) Urea formaldehyde (A) Nylon-6,6 Q.10 The (@) Terelyne (c) Polyester fibres which resemble wool are known as (b) Acryion (¢} Nylon The main constituents of plastics are (@) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen (b) carbon, sulphur, hydrogen and oxygen (©) cartaon, phosphorus, hydrogen and oxygen (A) cartvon, sulphur, phosphorus and hydrogen Q.12 The modulus of elasticity of nonporous ceramic material is 100 GPa. Then the modulus of elasticity of @ ceramic material having volume fraction porosity of 10%is: (@) 81.9GPa (©) 96GPa (b) 90GPa, (a) e7.6GPa Q.13 Match List-! (Composites) with List-ll (Application) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-1 Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Aramid Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Metal Matrix Composite: popeMADE EASY Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 31 . Puiseattors Mw leet List Q.18 A continuous and aligned glass fibre-einforced 1. Ballistic products composite consists of 40 vol% of glass fibres 2. Aerospace industry modulus of elasticity 69 GPa and 60 vol% of a 3. Fishing rods polyester resin that, when hardened, displays a 4. Industrial flooring modulus of 3.4 GPa. What is the modulus of Codes: elasticity of this composite in the longitudinal ABCoOD direction? @43 12 (@) 15GPa (b) 30GPa 214 3 (© 45GPa (@ 60GPa @4 12 3 Q.19 A continuous and aligned glass fibre-reinforced ere nee having a modulus of elasticity 80 GPa and remaining volume of a polyester resin that, when. hardened, displays a modulus of 4 GPa. What is the elastic modulus of composite material when the stress is applied perpendicular to the direction Q.14 Consider the following polymers: 1. Nylon-6 2, Nylon-6,6 3, Polyvinyl chloride . composite consists of 40 vol% of glass fibres | 4, Poly styrene polyamide . includes: of fibre alignment? @ tony (@) 245GPa (b) 6.25GPa (o) tand2 (0) 7GPa (@) 825GPa (c) 1.3and4 ‘ Q.20 Parachutes are made from which fibre? (@) Allof the above (@) Nylon (0) Terylene Plastic (d) Rayon Q.15 Weldable type plastic(s) include(s): ©) (€) Rayer Q.21 Which of the following composites are ‘dispersion- (a) thermosets alone per (0) thermoplastics alone strengthened composites”? (©) both (a) and (b) (2) Particulate composites (d) neither (a) and (b) (b) Laminar composites (©) Fiber einforced composites Q.16 Match the List-I (Polymers) with List-I1 (a) Short-fiber discontinuous composites (Application): ' List-1 List-I1 Q.22 The molecular weight of vinyl chloride is 62.5. Thus ‘A. Neoprene 1. Becticewitches the molecular weight of a polyvinyl chloride with a B. Bakelite 2. Adhesive degree of polymerization of 20000 is C. Formed polyurethane 3. Thermal insulator @ 20000 ) 62.5 D. Araldite 4. Oil seal 625 20000 Codes: (c) 62.5 x 20000 (d) 20000 AB CD @44 2 3 Q.23 Which of the following is not an example of laminar 14 2 3 composite? M4 1 3 2 (@) Wood (b) Bimetallic @14 3 2 (©) Coatings/Paints (¢) Claddings Q.24 Wood is (a) homogeneous material () granular material (©) amorphous material (@) collular material Q.17 Whiskers are (@) very thin wires (©) very thin copper wires (©) very thin single crystal {d) none of these.32 Q.25 Statement (|): Stee! reinforcing bars are used in Q.26 Match List-! with List-II and select the correct FREI Plastics, ceramics and Composite Materials 1. | Mechanical Engineering reinforced cement concrete, ‘Statement (II): Concrete is weak in compression. (@) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I) (b) Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true but Statement (I is NOT the correct explanation of Statement (I) (©) Statement (!)is true but Staternent (I) is false (d) Statoment (1)is false but Statement (I!) is rue answer using the code given below the lists: List-1 ‘A. Cardashboard B. Airoraft windows ©. Conduit pipes D. Bearing and gears List 4. Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) 2. TEFLON 3. Polyacrylonitite 4, Polymethylmethacrylate Codes: AB CD (ele oeia eae ete (Osea @3 1 4 2 @ 2 1 4°83 © 26) 3 @ () 2) 3. @ 12.) 13. @ 4.0) 20. (a) 21. (a) 5, Postal Book Package PIPAI Q.27 Consider the following statements pertaining to © MADE EASH Publlcations ‘composite materials: 1. The mechanical characteristics of a fibre- reinforced composite depend only on the properties of the fibre. 2. Prestressed conorete shouldbe of a high quality with a low shrinkage and a low creep rate. 3. Whiskers are very thin single orystals that have extremely large length-to-diameter ratio. Which of the above statements are valid? (@) 1,2and3 (©) tand2 (©) ands (@ 2and3 suas 6b 7) 8) 9% 6@ 70 &@ 2%) 15.) 16. ©) 17. ©) 18.) @ 25.) 26) 27. @MADE EASY Publiestions Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 33 Plastics, Ceramics and Composite Materials a. Refractory is defined as the quality of a material to retain its strength at higher temperature, hence these materials are used in linings for furnace, kilns, incinerators and reactors. The earliest synthetic polymer was a phenol-formaldehyde, a thermoset developed &called Bakelite. Es Cermets are metal-ceramic composites, and are used in cutting ‘tools, or high-temperature applications such as nozzles for jet engines and brakes for aircrafts, Ee» tis a plastic which once set or moulded does not become soft on further heating, i Instead of melting, it degrades on further heating. ‘These are formed by condensation polymerisation. Ee Mechanical properties of ceramics are: 1. They have theoretically high tensile strength but practically low. 2. Shear strength is high. 3. Lack of plasticity due to ionic and covalent bond. 4, They are relatively brittle, Elo Diamond is hardest known material. Ea @ Teflon is a thermoplastic polymer. Its chemical name is polytetra fluoroethylene. It finds applications in nonlubricating bearings, because of its very low coefficient of friction. EE » The main polycarbonate material is produced by the reaction of bisphenol A(BPA) and phosgene COCI,- HCI is final by product. a» We wear sweaters and use shawls or blankets in the winter, Many of these are actually not made frorn natural wool, though they appear io resemble ‘wool. These are prepared from another type of synthetic fibre called acrylic. They are available in range of colors. Eo Carbon, hydrogen, nitragen and oxygen are the main constituents of plastics. fg Given, Nonporous ceramic material modulus of elasticily, E, = 100 GPa Volume fraction porosily, P= 10% We know that, Modulus of elasticity of porous ceramic material, E= E{1-1.9P-+09F2) = 100(1-1.9x0.1409%0.1%) 100(1-0.19 + 0.00) = 1000.819 £=81.9GPa 13 1) Various applications of different composites 1. Glass fibre reinforced polymer - under water application submarines, industrial flooring. 2. Carbon fiber -Reinforced polymer - Aerospace ‘structure, fishing rods. 3. Aramid fibre - Reinforced polymer - Ballistic products 4. Metal matrix composites - Aerospace industry. Ho a Fes [pte cae oases aa | eoowanneg ctu tstes | Ragone estes | Rene ra, eye |e ood | Sean. tye Steyn eomomecses pes eae Faavas | nenpte (akon Cos esats) Jerre | Fear "HSstton Picton erases [ryan (Bayon | Good metanosseng [eons | en ce | sane eet Nine [Eur stoota nro | et wea Seocnariquce eon nejere| anon tater [Grenzay waist ent | Fi bin, te, Porter tralian) |eccresyaiairgugh | tumble bale Seek anconcom | gar ape sion ‘reelgsoe34 | Mechanical Engineering io Weldable plastics are: Polypropylene, Polycarbonate, Acrylic, Nylon, ABS. Elo 1. Neoprene - oil seal 2. Bakelite - electrical parts, switches, handles and knobs of utensils, thermal insulators etc. 8. Formed polyurethane - thermal insulators 4, Araldite - Adhesives Edo Whiskers are very thin filaments, hair-like single crystals of about 13 mm length and 10+ cm diameter (approx). These are produced as dislocations of free crystals and are without any structural defect. Whiskers are far stronger than polycrystals of same materials, Ea» Fan = Em Vn + Er Vy 4x06 + 69x04 = 2.04 + 27.6 =30GPa Ege Ex Nylon is used to make parachute. Ea The dispersion - strengthened composites contain ‘small patticulate/dispersions, which increases the strength of composite by blocking the movement of dislocations. There are various examples of dispersion-strengthened composites like particulate composites, Edw Molecular weight of Dp = _Macromolecule Weight ofmonom: 20000 = x = 62.5x 20000 Postal Book Package PLY) MADE EASY Publlestions 123.1) ‘When mutiirectional stresses are imposed within a single plane, aligned layers that are fastened together one on top of another at different orientations are frequently utlized. These are called laminar composites. These are generally designed to provide high strength and low cost ata lighter weight. Eg Wood is a natural polymer composite with principal polymeric molecules being ‘those of cellulose. Itis composed of cell resembling long tubes with tapered ends. Eo Concrete is weak in tensile strength and hence it is reinforced with steel bars for better tensile strength. Ede * Car dashboard is made by polyacrylonirile * Aircraft windows are made by polymethylmethacrylate * Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used to make cable jackets, piping, celing paneling, fore coating ete * Tefion is used to make bearing bushes, piston rings, anticorrosion seals, gaskets elc. ‘) ‘The mechanical characteristics ofa fiber-reinforced ‘composite depend not only on the properties of the fiber, but also on the degree to which an applied load is transmitted to the fibers by the matrix phase.ai Q2 a3 a4 as as Uta ISAT 5 Mechanical Properties Pinar) Which one of the following has lowest hardness on the mohs scale? (@ Tac (0) Lead (©) Steels (d) diamond Brinell hardness test is not accurate for Brinell hardness number greater than (a) 250 (b) 400 (©) 500 (a) 750 Normalized steel have lower (@) yield point (b) tensile strength i (©) impact strength (d) Machinability Jominy end-quench tests carried outto determine (2) recrystallization temperature of steel (©) glass transition temperature of a material (@) hardenabilty of steel (d) hardnéss of steel Match the items in columns | and I Column-| Column-II P. Charpy 1. Piuiity Q. Knoop 2, Microhardness R. Spiral test 3, Formability S. Cupping test. 4. Toughness 5. Permeability (@ P-4, 5, R3, $2 (©) P-8, Q-5, RI, S-4 (© P-2, Q-4, RS, 5-5 () P-4, 0-2, RI, S-3 The capacity of a material to absorb energy when deformed elastically and then to have this eneray recovered upon unloading is called (@) endurance (©) resilience (¢) toughness (A) ductility Q.7 For a ductile material, toughness is a measure of @ ©) © @ resistance to scratching ability to absorb energy up to fracture ability to absorb energy till elastic limit resistance to indentation Q.8 Knoop hardness test is used to measure the hardness of (@) ductile materials (b) fragile materials (6) difficult-to-machine materials (d) rubber Q.9 _Brinell hardness test is not accurate for Brinell hardness number greater than (@) 250 (©) 400 {c) 500 (a) 750 Q.10 Consider the following statements For precision machining of non-ferrous alloys, diamond is preferred, because it has 1. low coefficient of thermal expansion 2. highwear resistance 3. high compression strength 4, low fracture toughness Which of these statements are correct ? (@) tand2 (b) tand4 (©) 2and3 (@) Band Q.11 Consider the following statement about charpy test & Izod test: 4. In Izod test, specimen is longer than the specimen in charpy test 2. In charpy test, hammer strike at opposite face of notch while in Izod. test, hammer strikes at the same face of notch, Which of the above statements are corrects? (@) tonly (b) 2only (©) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor236 | Mechanical Engineering Postal Book Package PLY) MADE Ensy Publieaons Q.12 Match List-I (hardness test) with List-Il (Scale List-I range) and select the correct answer given below A. Strength (Fluctuating load) the lists: B. Toughness List List-tl ©. Stifness A. Mohs hardness test 1. 1-10 D. Ductility B. Brinells hardnesstest 2. 1-3000 List-ll C. Rockwells hardness test 3, 1-2000 4. Percentage elongation D. Vickers hardiness test 2. Modulus of elasticity Codes: 3, Endurance limit A BCD 4. Impactstrength @123 3 ‘odes: o) 1 3 2 8 A B CGC D @12 23 @2 1 3 4 @) 3 3 41 2 () 3 4 a 1 @2 4 3 1 Q.13 The ductility of a material with work hardening @3 1 2 4 (@) increases (b) decreases (©) remains unaffected (d) unpredictable Q.18 Which of the following steel shows yield point phenomenon? Q.14 Consider the following statements regarding material properties 1. Duotlty of amaterial can be defined as ability to undergo large permanent deformations in tension. 2. Malleabilty of a material can be defined as ability to undergo large permanent deformations in compression, 3. Creep of a material can be defined as abilly to resist softening at high temperature. Which of these statements is/are correct? @ tand2 (©) tonly (©) Sonly (d) 1,2and3 Q.16 Following statements related to purpose of using notch in an impact test specimen are given below: 1. To produce triaxial state of stress. 2. To produce high strain rate. 3._ To produce high plastic deformation Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct? @) only (©) 1, 2and3 (©) Sonly (6) 1 and 2only Q.16 What will be the diameter of an indentation to yield a hardness of 450 HB when a 500 kg load is used, if the diameter of Brinell hardness indenter is 10mm? (2) 1.62mm (©) 1.19mm (©) 1.68mm @ 147mm Q.17 Match List! (Mechanical Property) with List- (Measured in Terms of) and select the correct answer using the codes: (a) Lowcarbon steel (0) Medium carbon stee! (©) High carbon stee! (d) Low and medium carbon steel both Q.19 Whattype of fracture occurs when a brittle material is under torsion? (@) Cupandcone (0) Granular transverse (©) Granular helicoidal (@) Smooth transverse .20 Which one of the following pairs oftests has been developed to evaluate the fracture resistance of engineering materials, subjected to dynamic loads or impacts? (@) Tension impacts and Bending impacts (b) Tensile test and Brinell hardness test (©) Vickers hardness test and Tensile test (d) Scleroscope test and File test Direction (Q.21 to @.22): The following questions consist of two statements, one labelled as ‘Assertion (A)’ and the other labelled as ‘Reason (RY’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and selectthe answers to these items using the codes given below. Codes; (@) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (0) Both A and R are individually true but Ris not the correct explanation of A (©) Alls true but R is false (@) Als false but Ris trueMADE ERSY blleations. Material Science Objective Practice Sets | 37 Q.21 Assertion (A): Creep is sometimes desirable also as in metal forming operations such as rolling, forging, extrusion ete. Reason (R) : These operations are carried out at higher temperature where deformation follows power creep law. The forces required in operations are reduced due to raised temperature Baa Mechanical Properties 4@ 20 30 40 & 1. @ 11.) 12) 13.0) 14 19. ©) 20. (@) 24. (@) 22. (a) SPEuEGcas| Mechanical Properties ie The Mohr’s scale of mineral hardness is a qualitative original scale characterizing scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material. tis a purely ordinal scale. Mohs hardness: Mineral 1 Tale 15 Lend a Gypsum 4-45 Steel i Quartz 10 Diamond 2) Brinell hardness test is not accurate for Brinell hardness number greater than 500. It is best for measuring hardness of gray iron casting consisting of soft flake graphite, iron and hard iron carbide. Eo Normalised steel are harder and stronger but less. ductile than annealed steels with the same composition, so they have lower impact strength. ES ‘The jominy end-quench testis used to determine the hardenability of steel, It provides a measure of the ability of a steel to harden by transforming into martensite under set conditions Note: The harcenabilty of a metal alloy is the depth to which a material is hardened after putting it through @ heat treatment process, It should not be confused with hardness, which is a measure of a sample's resistance to indentation of scratching .22 Assertion (A): For identical span & loading, aluminium beam deflects less than the steel beam. Reason (R): Flexural stiiness of aluminium beam is less than the flexural stiffness of steel beam. @ 660 76) 8&6) 9% (15. @ 16. (6) 17.) 18. (@) Eo (P) Charpy test—Toughness (Q) Knoop—Microhardness (A) Spiral test—Fluicity (8) Cupping test—Formebilty Elo Resilience is defined as the ability of the material to absorb energy when deformed elastically and to release the energy when unloaded. This property is essential for spring materials. It is measured by the area below stress-strain curve in a tension test upto the elastic limit. Eo Toughness is ameasure of abilty to absorb eneray upto fracture, Ea» Knoop test or micro test is used to measure the hardness of low hard material. It is also used tor measuring the hardness of semiconductor materials. like Si, Ge, Ga, As etc. El « ‘The result of brinell hardness test is highly accurate atall test loads upto 0.5%, but beyond 500 BHN, it losess its accuracy to some extent. Hal © For precision machining of non-ferrous alloys, diamond is preferred, because it has low coefficient of thermal expansion and high wear38 | Mechanical Engineering Postal Book Package PXAl| MADE EASY L ) In the charpy test, the specimen is supported at both ends and hammer strike at opposite face of notch. In the Izod test, the specimen is supported at one end like a cantilever beam and hammer strikes at the same face of notch. Also, the specimen used in Izod test is longer than the Ee 1 Chraupy test. Hardness test Scale Range * Mohr's test - 1-10 * Brinelishardnesstest - 1~3000 * Rockwells hardness test - 1—2000. * Vicker's hardness test - 1~2000 ao ‘The strength and hardness ofa material increases ue to work hardening, But the ductility decreases. Work hardening can be desirable or undesirable. Ea The ability of a material to resist softening at high temperature is known as hot hardness. Eo Three basic factors contribute to a brittle-cleavage type of fracture. They are: 1. Triaxial state of stress, 2. Alowtemperature 3. Ahigh strain rate or rapid rate of loading. Triaxial state of stress, existing at a notch and low temperature are responsible for most service failures of brittle type. Since, these effects are accented at a high rate of loading, various types of notched bar impact tests have been used to determine the susceptibility of materials to brittle fracture. ‘Thus, notch in the specimen provides triaxiality of stress and the high hammer velocity insures a. high strain rate. © BHN number Load, P = 500kg Indenter diameter, D= 10mm Indentation diameter, d=? BHN = ——E x0(D-Vo" -d*) 2x 500 (10n)[10- (ie -) 1000 4.187 mm = 1.19 mm Strength of any materia! under fluctuating load is measured in terms of endurance limit. © Toughness is measured by impact strength. © Siifness of material is measured by modulus of elasticity. More the stifiness greater will be modulus of elasticity © Ductility is measured in percentage elongation. More the value of percentage elongation, higher willbe ductility of a material. 3 1) Yield point phenomenon doesn’t appear in medium and high carbon steels. The reason behind this is that because of higher % of carbon, itis not only present at the dislocation side but also on the other interstitial sides, so when dislocation jumps to the new position carbon is already there and it forms cottrell atmosphere immediately. That is why only low carbon steel shows yield point phenomenon. EE 0 When a brittle material is subjected to torsion then, it falls in the plane, where the tension is at its highest, Le., ata 45° angle. The fracture occurs in the shape of granular helicoidal. Ege. The fracture resistance of many alloys is largely determine by their microstrucutre which may consist of diverse constituents with characteristic, architecture and dracutre properties, ‘Tension impacts and bending impacts both are developed to determine the fracture resistance of ‘any material Awidely uilized standardized test method is the charpy impact test whereby @ sample with a Venotch or a U-notch is subjected to impact form behing the notch.