Discovery Series Introduction To Psychology 1st Edition Plotnik Test Bank 1

Test Bank for Discovery Series Introduction to
Psychology 1st edition by Plotnik Kouyoumdjian

ISBN 1111347026 9781111347024
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Chapter 8: Life Span Development
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Nature is to nurture as ____ is to ____.

a. culture; society c. environment; genetics
b. genetics; environment d. biology; physics
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand
REF: 8.1 Introduction, Textbook | Video - Romanian Orphanages, Online
OBJ: LO1 Explain the nature-nurture question. MSC: TYPE: Easy
2. The influence of genetic factors versus experience on development is addressed in:

a. the nature-nurture question c. the case study method
b. stages versus continuity d. amniocentesis
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand
REF: 8.1 Introduction, Textbook OBJ: LO1 Explain the nature-nurture question.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
3. The period that lasts nine months, extending from conception to birth is called the ____ period.
a. prenatal c. germinal
b. embryonic d. fetal
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember
REF: 8.2 Prenatal Development, Textbook | Animation - Stages of Prenatal Development, Online
OBJ: LO2 Identify and describe the three stages of prenatal development.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
4. The three phases of the prenatal period in the correct order are:
a. germinal, fascia, and zygote
b. embryonic, preoperational, and operational
c. mitosial, chromosomal, and fetal
d. germinal, embryonic, and fetal
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember
MSC: TYPE: Easy
5. The germinal period starts at ____ and lasts ____.

a. conception; 4 weeks c. 8 weeks; until birth
b. 4 weeks; 8 weeks d. conception; 2 weeks
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MSC: TYPE: Easy
6. ____ refers to the release of an ovum from a woman’s ovaries.

a. Conception c. Amniocentesis
b. Ovulation d. Fertilization
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember
MSC: TYPE: Easy
7. The Curtis family is made up of mom and dad, 8-year-old Susan, 5-year-old Grant, and the identical
twins Christopher and Carson. In regard to genetic make-up, Christopher is most similar to his:
a. mother c. identical twin
b. father d. brother
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand
REF: 8.2 Prenatal Development, Textbook
MSC: TYPE: Easy
8. Identical twins result from:

a. the release and fertilization of two ova
b. the release of more than 23 strands of chromosomes
c. a single ovum that splits into two parts after fertilization
d. an extra 21st chromosome produced by the father’s sperm
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember
MSC: TYPE: Easy
9. Conception occurs when:

a. ova are released by the fallopian tubes
b. the baby is born
c. a sperm penetrates the ovum’s membrane
d. the embryo develops
MSC: TYPE: Easy
10. Following fertilization, the single cell is called a(n):

a. embryo c. ovum
b. germinal d. zygote
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MSC: TYPE: Easy
11. Which of the following marks the end of the germinal period?
a. fertilization of the ovum
b. the zygote attached itself to the wall of the uterus
c. cells divide and differentiate into bone, muscle, and organs
d. the birth of the fetus
MSC: TYPE: Easy
12. During the embryonic period:

a. the ovum is fertilized
b. the zygote attaches itself to the wall of the uterus
c. cells divide and differentiate into bone, muscle, and organs
d. the fetus is born
MSC: TYPE: Easy
13. The fetal period is characterized by:

a. conception and fertilization
b. attachment to the wall of the uterus
c. functioning vital organs and human physical characteristics
d. the beginnings of the spinal cord, heart, and other organs
MSC: TYPE: Easy
14. Denise is pregnant and has an ultrasound to “see” her unborn baby. Denise’s doctor can clearly
identify the baby as a female. This suggests that the baby is in the ____ period of prenatal
development.
a. zygote c. fetal
b. embryonic d. germinal
MSC: TYPE: Medium
15. A six-month-old fetus has a good chance of surviving if born prematurely. Why?
a. the lungs function
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b. it has enough body fat to maintain body temperature
c. its nervous system is functional
d. the heart begins to beat around this time
MSC: TYPE: Easy
16. The blood supply of the fetus is partially protected by the:
a. germinal c. teratogen
b. placenta d. amniotic fluid
OBJ: LO3 Explain the interaction of drugs and prenatal development.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
17. Chemicals that can cause birth defects are called:

a. biohazards c. amniocentesis
b. teratogens d. biochemoses
MSC: TYPE: Easy
18. Teratogens can interfere with prenatal development and harm the unborn child by:
a. creating toxins in the mother’s body
b. passing from the mother’s lymphatic system to the child
c. being directly mixed with the child’s blood system
d. passing from the placenta into the fetus’s blood supply
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand
MSC: TYPE: Easy
19. The organ that connects the mother’s blood supply to that of the fetus is called the:
a. germinal c. placenta
b. teratogen d. baby-blood barrier
MSC: TYPE: Easy
20. Heavy drinking during pregnancy can result in:

a. chromosomal damage to the fetus c. fetal alcohol syndrome
b. high levels of arousal in the newborn d. a newborn with a large appetite
MSC: TYPE: Easy
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21. The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome:
a. continue into adolescence and adulthood
b. are less severe than fetal alcohol effect
c. tend to lessen in adulthood
d. are reduced by vitamin therapy
MSC: TYPE: Easy
22. A woman who is in the habit of having two drinks every day after work discovers that she is pregnant.
If she follows the advice of medical findings, she will:
a. cut her drinking in half
b. abstain from alcohol for the duration of her pregnancy
c. maintain her drinking behavior since it is good for her heart
d. drink beer after work since it will help her maintain valuable protein levels
MSC: TYPE: Easy
23. The best piece of advice given to pregnant women regarding use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs
is:
a. recreational drug use is probably okay
b. use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs should be avoided
c. we do not know enough about the effects of drugs on prenatal development to give solid
advice
d. social drinking does not seem to have any effect on the unborn child
MSC: TYPE: Easy
24. In regard to visual abilities, the child will see as well as an adult by:
a. 3 months c. 12 months
b. 6 months d. 4 years
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Hearing and Faces, Online | Video -
Vision and Depth Perception, Online
OBJ: LO4 Describe the sensory and motor development of children.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
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25. At one month of age, Bethany will probably be able to tell the difference between:
a. the odors of her mother and those of a stranger
b. a short distance and long distance
c. the sounds bah and pah
d. her mother’s face and a stranger’s face
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Hearing and Faces, Online | Video -
Vision and Depth Perception, Online
MSC: TYPE: Easy
26. Newborns have a preference for ____ tasting things.

a. cool/acidic c. sweet/salty
b. sour d. bitter/cool
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Taste, Online
MSC: TYPE: Easy
27. The visual cliff allowed Gibson and Walk to study:

a. the proximodistal principle c. visual acuity
b. preference for complex patterns d. depth perception
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Vision and Depth Perception, Online
MSC: TYPE: Easy
28. If an infant stops on the shallow side of the visual cliff and refuses to cross the deep side, what is your
most likely conclusion?
a. The child is fatigued because crawling uses much energy.
b. Depth perception prevents the child from crossing the cliff.
c. The child has been distracted by something else.
d. There is not enough incentive for the child to move.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Vision and Depth Perception, Online
MSC: TYPE: Medium
29. The perceptual abilities of the newborn:

a. are very poor
b. are impossible to measure since a newborn cannot communicate
c. are such that it is very difficult to interact with newborns
d. allow it to interact with the world in a more sophisticated way than previously thought
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REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook
MSC: TYPE: Medium
30. Infants first use their arms and then their fingers - this demonstrates the:
a. cephalocaudal principle c. principle of maturation
b. proximodistal principle d. principle of normal development
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Motor Development - Infancy, Online |
Video - Motor Development - Early Childhood, Online | Video - "Motor Development - Middle
Childhood," Online OBJ: LO4 Describe the sensory and motor development of children.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
31. Motor development involves the acquisition of:

a. sensory abilities including hearing and taste
b. reflexive movements and abilities
c. the muscular control necessary for coordinated movement
d. language and speech patterns necessary for communication
Video - Motor Development - Early Childhood, Online | Video - "Motor Development - Middle
Childhood," Online OBJ: LO4 Describe the sensory and motor development of children.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
32. The proximodistal principle states that parts of the body that are ____ develop before parts of the body
that are ____.
a. close to the center of the body; farther away
b. close to the head; close to the feet
c. internal; external
d. used for processing information; used for motor skills
Video - Motor Development - Early Childhood, Online | Video - Motor Development - Middle
Childhood, Online OBJ: LO4 Describe the sensory and motor development of children.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
33. Parts of the body which are close to the head develop before the parts closer to the feet according to
the:
a. proximodistal principle c. visual cliff
b. cephalocaudal principle d. sensorimotor stage of development
Video - Motor Development - Early Childhood, Online | Video - Motor Development - Middle
Childhood, Online OBJ: LO4 Describe the sensory and motor development of children.
KEY: TYPE: Easy MSC: TYPE: Easy
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34. Development norms refer to:
a. parts of the body growing at differing rates
b. the genetic plan by which individuals are created
c. development occurring in a sequential and orderly fashion
d. the average age at which individuals perform skills
MSC: TYPE: Easy
35. Nature and nurture interact. Which of the following best illustrates that interaction?
a. Early in life, maturation determines motor development.
b. There is a predictable order to developmental norms for motor development.
c. Infants need environmental stimulation for proper motor development.
d. Motor development follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply
MSC: TYPE: Easy
36. Your five-year-old nephew thinks about and understands the world differently than you do. This
difference illustrates:
a. cognitive development c. social development
b. nature versus nurture d. accommodation
OBJ: LO5 Describe Piaget's theory of cognitive development as it applies to children.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
37. Which of the following theorists is best known for studying the cognitive development of children?
a. Sigmund Freud c. Carroll Izard
b. Erik Erikson d. Jean Piaget
MSC: TYPE: Easy
38. The work of Jean Piaget led to the view that children:
a. do not hypothesize about the world
b. are actively involved in their cognitive development
c. accommodate as a result of assimilation
d. solve abstract problems in the sensorimotor stage
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MSC: TYPE: Easy
39. Piaget argued that a child acts like a(n):

a. uncivilized and unregulated individual
b. bucket holding knowledge and wisdom
c. tiny scientist making hypotheses about how the world works
d. computer attempting to solve problems
MSC: TYPE: Easy
40. Piaget called the incorporation of new objects into existing knowledge:
a. assimilation c. conservation
b. object permanence d. formal operations
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Piaget's Object Permanence, Online |
Video - Piaget's Preoperational Stage, Online | Video - Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage, Online
MSC: TYPE: Easy
41. When an existing method is changed because of new information being taken in, the process called
____ has taken place.
a. assimilation c. accommodation
b. object permanence d. conservation
MSC: TYPE: Easy
42. Which of the following is the correct sequence for Piaget’s cognitive stages?
a. preoperational, formal operations, sensorimotor, concrete operations
b. preoperational, permanent operations, egocentrism, formal operations
c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
d. sensorimotor, egocentrism, concrete operations, permanent operations
MSC: TYPE: Easy
43. Piaget called the knowledge that an object continues to exist even after it has been removed from view:
a. existential constancy c. item memory
b. substance constancy d. object permanence
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MSC: TYPE: Easy
44. The concept of object permanence develops during the ____ stage.
a. sensorimotor c. concrete operations
b. preoperational d. formal operations
MSC: TYPE: Easy
45. Hannah is playing with her 7-month-old niece, Ellie. She rolls a toy truck toward her and Ellie tries to
roll it back. One time the truck rolls behind a chair and is out of sight. Ellie seems to forget about the
truck and about the game they had both enjoyed playing. This is because Ellie has not achieved:
a. conservation c. object permanence
b. sensorimotor memory d. egocentrism
MSC: TYPE: Medium
46. Use of symbols such as words and mental images, simple problem solving, and talking about things
not present characterizes the:
a. sensorimotor stage c. classical stage
b. preoperational stage d. attachment stage
MSC: TYPE: Easy
47. In Piagetian theory, the term conservation refers to the observation that:
a. the amount of a substance remains the same even when its shape changes
b. children see and think about the world from other people’s viewpoints
c. infants interact with and learn about their environment through sensory experiences
d. symbols and words can be used to think about things that do not exist
MSC: TYPE: Medium
235
48. A child is shown two identical balls of clay. Then an adult squashes one ball into a pancake shape. She
then asks the child if one of the shapes contains more clay and the child answers, “Yes, the pancake
does.” In Piagetian terms, the child has not yet reached:
a. sensorimotor stage c. object permanence
b. concrete operations stage d. decentricity
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply
MSC: TYPE: Medium
49. Parents learn quickly that when serving ice cream to groups of children, they must put the ice cream in
identically sized bowls. Even if the same amount of ice cream is scooped out in front of the children,
putting ice cream in a large bowl will make it appear that there is less ice cream than if it is in a
smaller bowl, and this will surely generate arguments. This is because young children do not
demonstrate which of the following?
a. egocentrism c. conservation
b. object permanence d. assimilation
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze
MSC: TYPE: Medium
50. ____ refers to seeing and thinking of the world from your own viewpoint and having difficulty
appreciating another’s viewpoint.
a. Egotistical thinking c. Conceited thinking
b. Egocentric thinking d. Conservation
MSC: TYPE: Easy
51. Kerry is talking to his grandfather about Kerry’s father and says: “He can’t be your son because he is
my father!” This inability to see a situation from another person’s point of view is called:
a. egotistical thinking c. conceited thinking
b. egocentric thinking d. conservation
MSC: TYPE: Medium
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52. During the ____ stage of cognitive development, children are capable of logical mental operations but
only on physically present objects.
a. concrete operations c. preoperational
b. sensorimotor d. formal
MSC: TYPE: Easy
53. During the concrete operations stage, children can figure out relationships between:
a. hypothetical objects and situations c. abstract concepts
b. imaginary objects d. objects which are physically present
MSC: TYPE: Medium
54. Lisa asks her 9-year-old daughter Erica the following hypothetical question: “How would the world
change if people woke up tomorrow and discovered they could fly?” Erica immediately responded:
“But people can’t fly!” Erica’s answer indicates that she has not reached the stage of:
a. conservation c. concrete operations
b. preoperations d. formal operations
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply
MSC: TYPE: Medium
55. In what Piagetian stage can an individual consider abstract ideas and hypothetical concepts?
a. conservation c. concrete operations
b. preoperations d. formal operations
MSC: TYPE: Easy
56. An infant’s characteristic mood, activity level, and attention span are referred to as components of the
infant’s:
a. temperament c. genotype
b. personality d. phenotype
237
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Temperament, Online | Reading -
Temperament, Online
OBJ: LO6 Discuss the emotional development of children, including different types of temperament
and attachment. MSC: TYPE: Easy
57. The term temperament refers to:

a. contrary behavior that is typical of the “terrible twos”
b. emotional characteristics that are largely influenced by environmental factors
c. relatively stable individual differences in mood and emotional behavior
d. the formal name in psychology for childhood temper tantrums
Temperament, Online
58. Tony and Julie describe their newborn, Carson, as happy and cheerful, with regular sleeping and eating
habits, and the ability to adapt quickly. Carson has a(n) ____ temperament.
a. easy c. optimal
b. positive d. optimistic
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze
Temperament, Online
59. A baby who is more withdrawn, moody, and tends to take more time to adapt to new situations has
a(n) ____ temperament.
a. easy c. slow-to-warm-up
b. difficult d. moderate
Temperament, Online
60. A baby who is fussy and fearful of new situation has a ____ temperament.
a. negative c. slow-to-warm-up
b. difficult d. pessimistic
Temperament, Online
61. Emotional development is an interaction among:

a. temperament and cognitions
b. maturation and norms for development
c. genetic, cognitive, and cultural factors
d. cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles
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and attachment. MSC: TYPE: Medium
62. Tina is introducing her topic by saying, “Today I will be talking about the fundamental emotional bond
that develops between the infant and the caregiver.” What is the topic of her presentation?
a. psychosocial development c. temperament
b. closeness d. attachment
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Attachment, Online
63. What behavior can a newborn perform that triggers care and sympathy from the parent?
a. eye contact c. crying
b. first words d. smiling
64. Jane and John were always able to leave baby Rebecca with a baby-sitter, but now, at 6 months of age,
she begins to cry loudly when they leave. This separation anxiety indicates that Rebecca:
a. is somewhat delayed in her development
b. must have suffered some type of birth defect
c. has formed a close attachment with her parents
d. will be a child who always clings to her parents
and attachment. MSC: TYPE: Medium
65. When 1-year-old Terrace is in new surroundings, he will explore freely if his mother watches him. If
she leaves the room he begins to cry, but when she returns he smiles and stops fussing. Terrace would
be considered a(n) ____ infant.
a. securely attached c. unattached
b. insecurely attached d. disturbed
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - "Attachment, Online
66. One difference between a securely attached infant and one who is insecurely attached is that securely
attached infants:
a. explore their environments more freely
b. nurse less
c. show more indifference toward their principal caretakers
d. are less active and alert
239
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - "Attachment, Online
67. A child’s primary goal is to satisfy desires associated with innate biological needs. This statement is
central to the theory of:
a. Sigmund Freud c. Erik Erikson
b. Jean Piaget d. Albert Bandura
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Animation - Freud's Psychosexual versus
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Childhood, Online
OBJ: LO7 Describe Freud's psychosexual theory of development as it applies to children.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
68. A key component of Freud’s psychosexual theory is ____ between child and parent.
a. mutual respect c. conflict
b. communication d. love
MSC: TYPE: Easy
69. If an individual’s wishes are overgratified or undergratified at any particular psychosexual stage, Freud
would argue that ____ will occur.
a. projection c. displacement
b. fixation d. Freudian slips
MSC: TYPE: Easy
70. Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages according to Freud?
a. projection, fixation, displacement, genital
b. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal
d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
MSC: TYPE: Easy
71. The first of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development is called the:

a. oral stage c. genital stage
b. anal stage d. undifferentiated stage
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MSC: TYPE: Easy
72. The second of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development is called the:

a. anal stage c. genital stage
b. oral stage d. undifferentiated stage
MSC: TYPE: Easy
73. Five-year-old Bethany wants very much to please her Daddy while competing with her mother.
Bethany, according to Freud’s psychosexual stages, is in the ____ stage.
a. oral c. phallic
b. anal d. latency
MSC: TYPE: Medium
74. Seven-year-old Noelle only plays with girls, thinks that boys are weird, and attends second grade. She
is most likely in which of Freud’s psychosexual stages?
a. oral c. phallic
b. anal d. latency
MSC: TYPE: Difficult
75. The final Freudian psychosexual stage, during which the adolescent experiences sexual feelings
towards others, is called the ____ stage.
a. genital c. latency
b. phallic d. oral
MSC: TYPE: Easy
76. Twelve-year-old Katelyn has started thinking more and more about boys. In which Freudian stage is
Katelyn most likely?
a. genital c. latency
b. phallic d. oral
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Apply
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MSC: TYPE: Easy
77. In his theory of development, Erik Erikson focused on:

a. observation c. psychosocial issues
b. resiliency d. psychosexual issues
OBJ: LO8 Describe Erikson's psychosocial theory of development as it applies to children.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
78. Two-year-old Brian wants to try to eat and dress himself without his mother’s help. According to
Erikson, these behaviors reflect which psychosocial stage?
a. autonomy vs. shame c. intimacy vs. isolation
b. initiative vs. guilt d. trust vs. mistrust
MSC: TYPE: Medium
79. “I don’t know what I want to be. Whatever it is, I know I’ll have to grow up some.” According to
Erikson, this individual is experiencing:
a. resiliency state c. anal stage
b. identity vs. role confusion d. industry vs. inferiority
80. Which of the following is true of Erikson’s theory?

a. Resolving the conflict at one stage enables individuals to skip the next stage.
b. One cannot compensate at a later stage for previous stage issues.
c. The first five years of life are the most critical.
d. Each stage builds on the others.
81. Which theory emphasizes learning via imitation and observation?

a. Freud’s psychosexual stages c. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
b. Erikson’s psychosocial stages d. Bandura’s social cognitive theory
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OBJ: LO9 Describe Bandura's social cognitive theory of development.
MSC: TYPE: Medium
82. Scotty, a six-year-old, asks his dad if they could buy some power tools. Scotty enjoys watching his dad
work with wood. Which theoretical perspective would explain Scotty’s behavior by focusing on
modeling?
a. Freud’s psychosexual stages
b. Erikson’s psychosocial stages
c. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
d. Bandura’s social cognitive theory
OBJ: LO9 Describe Bandura's social cognitive theory of development.
MSC: TYPE: Medium
83. Psychological and environmental factors that place children at risk for later problems have an effect
on:
a. norms for development c. maturation
b. vulnerability d. teratogens
OBJ: LO10 Describe vulnerability and resiliency, and explain how both may influence children's
social development. MSC: TYPE: Medium
84. The current research on resiliency has cast doubt on Freud’s belief that:
a. traumatic events always lead to emotional problems
b. the id and superego battle with each other
c. the unconscious mind influences behavior
d. defense mechanisms protect the ego
social development. MSC: TYPE: Difficult
85. Three-year-old Jenny knows she’s a girl. Jenny’s feeling and labeling as a female exemplifies:
a. gender role c. gender identity
b. sex typing d. gender orientation
REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Perceiving Gender Roles, Online |
Reading - Gender Roles, Online
OBJ: LO11 Describe gender role development, including different explanations for how children
acquire gender roles. MSC: TYPE: Medium
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86. When do you know whether you’re a boy or a girl?
a. between the ages of 5 and 7
b. between the ages of 2 and 3
c. when you first see opposite sex genitals
d. it’s never really “learned”—it’s something you always know
87. The combination of attitudes and behaviors considered appropriate and expected for a particular sex in
a given culture is known as:
a. gender role c. gender identity
b. sex typing d. gender orientation
88. Denise instructs her six-year-old daughter to act like a young lady and to cross her legs when she sits
on a chair. This expectation of behavior is an example of:
a. androgynous beliefs c. gender roles
b. dispositional traits d. gender stereotypes
acquire gender roles. MSC: TYPE: Easy
89. According to Gary, being a man means playing football, going camping, and studying to become an
engineer. Gary has developed a traditional:
a. gender role c. dispositional trait
b. gender trait d. androgynous trait
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90. Social role theory stresses learning gender roles because of ____, while cognitive developmental
theory emphasizes ____.
a. child-parent conflict; outside pressure c. outside pressure; cognitive rules
b. cognitive rules; social variables d. biological influences; cognitive rules
91. Which of the following has been found to be a reliable sex difference?
a. Boys tend to show more aggressive behaviors.
b. Boys tend to perform better on tests of verbal skills.
c. Girls tend to perform better on tests of spatial skills.
d. Girls tend to perform better on tasks involving math.
92. The time of life between ages 12 and 18 that is characterized by many biological, personality,
cognitive, and social changes is called:
a. adolescence c. transition
b. senesce d. matriculation
REF: 8.4 Adolescent Development, Textbook
OBJ: LO12 Describe how puberty changes the bodies of girls and boys.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
93. Researchers now believe that most adolescents:

a. experience great psychological turmoil
b. successfully negotiate their teenage years
c. have many emotional problems
d. pass on to postconventional moral development
MSC: TYPE: Easy
94. Puberty refers to:

a. the onset of formal operational thinking in adolescence
b. conventional moral development during adolescence
c. chronically low self-esteem which occurs in adolescence
d. the biological changes that happen during adolescence
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MSC: TYPE: Easy
95. After returning from summer vacation, Phil notices that his teenage neighbor, Alexander, has begun to
shave and his voice had deepened. Phil concludes that these changes are most likely due to:
a. puberty c. increased secretion of progesterone
b. Turner’s syndrome d. increased secretion of estrogen
MSC: TYPE: Easy
96. On average, females experience puberty between ages ____ and males between ages ____.
a. 9 and 13; 10 and 14 c. 7 and 9; 9 and 13
b. 10 and 14; 9 and 13 d. 13 and 16; 10 and 13
MSC: TYPE: Medium
97. In girls, the growth spurt begins about ____ before the onset of breast development.
a. 1 month c. 3-6 months
b. 1-2 months d. 6-12 months
MSC: TYPE: Easy
98. The onset of menstruation is called:

a. menarche c. menopause
b. estrogen d. periodicity
MSC: TYPE: Easy
99. The first menstrual period is triggered by the:

a. limbic system c. hypothalamus
b. thymus d. hippocampus
MSC: TYPE: Easy
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100. What is the correct order of events for the ovaries to produce female hormones?
a. The hypothalamus releases kisspeptin which stimulates the pituitary gland to stimulate the
ovaries to increase production of female hormones.
b. The ovaries release kisspeptin which stimulates the hypothalamus to produce female
hormones.
c. The pituitary gland releases kisspeptin which stimulates the hypothalamus to produce
female hormones.
d. The ovaries stimulate the thalamus to produce kisspeptin which stimulates the pituitary
gland and this in turns stimulates the hypothalamus to produce female hormones.
101. The pituitary is stimulated to produce hormones by the:

a. brainstem c. hormone kisspeptin
b. ovaries or testes d. cerebral cortex
MSC: TYPE: Easy
102. The most important hormone in the development of female sexual characteristics is:
a. estrogen c. testosterone
b. progesterone d. luteinizing hormone
MSC: TYPE: Easy
103. Secondary sex characteristics begin to appear in girls at about:

a. 10 years c. 11 years
b. 10.5 years d. 11.5 years
MSC: TYPE: Easy
104. The production of sperm is triggered by the ____ which stimulates the ____.
a. hypothalamus; pituitary gland c. testes; hypothalamus
b. pituitary gland; hypothalamus d. testes; pituitary gland
MSC: TYPE: Easy
247
105. The most important hormone in the development of male sexual characteristics is:
a. estrogen c. testosterone
b. progesterone d. luteinizing hormone
MSC: TYPE: Easy
106. Which of the following is an example of a male secondary sex characteristic?

a. production of estrogen c. production of testosterone
b. the voice change d. production of sperm
MSC: TYPE: Easy
107. Early-maturing boys have been found to have all of the following characteristics except:
a. greater dependence on parents c. greater confidence
b. higher regard by peers d. greater social responsibility
MSC: TYPE: Medium
108. The changes in your perception, thinking, and understanding of the world that occur through learning
and genetic factors are called:
a. cognitive development c. operational development
b. formal operations d. postconventional moral reasoning
OBJ: LO13 Describe Piaget's theory of cognitive development as it applies to adolescents.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
109. Planning for one’s future is characteristic of ____ thinking.

a. concrete c. formal operational
b. egocentric d. conventional
REF: 8.4 Adolescent Development, Textbook | Video - Piaget's Formal Operational Stage, Online
MSC: TYPE: Easy
110. Formal operational thought is characterized by:

a. the ability to solve abstract problems c. conservation abilities
b. feelings of high self-esteem d. postconventional moral reasoning
248
MSC: TYPE: Easy
111. Formal operations allow teenagers to:

a. critically consider their beliefs, attitudes, values, and a wide range of topics
b. become able to plan for their future
c. think independently of what others think
d. think rationally without emotion clouding their reasoning
MSC: TYPE: Medium
112. What part of the brain is in the process of development in the adolescent and is believed to be
responsible for risk taking and other poor decisions?
a. prefrontal cortex c. thalamus
b. hypothalamus d. corpus callosum
OBJ: LO14 Describe how brain development may influence the adolescent's ability to reason and
regulate emotions. MSC: TYPE: Easy
113. “Mom, you have no idea what it is like to grow up with young sisters who are brats! They get into my
things all the time. You and Dad just don’t understand!” This teenager is most likely experiencing
a. preoperational thinking c. growth in her limbic system
b. conventional thinking d. authoritarian parenting
regulate emotions. MSC: TYPE: Medium
114. The prefrontal cortex acts as a(n):

a. executive manager c. hormone generator
b. initiator of emotion d. relay switch for sensory messages
REF: 8.4 Adolescent Development, Textbook | Video - Risk Taking, Online
115. The study of moral development is most associated with the work of:
a. Piaget c. Freud
b. Erikson d. Kohlberg
OBJ: LO15 Describe Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. MSC: TYPE: Easy
249
116. Kohlberg studied moral reasoning through the use of:
a. moral dilemmas
b. conservation tasks
c. telephone surveys
d. observations of parent-adolescent interactions
OBJ: LO15 Describe Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. MSC: TYPE: Easy
117. The correct order of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning is:

a. preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
b. preconversational, conversational, and postconversational
c. sensorimotor, concrete, and formal
d. primary, secondary, and tertiary
REF: 8.4 Adolescent Development, Textbook | Animation - Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Reasoning,
Online OBJ: LO15 Describe Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
118. Sharon does not take a cookie out of Mom’s cookie jar because she knows Mom will punish her if she
does. Sharon is operating at which of Kohlberg’s levels of moral development?
a. preconventional c. postconventional
b. conventional d. interconventional
MSC: TYPE: Medium
119. Aaron is against abortion because he feels life is sacred in any form, and the taking of life is morally
wrong, despite the fact that the law allows abortion. Aaron is operating at which level of moral
development?
a. preconventional c. anticonventional
b. conventional d. postconventional
MSC: TYPE: Medium
120. Authoritarian parents tend to have adolescent girls who are:

a. more competent c. less socially assertive
b. achievement oriented d. dependent and submissive
OBJ: LO16 Describe Baumrind's three parenting styles. MSC: TYPE: Easy
250
121. Theresa says that her parents are supportive and loving. In her family, rules are openly discussed, and
there is frequent give-and-take. It sounds as though Theresa’s parents are:
a. permissive c. authoritarian
b. authoritative d. overprotective
OBJ: LO16 Describe Baumrind's three parenting styles. MSC: TYPE: Medium
122. Boys and girls with ____ parents tend to be less achievement oriented.
a. authoritative c. overprotective
b. authoritarian d. permissive
123. Compared to authoritarian and permissive parents, authoritative parents tend to have adolescents who:
a. have more autonomy and greater self-esteem
b. have fewer behavioral problems
c. are more competent
d. are more conforming
124. What type of parenting tends to produce children who have lower self-esteem?
a. dominating c. authoritative
b. authoritarian d. permissive
125. How much we like and value ourselves is referred to as:

a. identity c. self-esteem
b. egocentric thought d. conventional moral reasoning
OBJ: LO17 Define personal identity and self-esteem, and the different patterns of self-esteem in
adolescents. MSC: TYPE: Easy
126. Which two factors greatly influence self-esteem in adolescents?

a. their athleticism and social competence
b. their physical attractiveness and social competence
c. their clothes and cars
d. their personality and social competence
251
127. Zoann doesn’t like herself. She doesn’t feel competent or attractive. Zoann has low:
a. self-esteem c. self-concept
b. self-efficacy d. identity
128. Self-esteem is the most stable in:

a. childhood c. midlife
b. adolescence d. young adulthood
adolescents. MSC: TYPE: Medium
129. What happens in each of Erikson’s eight stages?

a. growth in moral reasoning
b. advancement in cognitive reasoning
c. sexual pleasure moves from one body area to another
d. a unique psychosocial conflict
OBJ: LO19 Describe Erikson's psychosocial theory of development as it applies to adolescents.
MSC: TYPE: Medium
130. Betsy, age 17, runs away from home and joins the circus. According to Erikson, she is most likely
suffering from which conflict?
a. generativity vs. stagnation c. intimacy vs. isolation
b. integrity vs. despair d. identity vs. role confusion
MSC: TYPE: Easy
131. Among adolescents, a failure to develop more purposeful, responsible, adult-like behaviors results in:
a. role confusion c. a justice orientation
b. egocentric thinking d. postconventional moral reasoning
MSC: TYPE: Medium
252
132. According to Erikson, an individual who successfully resolves the conflict during adolescence will
achieve a sense of:
a. identity c. generativity
b. intimacy d. integrity
MSC: TYPE: Medium
133. Erikson’s psychosocial stage, which corresponds to young adulthood, is called:

a. generativity versus stagnation c. industry versus inferiority
b. intimacy versus isolation d. integrity versus despair
MSC: TYPE: Easy
134. In Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory, an adolescent who does not develop a positive sense of identity
is likely to suffer from:
a. role confusion c. a sense of inferiority
b. stagnation d. isolation
MSC: TYPE: Easy
135. Julio’s grandmother has Alzheimer’s disease and has trouble remembering things. A psychologist
would describe her as experiencing:
a. pathological aging c. genetic senility
b. geriatric decline d. normal aging
REF: 8.5 Adult Development, Textbook
OBJ: LO20 Describe physical and sexual changes during adulthood.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
136. The separation of the causes of normal aging versus pathological aging is a goal of:
a. the wear and tear theory c. androgyny
b. the biological limit theory d. gerontology
MSC: TYPE: Easy
253
137. What role do free radicals play in aging?
a. They damage body organs and DNA.
b. They can reduce the impact of proteins on body organs and DNA.
c. They cause Alzheimer’s disease.
d. They cause anti-oxidants to be produced.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
138. The maximum longevity for humans appears to be about:

a. 115 years c. 130 years
b. 120 years d. 140 years
MSC: TYPE: Easy
139. The most significant gender difference in sexual aging is that at about age 50:
a. men lose the ability to have erections
b. men experience a sudden increase in sexual desire
c. women experience menopause
d. women lose all sexual desire
REF: 8.5 Adult Development, Textbook | Video - Adult Sex Life Changes, Online
MSC: TYPE: Easy
140. About when does menopause occur in most women?

a. 40 years of age c. 50 years of age
b. 45 years of age d. 55 years of age
MSC: TYPE: Easy
141. Carmen is at the age where she is likely to experience menopause. What is likely to greatly affect her
experiences with menopause?
a. her access to social support c. her health
b. her level of exercise d. her expectations
MSC: TYPE: Medium
254
142. ____ is the rate at which information is encoded and retrieved from memory.
a. Sorting speed c. Processing speed
b. Cognitive manipulation d. Reaction speed
REF: 8.5 Adult Development, Textbook | Video - Cognitive Models of Aging, Online
OBJ: LO21 Describe changes in cognition during adulthood. MSC: TYPE: Easy
143. Encoding, storing, and retrieving information takes longer beginning in the:
a. 30s c. late 50s
b. early 40s d. 80s
144. Researchers have found that declines in speed of performance are due to:
a. disuse c. high blood pressure
b. Alzheimer’s d. the slowing down in mental processing
145. Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love divides love into three components:
a. masculine, feminine, and androgynous c. passion, intimacy, and commitment
b. infatuation, attraction, and arousal d. companionship, romance, and fidelity
OBJ: LO22 Describe Sternberg's triangular theory of love. MSC: TYPE: Easy
146. Georgia thinks her classmate Tony is a “real hunk” and hopes he asks her out on a date. According to
Sternberg’s theory of love, she is experiencing:
a. intimacy c. initiation
b. activation d. passion
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze
147. Feeling close or connected to someone is characteristic of which component of Sternberg’s theory of
love?
a. compassion c. intimacy
b. commitment d. passion
255
148. Paul is surprised when Marie tells him that she and Gerry are getting engaged and will be married in
January. Paul is surprised because he hadn’t realized that the relationship had reached the ____
component of Sternberg’s theory of love.
OBJ: LO22 Describe Sternberg's triangular theory of love. MSC: TYPE: Medium
149. All of the following are components of Sternberg’s triangular theory of love except:
150. Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory says love is a mix of:

a. romantic love, respect, and companionship
b. romance, sharing, and loyalty
c. infatuated love plus companionate love
d. passion, intimacy, and commitment
151. What do researchers believe is the main reason for the increase in the number of unmarried couples
living together?
a. high housing costs
b. wanting to spend more time together
c. more people are realizing that they need to see if they are compatible with one another
d. intimacy without commitment is appealing to some
REF: 8.5 Adult Development, Textbook | Video - Cohabitation, Online
OBJ: LO23 Discuss the process of choosing a partner and making a long-term relationship
commitment. MSC: TYPE: Easy
152. The two characteristics that males and females value in their perfect-partner schemas are:
a. intelligence and height
b. education level and physical attractiveness
c. physical attractiveness and good earning capacity
d. social skill and good earning capacity
256
153. In order to achieve integrity during late adulthood, Erikson argues that one must:
a. find intimacy in caring relationships
b. raise children
c. feel content about past accomplishments
d. continue to be industrious and refuse to retire from work
OBJ: LO24 Describe Erikson's psychosocial theory of development as it applies to adults.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
154. According to Erik Erikson’s theory, in late adulthood we need:

a. recognition, respect, and honor from our family and colleagues
b. a sense of pride in our acquisitions and our standing in the community
c. a sense of contentment about how we lived and what we accomplished
d. mainly good health—without it there is despair
MSC: TYPE: Easy
155. According to Erikson, the positive resolution of the conflict of old age is:
a. integrity c. intimacy
b. generativity d. identity
MSC: TYPE: Easy
TRUE/FALSE
1. Nature refers to the role of genetic factors in development.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

REF: 8.1 Introduction, Textbook OBJ: LO1 Explain the nature-nurture question.
MSC: TYPE: Easy
2. The embryonic stage is the second stage of prenatal development.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
3. A teratogen causes the disorder called amniocentesis.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

MSC: TYPE: Easy
257
4. Only heavy drinking during pregnancy can cause problems.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
5. There is no safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

MSC: TYPE: Easy
6. The effects of FAS tend to continue into adulthood.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
7. Newborns have an innate preference for bitter tasting things.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

MSC: TYPE: Easy
8. By the time a child is about one year old, their visual abilities equals that of an adult.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
9. "Head down" development is described in the cephalocaudal principle.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
10. In the Piagetian process of assimilation, the child changes old methods to adjust to a new situation.

REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Video - Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage, Online
MSC: TYPE: Easy
258
11. Secure attachment is associated with trust and dealing better with stress.

12. Unconscious motives play a primary role in social development, according to social cognitive theory.

OBJ: LO9 Describe Bandura’s social cognitive theory of development
MSC: TYPE: Medium
13. Gender identity refers to the traditional or stereotypical behaviors associated with males and females.

REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Reading - Gender Roles, Online | Video -
Perceiving Gender Roles, Online
14. The cognitive developmental theory suggests that gender schemas are used in shaping gender roles.

REF: 8.3 Infant and Child Development, Textbook | Reading - Gender Roles, Online | Video -
Perceiving Gender Roles, Online
15. Boys who mature early tend to be less confident and more shy.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
16. When a person is in the formal operations stage, he or she can think and solve abstract problems.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
17. The ability to think about abstract and hypothetical concepts takes place in concrete operations.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
259
18. The adolescent’s prefrontal cortex is fully developed.

19. According to Erikson, in late adulthood, individuals try to achieve generativity by helping the younger
generation.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
20. Infatuated love stimulates the brain’s reward/pleasure center.

21. Passionate love involves having trusting and tender feelings for another.

22. In selecting the ideal-partner, males rank physical attractiveness higher than do females.

REF: 8.5 Adult Development, Textbook | Reading - Preference for Partners, Online
23. The effects of menopause on sexuality are influenced by sexuality prior to menopause.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
SHORT ANSWER
1. Why is the nature-nurture issue such an important question?
ANS:
The nature-nurture question asks how much nature (genetic factors) and how much nurture
(environmental factors) contributes to a person’s biological, emotional, cognitive, personal, and social
development.
260
There are now about 10,000 Romanian children growing up in the United States, and nearly all of
them initially had serious developmental problems. One researcher studying the adjustment of
Romanian adoptees in the United States found that after the first year, 20% of children reached normal
development, 60% showed only mild problems, and the remaining 20% had serious cognitive,
behavioral, and emotional problems. The reason some Romanian adoptees have long-term
developmental problems while others make significant improvements involves genetic (nature) and
environmental (nurture) factors.
PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

REF: 8.1 Introduction, Textbook | Video - Romanian Orphanages, Online
OBJ: LO1 Explain the nature-nurture question. MSC: TYPE: Medium
2. Describe the significant changes in germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages of prenatal development.
ANS:
The germinal stage is the first stage of prenatal development and refers to the 2-week period
following conception. Once the ovum has been fertilized, it is called a zygote, which is a single cell
that is smaller than the dot in the letter i. The zygote begins a process of repeated division and, after
about a week, consists of about 150 cells. After 2 weeks, it has become a mass of cells and attaches
itself to the wall of the uterus. Once the zygote is implanted, or attached to the wall of the uterus, the
embryonic stage begins.
The embryonic stage is the second stage of the prenatal period and spans the 2 to 8 weeks that follow
conception; during this stage, cells divide and begin to differentiate into bone, muscle, and body
organs. At about 21 days after conception, the beginnings of the spinal cord and eyes appear; at about
24 days, cells differentiate to form what will become part of the heart; at about 28 days, tiny buds
appear that will develop into arms and legs; and at about 42 days, features of the face take shape.
Toward the end of the embryonic stage, the organism has developed a number of body organs, such as
the heart. The embryo is only about 4 cm long but already has the beginnings of major body organs
and limbs and begins to look somewhat human.
The fetal stage, which is the third stage in prenatal development, begins 2 months after conception and
lasts until birth. At the end of the fetal stage, usually 38 to 42 weeks after conception (or roughly 9
months), birth occurs and the fetus becomes a newborn. During the fetal stage, the fetus develops
vital organs, such as lungs, and physical characteristics that are distinctively human. For example, at
about 6 months, a fetus has eyes and eyelids that are completely formed, a fine coating of hair,
relatively well-developed external sex organs, and lungs that are beginning to function.
PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

MSC: TYPE: Medium
261
3. What are teratogens and why is development in the fetal stage most susceptible to them?
ANS:
A teratogen is any agent that can harm a developing fetus, causing deformities or brain damage. It
might be a disease (such as genital herpes), a drug (such as alcohol), or another environmental agent
(such as chemicals). Because the fetus experiences rapid body growth and development of the
nervous system, it is highly vulnerable to the effects of drugs and other harmful agents.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
4. Describe the effects of smoking and alcohol on prenatal development.
ANS:
Smoking and Nicotine
Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of low birth weight, preterm deliveries, and possible
physical problems. In addition, infants born to smoking mothers have an increased risk for developing
attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), oral clefts (birth defect
of mouth and lips), and respiratory infections.
Heavy Drinking
Alcohol (ethanol) is a teratogen that crosses the placenta, affects the developing fetus, and can result in
fetal alcohol syndrome. Fetal alcohol syndrome, or FAS, results from a mother drinking heavily
during pregnancy, especially in the first 12 weeks. FAS results in physical changes, such as short
stature, flattened nose, and short eye openings; neurological changes, such as fewer brain connections
within the brain structure; and psychological and behavioral problems, such as hyperactivity,
impulsive behavior, deficits in information processing and memory, drug use, and poor socialization.

MSC: TYPE: Easy
262
5. Describe the proximodistal and cephalocaudal principles of development.
ANS:
The proximodistal principle states that parts closer to the center of the infant’s body (proximo in
Latin means “near”) develop before parts farther away (distal in Latin means “far”). For example,
activities involving the trunk are mastered before activities involving the arms and legs. For that
reason, infants can roll over before they can walk or bring their arms together to grasp a bottle.
The cephalocaudal principle states that parts of the body closer to the head (cephalo in Greek means
“head”) develop before parts closer to the feet (caudal in Greek means “tail”).
For example, infants can lift their heads before they can control their trunks enough to sit up, and they
can sit up before they can control their legs to crawl. In the right figure, notice the head area
developing before the feet area.

MSC: TYPE: Medium
6. According to Piaget, what are the four stages of cognitive development?
ANS:
The sensorimotor stage (from birth to about age 2) is the first of Piaget’s cognitive stages. During this
stage, infants interact with and learn about their environments by relating their sensory experiences
(such as hearing and seeing) to their motor actions (mouthing and grasping).
The preoperational stage (from about 2 to 7 years old) is the second of Piaget’s cognitive
stages. During this stage, children learn to use symbols, such as words or mental images, to solve
simple problems and to think or talk about things that are not present.
The concrete operational stage (from about 7 to 11 years) is the third of Piaget’s cognitive stages.
During this stage, children can perform a number of logical mental operations on concrete objects
(ones that are physically present).
The formal operational stage, the last of Piaget’s four cognitive stages, extends from about age 12
through adulthood. During this stage, adolescents and adults develop the abilities to think about
abstract or hypothetical concepts, to consider an issue from another’s viewpoint, and to solve cognitive
problems in a logical way.

Animation - Piaget's Conservation, Online | Video - Piaget's Preoperational Stage, Online | Video -
Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage, Online | Video - Piaget's Formal Operational Stage, Online
MSC: TYPE: Easy
263
7. What is resiliency? Describe the factors that contribute to it.
ANS:
Resiliency refers to psychological and environmental factors that compensate for increased life
stresses so that expected problems do not develop.
Studies on resilient children show three findings. First, early traumatic events do not necessarily lead
to later social-emotional problems, as Freud predicted. Second, a loving, supportive caregiver or
teacher can substitute for a disinterested parent. Third, children observe and imitate normal social
behaviors modeled by caregivers.

social development. MSC: TYPE: Medium
8. Describe the three levels of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg. What criticisms of Kohlberg’s
theory have been proposed?
ANS:
Th e preconventional level, which represents Kohlberg’s lowest level of moral reasoning, has two
stages. At stage 1, moral decisions are based primarily on fear of punishment or the need to be
obedient; at stage 2, moral reasoning is guided most by satisfying one’s self-interest, which may
involve making bargains.
Level 2: Social Approval

Th e conventional level, which represents an intermediate level of moral reasoning, also has two
stages. At stage 3, moral decisions are guided most by conforming to the standards of others we value;
at stage 4, moral reasoning is determined most by conforming to laws of society. Many adolescents
and adults are at the conventional level.
Level 3: Abstract Ideas

Th e postconventional level, which represents the highest level of moral reasoning, has one stage. At
stage 5, moral decisions are made after carefully thinking about all the alternatives and striking a
balance between human rights and laws of society. Some, but not all, adults reach the
postconventional level. (Stage 6, which appeared in earlier versions of Kohlberg’s theory, has been
omitted in later versions because too few people had reached it.)
PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Analyze

9. What are the three parenting styles according to Baumrind? Describe an effect of each style.
ANS:
Authoritarian parents attempt to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of their
children in accordance with a set standard of conduct, usually an absolute standard that comes from
religious or respected authorities. For these parents, obedience is a virtue, and they punish and use
harsh discipline to keep the adolescent in line with their rules.
264
Authoritative parents attempt to direct their children’s activities in a rational and intelligent way.
They are supportive, loving, and committed, encourage verbal give and-take, and discuss their rules
and policies with their children. Authoritative parents value being expressive and independent but are
also demanding. The children of such parents tend to be competent. In addition, girls are achievement-
oriented and boys are friendly and cooperative.
Permissive parents are less controlling and behave with a nonpunishing and accepting attitude toward
their children’s impulses, desires, and actions; they consult with their children about policy decisions,
make few demands, and use reason rather than direct power. Girls with such parents are less socially
assertive, and both boys and girls are less achievement-oriented.
PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

OBJ: LO16 Describe Baumrind's three parenting styles. MSC: TYPE: Medium
10. As men and women age, what changes occur in sexuality and what types of adjustments should
individuals make?
ANS:
As men reach late adulthood (60s, 70s, and 80s), they may experience some physiological changes that
decrease sexual responsiveness.
Sexual Responding
Because many of the body’s physiological responses slow down, older men may require more
time and stimulation to have an erection and to reach orgasm. Upon ejaculation, there may be a
reduction in the force and amount of fluid. However, healthy men usually have no difficulty in
becoming sexually aroused or reaching orgasm. Some men worry that their decreased ability to
have an erection or reach orgasm means an end to their sexuality. Currently, there are a few
drugs (such as Viagra) approved for the treatment of impotency, which is the inability to have an
erection. These drugs help about 70% of men who have impotency problems.
Psychological Problems
The decreased sexual abilities that older men generally experience can make them
uncomfortable and threaten their self-esteem. However, having longer periods of stimulation,
improving intimate communication, and using more imaginative sexual activity can usually
compensate for men’s decreased self-confidence.
Menopause occurs in women at about age 50 (range 35 to 60) and involves a gradual stoppage in
secretion of the major female hormone (estrogen), which in turn results in cessation of both ovulation
and the menstrual cycle.
Physical Symptoms
Most older women experience hot flashes, some sleep disturbance, and dryness of the vagina,
which result from a decrease and eventual stoppage in the secretion of the female hormone
estrogen. A lack of estrogen results in a reduction of lubrication during arousal. However, there
is little or no change in the ability to become sexually aroused or to reach orgasm. Potential
problems with lack of lubrication or painful intercourse may be treated with hormone
replacement therapy or the use of vaginal creams.
Psychological Symptoms
Researchers followed 400 healthy women through menopause and observed many psychological
changes. They found that women did report psychological symptoms, such as depression,
anxiety, and anger. However, these symptoms were related to other stressful issues (such as
growing older in a society that glorifies being young), rather than to the physical symptoms of
menopause. In addition, women’s expectations influenced their psychological outlook during
menopause. Women with positive expectations about what they
265
hope to accomplish have few psychological symptoms, compared to women who expect their
lives to be over and thus feel depressed during menopause.
Sexual Activities
Some older women think sexual activity is appropriate only for young people. Others expect
sexual activity to be just like it was during their young adulthood, and they may have difficulty
accepting the inevitable changes that occur as they age. Overall, half of women age 50 and older
are at least as satisfied with their sex life as during their younger years. But many women do
experience sexual difficulties and often find it difficult to discuss with others. One way to help
these women is to have their doctors ask them about their sexual functioning;
currently, more than 90% of doctors are reported not to bring up the topic.

11. Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross developed her stage theory of the psychological process involved in
accepting one’s death. Explain the process using denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and
acceptance.
ANS:
After spending hundreds of hours at the bedsides of people with a terminal illness, Elisabeth Kübler-
Ross developed her stage theory of the psychological process involved in accepting one’s death:
1. Denial — “This can’t be happening to me.” “ I feel fine, there’s nothing wrong with
me.”
2. Anger —“Why me?” “How can this happen to me?” “Why couldn’t it have been
someone else?”
3. Bargaining — “Just let me live long enough to see my daughter’s marriage.” “Please,
I’ll do anything, just let me have more time!”
4. Depression — “I’m losing everyone I love.” ? “I’m so sad, what’s the point of living
any longer?”
5. Acceptance — “I know I’m going to die soon and I’m ok with it.” “There isn’t much
I can do to postpone death, so why not prepare for it?”
Kübler-Ross explains that some people may not go through each of these stages, or they may do so in
a different sequence. In developing her theory, she was not trying to convey the only way or the best
way for people to accept death. Rather she described the typical response to impending death.

OBJ: LO25 Describe Kübler-Ross's stage theory of the adjustment process in accepting one's death.
12. According to Freudian theory, what happens during adolescence? Describe what Freudian theory
argues happens during this stage.
266
ANS:
Stage 5: Genital Stage Puberty through adulthood
The genital stage lasts from puberty through adulthood and is a time when the individual has renewed
sexual desires that he or she seeks to fulfill through relationships with members of the opposite sex. If
an individual successfully resolved conflicts in the first three stages, he will have the energy to develop
loving relationships and a healthy and mature personality.

OBJ: LO18 Describe Freud's psychosexual theory of development as it applies to adolescents
MSC: TYPE: Easy
267

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Test Bank for Discovery Series Introduction to

Psychology 1st edition by Plotnik Kouyoumdjian

1. Nature is to nurture as ____ is to ____.

2. The influence of genetic factors versus experience on development is addressed in:

5. The germinal period starts at ____ and lasts ____.

6. ____ refers to the release of an ovum from a woman’s ovaries.

8. Identical twins result from:

9. Conception occurs when:

10. Following fertilization, the single cell is called a(n):

12. During the embryonic period:

13. The fetal period is characterized by:

17. Chemicals that can cause birth defects are called:

20. Heavy drinking during pregnancy can result in:

26. Newborns have a preference for ____ tasting things.

27. The visual cliff allowed Gibson and Walk to study:

29. The perceptual abilities of the newborn:

31. Motor development involves the acquisition of:

39. Piaget argued that a child acts like a(n):

57. The term temperament refers to:

61. Emotional development is an interaction among:

71. The first of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development is called the:

72. The second of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development is called the:

77. In his theory of development, Erik Erikson focused on:

80. Which of the following is true of Erikson’s theory?

81. Which theory emphasizes learning via imitation and observation?

93. Researchers now believe that most adolescents:

94. Puberty refers to:

98. The onset of menstruation is called:

99. The first menstrual period is triggered by the:

101. The pituitary is stimulated to produce hormones by the:

103. Secondary sex characteristics begin to appear in girls at about:

106. Which of the following is an example of a male secondary sex characteristic?

109. Planning for one’s future is characteristic of ____ thinking.

110. Formal operational thought is characterized by:

111. Formal operations allow teenagers to:

114. The prefrontal cortex acts as a(n):

117. The correct order of Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning is:

120. Authoritarian parents tend to have adolescent girls who are:

125. How much we like and value ourselves is referred to as:

126. Which two factors greatly influence self-esteem in adolescents?

128. Self-esteem is the most stable in:

129. What happens in each of Erikson’s eight stages?

133. Erikson’s psychosocial stage, which corresponds to young adulthood, is called:

138. The maximum longevity for humans appears to be about:

140. About when does menopause occur in most women?

150. Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory says love is a mix of:

154. According to Erik Erikson’s theory, in late adulthood we need:

1. Nature refers to the role of genetic factors in development.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

2. The embryonic stage is the second stage of prenatal development.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

3. A teratogen causes the disorder called amniocentesis.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

5. There is no safe level of alcohol use during pregnancy.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Understand

6. The effects of FAS tend to continue into adulthood.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Bloom's: Remember

1. Nature is to nurture as is to .

5. The germinal period starts at and lasts .