BEGINNING ALGEBRA 7TH EDITION

MARTIN GAY
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Chapter 6
Section 6.1 Practice Exercises 3. a. 5y4 = 5  y4

1. a. 36 = 2  2  3  3 = 22  32 15 y 2 = 3  5  y 2
42 = 2  3  7 −20 y3 = −1  2  2  5  y3
GCF = 2  3 = 6
GCF = 5  y 2 = 5 y 2
b. 35 = 5  7
44 = 2  2  11 b. 4 x2 = 2  2  x2
GCF = 1 x3 = x3
c. 12 = 2  2  3 = 22  3 3 x8 = 3  x8

16 = 2  2  2  2 = 24 GCF = x 2

40 = 2  2  2  5 = 23  5
c. The GCF of a 4 , a3 , and a2 is a2 .
2
GCF = 2 = 4
The GCF of b2 , b5 , and b3 is b2 .
2. a. The GCF is y 4 since 4 is the smallest Thus, the GCF of a 4 b2 , a3 b5 , and a2 b3 is
exponent to which y is raised. a2 b2 .

b. The GCF is x1 or x, since 1 is the smallest 4. a. 4t + 12; GCF = 4

exponent on x. 4t + 12 = 4  t + 4  3 = 4(t + 3)

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

b. y8 + y 4 ; GCF = y 4 17. 3 xy − 3ay − 6ax + 6a2 = 3( xy − ay − 2ax + 2a 2 )

= 3[ y( x − a) − 2a( x − a)]
y8 + y 4 = y 4  y 4 + y 4  1 = y 4 ( y 4 + 1)
= 3( x − a)( y − 2 a)

5. −8b6 + 16b 4 − 8b2 Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 6.1

= −8b2 (b 4 ) − 8b2 (−2b2 ) − 8b2 (1)
1. Since 5  4 = 20, the numbers 5 and 4 are called
= −8b2 (b 4 − 2b2 + 1) or 8b2 (−b 4 + 2b2 − 1)
factors of 20.

6. 5 x 4 − 20 x = 5 x ( x 3 − 4) 2. The greatest common factor of a list of integers

is the largest integer that is a factor of all the
5 5 1 4 2 3 1 3 2 integers in the list.
7. z + z − z = z (5z + z − 2)
9 9 9 9
3. The greatest common factor of a list of common
variables raised to powers is the variable raised
8. 8a2 b4 − 20 a3b3 + 12ab3 = 4ab3 (2ab − 5a2 + 3) to the least exponent in the list.

9. 8(y − 2) + x(y − 2) = (y − 2)(8 + x) 4. The process of writing a polynomial as a product

is called factoring.
10. 7 xy3 ( p + q) − ( p + q) = 7 xy3 ( p + q) − 1( p + q)
5. 7(x + 3) + y(x + 3) is a sum, not a product. The
= ( p + q)(7 xy3 − 1) statement is false.

11. xy + 3 y + 4 x + 12 = ( xy + 3 y) + (4 x + 12)
6. 3 x 3 + 6 x + x 2 + 2 = 3 x ( x 2 + 2) + ( x 2 + 2)
= y( x + 3) + 4( x + 3)
= ( x + 3)( y + 4) = ( x 2 + 2)(3 x + 1)
Check: (x + 3)(y + 4) = xy + 3y + 4x + 12 The statement is false.

7. The GCF of a list of numbers is the largest

12. 40 x3 − 24 x 2 + 15 x − 9 = 8 x 2 (5 x − 3) + 3(5 x − 3) number that is a factor of all numbers in the list.
= (5 x − 3)(8 x 2 + 3)
8. The GCF of common variable factors is the
2 2 variable raised to the smallest exponent.
13. 2 xy + 3 y − 2 x − 3 y = (2 xy + 3 y ) + ( −2 x − 3 y)
= y(2 x + 3 y) − 1(2 x + 3 y) 9. When factoring out a GCF, the number of terms
= (2 x + 3 y)( y − 1) in the other factor should have the same number
of terms as your original polynomial.
14. 7a3 + 5a2 + 7a + 5 = (7a3 + 5a2 ) + (7a + 5)
10. Look for a GCF other than 1 or −1; if you have a
= a2 (7a + 5) + 1(7a + 5) simplified four-term polynomial.
= (7a + 5)(a2 + 1)
Exercise Set 6.1
15. 4 xy + 15 − 12 x − 5 y = 4 xy − 12 x − 5 y + 15
= (4 xy − 12 x ) + (−5 y + 15) 2. 36 = 2  2  3  3 = 22  32
= 4 x ( y − 3) − 5( y − 3) 90 = 2  3  3  5 = 2  32  5
= ( y − 3)(4 x − 5) GCF = 2  3  3 = 18

16. 9 y − 18 + y3 − 4 y 2 = 9( y − 2) + y 2 ( y − 4) 4. 30 = 2  3  5
There is no common binomial factor, so it cannot 75 = 3  5  5 = 3  52
be factored by grouping. 135 = 3  3  3  5 = 33  5
GCF = 3  5 = 15

6. 15 = 3  5
25 = 5  5

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

27 = 3  3  3 = 33 34. 7x + 21y −7 = 7(x + 3y − 1)

GCF = 1
36. 12 x 3 + 16 x 2 − 8 x = 4 x (3 x 2 + 4 x − 2)
3 2 5 2
8. The GCF of x , x , and x is x .
38. x 9 y 6 + x 3 y 5 − x 4 y3 + x 3 y3
8
10. The GCF of y , y , and y 10 12
is y .8
= x 3 y3 ( x 6 y3 + y 2 − x + 1)

12. The GCF of p 7 , p8 , and p 9 is p 7 . 40. 9 y 6 − 27 y 4 + 18 y 2 + 6 = 3(3 y 6 − 9 y 4 + 6 y 2 + 2)

The GCF of q, q 2 , and q3 is q.
2 7 4 5 3 2 2
Thus, the GCF of p 7 q, p8 q 2 , and p 9 q 3 is p 7 q.
42. y − y + y − y
5 5 5 5
1 6 4
= y(2 y − 4 y + 3 y − 2)
14. 20y = 2  2  5  y 5
15 = 3  5
GCF = 5 44. x ( y 2 + 1) − 3( y 2 + 1) = ( y 2 + 1)( x − 3)

16. 32 x 5 = 2  2  2  2  2  x 5 46. 8(x + 2) − y(x + 2) = (x + 2)(8 − y)

18 x 2 = 2  3  3  x 2
GCF = 2  x 2 = 2 x 2 48. q(b3 − 5) + (b3 − 5) = q(b3 − 5) + 1(b3 − 5)
= (b3 − 5)(q + 1)
3 3
18. −21x = −1  3  7  x
14x = 2  7  x 50. −7y − 21 = −7(y + 3)
GCF = 7  x = 7x
52. −5 y3 + y 6 = − y3 (5 − y3 )
2 2
20. 15 y = 3  5  y
5y7 = 5  y7 54. −5m6 + 10 m5 − 5m3 = −5m3 (m3 − 2m2 + 1)

−20 y3 = −1  2  2  5  y3
56. x 3 + 4 x 2 + 3 x + 12 = x 2 ( x + 4) + 3( x + 4)
2 2
GCF = 5  y = 5 y = ( x + 4)( x 2 + 3)

22. 7 x 3 y3 = 7  x 3  y3 58. xy + y + 2 x + 2 = y( x + 1) + 2( x + 1)
= ( x + 1)( y + 2)
−21x 2 y 2 = −1  3  7  x 2  y 2
14 xy 4 = 2  7  x  y 4 60. 16 x 3 − 28 x 2 + 12 x − 21 = 4 x 2 (4 x − 7) + 3(4 x − 7)
GCF = 7  x  y 2 = 7 xy 2 = (4 x − 7)(4 x 2 + 3)

24. 40 x 7 y 2 z = 2  2  2  5  x 7  y 2  z 62. 8w2 + 7wv + 8w + 7v = w(8w + 7v) + 1(8w + 7v)

64 x 9 y = 2  2  2  2  2  2  x 9  y = (8w + 7v)(w + 1)

GCF = 2  2  2  x 7  y = 8 x 7 y 64. 6 x − 42 + xy − 7 y = 6( x − 7) + y( x − 7)
= ( x − 7)(6 + y)
26. 18a + 12 = 6(3a + 2)
66. 2 x 3 − x 2 − 10 x + 5 = x 2 (2 x − 1) − 5(2 x − 1)
28. 42x − 7 = 7(6x − 1)
= (2 x − 1)( x 2 − 5)
30. y5 + 6 y 4 = y 4 ( y + 6)
68. 7 x − 21 + x3 − 2 x 2 = 7( x − 3) + x 2 ( x − 2)
32. 5 x 2 + 10 x 6 = 5 x 2 (1 + 2 x 4 ) The polynomial is not factorable by grouping.

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

70. 5 xy − 15 x − 6 y + 18 = 5 x( y − 3) − 6( y − 3) 102. (x + 5)(x + y) is factored.

= ( y − 3)(5 x − 6)
104. 3x(a + 2b) + 2(a + 2b) is not factored.
2
72. 6m − 5mn − 6m + 5n = m(6m − 5n) − 1(6m − 5n) 106. answers may vary
= (6m − 5n)(m − 1)
108. answers may vary
4 2 3
74. 4 y + y + 20 y + 5 y
110. a. −3x 2 + 78 x + 2904
= y(4 y3 + y + 20 y 2 + 5)
= −3(10)2 + 78(10) + 2904
= y[ y(4 y 2 + 1) + 5(4 y 2 + 1)]
= −300 + 780 + 2904
= y(4 y 2 + 1)( y + 5) = 3384
In 2010, 3384 thousand students graduated
76. 90 + 15 y2 − 18 x − 3 xy 2 = 3(30 + 5 y 2 − 6 x − xy 2 ) from U.S. high schools.
= 3[5(6 + y 2 ) − x (6 + y 2 )]
b. Let x = 2018 − 2000 = 18
= 3(6 + y2 )(5 − x )
−3x 2 + 78 x + 2904

78. 10 xy − 15 x 2 = 5 x (2 y − 3 x ) = −3(18)2 + 78(18) + 2904

= −972 + 1404 + 2904
80. z(y − 4) + 3(y − 4) = (y − 4)(z + 3) = 3336
It is predicted that 3336 thousand students
will graduate from U.S. high schools in
82. 5 x 3 y − 15 x 2 y + 10 xy = 5 xy( x 2 − 3 x + 2) 2018.

84. 15 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 6 x − 2 = 5 x 2 (3 x + 1) − 2(3 x + 1) c. −3 x 2 + 78 x + 2904

= (3 x + 1)(5 x 2 − 2) = −3  x 2 + (−3)(−26 x) + (−3)(−968)
= −3( x 2 − 26 x − 968)
3 2 2 2
86. −21x y − 49 x y = −7 x y(3 x + 7 y)
112. Subtract the area of the circle from the area of
2 2
88. 16 x + 4 xy + 8 xy + 2 y 3 the square.
= 2(8 x 2 + 2 xy2 + 4 xy + y3 ) Square: A = s 2
= 2[2 x (4 x + y 2 ) + y(4 x + y 2 )] A = ( 2 x) 2 = 4 x 2
= 2(4 x + y 2 )(2 x + y) Circle: A = r 2
A = x 2
2 2 The area of the shaded region is given by
90. ( y + 3)( y + 6) = y + 6 y + 3 y + 18 = y + 9 y + 18
4 x 2 − x 2 = x 2 (4 − ).
92. ( x − 5)( x + 10) = x 2 + 10 x − 5 x − 50
= x 2 + 5 x − 50 114. Area = 5 x5 − 5 x 2 = 5 x 2 ( x3 − 1)
Since the width is 5x 2 units, the length is
Two Their Their
( x3 − 1) units.
Numbers Product Sum
94. 4, 5 20 9 116. x 2n + 6 x n + 10 x n + 60 = x n ( x n + 6) + 10( x n + 6)
96. −2, −8 16 −10 = ( x n + 6)( x n + 10)
98. −8, 3 −24 −5
118. 12 x 2 n − 10 x n − 30 x n + 25
100. −2x + 14 = −2(x − 7), which is choice d. = 2 x n (6 x n − 5) − 5(6 x n − 5)
= (6 x n − 5)(2 x n − 5)

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

Section 6.2 Practice Exercises 8. 48 − 14 x + x 2 = x 2 − 14 x + 48

The first term of each binomial is x. Then look
1. Positive Sum of for two factors whose product is 48 and whose
Factors of 6 Factors sum is −14.
1, 6 7 x 2 − 14 x + 48 = ( x − 6)( x − 8)
2, 3 5
9. 4 x 2 − 24 x + 36 = 4( x 2 − 6 x + 9)
x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x + 2)( x + 3) The first term of each binomial is x. Then look
for two factors whose product is 9 and whose
2. Negative Sum of sum is −6.
Factors of 70 Factors 4( x 2 − 6 x + 9) = 4( x − 3)( x − 3) or 4( x − 3)2
−1, −70 −71
10. 3 y 4 − 18 y3 − 21y 2 = 3 y 2 ( y 2 − 6 y − 7)
−2, −35 −37
The first term of each binomial is y. Then look
−5, −14 −19 for two factors whose product is −7 and whose
−7, −10 −17 sum is −6.
2 3 y2 ( y2 − 6 y − 7) = 3 y 2 ( y − 7)( y + 1)
x − 17 x + 70 = ( x − 7)( x − 10)
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 6.2
3. Factors of −14 Sum of Factors
1. The statement is true.
−1, 14 13
2. The statement is true.
1, −14 −13
−2, 7 5 3. Since 4x − 12 = 4(x − 3), the statement is false.

2, −7 −5 4. ( x + 2 y)2 = ( x + 2 y)( x + 2 y)  ( x + 2 y)( x + y)

2
x + 5 x − 14 = ( x − 2)( x + 7) The statement is false.

4. The first term of each binomial is p. Then look 5. x 2 + 9 x + 20 = ( x + 4)( x + 5)

for two numbers whose product is −63 and
whose sum is −2.
6. x 2 + 12 x + 35 = ( x + 5)( x + 7)
p2 − 2 p − 63 = ( p − 9)( p + 7)

5. The first term of each binomial is b. Then look 7. x 2 − 7 x + 12 = ( x − 4)( x − 3)

for two numbers whose product is 1 and whose
sum is 5. There are no such numbers.
8. x 2 − 13 x + 22 = ( x − 2)( x −11)
2
b + 5b + 1 is a prime polynomial.

6. The first term of each polynomial is x. Then look 9. x 2 + 4 x + 4 = ( x + 2)( x + 2)

for two terms whose product is 12y2 and whose
sum is 7y. 10. x 2 + 10 x + 24 = ( x + 6)( x + 4)
x 2 + 7 xy + 12 y 2 = ( x + 3 y)( x + 4 y)
11. 15 is positive, so its factors would have to either
be both positive or both negative. Since the
7. The first term of each polynomial is x 2 . Then
factors need to sum to −8, both factors must be
look for two numbers whose product is 12 and
negative.
whose sum is 13.
x 4 + 13 x 2 + 12 = ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 12)

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

12. Since the sum of the factors is 3, the factors are 40. 2 x 2 − 24 x + 70 = 2( x 2 − 12 x + 35)
−2 and 5, (−2 + 5 = 3). If you accidentally = 2( x − 7)( x − 5)
choose factors whose sum is −3, simply “switch”
the signs of the factors.
42. x 2 + x − 42 = ( x + 7)( x − 6)
Exercise Set 6.2
44. x 2 + 4 x − 10 is a prime polynomial.
2
2. x + 6 x + 8 = ( x + 4)( x + 2)
46. x 2 − 9 x + 14 = ( x − 7)( x − 2)
4. y 2 − 12 y + 11 = ( y − 11)( y − 1)
48. 3 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 126 x = 3 x ( x 2 + x − 42)
6. x 2 − 10 x + 25 = ( x − 5)( x − 5) or ( x − 5)2 = 3 x( x + 7)( x − 6)

8. x 2 − x − 30 = ( x − 6)( x + 5) 50. 3 x 2 y − 9 xy + 45 y = 3 y( x 2 − 3 x + 15)

10. x 2 + 4 x − 32 = ( x + 8)( x − 4) 52. x 2 − 4 x − 32 = ( x − 8)( x + 4)

12. x 2 − 7 x + 5 is a prime polynomial. 54. x 2 − 2 xy − 15 y 2 = ( x − 5 y)( x + 3 y)

14. x 2 + 6 xy + 8 y2 = ( x + 4 y)( x + 2 y) 56. 50 + 20t + 2t 2 = 2t 2 + 20t + 50

= 2(t 2 + 10t + 25)
4 2 2 2
16. y − 3 y − 70 = ( y − 10)( y + 7) = 2(t + 5)(t + 5) or 2(t + 5)2

18. 17 + 18n + n2 = n2 + 18n + 17 = (n + 17)(n + 1) 58. x 3 − 3 x 2 − 28 x = x ( x 2 − 3 x − 28)

= x ( x − 7)( x + 4)
20. 6q − 27 + q 2 = q 2 + 6q − 27 = (q − 3)(q + 9)
60. 3 x 6 + 30 x 5 + 72 x 4 = 3 x 4 ( x 2 + 10 x + 24)
2 2
22. a − 9ab + 18b = (a − 3b)(a − 6b) = 3 x 4 ( x + 6)( x + 4)

24. 3 x 2 + 30 x + 63 = 3( x 2 + 10 x + 21) 62. 7a3b − 35a2 b2 + 42ab3 = 7ab(a2 − 5ab + 6b2 )

= 3( x + 7)( x + 3) = 7ab(a − 3b)(a − 2b)

26. 3 x 3 − 12 x 2 − 36 x = 3 x( x 2 − 4 x − 12) 64. 48 − 20 n + 2n2 = 2n2 − 20 n + 48

= 3 x( x − 6)( x + 2)
= 2(n2 − 10 n + 24)
= 2(n − 6)(n − 4)
28. x 2 − 4 xy − 77 y 2 = ( x − 11y)( x + 7 y)
66. − x 2 + 8 x − 7 = −1( x 2 − 8 x + 7) = −1( x − 7)( x − 1)
30. x 2 + 19 x + 60 = ( x + 4)( x + 15)
1 2 5 1 1
68. y − y − 8 = ( y 2 − 5 y − 24) = ( y − 8)( y + 3)
32. x 2 − 5 x − 14 = ( x − 7)( x + 2) 3 3 3 3

34. r 2 − 10r + 21 = (r − 7)(r − 3) 70. a2 b3 + ab2 − 30b = b(a2 b2 + ab − 30)

= b(ab − 5)(ab + 6)
36. x 2 − xy − 6 y 2 = ( x − 3 y)( x + 2 y)
72. (3 x + 2)( x + 4) = 3 x 2 + 12 x + 2 x + 8
38. 4 x 2 − 4 x − 48 = 4( x 2 − x − 12) = 4( x − 4)( x + 3) = 3 x 2 + 14 x + 8

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

74. (4 z − 7)(7 z − 1) = 28z 2 − 4 z − 49 z + 7

= 28z 2 − 53z + 7

76. ( y − 5 x )(6 y + 5 x ) = 6 y 2 + 5 xy − 30 xy − 25 x 2
= 6 y 2 − 25 xy − 25 x 2

78. To factor x 2 + 13 x + 42, think of two numbers

whose product is 42 and whose sum is 13.

80. answers may vary

82. P = 2l + 2w
l = 12 x 2 and w = 2 x 3 + 16 x, so
P = 2(12 x 2 ) + 2(2 x 3 + 16 x )
= 24 x 2 + 4 x 3 + 32 x
= 4 x 3 + 24 x 2 + 32 x
= 4 x ( x 2 + 6 x + 8)
= 4 x ( x + 4)( x + 2)
The perimeter of the rectangle is given by the
polynomial 4 x 3 + 24 x 2 + 32 x which factors as
4x(x + 4)(x + 2).

84. −16t 2 + 96t + 112 = −16(t 2 − 6t − 7)

= −16(t − 7)(t + 1)

2
1  1  1  1
86. x 2 + x + =  x +  x +  or  x + 
4  2  2  2

88. y2 ( x + 1) − 2 y( x + 1) − 15( x + 1)
= ( x + 1)( y2 − 2 y − 15)
= ( x + 1)( y − 5)( y + 3)

90. x 2 n + 5 x n + 6 = ( x n + 2)( x n + 3)

92. c must be the product of positive numbers that

sum to 8.
8 = 1 + 7; 1  7 = 7
8 = 2 + 6; 2  6 = 12
8 = 3 + 5; 3  5 = 15
8 = 4 + 4; 4  4 = 16
t 2 + 8t + c is factorable when c is 7, 12, 15, or
16.

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

94. c must be the product of negative numbers that Factored form:

sum to −16. 21x 2 + 11xy − 2 y 2 = (7 x − y)(3 x + 2 y)
−16 = −1 + (−15); −1  −15 = 15
−16 = −2 + (−14); −2  −14 = 28
5. Factors of 2 x 4 : 2 x 4 = 2 x 2  x 2
−16 = −3 + (−13); −3  −13 = 39
Factors of −7: −7 = −7  1, −7 = 7  −1
−16 = −4 + (−12); −4  −12 = 48
Try possible combinations.
−16 = −5 + (−11); −5  −11 = 55
−16 = −6 + (−10); −6  −10 = 60 2 x 4 − 5 x 2 − 7 = (2 x 2 − 7)( x 2 + 1)
−16 = −7 + (−9); −7  −9 = 63
−16 = −8 + (−8); −8  −8 = 64 6. 3 x 3 + 17 x 2 + 10 x = x (3 x 2 + 17 x + 10)
n2 − 16n + c is factorable when c is 15, 28, 39, Factors of 3 x 2 : 3 x 2 = 3 x  x
48, 55, 60, 63, or 64. Factors of 10: 10 = 1  10, 10 = 2  5
Try possible combinations:
96. b must be the sum of positive numbers which
have a product of 20. 3 x 3 + 17 x 2 + 10 x = x (3x 2 + 17 x + 10)
20 = 1  20; 1 + 20 = 21 = x (3 x + 2)( x + 5)
20 = 2  10; 2 + 10 = 12
20 = 4  5; 4 + 5 = 9 7. −8 x 2 + 2 x + 3 = −1(8 x 2 − 2 x − 3)
2 = −1(4 x − 3)(2 x + 1)
y + by + 20 is factorable when b is 9, 12, or 21.

98. b must be the positive sum of a positive number 8. x 2 = ( x )2 and 49 = 72

and a negative number which have a product of
−14.
−14 = 14  −1; 14 + (−1) = 13
−14 = 7  −2; 7 + (−2) = 5
x 2 + bx − 14 is factorable when b is 5 or 13.
Section 6.3 Practice Exercises
1. Factors of 2 x 2 : 2 x 2 = 2 x  x
Factors of 15: 15 = 1  15, 15 = 3  5
Try possible combinations.
2
Factored form: 2 x + 11x + 15 = (2 x + 5)( x + 3)
2. Factors of 15 x 2 : 15x 2 = 15 x  x, 15 x 2 = 5 x  3 x
Factors of 8: 8 = −1  −8, 8 = −2  −4
Try possible combinations.
Factored form: 15 x 2 − 22 x + 8 = (5 x − 4)(3 x − 2)
3. Factors of 4 x 2 : 4 x 2 = 4 x  x, 4 x 2 = 2 x  2 x
Factors of −3: −3 = −1  3, −3 = 1  −3
Try possible combinations.
Factored form: 4 x 2 + 11x − 3 = (4 x − 1)( x + 3)
4. Factors of 21x 2 : 21x 2 = 21x  x, 21x 2 = 3 x  7 x
Factors of
−2 y 2 : − 2 y 2 = −2 y  y, − 2 y 2 = 2 y  − y
Try possible combinations.
Is 2  x  7 = 14x the middle term? Yes.
x 2 + 14 x + 49 = ( x + 7)2
9. 4 x 2 = (2 x )2 and 9 y 2 = (3 y)2
Is 2  2x  3y = 12xy the middle term? No.
Try other possibilities.
4 x 2 + 20 xy + 9 y 2 = (2 x + 9 y)(2 x + y)
10. 36n 4 = (6n2 )2 and 1 = 12
Is 2  6n2  1 = 12n2 the middle term? Yes, the
opposite of the middle term.
36n4 − 12n2 + 1 = (6n2 − 1)2
11. 12 x 3 − 84 x 2 + 147 x = 3 x (4 x 2 − 28 x + 49)
= 3 x[(2 x )2 − 2  2 x  7 + 72 ]
= 3 x (2 x − 7)2
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 6.3
1. A perfect square trinomial is a trinomial that is
the square of a binomial.
2. The term 25y 2 written as a square is (5 y)2 .
3. The expression x 2 + 10 xy + 25 y 2 is called a
perfect square trinomial.

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

4. The factorization (x + 5y)(x + 5y) may also be 24. 8a3 + 14a2 + 3a = a(8a2 + 14a + 3)
2
written as ( x + 5 y) . = a(4a + 1)(2a + 3)

5. 2 x 2 + 5 x + 3 factors as (2x + 3)(x + 1), which is 26. 12 x 2 − 14 x − 10 = 2(6 x 2 − 7 x − 5)

choice d. = 2(3 x − 5)(2 x + 1)

6. 7 x 2 + 9 x + 2 factors as (7x + 2)(x + 1), which is 28. 16t + 15t 2 − 15 = 15t 2 + 16t − 15 = (5t − 3)(3t + 5)
choice b.
30. 8 x 2 y + 34 xy − 84 y = 2 y(4 x 2 + 17 x − 42)
7. Consider the factors of the first and last terms
and the signs of the trinomial. Continue to check = 2 y(4 x − 7)( x + 6)
by multiplying until you get the middle term of
the trinomial. 32. 6 x 2 − 11x − 10 = (3 x + 2)(2 x − 5)

8. If the GCF has been factored out, then neither

34. − x 2 + 4 x + 21 = −1( x 2 − 4 x − 21)
binomial can contain a common factor other than
= −1( x + 3)( x − 7)
1 or −1. This helps limit your choice of factors
for one or both binomials since you cannot
choose factors that would give the terms in either 36. 6 x 3 − 31x 2 + 5 x = x (6 x 2 − 31x + 5)
binomial a common factor. = x ( x − 5)(6 x − 1)

9. The first and last terms are squares, a 2 and b 2 , 38. 36 x 2 + 55 x − 14 = (4 x + 7)(9 x − 2)
and the middle term is 2  a  b or −2  a  b.
40. x 2 + 18 x + 81 = x 2 + 2  x  9 + 92 = ( x + 9)2
Exercise Set 6.3

2. 2 y2 + 27 y + 25 = (2 y + 25)( y + 1) 42. x 2 − 12 x + 36 = x 2 − 2  x  6 + 62 = ( x − 6)2

4. 6 y 2 + 11y − 10 = (2 y + 5)(3 y − 2) 44. 25 x 2 − 20 x + 4 = (5 x )2 − 2  5 x  2 + 2 2

= (5 x − 2)2
6. 4 y 2 − 20 y + 25 = (2 y − 5)(2 y − 5)
46. m 4 + 10 m 2 + 25 = (m 2 )2 + 2  m 2  5 + 52
8. 3 x 2 + 8 x + 4 = (3 x + 2)( x + 2) = (m 2 + 5)2

10. 21x 2 − 31x + 10 = (21x − 10)( x − 1) 48. 3 y2 − 6 y + 3 = 3( y 2 − 2 y + 1)

= 3( y 2 − 2  y  1 + 12 )
2
12. 36r − 5r − 24 = (9r − 8)(4r + 3) = 3( y − 1)2

14. 3 x 2 + 20 x − 63 = (3 x − 7)( x + 9) 50. 9 y2 + 48 y + 64 = (3 y)2 + 2  3 y  8 + 82

= (3 y + 8)2
2
16. 12 x + 17 x + 5 = (12 x + 5)( x + 1)
52. 2 x 2 + 7 x − 72 = (2 x − 9)( x + 8)
2
18. 3n + 20 n + 5 is prime.
54. 24 x 2 − 49 x + 15 = (8 x − 3)(3 x − 5)
20. 8 x 2 − 14 xy + 3 y 2 = (4 x − y)(2 x − 3 y)
56. 2a2 + 11ab + 5b2 = (2a + b)(a + 5b)
22. 25n2 − 5n − 6 = (5n + 2)(5n − 3)
58. −7 x + 12 + x 2 = x 2 − 7 x + 12 = ( x − 3)( x − 4)

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

60. m 2 + 20 mn + 100 n2 = m 2 + 2  m  10 n + (10 n)2 92. 3a2 b2 + 12ab + 1 is prime.

= (m + 10 n)2
94. 5m 5 + 26m3 h 2 + 5mh 4
62. x 2 y 2 − 14 xy + 49 = ( xy)2 − 2  xy  7 + 72 = m(5m 4 + 26m 2 h 2 + 5h 4 )
= ( xy − 7)2 = m(5m 2 + h 2 )(m 2 + 5h 2 )

64. 24 y2 x + 7 yx − 5 x = x (24 y2 + 7 y − 5) 96. ( y 2 + 3)( y 2 − 3) = y 4 − 3 y 2 + 3 y 2 − 9 = y 4 − 9

= x (8 y + 5)(3 y − 1)
98. ( z − 2)( z 2 + 2 z + 4) = z 3 + 2 z 2 + 4 z − 2 z 2 − 4 z − 8
66. 6 x 3 − 28 x 2 + 16 x = 2 x(3 x 2 − 14 x + 8) = z3 − 8
= 2 x(3 x − 2)( x − 4)
100. Look for the shortest bar. Twitter has the lowest
3 2 2
68. 12 x − 34 x + 24 x = 2 x (6 x − 17 x + 12) percent of online adult users.
= 2 x ( 3 x − 4)(2 x − 3) ) 102. answers may vary

70. 42 x 4 − 99 x 3 y − 15 x 2 y 2 104. In a, b, and d one term can be factored further.

= 3 x 2 (14 x 2 − 33 xy − 5 y 2 )
106. ( x + 3 y)2 = x 2 + 2  x  3 y + (3 y)2
= 3 x 2 (2 x − 5 y)(7 x + y)
= x 2 + 6 xy + 9 y 2

72. −15 x 2 + 26 x − 8 = −1(15 x 2 − 26 x + 8) 108. P = 2l + 2w

= −1(3 x − 4)(5 x − 2)
= 2(−22 y + 7) + 2(3 y2 )
= −44 y + 14 + 6 y 2
74. 9q 4 − 42q3 + 49q 2 = q 2 (9q 2 − 42q + 49)
= 6 y 2 − 44 y + 14
= q 2 [(3q)2 − 2  3q  7 + 72 ]
= 2(3 y2 − 22 y + 7)
= q 2 (3q − 7)2
= 2(3 y − 1)( y − 7)

76. y + 8 y 2 − 9 = 8 y 2 + y − 9 = ( y − 1)(8 y + 9) 1  1  1
110. 27 x 2 + 2 x − =  3x +   9x − 
9  3  3
78. 54a2 + 39ab − 8b2 = (9a + 8b)(6a − b)
112. 3 x 2 (a + 3)3 − 10 x (a + 3)3 + 25(a + 3)3
80. 1 + 16 x 2 + x 4 = x 4 + 16 x 2 + 1 is prime.
= (a + 3)3 (3 x 2 − 10 x + 25)
82. 25 x 2 − 60 xy + 36 y 2 = (5 x )2 − 2  5 x  6 y + (6 y)2
114. 9 x 2 = (3 x )2 ; 25 = 52 ; 2  3x  5 = 30x; 30
= (5 x − 6 y)2
116. The square represents a perfect square trinomial.
84. 42a2 − 43a + 6 = (7a − 6)(6a − 1)
118. b = 5; 2 y2 + 5 y + 3 = (2 y + 3)( y + 1)
2 2
86. −3t + 4t − 7 = 4t − 3t − 7 = (4t − 7)(t + 1) b = 7; 2 y 2 + 7 y + 3 = (2 y + 1)( y + 3)

88. 3r 2 + 10r − 8 = (3r − 2)(r + 4)

120. c = 21; 11y2 − 40 y + 21 = (11y − 7)( y − 3)

90. y3 + 12 y 2 + 36 y = y( y 2 + 12 y + 36) c = 29; 11y2 − 40 y + 29 = (11y − 29)( y − 1)

= y( y 2 + 2  y  6 + 6 2 ) c = 36; 11y2 − 40 y + 36 = (11y − 18)( y − 2)
= y( y + 6)2

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

122. −12r 3 x 2 + 38r 2 x 2 + 14rx 2 3. 30 x 2 − 14 x − 4 = 2(15 x 2 − 7 x − 2)

= −2rx 2 (6r 2 − 19r − 7) Find two numbers whose product is
ac = 15(−2) = −30 and whose sum is b, −7. The
= −2rx 2 (2r − 7)(3r + 1)
numbers are −10 and 3.
124. 3 x 2 (a + 3)3 − 28 x ( a + 3)3 + 25( a + 3)3 2(15 x 2 − 7 x − 2) = 2(15 x 2 − 10 x + 3 x − 2)
= 2[5 x (3 x − 2) + 1(3 x − 2)]
= (a + 3)3 (3 x 2 − 28 x + 25)
= 2(3 x − 2)(5 x + 1)
= (a + 3)3 ( x − 1)(3 x − 25)
4. 40 m 4 + 5m3 − 35m2 = 5m2 (8m2 + m − 7)
126. 2 x 2 n + 5 x n − 12 = (2 x n − 3)( x n + 4) Find two numbers whose product is
ac = 8(−7) = −56 and whose sum is b, 1. The
Section 6.4 Practice Exercises numbers are 8 and −7.
5m2 (8m 2 + m − 7) = 5m 2 (8m 2 + 8m − 7m − 7)
1. Factors of Sum of
ac = 60 Factors = 5m 2 [8m(m + 1) − 7(m + 1)]
1, 60 61  correct sum = 5m 2 (m + 1)(8m − 7)
b = 61.
5. Find two numbers whose product is
2, 30 32 ac = 16  9 = 144 and whose sum is b, 24. The
numbers are 12 and 12.
3, 20 23
16 x 2 + 24 x + 9 = 16 x 2 + 12 x + 12 x + 9
4, 15 19 = 4 x (4 x + 3) + 3(4 x + 3)
5, 12 17 = (4 x + 3)(4 x + 3)
6, 10 16 = (4 x + 3)2

Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 6.4

5 x 2 + 61x + 12 = 5 x 2 + 1x + 60 x + 12
= x (5 x + 1) + 12(5 x + 1) 1. a = 1, b = 6, c = 8
= (5 x + 1)( x + 12) ac=18=8
4  2 = 8 and 4 + 2 = 6; choice a.
2. Factors of Sum of
2. a = 1, b = 11, c = 24
ac = 60 Factors
a  c = 1  24 = 24
−1, −60 −61 8  3 = 24 and 8 + 3 = 11; choice c.
−2, −30 −32 3. a = 2, b = 13, c = 6
−3, −20 −23 a  c = 2  6 = 12
12  1 = 12 and 12 + 1 = 13; choice b.
−4, −15 −19  Correct sum
b = −19 4. a = 4, b = 8, c = 3
a  c = 4  3 = 12
−5, −12 −17 2  6 = 12 and 2 + 6 = 8; choice d.
−6, −10 −60
5. This gives us a four-term polynomial which may
be factored by grouping.
12 x 2 − 19 x + 5 = 12 x 2 − 15 x − 4 x + 5
= 3 x (4 x − 5) − 1(4 x − 5) Exercise Set 6.4
= (4 x − 5)(3 x − 1)
2. x 2 + 5 x + 3 x + 15 = x ( x + 5) + 3( x + 5)
= ( x + 5)( x + 3)

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

4. z 2 + 10 z − 7z − 70 = z( z + 10) − 7( z + 10) 22. 20 x + 25 x 2 + 4 = 25 x 2 + 20 x + 4

= ( z + 10)( z − 7) ac = 25  4 = 100; b = 20; two numbers: 10, 10
25 x 2 + 20 x + 4 = 25 x 2 + 10 x + 10 x + 4
2
6. 4 x − 9 x − 32 x + 72 = x (4 x − 9) − 8(4 x − 9) = 5 x (5 x + 2) + 2(5 x + 2)
= (4 x − 9)( x − 8) = (5 x + 2)(5 x + 2)
= (5 x + 2)2
4 2 2 2 2 2
8. 2 y − 10 y + 7 y − 35 = 2 y ( y − 5) + 7( y − 5)
= ( y 2 − 5)(2 y 2 + 7) 24. ac = 6(−10) = −60; b = −11;
two numbers: 4, −15
10. a. 2  12 = 24; 2 + 12 = 14; 2, 12 6 x 2 − 11x − 10 = 6 x 2 + 4 x − 15 x − 10
= 2 x (3 x + 2) − 5(3 x + 2)
b. 14x = 2x + 12x = (3 x + 2)(2 x − 5)

c. 8 x 2 + 14 x + 3 = 8 x 2 + 2 x + 12 x + 3 26. ac = 21  2 = 42; b = −13; two numbers: −6, −7

= 2 x (4 x + 1) + 3(4 x + 1)
21x 2 − 13 x + 2 = 21x 2 − 6 x − 7 x + 2
= (4 x + 1)(2 x + 3)
= 3 x (7 x − 2) − 1(7 x − 2)
= (7 x − 2)(3 x − 1)
12. a. −10  (−3) = 30; −10 + (−3) = −13; −10, −3

b. −13x = −10x − 3x 28. 3 x 3 + 8 x 2 + 4 x = x (3 x 2 + 8 x + 4)

ac = 3  4 = 12; b = 8; two numbers: 2, 6
c. 6 x 2 − 13 x + 5 = 6 x 2 − 10 x − 3 x + 5 x (3 x 2 + 8 x + 4) = x (3 x 2 + 2 x + 6 x + 4)
= 2 x (3 x − 5) − 1(3 x − 5) = x[ x (3 x + 2) + 2(3 x + 2)]
= (3 x − 5)(2 x − 1) = x (3 x + 2)( x + 2)

14. ac = 15  2 = 30; b = 11; two numbers: 5, 6

15 x 2 + 11x + 2 = 15 x 2 + 5 x + 6 x + 2
= 5 x (3 x + 1) + 2(3 x + 1)
= (3 x + 1)(5 x + 2)
16. ac = 8  (−9) = −72; b = −1; two numbers: −9, 8
8x 2 − x − 9 = 8x 2 − 9 x + 8x − 9
= x (8 x − 9) + 1(8 x − 9)
= (8 x − 9)( x + 1)
18. ac = 30  3 = 90; b = −23; two numbers: −18, −5
30 x 2 − 23 x + 3 = 30 x 2 − 18 x − 5 x + 3
= 6 x (5 x − 3) − 1(5 x − 3)
= (5 x − 3)(6 x − 1)
20. ac = 2  3 = 6; b = −7; two numbers: −1, −6
2 x2 − 7x + 3 = 2 x2 − x − 6 x + 3
= x (2 x − 1) − 3(2 x − 1)
= (2 x − 1)( x − 3)
30. 4 y 2 − 2 y − 12 = 2(2 y 2 − y − 6)
ac = 2(−6) = −12; b = −1; two numbers: 3, −4
2(2 y 2 − y − 6) = 2(2 y 2 + 3 y − 4 y − 6)
= 2[ y(2 y + 3) − 2(2 y + 3)]
= 2(2 y + 3)( y − 2)
32. −25 x + 12 + 12 x 2 = 12 x 2 − 25 x + 12
ac = 12  12 = 144; b = −25;
two numbers: −16, −9
12 x 2 − 25 x + 12 = 12 x 2 − 16 x − 9 x + 12
= 4 x (3 x − 4) − 3(3 x − 4)
= (3 x − 4)(4 x − 3)
34. 30 a2 + 38a − 20 = 2(15a2 + 19a − 10)
ac = 15(−10) = −150; b = 19;
two numbers: 25, −6
2(15a2 + 19a − 10) = 2(15a2 + 25a − 6a − 10)
= 2[5a(3a + 5) − 2(3a + 5)]
= 2(3a + 5)(5a − 2)

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ISM: Beginning Algebra
36. 10 a3 + 17a2 + 3a = a(10 a2 + 17a + 3)
ac = 10(3) = 30; b = 17; two numbers: 15, 2
a(10 a2 + 17a + 3) = a(10 a2 + 15a + 2a + 3)
= a[5a(2 a + 3) + 1(2 a + 3)]
= a(2a + 3)(5a + 1)
38. 30 x 3 − 155 x 2 + 25 x = 5 x (6 x 2 − 31x + 5)
ac = 6  5 = 30; b = −31; two numbers: −1, −30
5 x (6 x 2 − 31x + 5) = 5 x (6 x 2 − x − 30 x + 5)
= 5 x[ x (6 x − 1) − 5(6 x − 1)]
= 5 x (6 x − 1)( x − 5)
40. 6r 2 t + 7rt 2 + t 3 = t (6r 2 + 7rt + t 2 )
ac = 6  1 = 6; b = 7; two numbers: 1, 6
t (6r 2 + 7rt + t 2 ) = t (6r 2 + rt + 6rt + t 2 )
= t[r (6r + t ) + t (6r + t )]
= t (6r + t )(r + t )
42. ac = 36  1 = 36; b = 6; there are no two
numbers.
36 z 2 + 6 z + 1 is prime.
44. 3 x 2 + 42 xy + 147 y 2 = 3( x 2 + 14 xy + 49 y 2 )
ac = 1  49 = 49; b = 14; two numbers: 7, 7
3( x 2 + 14 xy + 49 y 2 ) = 3( x 2 + 7 xy + 7 xy + 49 y 2 )
= 3[ x ( x + 7 y) + 7 y( x + 7 y)]
= 3( x + 7 y)( x + 7 y)
= 3( x + 7 y)2
46. 30 a2 + 5ab − 25b2 = 5(6a2 + ab − 5b2 )
ac = 6  (−5) = −30; b = 1; two numbers: 6, −5
5(6a2 + ab − 5b2 ) = 5(6a2 + 6ab − 5ab − 5b2 )
= 5[6a(a + b) − 5b(a + b)]
= 5(a + b)(6a − 5b)
48. 20 s 4 + 61s3t + 3s 2 t 2 = s 2 (20 s 2 + 61st + 3t 2 )
ac = 20  3 = 60; b = 61; two numbers: 1, 60
s 2 (20 s 2 + 61st + 3t 2 )
= s 2 (20 s 2 + st + 60 st + 3t 2 )
= s 2 [ s(20 s + t ) + 3t (20 s + t )]
= s 2 (20 s + t )(s + 3t )
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials
50. 32n4 − 112n2 + 98 = 2(16n4 − 56n2 + 49)
ac = 16  49 = 784; b = −56;
two numbers: −28, −28
2(16n 4 − 56n2 + 49)
= 2(16 n 4 − 28n2 − 28n2 + 49)
= 2[4 n2 (4 n2 − 7) − 7(4 n2 − 7)]
= 2(4 n2 − 7)(4 n2 − 7)
= 2(4 n2 − 7)2
52. 33 + 14 x + x 2 = x 2 + 14 x + 33
ac = 1  33 = 33; b = 14; two numbers: 3, 11
x 2 + 14 x + 33 = x 2 + 3 x + 11x + 33
= x ( x + 3) + 11( x + 3)
= ( x + 3)( x + 11)
54. 5 − 12 x + 7 x 2 = 7 x 2 − 12 x + 5
ac = 7  5 = 35; b = −12; two numbers: −5, −7
7 x 2 − 12 x + 5 = 7 x 2 − 5 x − 7 x + 5
= x (7 x − 5) − 1(7 x − 5)
= (7 x − 5)( x − 1)
56. ( y − 5)( y + 5) = y 2 − 52 = y 2 − 25
58. ( x + 7)( x + 7) = x 2 + 2  x  7 + 72 = x 2 + 14 x + 49
60. (8 y + 9)(8 y − 9) = (8 y)2 − 92 = 64 y 2 − 81
62. (2 z − 1)(4 z 2 + 2 z + 1) = (2 z)3 − 13 = 8z 3 − 1
64. 3(7 x 2 + 11xy + 4 y 2 ) = 21x 2 + 33 xy + 12 y 2
ac = 7  4 = 28; b = 11; two numbers = 4, 7
3(7 x 2 + 11xy + 4 y 2 ) = 3(7 x 2 + 4 xy + 7 xy + 4 y 2 )
= 3[ x (7 x + 4 y) + y(7 x + 4 y)]
= 3(7 x + 4 y)( x + y)
66. x 2 n + 6 x n + 10 x n + 60 = x n ( x n + 6) + 10( x n + 6)
= ( x n + 6)( x n + 10)
68. ac = 12  25 = 300; b = −40;
two numbers: −30, −10
12 x 2 n − 40 x n + 25 = 12 x 2 n − 30 x n − 10 x n + 25
= 6 x n (2 x n − 5) − 5(2 x n − 5)
= (2 x n − 5)(6 x n − 5)
267
Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

Section 6.5 Practice Exercises 10. 27 y3 + 1 = (3 y)3 + 13

= (3 y + 1)[(3 y)2 − 3 y  1 + 12 ]
1. x 2 − 81 = x 2 − 92 = ( x + 9)( x − 9)
= (3 y + 1)(9 y2 − 3 y + 1)
2. a. 9 x 2 − 1 = (3 x )2 − 12 = (3 x + 1)(3 x − 1)
11. 32 x 3 − 500 y3
b. 36a2 − 49b2 = (6a)2 − (7b)2 = 4(8 x 3 − 125 y3 )
= (6a + 7b)(6a − 7b) = 4[(2 x )3 − (5 y)3 ]
= 4(2 x − 5 y)[(2 x )2 + 2 x  5 y + (5 y)2 ]
2
c. p2 −
25 5  5  5
= p2 −   =  p +  p −  = 4(2 x − 5 y)(4 x 2 + 10 xy + 25 y 2 )
36 6
   6  6 
Calculator Explorations
4 10 2 2 5 2 2 5 2 5
3. p − q = ( p ) − (q ) = ( p + q )( p − q )
x x2 − 2x + 1 x2 − 2x − 1 ( x − 1)2
4. a. z 4 − 81 = ( z 2 )2 − 92 5 16 14 16
= ( z 2 + 9)( z 2 − 9)
−3 16 14 16
= ( z 2 + 9)( z + 3)( z − 3)
2.7 2.89 0.89 2.89
2
b. m + 49 is a prime polynomial. −12.1 171.61 169.61 171.61

5. 36 y3 − 25 y = y(36 y2 − 25)
0 1 −1 1

= y[(6 y)2 − 52 ]
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 6.5
= y(6 y + 5)(6 y − 5)
1. The expression x 3 − 27 is called a difference of
6. 80 y 4 − 5 = 5(16 y2 − 1) two cubes.
= 5[(4 y)2 − 12 ]
= 5(4 y + 1)(4 y − 1) 2. The expression x 2 − 49 is called a difference of
two squares.
7. −9 x 2 + 100 = −1(9 x 2 − 100)
= −1[(3 x )2 − 10 2 ] 3. The expression z 3 + 1 is called a sum of two
= −1(3 x + 10)(3 x − 10) cubes.

or −9 x 2 + 100 = 100 − 9 x 2 4. The binomial y 2 + 9 is prime. The statement is

= 10 − (3x)
2 2
false.
= (10 + 3x)(10 − 3x)
5. 49 x 2 = (7 x )2
3 3 3
8. x + 64 = x + 4
= ( x + 4)( x 2 − x  4 + 42 ) 6. 25 y 4 = (5 y 2 )2
= ( x + 4)( x 2 − 4 x + 16)
7. 8 y3 = (2 y)3
9. x 3 − 125 = x 3 − 53
= ( x − 5)( x 2 + x  5 + 52 ) 8. x 6 = ( x 2 )3
= ( x − 5)( x 2 + 5 x + 25)
9. In order to recognize the binomial as a difference
of squares and also to identify the terms to use in
the special factoring formula

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

10. A prime polynomial is one that can’t be factored 26. 27 y3 − 1 = (3 y)3 − 13

further.
= (3 y − 1)[(3 y)2 + 3 y  1 + 12 ]
11. First rewrite the original binomial with terms = (3 y − 1)(9 y 2 + 3 y + 1)
written as cubes. Answers will then vary
depending on your interpretation.
28. y3 + 64 z 3 = y3 + (4 z )3
Exercise Set 6.5 = ( y + 4 z )[ y 2 − y  4 z + (4 z )2 ]
= ( y + 4 z )( y 2 − 4 yz + 16 z 2 )
2 2 2
2. x − 36 = x − 6 = ( x + 6)( x − 6)
30. 6r 3 + 162 = 6(r 3 + 27)
2 2 2
4. 49m − 1 = (7m) − 1 = (7m + 1)(7m − 1) = 6(r 3 + 33 )
= 6(r + 3)(r 2 − r  3 + 32 )
6. 49a2 − 16 = (7a)2 − 42 = (7a + 4)(7a − 4)
= 6(r + 3)(r 2 − 3r + 9)
8. 196a2 − 49b2 = (13a)2 − (7b)2
= (13a + 7b)(13a − 7b) 32. a3b3 − 8 = (ab)3 − 23
= (ab − 2)[(ab)2 + ab  2 + 22 ]
10. a2 b2 − 16 = (ab)2 − 42 = (ab − 4)(ab + 4) = (ab − 2)(a2 b2 + 2ab + 4)

1 1 
2
1  1 34. 24 x 3 − 81y3
12. y 2 − = y 2 −   =  y +  y − 
16 4
   4  4 = 3(8 x 3 − 27 y3 )
= 3[(2 x )3 − (3 y)3 ]
2 2
14. −9t + 1 = −1(9t − 1) = 3(2 x − 3 y)[(2 x )2 + 2 x  3 y + (3 y)2 ]
2 2
= −1[(3t ) − 1 ] = 3(2 x − 3 y)(4 x 2 + 6 xy + 9 y 2 )
= −1(3t + 1)(3t − 1)

2 2 2
36. q 2 − 121 = q 2 − 112 = (q + 11)(q − 11)
16. 49 y + 1 is the sum of two squares, (7 y) + 1 ,
not the difference of two squares. 49 y 2 + 1 is a 38. x 2 − 225 y 2 = x 2 − (15 y)2 = ( x + 15 y)( x − 15 y)
prime polynomial.
40. 125 − r 3 = 53 − r 3
2 2
18. −1 + y = −1(1 − y ) = (5 − r )(52 + 5  r + r 2 )
2 2
= −1(1 − y ) = (5 − r )(25 + 5r + r 2 )
= −1(1 + y)(1 − y) or (−1 + y)(1 + y)
42. 32t 2 − 50 = 2(16t 2 − 25)
20. n 4 − 16 = (n2 )2 − 42
= 2[(4t )2 − 52 ]
= (n2 + 4)(n2 − 4) = 2(4t + 5)(4t − 5)
= (n2 + 4)(n + 2)(n − 2)
44. 36 x 2 y − 25 y = y(36 x 2 − 25)
22. n4 − r 6 = (n2 )2 − (r 3 )2 = (n2 + r 3 )(n2 − r 3 ) = y[(6 x )2 − 52 ]
= y(6 x − 5)(6 x + 5)
24. p3 + 1 = p3 + 13
= ( p + 1)( p2 − p  1 + 12 ) 46. 2 x 3 + 54 = 2( x 3 + 27)
= ( p + 1)( p2 − p + 1) = 2( x 3 + 33 )
= 2( x + 3)( x 2 − x  3 + 32 )
= 2( x + 3)( x 2 − 3 x + 9)

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

48. x 3 y − 4 xy3 = xy( x 2 − 4 y2 ) 70. 25 y 4 − 100 y2 = 25 y2 ( y2 − 4)

= xy[ x 2 − (2 y)2 ] = 25 y 2 ( y 2 − 22 )
= xy( x + 2 y)( x − 2 y) = 25 y 2 ( y + 2)( y − 2)

50. 225a2 − 81b2 = 9(25a2 − 9b2 ) 72. y+5= 0

y+5−5 = 0 −5
= 9[(5a)2 − (3b)2 ]
y = −5
= 9(5a + 3b)(5a − 3b)
74. 3x − 9 = 0
52. 12 x 2 − 27 = 3(4 x 2 − 9) 3x − 9 + 9 = 0 + 9
= 3[(2 x )2 − 32 ] 3x = 9
= 3(2 x + 3)(2 x − 3) 3x 9
=
3 3
54. a3 b3 − c 9 = (ab)3 − (c3 )3 x =3
= (ab − c3 )[(ab)2 + ab  c3 + (c3 )2 ] 76. 4a + 2 = 0
= (ab − c3 )(a2 b2 + abc3 + c 6 ) 4a + 2 − 2 = 0 − 2
4 a = −2
2 4 a −2
4 2 2  =
56. 100 − n = 10 2 −  n  4 4
81 9  1
 2  2  a=−
=  10 − n  10 + n  2
 9  9 
78. ( y − 6)2 − z 2 = ( y − 6 + z )( y − 6 − z )
3 3 3
58. s + 216 = s + 6
= (s + 6)(s 2 − s  6 + 62 ) 80. m2 (n + 8) − 9(n + 8) = (n + 8)(m2 − 9)
= (s + 6)(s 2 − 6s + 36) = (n + 8)(m2 − 32 )
= (n + 8)(m + 3)(m − 3)
60. y3 + 64 y = y( y 2 + 64)
82. ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) − 36 y2 = ( x + 1)2 − 36 y2
62. n9 − n5 = n5 (n 4 − 1) = ( x + 1)2 − (6 y)2
= ( x + 1 + 6 y)( x + 1 − 6 y)
= n5 [(n2 )2 − 12 ]
= n5 (n2 + 1)(n2 − 1) 84. x 2 n − 81 = ( x n )2 − 92 = ( x n + 9)( x n − 9)
5 2
= n (n + 1)(n + 1)(n − 1)
86. 5 − y, since
64. 100 x 3 y − 49 xy3 = xy(100 x 2 − 49 y2 ) (5 − y)(5 + y) = 25 + 5 y − 5 y − y 2
= xy[(10 x )2 − (7 y)2 ] = 25 − y2
= xy(10 x + 7 y)(10 x − 7 y) = 52 − y 2

66. 8 x 3 y3 + x 3 y = x 3 y(8 y 2 + 1) 88. answers may vary

90. a. Let t = 2.
68. 64m 4 − 27mn3 841 − 16t 2 = 841 − 16(2)2
3 3 = 841 − 16(4)
= m(64m − 27n )
= m[(4m)3 − (3n)3 ] = 841 − 64
= 777
= m(4 m − 3n)[(4 m)2 + 4 m  3n + (3n)2 ]
After 2 seconds, the height of the object is
= m(4 m − 3n)(16m 2 + 12mn + 9n2 ) 777 feet.

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

b. Let t = 5. Integrated Review Practice Exercises

2 2
841 − 16t = 841 − 16(5)
= 841 − 16(25) 1. 6 x 2 − 11x + 3
= 841 − 400 ac = 6  3 = 18; b = −11; two numbers: −2, −9
= 441 6 x 2 − 11x + 3 = 6 x 2 − 2 x − 9 x + 3
After 5 seconds the height of the object is = 2 x (3 x − 1) − 3(3 x − 1)
441 feet. = (3 x − 1)(2 x − 3)
c. When the object hits the ground, its height is
zero feet. Thus, to find the time, t, when the 2. 3 x 3 + x 2 − 12 x − 4 = (3 x 3 + x 2 ) + (−12 x − 4)
object’s height is zero feet above the ground, = x 2 (3 x + 1) − 4(3 x + 1)
we set the expression 841 − 16t 2 equal to 0 = (3 x + 1)( x 2 − 4)
and solve for t. = (3 x + 1)( x + 2)( x − 2)
841 − 16t 2 = 0
292 − (4t )2 = 0 3. 27 x 2 − 3 y2 = 3(9 x 2 − y2 )
(29 + 4t )(29 − 4t ) = 0 = 3[(3 x)2 − y2 ]
29 + 4t = 0 or 29 − 4t = 0 = 3(3 x + y)(3 x − y)
4t = −29 29 = 4t
t = −7.25 7.25 = t 4. 8a3 + b3 = (2 a)3 + b3
Discard t = −7.25 since time cannot be = (2 a + b)[(2 a)2 − 2 a  b + b2 ]
negative. The object hits the ground after
approximately 7 seconds. = (2 a + b)(4 a2 − 2 ab + b2 )

d. 841 − 16t 2 = 292 − (4t )2 = (29 + 4t )(29 − 4t ) 5. 60 x 3 y 2 − 66 x 2 y 2 − 36 xy 2

= 6 xy 2 (10 x 2 − 11x − 6)
92. a. Let t = 2. = 6 xy 2 (5 x + 2)(2 x − 3)
2 2
784 − 16t = 784 − 16(2) = 720
After 2 seconds the height is 720 feet. Integrated Review

b. Let t = 5. 1. x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = ( x + y)( x + y) = ( x + y)2

2 2
784 − 16t = 784 − 16(5) = 384
After 5 seconds the height is 384 feet. 2. x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 = ( x − y)( x − y) = ( x − y)2
c. When he reaches ground level, the height is
0. 3. a2 + 11a − 12 = (a + 12)(a − 1)
784 − 16t 2 = 0
4. a2 − 11a + 10 = (a − 10)(a − 1)
16(49 − t 2 ) = 0
16(7 − t )(7 + t ) = 0
7 − t = 0 or 7 + t = 0 5. a2 − a − 6 = (a − 3)(a + 2)
7=t t = −7
Discard t = −7 since time cannot be 6. a2 − 2a + 1 = (a − 1)(a − 1) = (a − 1)2
negative. The performer reaches ground
level after 7 seconds. 7. x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)( x + 1) = ( x + 1)2

d. 784 − 16t 2 = 16(49 − t 2 ) 8. x 2 + x − 2 = ( x + 2)( x − 1)

2 2
= 16(7 − t )
= 16(7 + t )(7 − t ) 9. x 2 + 4 x + 3 = ( x + 3)( x + 1)

10. x 2 + x − 6 = ( x + 3)( x − 2)

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

11. x 2 + 7 x + 12 = ( x + 4)( x + 3) 28. 8a2 + 6ab − 5b2 = 8a2 + 10 ab − 4ab − 5b2

= 2a(4a + 5b) − b(4a + 5b)
12. x 2 + x − 12 = ( x + 4)( x − 3) = (4a + 5b)(2a − b)

13. x 2 + 3 x − 4 = ( x + 4)( x − 1) 29. 4a2 − b2 = (2a)2 − b2 = (2a + b)(2a − b)

14. x 2 − 7 x + 10 = ( x − 5)( x − 2) 30. 28 − 13 x − 6 x 2 = 28 − 21x + 8 x − 6 x 2

= 7(4 − 3 x ) + 2 x (4 − 3 x )
= (4 − 3 x )(7 + 2 x )
15. x 2 + 2 x − 15 = ( x + 5)( x − 3)

31. 20 − 3 x − 2 x 2 = 20 − 8 x + 5 x − 2 x 2
16. x 2 + 11x + 30 = ( x + 6)( x + 5)
= 4(5 − 2 x ) + x (5 − 2 x)
= (5 − 2 x )(4 + x)
17. x 2 − x − 30 = ( x − 6)( x + 5)
32. x 2 − 2 x + 4 is a prime polynomial.
18. x 2 + 11x + 24 = ( x + 8)( x + 3)

2 2
33. a2 + a − 3 is a prime polynomial.
19. 2 x − 98 = 2( x − 49)
= 2( x 2 − 72 ) 34. 6 y 2 + y − 15 = 6 y 2 + 10 y − 9 y − 15
= 2( x + 7)( x − 7) = 2 y(3 y + 5) − 3(3 y + 5)
= (3 y + 5)(2 y − 3)
20. 3 x 2 − 75 = 3( x 2 − 25)
= 3( x 2 − 52 ) 35. 4 x 2 − x − 5 = 4 x 2 − 5 x + 4 x − 5
= 3( x + 5)( x − 5) = x (4 x − 5) + 1(4 x − 5)
= (4 x − 5)( x + 1)
21. x 2 + 3 x + xy + 3y = x ( x + 3) + y( x + 3)
= ( x + 3)( x + y) 36. x 2 y − y3 = y( x 2 − y 2 ) = y( x − y)( x + y)

22. 3 y − 21 + xy − 7 x = 3( y − 7) + x( y − 7) 37. 4t 2 + 36 = 4(t 2 + 9)

= ( y − 7)(3 + x )
38. x 2 + x + xy + y = x ( x + 1) + y( x + 1)
23. x 2 + 6 x − 16 = ( x + 8)( x − 2) = ( x + 1)( x + y)

24. x 2 − 3 x − 28 = ( x − 7)( x + 4) 39. ax + 2 x + a + 2 = x (a + 2) + 1(a + 2)

= (a + 2)( x + 1)
25. 4 x 3 + 20 x 2 − 56 x = 4 x ( x 2 + 5 x − 14)
= 4 x ( x + 7)( x − 2) 40. 18 x 3 − 63 x 2 + 9 x = 9 x(2 x 2 − 7 x + 1)

26. 6 x 3 − 6 x 2 − 120 x = 6 x ( x 2 − x − 20) 41. 12a3 − 24a2 + 4a = 4a(3a2 − 6a + 1)

= 6 x ( x − 5)( x + 4)
42. x 2 + 14 x − 32 = ( x + 16)( x − 2)
2 2
27. 12 x + 34 x + 24 = 2(6 x + 17 x + 12)
= 2(6 x 2 + 9 x + 8 x + 12) 43. x 2 − 14 x − 48 is prime.
= 2[3 x (2 x + 3) + 4(2 x + 3)]
= 2(2 x + 3)(3 x + 4) 44. 16a2 − 56ab + 49b2 = (4a)2 − 2(4a)(7b) + (7b)2
= (4a − 7b)2

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

45. 25 p2 − 70 pq + 49q 2 = (5 p)2 − 2(5 p)(7q) + (7q)2 62. x 3 − 2 x 2 + 3 x − 6 = x 2 ( x − 2) + 3( x − 2)

= (5 p − 7q)2 = ( x − 2)( x 2 + 3)

46. 7 x 2 + 24 xy + 9 y 2 = 7 x 2 + 3 xy + 21xy + 9 y 2 63. 4 x 2 − 8 xy − 3 x + 6 y = 4 x ( x − 2 y) − 3( x − 2 y)

= x (7 x + 3 y) + 3 y(7 x + 3 y) = ( x − 2 y)(4 x − 3)
= (7 x + 3 y)( x + 3 y)
64. 4 x 2 − 2 xy − 7 yz + 14 xz
3 3 3
47. 125 − 8 y = 5 − (2 y) = 2 x (2 x − y) + 7 z(− y + 2 x )
= (5 − 2 y)[52 + 5  2 y + (2 y)2 ] = (2 x − y)(2 x + 7 z)
= (5 − 2 y)(25 + 10 y + 4 y 2 )
65. 6 x 2 + 18 xy + 12 y2 = 6( x 2 + 3 xy + 2 y2 )
= 6( x + 2)( x + y)
48. 64 x 3 + 27 = (4 x )3 + 33
= (4 x + 3)[(4 x )2 − 4 x  3 + 32 ]
66. 12 x 2 + 46 xy − 8 y 2 = 2(6 x 2 + 23 xy − 4 y 2 )
= (4 x + 3)(16 x 2 − 12 x + 9)
= 2(6 x 2 + 24 xy − xy − 4 y 2 )
= 2[6 x ( x + 4 y) − y( x + 4 y)]
49. − x 2 − x + 30 = −1( x 2 + x − 30) = −( x + 6)( x − 5) = 2( x + 4 y)(6 x − y)

50. − x 2 + 6 x − 8 = −1( x 2 − 6 x + 8) = −( x − 2)( x − 4) 67. xy2 − 4 x + 3 y 2 − 12 = x ( y 2 − 4) + 3( y 2 − 4)

= ( y2 − 4)( x + 3)
51. 14 + 5 x − x 2 = (7 − x )(2 + x )
= ( y2 − 22 )( x + 3)
= ( y + 2)( y − 2)( x + 3)
52. 3 − 2 x − x 2 = (3 + x )(1 − x )

68. x 2 y2 − 9 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 27 = x 2 ( y 2 − 9) + 3( y 2 − 9)
53. 3 x 4 y + 6 x 3 y − 72 x 2 y = 3 x 2 y( x 2 + 2 x − 24)
= ( y2 − 9)( x 2 + 3)
= 3 x 2 y( x + 6)( x − 4)
= ( y2 − 32 )( x 2 + 3)
54. 2 x 3 y + 8 x 2 y2 − 10 xy3 = 2 xy( x 2 + 4 xy − 5 y2 ) = ( y − 3)( y + 3)( x 2 + 3)
= 2 xy( x + 5 y)( x − y)
69. 5(x + y) + x(x + y) = (x + y)(5 + x)
55. 5 x 3 y 2 − 40 x 2 y3 + 35 xy 4 = 5 xy 2 − 8 xy + 7 y 2 ) 70. 7(x − y) + y(x − y) = (x − y)(7 + y)
= 5 xy2 ( x − 7 y)( x − y)
71. 14t 2 − 9t + 1 = 14t 2 − 7t − 2t + 1
56. 4 x 4 y − 8 x 3 y − 60 x 2 y = 4 x 2 y( x 2 − 2 x − 15) = 7t (2t − 1) − 1(2t − 1)
= (2t − 1)(7t − 1)
= 4 x 2 y( x − 5)( x + 3)

72. 3t 2 − 5t + 1 is a prime polynomial.

57. 12 x 3 y + 243 xy = 3 xy(4 x 2 + 81)
73. 3 x 2 + 2 x − 5 = 3 x 2 + 5 x − 3 x − 5
58. 6 x 3 y 2 + 8 xy 2 = 2 xy 2 (3 x 2 + 4) = x (3 x + 5) − 1(3 x + 5)
= (3 x + 5)( x − 1)
59. 4 − x 2 = 22 − x 2 = (2 + x)(2 − x)
74. 7 x 2 + 19 x − 6 = 7 x 2 + 21x − 2 x − 6
60. 9 − y 2 = 32 − y 2 = (3 + y)(3 − y) = 7 x ( x + 3) − 2( x + 3)
= ( x + 3)(7 x − 2)
61. 3rs − s + 12r − 4 = s(3r − 1) + 4(3r − 1)
= (3r − 1)(s + 4)

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

75. x 2 + 9 xy − 36 y 2 = ( x + 12 y)( x − 3 y) 88. 216 y3 − z 3 = (6 y)3 − z 3

= (6 y − z )[(6 y)2 + 6 y  z + z 2 ]
2 2 2 2
76. 3 x + 10 xy − 8 y = 3 x − 2 xy + 12 xy − 8 y = (6 y − z )(36 y 2 + 6 yz + z 2 )
= x (3 x − 2 y) + 4 y(3 x − 2 y)
= (3 x − 2 y)( x + 4 y)
89. x 3 y3 + 8z 3 = ( xy)3 + (2 z)3
= ( xy + 2 z )[( xy)2 − xy  2 z + (2 z )2 ]
77. 1 − 8ab − 20 a2 b2 = 1 − 10 ab + 2ab − 20 a2 b2
= 1(1 − 10 ab) + 2ab(1 − 10 ab) = ( xy + 2 z )( x 2 y 2 − 2 xyz + 4 z 2 )
= (1 − 10 ab)(1 + 2ab)
90. 27a3b3 + 8 = (3ab)3 + 23
78. 1 − 7ab − 60 a2 b2 = 1 − 12ab + 5ab − 60 a2 b2 = (3ab + 2)[(3ab)2 − 3ab  2 + 22 ]
= 1(1 − 12ab) + 5ab(1 − 12ab) = (3ab + 2)(9a2 b2 − 6ab + 4)
= (1 − 12ab)(1 + 5ab)
91. 2 xy − 72 x 3 y = 2 xy(1 − 36 x 2 )
79. 9 − 10 x 2 + x 4 = (9 − x 2 )(1 − x 2 ) = 2 xy[12 − (6 x)2 ]
= (32 − x 2 )(12 − x 2 ) = 2 xy(1 + 6 x )(1 − 6 x )
= (3 + x )(3 − x )(1 + x )(1 − x )
92. 2 x 3 − 18 x = 2 x ( x 2 − 9)
2 4 2 2
80. 36 − 13 x + x = (9 − x )(4 − x ) = 2 x ( x 2 − 32 )
2 2 2 2
= (3 − x )(2 − x ) = 2 x ( x + 3)( x − 3)
= (3 + x )(3 − x )(2 + x )(2 − x)
93. x 3 + 6 x 2 − 4 x − 24 = x 2 ( x + 6) − 4( x + 6)
4 2 2 2
81. x − 14 x − 32 = ( x + 2)( x − 16) = ( x + 6)( x 2 − 4)
2 2 2
= ( x + 2)( x − 4 ) = ( x + 6)( x 2 − 22 )
2
= ( x + 2)( x + 4)( x − 4) = ( x + 6)( x + 2)( x − 2)

82. x 4 − 22 x 2 − 75 = ( x 2 + 3)( x 2 − 25) 94. x 3 − 2 x 2 − 36 x + 72 = x 2 ( x − 2) − 36( x − 2)

2 2 2
= ( x + 3)( x − 5 ) = ( x − 2)( x 2 − 36)
2
= ( x + 3)( x + 5)( x − 5) = ( x − 2)( x 2 − 62 )
= ( x − 2)( x + 6)( x − 6)
83. x 2 − 23 x + 120 = ( x − 15)( x − 8)
95. 6a3 + 10 a2 = 2a2 (3a + 5)
2
84. y + 22 y + 96 = ( y + 16)( y + 6)
96. 4n2 − 6n = 2n(2n − 3)
85. 6 x 3 − 28 x 2 + 16 x = 2 x(3 x 2 − 14 x + 8)
= 2 x(3 x − 2)( x − 4) 97. a2 (a + 2) + 2(a + 2) = (a + 2)(a2 + 2)

86. 6 y3 − 8 y2 − 30 y = 2 y(3 y2 − 4 y − 15) 98. a − b + x(a − b) = (a − b)(1 + x)

= 2 y(3 y + 5)( y − 3)
99. x 3 − 28 + 7 x 2 − 4 x = x 3 + 7 x 2 − 28 − 4 x
87. 27 x 3 − 125 y3 = (3 x )3 − (5 y)3 = x 2 ( x + 7) − 4(7 + x )
= (3 x − 5 y)[(3 x )2 + 3 x  5 y + (5 y)2 ] = ( x + 7)( x 2 − 4)
= (3 x − 5 y)(9 x 2 + 15 xy + 25 y 2 ) = ( x + 7)( x 2 − 22 )
= ( x + 7)( x + 2)( x − 2)

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

100. a3 − 45 − 9a + 5a2 = a3 + 5a2 − 9a − 45 2. (x − 12)(4x + 3) = 0

2 x − 12 = 0 or 4 x + 3 = 0
= a (a + 5) − 9(a + 5)
x = 12 4 x = −3
= (a + 5)(a2 − 9) 3
x=−
= (a + 5)(a2 − 32 ) 4
= (a + 5)(a + 3)(a − 3) Check:
Let x = 12.
101. ( x − y)2 − z 2 = ( x − y + z )( x − y − z ) ( x − 12)(4 x + 3) = 0
(12 − 12)(4(12) + 3) 0 0
0(51) 0 0
102. ( x + 2 y)2 − 9 = ( x + 2 y)2 − 32
0 = 0 True
= ( x + 2 y + 3)( x + 2 y − 3)
3
Let x = − .
103. 81 − (5 x + 1)2 = 92 − (5 x + 1)2 4
( x − 12)(4 x + 3) = 0
= [9 + (5 x + 1)][9 − (5 x + 1)]
= (9 + 5 x + 1)(9 − 5 x − 1)  3   3 
 − 4 − 12   4  − 4  + 3 0 0
    
104. b2 − (4a + c)2  3 
 − 4 − 12  (0) 0 0
= [b + (4a + c)][b − (4a + c)]  
= (b + 4 a + c)(b − 4 a − c) 0 = 0 True
3
105. answers may vary The solutions are 12 and − .
4

106. Yes; 9 x 2 + 81y2 = 9( x 2 + 9 y 2 ) 3. x(7x − 6) = 0

x = 0 or 7 x − 6 = 0
107. ( x + 10)( x − 7) = ( x − 7)( x + 10) 7x = 6
= −1( x + 10)(7 − x); 6
x=
a, c 7
Check:
108. ( x − 2)( x − 5) = ( x − 5)( x − 2) = (5 − x)(2 − x); b, c Let x = 0.
x (7 x − 6) = 0
Section 6.6 Practice Exercises 0(7  0 − 6) 0 0
0( −6) = 0 True
1. (x + 4)(x − 5) = 0
x+4 =0 or x − 5 = 0 6
Let x = .
x = −4 x=5 7
Check: x (7 x − 6) = 0
Let x = −4. 6 6 
7 − 6 0 0
( x + 4)( x − 5) = 0 7  7 
(−4 + 4)(−4 − 5) 0 0 6
0(−9) = 0 True (6 − 6) 0 0
7
Let x = 5. 6
( x + 4)( x − 5) = 0 (0) = 0 True
7
(5 + 4)(5 − 5) 0 0
6
9(0) = 0 True The solutions are 0 and .
7
The solutions are −4 and 5.

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

4. x 2 − 8 x − 48 = 0 8. 7 x 3 − 63 x = 0
( x + 4)( x − 12) = 0 7 x ( x 2 − 9) = 0
x+4 =0 or x − 12 = 0 7 x ( x + 3)( x − 3) = 0
x = −4 x = 12 7 x = 0 or x + 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
Check: x=0 x = −3 x =3
Let x = −4. The solutions are 0, −3, and 3.
x 2 − 8 x − 48 = 0
(−4)2 − 8(−4) − 48 0 0 9. (3 x − 2)(2 x 2 − 13 x + 15) = 0
16 + 32 − 48 0 0 (3 x − 2)(2 x − 3)( x − 5) = 0
48 − 48 0 0 3 x − 2 = 0 or 2 x − 3 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
0 = 0 True 3x = 2 2x = 3 x=5
Let x = 12. 2 3
x= x=
x 2 − 8 x − 48 = 0 3 2
2 3
122 − 8  12 − 48 0 0 The solutions are , , and 5.
144 − 96 − 48 0 0 3 2
48 − 48 0 0
10. 5 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 30 x = 0
0 = 0 True
The solutions are −4 and 12. 5 x ( x 2 + x − 6) = 0
5 x ( x + 3)( x − 2) = 0
5. 9 x 2 − 24 x = −16 5 x = 0 or x + 3 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
2 x=0 x = −3 x=2
9 x − 24 x + 16 = 0
(3 x − 4)(3 x − 4) = 0 The solutions are 0, −3, and 2.
3x − 4 = 0
11. y = x 2 − 6 x + 8
3x = 4
4 0 = x2 − 6 x + 8
x= 0 = ( x − 4)( x − 2)
3
x − 4 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
4
The solution is . x=4 x=2
3
The x-intercepts of the graph of y = x 2 − 6 x + 8
6. x (3 x + 7) = 6 are (2, 0) and (4, 0).
3x 2 + 7 x = 6
Calculator Explorations
3x 2 + 7 x − 6 = 0
(3 x − 2)( x + 3) = 0 1. −0.9, 2.2
3 x − 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
3x = 2 x = −3 2. −2.5, 3.5
2
x= 3. no real solution
3
2 4. no real solution
The solutions are and −3.
3
5. −1.8, 2.8
2
7. −3 x − 6 x + 72 = 0
6. −0.9, 0.3
−3( x 2 + 2 x − 24) = 0
−3( x + 6)( x − 4) = 0 Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 6.6
x + 6 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = −6 x=4 1. An equation that can be written in the form
The solutions are −6 and 4. ax 2 + bx + c = 0, (with a  0), is called a
quadratic equation.

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

2. If the product of two numbers is 0, then at least 14. (9x + 1)(4x − 3) = 0

one of the numbers must be 0. 9x + 1 = 0 or 4 x − 3 = 0
9 x = −1 4x = 3
3. The solutions to (x − 3)(x + 5) = 0 are 3, −5. 1 3
x=− x=
4. If a  b = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0. 9 4
1 3
The solutions are − and .
5. One side of the equation must be a factored 9 4
polynomial and the other side must be zero.
 2  1
6. Because no matter how many factors you have in 16.  x +   x −  = 0
a multiplication problem, it’s still true that for a  9  4
zero product, at least one of the factors must be 2 1
x+ =0 or x − = 0
zero. 9 4
2 1
7. To find the x-intercepts of any graph in two x=− x=
9 4
variables we let y = 0. Doing this with our
2 1
quadratic equation gives us an equation = 0 The solutions are − and .
which we can try to solve by factoring. 9 4

Exercise Set 6.6 18. (x + 1.7)(x + 2.3) = 0

x + 1.7 = 0 or x + 2.3 = 0
2. (x − 10)(x − 5) = 0 x = −1.7 x = −2.3
x − 10 = 0 or x − 5 = 0 The solutions are −1.7 and −2.3.
x = 10 x=5
The solutions are 10 and 5. 20. x 2 + 2 x − 63 = 0
( x + 9)( x − 7) = 0
4. (x + 4)(x − 10) = 0
x +9 = 0 or x − 7 = 0
x+4 =0 or x − 10 = 0
x = −9 x=7
x = −4 x = 10
The solutions are −9 and 7.
The solutions are −4 and 10.

6. (x + 11)(x + 1) = 0 22. x 2 − 5x + 6 = 0
x + 11 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 ( x − 3)( x − 2) = 0
x = −11 x = −1 x − 3 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
The solutions are −11 and −1. x =3 x=2
The solutions are 3 and 2.
8. x(x −7) = 0
x = 0 or x − 7 = 0 24. x 2 − 3x = 0
x=7 x ( x − 3) = 0
The solutions are 0 and 7.
x = 0 or x − 3 = 0
10. 2x(x + 12) = 0 x =3
2 x = 0 or x + 12 = 0 The solutions are 0 and 3.
x=0 x = −12
The solutions are 0 and −12. 26. x 2 − 5 x = 24
x 2 − 5 x − 24 = 0
12. (3x − 2)(5x + 1) = 0 ( x − 8)( x + 3) = 0
3 x − 2 = 0 or 5 x + 1 = 0 x − 8 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
3x = 2 5 x = −1 x =8 x = −3
2 1 The solutions are 8 and −3.
x= x=−
3 5
2 1
The solutions are and − .
3 5

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

28. x2 = 9 38. x 3 − 14 x 2 + 49 x = 0
x2 − 9 = 0 x ( x 2 − 14 x + 49) = 0
( x + 3)( x − 3) = 0 x ( x − 7)( x − 7) = 0
x +3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 x = 0 or x − 7 = 0
x = −3 x =3 x=7
The solutions are −3 and 3. The solutions are 0 and 7.

30. ( x + 3)( x + 8) = x 40. (2 x + 5)(4 x 2 + 20 x + 25) = 0

2
x + 11x + 24 = x (2 x + 5)(2 x + 5)2 = 0
2
x + 10 x + 24 = 0 (2 x + 5)3 = 0
( x + 6)( x + 4) = 0 2x + 5 = 0
x + 6 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 2 x = −5
x = −6 x = −4 5
The solutions are −6 and −4. x=−
2
5
32. x (4 x − 11) = 3 The solution is − .
2
4 x 2 − 11x = 3
4 x 2 − 11x − 3 = 0 42. 4 y3 − 36 y = 0
(4 x + 1)( x − 3) = 0
4 y( y2 − 9) = 0
4x +1 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 4 y( y − 3)( y + 3) = 0
4 x = −1 x =3
4 y = 0 or y − 3 = 0 or y + 3 = 0
1
x=− y=0 y=3 y = −3
4
The solutions are 0, 3, and −3.
1
The solutions are − and 3.
4 44. 15 x 3 + 24 x 2 − 63 x = 0
3 x (5 x 2 + 8 x − 21) = 0
34. −2 y 2 + 72 = 0
3 x (5 x − 7)( x + 3) = 0
−2( y 2 − 36) = 0 3 x = 0 or 5 x − 7 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
−2( y + 6)( y − 6) = 0 x=0 5x = 7 x = −3
y+6 = 0 or y − 6 = 0 7
y = −6 y=6 x=
5
The solutions are −6 and 6. 7
The solutions are 0, , and −3.
5
36. 6 x 2 + 57 x = 30
6 x 2 + 57 x − 30 = 0 46. (x − 6)(x + 7) = 0
2
3(2 x + 19 x − 10) = 0 x − 6 = 0 or x + 7 = 0
3(2 x − 1)( x + 10) = 0 x=6 x = −7
2 x − 1 = 0 or x + 10 = 0 The solutions are 6 and −7.
2x = 1 x = −10
1 48. x 2 + 15 x = 0
x= x ( x + 15) = 0
2
x = 0 or x + 15 = 0
1
The solutions are and −10. x = −15
2
The solutions are 0 and −15.

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

50. 5(3 − 4 x ) = 9 9x − 2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
15 − 20 x = 9 9x = 2 x = −1
−20 x = −6 2
x=
−6 9
x=
−20 2
3 The solutions are and −1.
x= 9
10
3 62. 3x2 − 6 x − 9 = 0
The solution is .
10 3( x 2 − 2 x − 3) = 0
3( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
52. 4 y2 − 81 = 0 x − 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
(2 y + 9)(2 y − 9) = 0 x =3 x = −1
2y + 9 = 0 or 2 y − 9 = 0 The solutions are 3 and −1.
2 y = −9 2y = 9
9 9 64. ( y − 5)( y − 2) = 28
y=− y=
2 2 y2 − 7 y + 10 = 28
9 9 y2 − 7 y − 18 = 0
The solutions are − and .
2 2 ( y − 9)( y + 2) = 0
y − 9 = 0 or y + 2 = 0
54. (2 x − 9)( x 2 + 5 x − 36) = 0 y=9 y = −2
(2 x − 9)( x + 9)( x − 4) = 0 The solutions are 9 and −2.
2 x − 9 = 0 or x + 9 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
2x = 9 x = −9 x=4 66. 3 x 3 + x 2 − 21x = 0
9
x= x (36 x 2 + x − 21) = 0
2 x (9 x + 7)(4 x − 3) = 0
9 x = 0 or 9 x + 7 = 0 or 4 x − 3 = 0
The solutions are , −9, and 4.
2 9 x = −7 4x = 3
7 3
56. x 2 − 26 = −11x x=− x=
9 4
x 2 + 11x − 26 = 0 7 3
( x + 13)( x − 2) = 0 The solutions are 0, − , and .
9 4
x + 13 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −13 x=2 68. x 2 + 22 x + 121 = 0
The solutions are −13 and 2.
( x + 11)2 = 0
x + 11 = 0
58. 12 x 2 + 7 x − 12 = 0
x = −11
(4 x − 3)(3 x + 4) = 0
The solution is −11.
4 x − 3 = 0 or 3 x + 4 = 0
4x = 3 3 x = −4
70. 9 y = 6 y2
3 4
x= x=− 0 = 6 y2 − 9 y
4 3
0 = 3 y(2 y − 3)
3 4
The solutions are and − . 3 y = 0 or 2 y − 3 = 0
4 3
y=0 2y = 3
3
60. 9x2 + 7x = 2 y=
2
2
9x + 7x − 2 = 0 3
(9 x − 2)( x + 1) = 0 The solutions are 0 and .
2

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 279

Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

72. 3 x 3 − 27 x = 0 82. Let y = 0 and solve for x.

3 x ( x 2 − 9) = 0 y = 4 x 2 + 11x + 6
3 x ( x + 3)( x − 3) = 0 0 = 4 x 2 + 11x + 6
3 x = 0 or x + 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0 0 = (4 x + 3)( x + 2)
x=0 x = −3 x =3 4x + 3 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
The solutions are 0, −3, and 3. 4 x = −3 x = −2
3
x=−
74. 2 x 2 + 12 x − 1 = 4 + 3 x 4
2x2 + 9x − 5 = 0  3 
The x-intercepts are  − , 0  and (−2, 0).
(2 x − 1)( x + 5) = 0  4 
2 x − 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
2x = 1 x = −5 84. D; x-intercepts are (5, 0), (−2, 0)
1
x= 86. F; x-intercepts are (0, 0), (4, 0)
2
1
The solutions are and −5. 88. A; y = 2 x 2 − 2 = 2( x − 1)( x + 1)
2
x-intercepts are (−1, 0), (1, 0)
2 2
76. 4 x − 20 x = −5 x − 6 x − 5 2 3 2  7 3  3 14 9 14 + 9 23
90. + = + = + = =
9 x 2 − 14 x + 5 = 0 3 7 3  7 7  3 21 21 21 21
(9 x − 5)( x − 1) = 0
9 x − 5 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 5 5 5  4 5  3 20 15 20 − 15 5
92. − = − = − = =
9x = 5 x =1 9 12 9  4 12  3 36 36 36 36
5
x=
9 5 3 55 36
94. − = −
5 12 10 12  5 10  6
The solutions are and 1. 25 18
9 = −
60 60
78. Let y = 0 and solve for x. 25 − 18
=
y = (5 x − 3)( x − 4) 60
0 = (5 x − 3)( x − 4) 7
=
5 x − 3 = 0 or x − 4 = 0 60
5x = 3 x=4
3 3 12 3  12 36
x= 96.  = =
5 7 17 7  17 119
3 
The x-intercepts are  , 0  and (4, 0). 98. Didn’t solve the linear equations correctly.
5  (x − 4)(x + 2) = 0
x − 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
80. Let y = 0 and solve for x. x=4 x = −2
y = x2 + 7x + 6
0 = x2 + 7x + 6 100. Answers may vary. Possible answer: If the
0 = ( x + 6)( x + 1) solutions are 0 and −2, then, by the zero factor
property,
x + 6 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 x = 0 or x = −2
x = −6 x = −1 x=0 x+2=0
The x-intercepts are (−6, 0) and (−1, 0). x(x + 2) = 0

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

102. Answers may vary. Possible answer: If the solutions are x = 0, x = 1, and x = 2, then, by the zero factor property,
x = 0 or x = 1 or x=2
x=0 x −1 = 0 x −2 = 0
x ( x − 1)( x − 2) = 0
( x 2 − x )( x − 2) = 0
x3 − x2 − 2 x2 + 2 x = 0
x3 − 3x2 + 2 x = 0

104. y = −16 x 2 + 100 x

a. time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
height
0 84 136 156 144 100 24 −84
y

b. The rocket strikes the ground when the height, y, is zero feet. This occurs after approximately 6 seconds.

c. The maximum height of the rocket is approximately 156 ft.

d. Title:
EMG-BA5-06-01-102d.eps
Creator:
Adobe Illustrator(R) 12
Preview:
This EPS pic ture was not saved
with a preview included in it.
Comment:
This EPS pic ture will print to a
PostScript printer, but not to
other types of printers .
106. (2 x − 3)( x + 6) = ( x − 9)( x + 2)
2 x 2 + 9 x − 18 = x 2 − 7 x − 18
x 2 + 16 x = 0
x ( x + 16) = 0
x = 0 or x + 16 = 0
x = −16
The solutions are 0 and −16.

108. ( x + 6)( x − 6) = (2 x − 9)( x + 4)

x 2 − 36 = 2 x 2 − x − 36
0 = x2 − x
0 = x ( x − 1)
0 = x or 0 = x − 1
1= x
The solutions are 0 and 1.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 281

Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

Section 6.7 Practice Exercises 5. Let x = first leg, then 2x − 1 = second leg, and
2x + 1 = hypotenuse.
1. Find t when h = 0.
2
x 2 + (2 x − 1)2 = (2 x + 1)2
h = −16t + 64
x2 + 4x2 − 4x + 1 = 4 x2 + 4 x + 1
0 = −16t 2 + 64
x 2 − 8x = 0
0 = −16(t 2 − 4) x ( x − 8) = 0
0 = −16(t − 2)(t + 2) x = 0 or x − 8 = 0
t − 2 = 0 or t + 2 = 0 x =8
t =2 t = −2 Since the length cannot be 0, the legs have
Since time cannot be negative, the diver will lengths 8 units and 2(8) − 1 = 15 units and the
reach the pool in 2 seconds. hypotenuse has length 2(8) + 1 = 17 units.
2. Let x = the number. Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 6.7
x 2 − 8 x = 48
1. In applications, the context of the problem needs
x 2 − 8 x − 48 = 0
to be considered. Each exercise resulted in both a
( x − 12)( x + 4) = 0 positive and a negative solution, and a negative
x − 12 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 solution is not appropriate for any of the
x = 12 x = −4 problems.
There are two numbers. They are −4 and 12.
Exercise Set 6.7
3. Let x = height, then 3x − 1 = base.
1 2. Let x = the width, then 2x = the length.
A = bh
2 4. Let x = the first even integer, then
1
210 = (3 x − 1)( x ) x + 2 = the next consecutive even integer.
2
420 = (3 x − 1)( x ) 6. Let x = the height, then 5x − 3 = the base.
420 = 3 x 2 − x
8. Let x + 3 = length and x − 2 = width.
0 = 3 x 2 − x − 420
A = lw
0 = (3 x + 35)( x − 12)
84 = ( x + 3)( x − 2)
3 x + 35 = 0 or x − 12 = 0
84 = x 2 + x − 6
35 x = 12
x=− 0 = x 2 + x − 90
3
Since height cannot be negative, the height is x 2 + x − 90 = 0
12 feet and the base is 3(12) − 1 = 35 feet. ( x + 10)( x − 9) = 0
x + 10 = 0 or x − 9 = 0
x = −10 x=9
4. Let x = first integer, then Since the dimensions cannot be negative, we
x + 1 = next consecutive integer.
discard x = −10. The length is 9 + 3 = 12 inches
x ( x + 1) = x + ( x + 1) + 41
and the width is 9 − 2 = 7 inches.
x 2 + x = 2 x + 42
x 2 − x − 42 = 0 10. The perimeter is the sum of the lengths of the
( x − 7)( x + 6) = 0 sides.
x − 7 = 0 or x + 6 = 0 85 = 2 x + (2 x + 5) + ( x 2 + 3)
x=7 x = −6 85 = 2 x + 2 x + 5 + x 2 + 3
The numbers are 7 and 8 or −6 and −5. 85 = x 2 + 4 x + 8
0 = x 2 + 4 x − 77
2
x + 4 x − 77 = 0
( x + 11)( x − 7) = 0

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

x + 11 = 0 or x − 7 = 0 20. Let D = 14 and solve for n.

x = −11 x=7 1
D = n(n − 3)
Since the dimensions cannot be negative, we 2
discard x = −11. The lengths of the sides are 1
14 = n(n − 3)
2(7) = 14 feet, 2(7) + 5 = 19 feet, and 2
72 + 3 = 52 feet. 28 = n2 − 3n
0 = n2 − 3n − 28
12. Let x = the radius.
0 = ( n − 7)( n + 4)
A = r 2 n − 7 = 0 or n + 4 = 0
25 = ( x )2 n=7 n = −4
25 = x 2 The polygon has 7 sides.
0 = x 2 − 25 22. Let x = the unknown number.
0 = ( x 2 − 25) x + x 2 = 182
0 = ( x + 5)( x − 5)
x 2 + x − 182 = 0
x +5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
( x + 14)( x − 13) = 0
x = −5 x=5
Since the radius cannot be negative, we discard x + 14 = 0 or x − 13 = 0
x = −5. The radius is 5 kilometers. x = −14 x = 13
The two numbers are −14 and 13.
14. Find t when h = 0.
24. Let x = the first page number, then
h = −16t 2 + 400
x + 1 = next page number.
0 = −16t 2 + 400 x ( x + 1) = 420
0 = −16(t 2 − 25) x 2 + x = 420
0 = −16(t + 5)(t − 5) 2
x + x − 420 = 0
t + 5 = 0 or t − 5 = 0 ( x − 20)( x + 21) = 0
t = −5 t =5 x − 20 = 0 or x + 21 = 0
Since the time t cannot be negative, the compass
x = 20 x = −21
hits the ground after 5 seconds.
Since the page number is not negative, the page
16. Let x = the width then x + 9 = the length. numbers are 20 and 21.
A = lw
112 = ( x + 9)( x ) 26. a2 + b2 = c 2
112 = x 2 + 9 x 30 2 + x 2 = ( x + 10)2
0 = x 2 + 9 x − 112 900 + x 2 = x 2 + 20 x + 100
0 = ( x + 16)( x − 7) 800 = 20 x
x + 16 = 0 or x − 7 = 0 40 = x
x = −16 x=7 The length of the guy wire is 40 + 10 = 50 feet.
Since the dimensions cannot be negative, discard
28. Let x = the length of a side of the original square.
x = −16. The width is 7 inches and the length is Then x + 5 = the length of a side of the larger
7 + 9 = 16 inches. square.
18. Let n = 15. 100 = ( x + 5)2
1
D = n(n − 3) 100 = x 2 + 10 x + 25
2 0 = x 2 + 10 x − 75
1 15 0 = ( x + 15)( x − 5)
D =  15(15 − 3) = (12) = 90
2 2 x + 15 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
A polygon with 15 sides has 90 diagonals.
x = −15 x=5
Since the length cannot be negative, the sides of
the original square are 5 meters each.
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 283
Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

30. Let x = the length of the shorter leg. 4t − 31 = 0 or 4t + 31 = 0

Then x + 9 = the length of the longer leg. 31 31
By the Pythagorean theorem, t= t=−
4 4
x 2 + ( x + 9)2 = 452 Since time cannot be negative, the object reaches
x 2 + x 2 + 18 x + 81 = 2025 the ground in
31
= 7.75 seconds.
2 x 2 + 18 x + 81 = 2025 4
2 x 2 + 18 x − 1944 = 0 38. Let P = 2000 and A = 2420.
2( x 2 + 9 x − 972) = 0 A = P(1 + r )2
2( x + 36)( x − 27) = 0
2420 = 2000(1 + r )2
x + 36 = 0 or x − 27 = 0
2420 = 2000 + 4000r + 2000 r 2
x = −36 x = 27
Since the length cannot be negative, the legs of 0 = 2000r 2 + 4000r − 420
the triangle are 27 cm and 27 + 9 = 36 cm. 0 = 20(100r 2 + 200r − 21)
0 = 20(10r − 1)(10r + 21)
32. Let x = the base of the triangle, then
10r − 1 = 0 or 10r + 21 = 0
x − 2 = the height.
10r = 1 10r = −21
1
A = bh 1 21
2 r= r=−
1 10 10
60 = ( x )( x − 2) r = 0.1 r = −2.1
2 Since the interest rate cannot be negative r = 0.1
120 = x 2 − 2 x and the rate is 10%.
0 = x 2 − 2 x − 120
0 = ( x − 12)( x + 10) 1
40. Let x = the length and x − 2 = the width.
x − 12 = 0 or x + 10 = 0 2
x = 12 x = −10 A = lw
Since the length of the base cannot be negative, 1 
160 = x  x − 2 
the base is 12 millimeters. 2 
1 2
34. Let x = the length of the shorter leg, then 160 = x − 2 x
x + 10 = the length of the longer leg and 2
2x − 10 = the length of the hypotenuse. By the 320 = x 2 − 4 x
Pythagorean theorem, 0 = x 2 − 4 x − 320
2 2
x + ( x + 10) = (2 x − 10) 2 0 = ( x + 16)( x − 20)
x + x 2 + 20 x + 100 = 4 x 2 − 40 x + 100
2 x + 16 = 0 or x − 20 = 0
x = −16 x = 20
0 = 2 x 2 − 60 x Since the length cannot be negative, the length is
0 = 2 x ( x − 30) 1
2 x = 0 or x − 30 = 0 20 inches. The width is (20) − 2 = 8 inches.
2
x=0 x = 30
Since the length cannot be zero miles, the leg is 42. Let C = 120.
30 miles. n(n − 1)
C=
36. Find t when h = 0. 2
n(n − 1)
h = −16t 2 + 961 120 =
2
0 = −16t 2 + 961 240 = n2 − n
0 = −(16t 2 − 961) 0 = n2 − n − 240
0 = −(4t − 31)(4t + 31) 0 = (n + 15)(n − 16)
n + 15 = 0 or n − 16 = 0
n = −15 n = 16

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

Since the number of telephones cannot be x − 15 = 0 or x − 10 = 0

negative, the solution is 16 telephones. x = 15 x = 10
The numbers are 15 and 10.
44. From the graph, there were approximately
1.1 million visitors to Gettysburg National 62. Let x = the width of the walk, then
Military Park in 2011. 24 − 2x = the length of the garden, and
16 − 2x = the width of the garden.
46. From the graph, there were approximately
A = lw
1.2 million visitors to Gettysburg National
Military Park in 2013. 180 = (24 − 2 x )(16 − 2 x )
180 = 384 − 80 x + 4 x 2
48. Look for the years where the graphed line for
Glacier is higher than that for Gettysburg. The 0 = 204 − 80 x + 4 x 2
number of visitors to Glacier is greater than the 0 = 4(51 − 20 x + x 2 )
number of visitors to Gettysburg from 0 = 4(17 − x )(3 − x )
2004−2013. 17 − x = 0 or 3 − x = 0
17 = x x =3
50. answers may vary
Since the walk cannot be wider than 8 yards, the
24 2 2 2 3 3 width of the walk is 3 yards.
52. = =
32 2  2  2  2  2 4 64. answers may vary
15 35 5 Chapter 6 Vocabulary Check
54. = =
27 3  3  3 9
1. An equation that can be written in the form
45 3  3  5 9
56. = = ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (with a not 0) is called a
50 2  5  5 10 quadratic equation.
58. Let x = the length of a side of the square. Then 2. Factoring is the process of writing an expression
x = the width of the rectangle and as a product.
x + 6 = the length of the rectangle.
The area of the square is x 2 . The area of the 3. The greatest common factor of a list of terms is
2 the product of all common factors.
rectangle is x ( x + 6) = x + 6 x.
176 = x 2 + ( x 2 + 6 x ) 4. A trinomial that is the square of some binomial
2
176 = 2 x + 6 x is called a perfect square trinomial.
0 = 2 x 2 + 6 x − 176
5. The expression a2 − b2 is called a difference of
0 = 2( x 2 + 3 x − 88) two squares.
0 = 2( x + 11)( x − 8)
x + 11 = 0 or x − 8 = 0 6. The expression a3 − b3 is called a difference of
x = −11 x =8 two cubes.
Since the length cannot be negative, the side of
the square is 8 meters. 7. The expression a3 + b3 is called a sum of two
60. Let x = the first number, then cubes.
25 − x = the other number. 8. By the zero factor property, if the product of two
x 2 + (25 − x )2 = 325 numbers is 0, then at least one of the numbers
x 2 + 625 − 50 x + x 2 = 325 must be 0.
2 x 2 − 50 x + 625 = 325 9. In a right triangle, the side opposite the right
2 x 2 − 50 x + 300 = 0 angle is called the hypotenuse.
2( x 2 − 25 x + 150) = 0
10. In a right triangle, each side adjacent to the right
2( x − 15)( x − 10) = 0 angle is called a leg.

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

11. The Pythagorean theorem states that 17. 72 − 18 x − 2 x 2 = 2(36 − 9 x − x 2 )

(leg) + (leg) = (hypotenuse) .
2 2 2
= 2(3 − x)(12 + x)
or
Chapter 6 Review 72 − 18 x − 2 x 2 = −2 x 2 − 18 x + 72
= −2( x 2 + 9 x − 36)
1. 6 x 2 − 15 x = 3 x (2 x − 5)
= −2( x − 3)( x + 12)

2. 2 x 3 y + 6 x 2 y 2 + 8 xy3 = 2 xy( x 2 + 3 xy + 4 y2 )
18. 32 + 12 x − 4 x 2 = 4(8 + 3 x − x 2 )
or
3. 20 x 2 + 12 x = 4 x (5 x + 3)
32 + 12 x − 4 x 2 = −4 x 2 + 12 x + 32
4. 6 x 2 y 2 − 3 xy3 = 3 xy 2 (2 x − y) = −4( x 2 − 3 x − 8)

5. 3x(2x + 3) − 5(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)(3x − 5) 19. 10a3 − 110a 2 + 100a = 10a(a 2 − 11a + 10a)
= 10a(a − 1)(a − 10)
6. 5x(x + 1) − (x + 1) = (x + 1)(5x − 1)
20. 5 y3 − 50 y 2 + 120 y = 5 y ( y 2 − 10 y + 24)
7. 3x 2 − 3x + 2 x − 2 = 3x( x − 1) + 2( x − 1) = 5 y ( y − 6)( y − 4)
= ( x − 1)(3x + 2)
21. To factor x 2 + 2 x − 48, think of two numbers
8. 3a 2 + 9ab + 3b2 + ab = 3a(a + 3b) + b(3b + a)
whose product is −48 and whose sum is 2.
= (a + 3b)(3a + b)
22. The first step in factoring 3x 2 + 15 x + 30 is to
9. 10a + 5ab + 7b + 14ab
2 2
factor out the GCF, 3.
= 5a(2a + b) + 7b(b + 2a)
= (2a + b)(5a + 7b) 23. Factors of 2 x 2 : 2x  x
Factors of 6: 6 = 1  6, 6 = 2  3
10. 6 x 2 + 10 x − 3x − 5 = 2 x(3x + 5) − 1(3x + 5) 2 x 2 + 13x + 6 = (2 x + 1)( x + 6)
= (3x + 5)(2 x − 1)
24. Factors of 4 x 2 : 4 x 2 = 4 x  x, 4 x 2 = 2 x  2 x
11. x 2 + 6 x + 8 = ( x + 4)( x + 2)
Factors of −3: −3 = −1  3, −3 = 1  −3
4 x 2 + 4 x − 3 = (2 x + 3)(2 x − 1)
12. x 2 − 11x + 24 = ( x − 8)( x − 3)

25. Factors of 6 x 2 : 6 x 2 = 6 x  x, 6 x 2 = 3 x  2 x
13. x 2 + x + 2 is prime.
Factors of −4 y 2 : −4 y 2 = −4 y  y,
14. x − x + 2 is prime.
2
−4 y 2 = 4 y  − y, − 4 y 2 = −2 y  2 y

15. x 2 + 4 xy − 12 y 2 = ( x + 6 y )( x − 2 y ) 6 x 2 + 5 xy − 4 y 2 = (3 x + 4 y )(2 x − y )

16. x 2 + 8 xy + 15 y 2 = ( x + 5 y )( x + 3 y ) 26. 18  −20 y 2 = −360 y 2

15 y  −24 y = −360 y 2
15 y + (−24 y ) = −9 y
18 x 2 − 9 xy − 20 y 2 = 18 x 2 + 15 xy − 24 xy − 20 y 2
= 3 x(6 x + 5 y ) − 4 y (6 x + 5 y )
= (6 x + 5 y )(3 x − 4 y )

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

27. 10 y 3 + 25 y 2 − 60 y = 5 y (2 y 2 + 5 y − 12)
2  −12 = −24
−3  8 = −24
−3 + 8 = 5

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Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials ISM: Beginning Algebra

10 y 3 + 25 y 2 − 60 y = 5 y (2 y 2 + 5 y − 12)
= 5 y (2 y 2 − 3 y + 8 y − 12)
= 5 y[ y (2 y − 3) + 4(2 y − 3)]
= 5 y (2 y − 3)( y + 4)
39. 16 x 4 − 1 = (4 x 2 )2 − 12
= (4 x 2 + 1)(4 x 2 − 1)
= (4 x 2 + 1)[(2 x )2 − 12 ]
= (4 x 2 + 1)(2 x + 1)(2 x − 1)

28. 60 y 3 − 39 y 2 + 6 y = 3 y (20 y 2 − 13 y + 2)
40. x 4 + 16 is a prime polynomial.
20  2 = 40
−5  −8 = 40 41. (x + 6)(x − 2) = 0
−5 + (−8) = −13 x + 6 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
60 y 3 − 39 y 2 + 6 y = 3 y(20 y 2 − 13 y + 2) x = −6 x=2
= 3 y(20 y 2 − 5 y − 8 y + 2) The solutions are −6 and 2.
= 3 y[5 y(4 y − 1) − 2(4 y − 1)] 42. 3x(x + 1)(7x − 2) = 0
= 3 y(4 y − 1)(5 y − 2) 3 x = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or 7 x − 2 = 0
x=0 x = −1 7x = 2
29. 18 x 2 − 60 x + 50 = 2(9 x 2 − 30 x + 25) 2
x=
= 2[(3 x )2 − 2  3 x  5 + 52 ] 7
= 2(3 x − 5)2 2
The solutions are 0, −1, and .
7
30. 4 x 2 − 28 xy + 49 y 2 = [(2 x )2 − 2  2 x  7 y + (7 y)2 ]
43. 4(5x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
= (2 x − 7 y)2 5x + 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
5 x = −1 x = −3
31. 4 x 2 − 9 = (2 x )2 − 32 = (2 x + 3)(2 x − 3) 1
x=−
5
32. 9t 2 − 25s 2 = (3t )2 − (5s)2 = (3t + 5s)(3t − 5s) 1
The solutions are − and −3.
5
33. 16x 2 + y 2 is a prime polynomial.
44. x 2 + 8x + 7 = 0
34. x 3 − 8 y3 = x 3 − (2 y)3 ( x + 7)( x + 1) = 0
= ( x − 2 y)[ x 2 + x  2 y + (2 y)2 ] x + 7 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = −7 x = −1
= ( x − 2 y)( x 2 + 2 xy + 4 y 2 )
The solutions are −7 and −1.

35. 8 x 3 + 27 = (2 x )3 + 33
45. x 2 − 2 x − 24 = 0
2 2
= (2 x + 3)[(2 x ) − 2 x  3 + 3 ] ( x − 6)( x + 4) = 0
= (2 x + 3)(4 x 2 − 6 x + 9) x − 6 = 0 or x + 4 = 0
x=6 x = −4
36. 2 x 3 + 8 x = 2 x ( x 2 + 4) The solutions are 6 and −4.

37. 54 − 2 x 3 y3 = 2(27 − x 3 y3 ) 46. x 2 + 10 x = −25

= 2[33 − ( xy)3 ] x 2 + 10 x + 25 = 0
( x + 5)( x + 5) = 0
= 2(3 − xy)[32 + 3  xy + ( xy)2 ]
x +5 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
= 2(3 − xy)(9 + 3 xy + x 2 y 2 ) x = −5 x = −5
The solution is −5.
38. 9 x 2 − 4 y 2 = (3 x )2 − (2 y)2 = (3 x − 2 y)(3 x + 2 y)

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ISM: Beginning Algebra Chapter 6: Factoring Polynomials

47. x ( x − 10) = −16 53. 12 − 5t = −3

2
x − 10 x = −16 −5t = −15
2 t =3
x − 10 x + 16 = 0
The solution is 3.
( x − 8)( x − 2) = 0
x − 8 = 0 or x − 2 = 0 54. 5 x 3 + 20 x 2 + 20 x = 0
x =8 x=2
The solutions are 8 and 2. 5 x ( x 2 + 4 x + 4) = 0
5 x ( x + 2)( x + 2) = 0
48. (3x − 1)(9 x 2 − 6 x + 1) = 0 x + 2 = 0 or 5 x = 0
(3x − 1)(3x − 1)(3x − 1) = 0 x = −2 x=0
3 x − 1 = 0 or 3 x − 1 = 0 or 3 x − 1 = 0 The solutions are −2 and 0.
3x = 1 3x = 1 3x = 1
1 1 1 55. 4t 3 − 5t 2 − 21t = 0
x= x= x= t (4t 2 − 5t − 21) = 0
3 3 3
1 t (4t + 7)(t − 3) = 0
The solution is . t = 0 or 4t + 7 = 0 or t − 3 = 0
3
4t = −7 t =3
7
49. 56 x 2 − 5 x − 6 = 0 t=−
4
56 x 2 + 16 x − 21x − 6 = 0
7
8 x (7 x + 2) − 3(7 x + 2) = 0 The solutions are 0, − , and 3.
(7 x + 2)(8 x − 3) = 0 4
7x + 2 = 0 or 8 x − 3 = 0 56. Answers may vary. Possible answer:
7 x = −2 8x = 3 ( x − 4)( x − 5) = 0
2 3
x=− x= x 2 − 9 x + 20 = 0
7 8
2 3 57. a. 725
The solutions are − and .
7 8
b. 10 = 2  5
2 P = 2l + 2 w
50. 20 x − 7 x − 6 = 0
= 2(10) + 2(5)
(4 x − 3)(5 x + 2) = 0
= 20 + 10
4 x − 3 = 0 or 5 x + 2 = 0 = 30  24
4x = 3 5 x = −2
3 2 c. 8=24
x= x=−
4 5 P = 2l + 2w = 2(8) + 2(4) = 16 + 8 = 24
3 2
The solutions are and − . d. 10  2  2
4 5
Choice c gives the correct dimensions.
51. 5(3 x + 2) = 4
15 x + 10 = 4 58. a. 3  8 + 1 = 25  10
15 x = −6
6 2 b. 3  4 + 1 = 13
x=− =−
15 5 A = lw = 13(4) = 52  80
2
The solution is − . c. 3  4 + 1 = 13  20
5
d. 3  5 + 1 = 16
52. 6 x 2 − 3 x + 8 = 0 A = lw = 5(16) = 80
The equation has no real solution.
Choice d gives the correct dimensions.

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