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UPSC CSE 2020 EXAM

(Model Answers – GS-2)

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 UPSC CSE 2020 EXAM
(Model Answers – GS -2)
Q.1 There is a need for simplification of procedure for disqualification of persons found guilty
of corrupt practices under the Representation of people act. Comment
Introduction: The Representation of peoples Act, 1951 provides for cleansing of politics by
regulating the actual conduct of elections, providing administrative machinery, curbing corrupt
practices and disqualification of membership etc.

Procedure for disqualification under RPA for corrupt practices

1. Provisions under the act :
 Section 123: Section 123 of the act deals with corrupt practices and provides for a broad
definition of what constitutes corrupt practices, such as;
o Bribery: This is any gift/offer/promise a candidate or their agent with his consent to any
other person with the objective of either directly/ indirectly inducing a person to
withdraw / not to withdraw /vote / not to vote at an election.
o Undue influence: This is direct/indirect interference by the party candidate / his agent in
the exercise of any electoral rights.
o Appealing criteria: The appeal by a candidate/agent to vote/refrain on the ground of
caste, religion, race, language and use of national symbols etc to promote enmity.
o Publication of false statements: The candidate/agent is prohibited from publishing any
statement of fact which is false to prejudice the prospects of other candidates' elections.
o Vehicle access: The hiring/procuring of vehicles by candidates/agents to use this for the
free conveyance of elector to and from the polling stations.
o Service of Govt.: The candidate/agent must not obtain or procure any assistance (only
giving vote) from any person in the service of the government.
o Booth capturing: This is strictly prohibited by a candidate/agent or any other person.
● Disqualification procedure :
o Section 8A: Section 8A of RPA, 1951 deals with the disqualification on the ground of
corrupt practices.
o Section 99: This provides for the provision of information, under which the corrupted
person details are provided within 3 months by the specified authority to the president to
determine the disqualification and its time limit.
o From the onset of section 99: The disqualification provided must not exceed 6 years
from the date on which section 99 comes into force.
o Removal: If a person gets disqualified under section 8A, if it is before the
commencement of Election laws (amendment) act, 1975 they may submit a petition to
remove the unexpired term of disqualification.
Simplification of disqualifying procedure under RPA
1. Complex procedure :
 Multistage process :
o Filing of election petition: An election petition must be filed before the concerned high
court mentioning that person involved in corruption and eligible for disqualification
under section 8A of RPA, 1951.
o The decision of HC: The High court decision must be sent to the secretary generals of
Lok sabha or Rajya sabha in case of parliament, secretaries of state legislatures in case of
states.
o Secretary generals: They carry forward the decision to the President of India for issuing
the notification for disqualification.

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 UPSC CSE 2020 EXAM
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o To the President: The President forwards the decision to the Election commission of
India which after giving recommendations sends it back to the President, and he issues
the notification of disqualification.
 Only after conviction: There is no provision for disqualification at the stage of filing the
charge sheet and will be disqualified only after conviction.
 Term of disqualification: The term of disqualification is not uniform with varied terms
under varied charges of conviction.
 Fixed-term convictions: As per section 8(3) of RPA, 1951 disqualification is enforced if the
imprisonment tenure is over 2 years only. If the imprisonment is less than 2 years there is no
disqualification of members.
 Appeal to court: Under section 8(4) of RPA, 1951 convicted person can file an appeal
within 3 months from the date of conviction and disqualification will not be effective until
the superior court decides the appeal.
 Role of ECI: ECI can remove or reduce disqualifications of the members. The convicted
person can also appeal directly to the president in a few cases
2. Institutional drawbacks :
 Broader definitions: Under section 8 of RPA, 1951 definitions of "bribery", "undue
influences" are not stated specifically in the act which provides loopholes to get free easily.
 Section 11: As per this section, the Election commission of India may, for reasons to be
recorded, remove any qualification or reduce the period of such disqualification. The ECI has
recently used this power to reduce the 6 year disqualification period of Sikkim CM to 13
months. This is seen as an inference of allowing candidates to contest elections.
 Lack of clear meaning: The definitions of corruption lack clear meaning without addressing
the issue exactly in a precise manner.
 Difficulty: The act provides a difficult terminology that is not easily understood by a
common voter to complain.

Methods to simplify the disqualification procedure

1. Broaden the act :
 Inclusion of new elements: Adding issues of paid news, false affidavits and non-
disclosure of affidavits into the ambit of corrupt practices.
2. Criminalize critical issues :
 Critical issues: Corrupt practices like abetting and publication of paid news and bribery
must be termed as criminal offences and cognizable with the jail term of 2 yrs.
3. Role of ECI :
 Recommendations: The ECI recommendations must be taken into account regarding
offences, adding them to criminal offences and stricter penalties.
4. Role of law commission :
 Recommendations: Legislative provision against paid news and expedition of trails of
legislators in a prescribed, limited period.
Conclusion:
The RPA, 1951 is intended to decriminalize politics and reduce rampant corruption. The provisions
themselves provide for escapism which makes it a failed legislation. So, this must be addressed and
the procedure must be further simplified to cleanse the politics effectively.

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 UPSC CSE 2020 EXAM
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Q.2 Recent amendments to the Right to information act will have a profound impact on the
autonomy and independence of the information commission". Discuss.
Introduction: The Right to Information Act, 2005 was enacted to enhance transparency and
accountability in the work of public authorities. The information commissions established by the act
are impacted by the recent changes to the act.

Recent amendments to the RTI

● Change in term: The term of the members will be notified by the central govt, which was 6
or 65 years under 2005 provisions.
● Salaries: The salaries and allowances, terms and conditions of the central and state
information commissions will be determined by the centre. Previously it was equal to the
election commission terms and conditions.
● Deduction in salary: The salaries which were being deducted by the amounts of salaries and
pensions they were receiving is removed by the act.
● Appointment: The committee for selection of CIC and other information commissioners
consists of the PM, leader of opposition and minister nominated by PM and also state
committees were removed. Now the power of appointments is delegated to the central
government alone.

Impact of RTI amendment on Information commission

1. Provisions of RTI, 2005 : [ Students: this can be written in smart art format ]
 Security of tenure: A provision of 6 or 65 years for the Chief information commissioner
and information commissioners.
 Equal to the constitutional body: The salaries were equal to the election commission
members indicating no disparity between statutory and constitutional bodies.
 Centre-state powers: In appointing central and state information commissioners the
central and state governments had a role by forming selection committees.
 Accountability: The appointment and security of tenure made information commissions
independent without any political role and also promoted transparency.
2. Post-amendment to RTI :
 No security of tenure: The CIC or IC have no security of tenure which makes the
appointments political.
 Undermining role: The salaries will be determined by the central govt. and removes equality
of salaries with the constitutional body undermining the role of information commissions.
 Depriving states power: The removal of selection committees and appointments by the
centre alone removes the state role from appointments to the state information
commissions also.
 Threat to transparency: The Central govt role makes CIC and SIC pawn to protect
government-related sensitive information.
 Hamper's freedom of speech: The RTI now placed with the central government mercy
deviates from supreme court judgment in the Anjali Bhardwaj case. The judgment
provided that RTI works as a means to protect freedom of speech is being violated.
 Against the spirit of committees: The parliamentary committees mentioned that the
tenure and appointment of CIC, SIC are important provisions and the present bill dilutes
them.

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 More dismissal of applications: The RTI act with already vague terms and no clear
definitions, are more prone to Govt influence to dismiss applications that are applied to
obtain govt. information.
 Hamper's independence: The independent bodies may in the long run lose all their
autonomy and turn into government bodies.
Conclusion:
The RTI objective must be enhanced by providing more independence and not by hampering its
autonomy by taking away its minimal independent features. Thus, RTI must be given constitutional
status to bring more transparency and accountability.

Q3. How far do you think cooperation, competition and confrontation have shaped the nature
of federation in India? Cite some recent examples to validate your answer.
Introduction: The Indian federation which is not a result of an agreement between the states have
always been evolving with cooperation and competition and at times confrontation. The term
federation was nowhere mentioned in the constitution. Indian federation was seen as cooperative
federalism(Granville Austin) and Bargaining federalism (Morris-Jones).

Cooperation shaping the nature of the Indian federation

1. Between centre and states :
 Role of finance commission: The 14th finance commission has enhanced cooperation
between states with devolution of funds from centre to states to 42%.
 Niti Aayog: This was established to enhance cooperative federalism. This shifted the
approach from the top down to the bottom-up approach.
 Tax reforms: This led to the implementation of GST to make cooperation in the
economy sector with one nation-one tax.
2. Between states :
 Interstate council: This was made a constitutional body under Article 263 of the Indian
constitution to develop cooperation between the states.
o Example: Since the first meeting there were discussions on levy of tax on inter-state
consignment of goods, amendments to article 356, Use of Aadhar as an identifier and
use of DBT for providing subsidies, benefits and public services.
 Zonal councils: This is a statutory body established for effective cooperative federalism
by dividing states into zones.
o Example: These led to initiatives on internal security, jail reforms, National disaster
management and implementation of RTI etc.
 Promoting internal security: States in the red corridor are acting together to reduce the
danger of Naxalism by effective cooperation.
o Example: Andhra - Orissa border being a constant threat from insurgency is being
addressed by effective cooperation.
Competition shaping the nature of the Indian federation
1. Recent times :
 For Investments: States are competing among themselves to attract investment by
publicizing their strategic locations and resources.

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o Example: Programs such as Invest Kerala and Andhra Pradesh Mega conference
which have representatives from at least 30 - 40 countries to promote investment.
 Better performers: Various indices for states indicating their development such as
agriculture transformative index, export preparedness index etc are being used to show
their development.
o Example: The recent example is Niti Aayog Health Index with Kerala being at the
top for 4 consecutive years.
 Adopting policies: The land reforms were introduced in Rajasthan and other states also
followed in implementation and showcasing their people-oriented governance.
 Foreign investment: States are fostering relations with international powers directly
without the role of centre developing para nationalism. To make them destinations of
foreign direct investment.
o Example: Gujarat has emerged as the top FDI destination accounting for 37% of
inflows, next is Maharashtra(27%) and Karnataka(13%).

Confrontation shaping the nature of Indian federation

1. Pre -1 967 time period :
 Same party rule: During this time, there was no confrontation between the centre and
states due to the same party rule at the centre and states.
2. Post -1967 time period :
 Regional parties: During this period, there were different political parties in the centre
and states leading to abuse of power.
 president rule: There are many instances where President rule (article 365) was imposed
on states which were under different political parties other than ruling party at the centre
o Example: Since 2019, four times president rule was imposed in Jammu & Kashmir,
Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand etc.
 Post of governor: The Governors were seen as agents of the centre, there were times
when party changes led to change of governors.
o Example: The centre reshuffles governors so frequently between different states.
3. Recent times :
 Coalition governments: Large scale coalition governments were leading to a
confrontation between centre and states.
 Interstate disputes: The states saw a confrontation by issues such as riparian disputes.
o Example: Cauvery river water dispute between Karnataka and Tamilnadu.

Conclusion:
The Indian federation is shaped by cooperation, competition and also confrontation. The
confrontation must be reduced by fostering cooperative federalism in India which can be achieved
through the coordination of the centre and the states.

Q4. The judicial systems in India and the UK seem to be converging as well as diverging in
recent times. Highlight the key points of convergence and divergence between the two
nations in terms of their judicial practices.
Introduction: India has largely influenced and drawn its sources of the judiciary from the UK and
also from the USA and Japan. India adopted the systems which are accustomed to its nature of state
though it has drawn its constitution from various sources.

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Convergence in the UK and Indian judicial system
● Independent judiciary: There is the independence of judiciary where judges can be
removed by the process of special majority in two houses of parliament. This is included in
the Indian basic structure doctrine which cannot be amended by the parliament.
● Separation of powers: There is the separation of powers in India with the implementation of
article 50 and the UK takes away judicial functions from the Lord Chancellor.
● Accountability: The actions of executives can be declared as being ultra vires to the laws in
both the systems and provide for stringent actions and measures.
● Highest interpreter: Judiciary is seen as the highest interpreter of the constitution in India
and interpreter of statutes in the UK.
● Activism: There has been an increase in judicial activism in Uk and India where Judges have
been more willing to review and quash ministerial action.
● Natural justice: There is an application of concepts of natural justice to legislative actions in
both India and the UK.
● ADR mechanisms: Alternate dispute resolution mechanisms for the UK is the Ministry of Justice
since 2007 and for India, it is the National Mission for Justice Delivery and legal reforms.
● Appointments: There is a National Judicial Commission in the UK and an idea of NJAC in India.

Divergence in the UK and Indian judicial system

● Amending power of parliament: UK parliament can amend any part of the constitution, but
India has a basic structure doctrine by which parliament has limited amending powers.
● Legal system: The UK legal system is based on the common law system which was
developed through precedents. In India, the legal system is based on the common law system,
statutory and regulatory laws.
● Appointments: the UK has a judicial appointment commission that provides transparency in
appointments to the judiciary. India has no such exclusive judicial committees for
appointments but has a collegium system.
● Judicial review: The constitutionality of a law is determined by Judicial review in India and
no such system in the UK.
● Processes: In the UK there is a procedure established by law due to parliamentary
sovereignty and India too followed it earlier. But from the Maneka Gandhi case, 1978
implemented Due process of law under article 21 of the constitution.
● Jury system: The UK has a jury system that deals with cases with unanimous decisions and
India has bench systems with majority decisions.

Conclusion:
The UK and Indian judiciary systems are similar regarding being independent and accountable. The
divergence issues of transparency in appointments etc. must be adopted by India from the UK to
enhance our Judicial efficiency

Q5. Once a speaker, always a speaker! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart
objectvity to the office of speaker of Lok sabha? What could be its implications for the
robust functioning of parliamentary business in India?
Introduction: India has adopted the role of speaker in the Lok sabha from the British. This was not
a replica of the UK where in Britain, once a speaker is always a speaker. This provision, if adopted,
would have provided India with a robust functioning of parliament.
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Once a speaker is always a speaker
1. Provisions :
 Uncontested: The speaker constituency goes uncontested if he wishes to get re-elected
for which a motion is passed by a majority of MP's in the legislature. This guarantees
security and action without fear or favour.
 Resignation: Speaker resigns to the political party from which he was elected to
maintain unbiased nature to the proceedings of the house.
 Casting vote: He always has a casting vote to prove his vote when in need only and
adopts a balanced approach to deal with the issues.

The practice should be adopted because

1. Issues with the role of Indian speakers:
 Disqualifications :
o Anti-defection law: Speaker is the final authority in disqualifying defections though
with a provision of judicial review. There is no time limit to disqualify a person
promoting delays in case of party bias.
o Effective implementation: The defections are not being punished effectively by
disqualifications due to procedural delays by the speaker in saving their party members.
 Bills :
o Money bill: The speaker is the final authority in declaring a money bill that is being
used in India to bypass the scrutiny of Rajya sabha. A famous example is the Aadhaar
bill endorsed as a money bill.
o Bills not referred to the committees: Due to stalling of parliamentary proceedings
many important bills were passed without any discussions. In the 2021 monsoon
session, not a single bill was referred to any select committee.
 Proceedings of the house :
o Time for proceedings: Speaker as the head of the business advisory committee
provides the time for proceedings but allots lesser time to the opposition. A recent
example is, Loksabha clearing farm laws repeal bill without discussion.
o More party interests: Speaker continuing as a ruling party member refuses to allow
any debates or discussions that may be essential in the national interest but
embarrasses the ruling party.
o Increased disruptions: Due to the partisan conduct of the speaker and apathy
towards opposition parties disruptions occur in the parliament. This was evident in
the recent suspension of 12 Rajya sabha MP's.

Implications for robust parliamentary functioning

1. On parliament :
 No misleading money bills: With the UK practice, there can be more scrutiny on money
bills. The money bills will be taken into consideration only after following specific
provisions that declare a bill as a money bill.
 No deviation from Rajya Sabha: The number of bills bypassing the Rajya Sabha will be
reduced as the speaker endorses them correctly as per the subject of the bill.
 Accountability: The accountability of the legislature will be increased with effective
debates and scrutiny of the bills.

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 Larger scrutiny: The bills which do not satisfy the opposition and the public will be sent
to scrutiny under different committees.
 Increase house efficiency: By providing more time for debates and discussions to the
opposition along with ruling parties for effective outcomes on laws and policies.
 Role of opposition: The opposition will be given opportunities to move their motions
when only the speaker is neutral to his rulings.
2. On members :
 No biased nature: The biased nature of the speaker towards ruling party people will be
reduced as he will not be dependent on them due to his security of tenure.
 Timely disqualifications: The disqualifications for which there are no time limits under
the Indian system will be given specific time limits to the speaker when implemented in
the UK practice.
 Effective participation: Speaker being unbiased can provide for equal time to opposition
members along with the ruling party.
 Discussions: The members get opportunities to discuss and debate in a healthy way for
which policies and laws will be people-centric rather than ruling party-centric.
 Responsibility: The speaker being unbiased and providing effective rulings to all
members makes them responsible for the house rules and procedures.
Conclusion:
The Speaker position is pivotal in the functioning of parliament. This position must not be used for
the whims and fancies of the ruling party. This must be addressed by protecting the abuse of power
by the speaker through the implementation of best practices like the UK etc.

Q6. To enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies
are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss.
Introduction: A nation's progress reflects in its social development and India experiences its least
social capital. To address this, India must enhance its policies in all fields but particularly in health
where we lack basic standards of improvement.

Reasons to enhance the prospects of social development [can be written in smart art format]
1. Political :
 Health induced poverty: India experiences a high cost of health care which is
unaffordable leading to poverty.
 Low HDI: India ranks 131/189 in the human development index which measures health,
knowledge and standard of living.
 Low growth rate: There are low growth rates in agriculture, manufacturing and service
sectors with agriculture being at the least.
2. Social :
 Impacts other parameters: The higher expenditure on health leads to lower importance
on other parameters like education, living standards etc.
 Nation-building: India with a young demographic dividend is also experiencing ageing,
so social development is a process in need.

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 Untapping the potential: India with effective social development can have the
capability of $1 trillion for the establishment of companies and generation of 72 million
employment opportunities by 2030.
3. Economic :
 Demographic dividend: India has an effective demographic dividend with a large no.
population in between 15 -29 years. With effective human resource development, there
can be an increase in economic growth.
 Human resource: Reduces stress on limited available human capacities and results in
human resource development.
 Expenditure: India has a 70% lower health expenditure when compared to BRICS
nations.

Need for development of policies in geriatric and maternal health care

1. Geriatric health care :
 Rapid ageing: India had a 7.5% older population in 2001 and may increase to 12.5% in
2026. As per WHO there will be 227million older population by 2050, with the
dependency of 9.8%, 2001 to 20.3% in 2050.
 Low quality of life: Older people are experiencing low quality in medical areas due to no
specific therapies especially for geriatrics.
 Feminisation: As per the UN population fund report, there will be women above 80
years of age and with more than 700% more women. This leads to the feminisation of
ageing and dependency.
 Low medical facilities: In rural areas, there is a 71% requirement in geriatric health
services which have no trained workers to treat them exclusively.
 Age - inclusivity: The importance being given to old aged people is to acknowledge
senior contributions to society.
 Necessary buffer: They act as buffers by promoting age-old cultural impressions against
intolerance, violence and hate crimes prevalent in society.
 Immense experience: They form the vital generation link for coming generations with
their morals and values for the betterment of citizens.
2. Maternal health care :
 Infant mortality: U5MR, stands at 6% which is due to lack of checkups from ante to
postnatal stages.
 Maternal mortality: This stands at 122 indicating 2000 deaths per year due to poor
importance given to maternal stage women.
 High prevalence of anaemia: The anaemic levels are high, as per recent NFHS - 5. They
are 53 to 57% in all the areas.
 Socially deprived: Women lacking independence have low financial capabilities and
access to quality healthcare.
 Disempowered: Women being dependents cannot have access to institutional deliveries
who are from below poverty line households.
 Poverty: Poverty, especially the feminisation of poverty makes women more vulnerable
to access adequate services.

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 Infrastructure: There is no sufficient infrastructure for women of rural and urban BPL
areas and no safe abortion practices leading to deaths.
 Health care: Lack of nutrition, trained health care and medicine availability place them
at a disadvantage.

Way forward:
1. Geriatric health care :
 Health care: The funding for senior health care is 1% of GDP to 8.6% of old aged
people in the whole population which needs a more increase in spending for the senior
citizen's health.
 Mainstream issues: To the mainstream, the issues related to the older population,
Decade of healthy ageing (2020-30) has been declared.
 National programs: National program for health care of elderly for comprehensive,
affordable, quality geriatric care services at primary, secondary and tertiary levels.
 Capacity building: The work being done by NGOs like HelpAge India must have
collaborated with AYUSH for efficiency
 Workforce: Community geriatric health workers with professional training must be
provided.
2. Maternal health care :
 Govt. Initiatives: To increase maternal health, there have been initiatives like SUMAN
for zero maternal and newborn deaths, MAA for awareness on breastfeeding etc.
 Financial incentives: Initiatives like PM Matru Vandana Yojana and Janani Suraksha
yojana provide financial incentives to women who utilize institutional deliveries.
 Empowerment: Women are being provided economical independence with stand up
India, start-up India and loans, LPG's etc.
 Awareness: The importance of institutional deliveries and health checkups must
campaign to women especially from rural and underprivileged areas.

Conclusion:
India with low social capital development must start to invest more particularly in health due to
issues of an ageing population and also infants. Effective policies and implementation must be in
place to tackle these issues and improve our human development which is our resource.

Q7."Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic performance". In this context, suggest

reforms in civil service for strengthening democracy.
Introduction: Economic growth is determined by institutional quality and capacity. The role of civil
servants in developing institutional quality results in strengthening democracy and also increasing
economic growth.

Significance of Institutional quality for economic performance

1. Parliament :
 Lawmaking body: The parliament is the highest law-making body that must enact
effective laws which are people-oriented. The GST Act has been enacted to develop the
economic growth of the nation by increasing tax revenues to Rs.1.3 lakh crore.

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 Responsible for the people: The legislature with elected representatives by the people
are finally responsible for the people's economic development. The Pradhan Mantri
Mudra Yojana provides loans for MSME for economic development.
 Committees: The parliamentary committees, which scrutinize the bills enacted by the
parliament must be efficient. To provide the drawbacks and contentious provisions of the
bill the committees need institutional qualities. The Election laws bill, 2021 which
provides for linking Aadhaar with electoral rolls has been sent to the standing committee
of Law and personnel.
2. Constitutional bodies :
 Higher powers: The constitutional bodies are given higher status due to the provisions of
security of tenure and mandatory appointment of authorities. Therefore, plays a crucial
role in Economic development.
o Example: The National Commission for SC provides for the inquiry into the issues
of SC and played a role in launching residential education to SC students scheme
SHRESTHA by the government.
 On Specific issues: Scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backwards classes need
development due to their social and economic backwardness. The issues are addressed by
constituting national commissions and providing constitutional status to them.
3. Judiciary :
 Protects people's rights: Judiciary provides writs by the supreme court under article 32
and high courts by article 226. These are provided for the violation of fundamental rights
by the state and private citizens. This provides for faster settlement of cases and attracts
investment. The Ease of doing business has an indicator of protecting minority investors
which can be done by the judiciary.
 Checks and balances: Judiciary acts as a check to the regressive laws of the government
and policies of the executive. Efficiency and quality are very much needed for providing
justice to the common man. The Supreme court scrapped the retrospective tax law which
imposed capital gains tax on the transfer of shares in foreign entities located in India.
4. Bureaucracy :
 Executive powers: The executive branch of the state is the bureaucracy and its efficiency
results in the successful governance of the nation. The implementation of the schemes of
the government like Ayushman Bharath which treated 8.3 lakh covid cases empower
Indians.
 Implementation Authority: The role of implementation lies with the executive branch of the
government. Economic development can be obtained by taking schemes like the One Nation
One Ration Card to all the people of India. But 100 million people are out of its ambit.
 The steel frame of India: The bureaucrats are referred to as the steel frame of India and their
quality results in the prosperity of Indian economic development. India rank is 63/190(2020)
from 142/190(2014) in its Ease of doing business with improvement in areas of business
incorporation, getting construction permits and trading across borders etc.

Lack of institutional quality hampering economic performance

1. Parliament :
 Regressive laws: The regressive laws made by the government are not productive in
enhancing the country's economic progress. An example is the GST act which is at
criticism due to revenue deficit in the states.
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 Political motivations: Many bills are made due to political motives which are not
advantageous to common people. An example is the repeal of farm laws which may
hamper the economic progress of farmers.
 Bypassing committees: The parliamentary committees are being bypassed which can be
used to scrutinize the government bills and policies. In the monsoon session of 2021,
there is no bill sent to the committees for scrutiny.
2. Constitutional bodies :
 Non-commitment: There are issues in the appointments of the members of the national
commissions on information, women etc hampering the working of the institutions.
 Partisan role: Constitutional bodies like the Election commission and CAG etc need
institutional quality. An example is the usage of section 11 of RPA, 1951 which
empowers ECI to reduce the disqualification period. This provides for accepting
criminals into politics, Assam CM period was reduced by 4 years, 11 months.
3. Judiciary :
 Overreach: Judiciary a few times in the name of activism makes an overreach striking
out the laws and policies made by the legislature. An example is the mandatory
constitution of a high powered committee regarding highway construction in the
Uttarakhand region for defence purposes.
 Judicial legislations: The legislative power of the judiciary hampers the checks and
balances of the Indian system. The example being banning liquor shops within 500 mts of
highways by Supreme Court order was a legislative order.
4. Bureaucracy :
 Political Interference: Political Interference in the implementation of policies and
corruption are hampering progress. The development schemes and objectives of the
welfare state are being at stake due to the low quality of bureaucratic institutions. The
completion of 80% of funds in the first six months in MGNREGS and faulty data on MIS
is by the ineffective bureaucracy.
 Status quo: The resistance to change is observed with the bureaucracy in the non-
implementation of needed measures. The adoption of e-governance is very low, affecting
economic growth. The bureaucracy is still not able to come up with an out of box
measure or even waiver of penalty or interest rates. The telecom sector penalties and
interests are almost 70% of the dues.

Reforms in civil service to strengthen democracy

1. Institutional changes :
 Lateral entries: With the need for specialization in institutions lateral entries can be
encouraged for effective implementation with desired qualities.
 Meritocracy: Need-based and result oriented merit must be encouraged to develop the
quality of the institutions.
 Adaptability: The need for technology adaptability for issues in governance increases
economic growth.
 Time is driven: The policies and rules must be demand-oriented based on recent
developments in the needed fields.
2. Human resource development :
 Performance appraisal: The lack of appraisal and financial incentives lead to a kind of
disinterest in the work and hamper progress.

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 Cross-departmental functions: A civil servant will be assigned the work of other
departments also which obstructs the development of a single institution.
 Working in silos: Many departments which are revenue-oriented are never citizen-
centric and are causing a kind of insulation from development.
 Transparency: The high workload, political pressures are disrupting the transparency
which affects the quality and thereby the growth. So, RTI and citizen charters can be
practised at all the institutions.
 Reduction of discretion: Bureaucrats being at high levels of policy implementation with
discretion leading to one man role and rule. This must be addressed by having multiple
members in decision making.
 Implementing 2nd ARC: The recommendation of Code of ethics for ethical
underpinning in the civil servants.

Conclusion:
Indian economic growth is with just enough growth parameters. But it didn't achieve the growth of
its standards with its available resources. The process of enhancing quality for achieving growth
must be done with the role of governance in all measures especially the implementation arm which is
civil service.

Q.8 "The emergence of the fourth industrial revolution (Digital revolution) has initiated e-
governance as an integral part of the government". Discuss.
Introduction: The fourth industrial revolution is the digital revolution which increases the linkage
between physical assets of the economy with advanced technology. This blurs away the lines
between physical, digital and biological spheres.

The emergence of the fourth industrial revolution

1. Generational Development :
 Fourth generation: Electronics and human beings with the integration of all assets and
blurring of boundaries between the spheres of life.
2. New technologies :
 Automatic technologies: Cyber-physical systems, IoT, Big data analytics, cloud
computing and cognitive computing, AI and 3-D printing etc.
3. Impact
 Broken barriers: There is no distinction between man, machine and intelligence in the
digital world.
 Service delivery: There is improvement in services and business models with reliability
and continuous production.
 Resource utilization: There is better IT security and resource utilization with
interoperability, decentralization.
 Safety conditions: Machine safety and better working conditions provide for effective
usage of machinery.
4. Indian scenario :
 Innovation: India stood in the top 50 in the Global innovation index with the adoption of
digital technology and revolution.

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 Digitization: There is the digitisation of government services with initiatives such as
Digital India programs etc.
 Center for 4th revolution: WEF has established the centre for the fourth industrial
revolution in India with Government, business leaders altogether.

E-governance as an integral part of the government

1. Government :
 Transparency: The e-governance has brought in citizen-centric administration with
transparency of records and reports.
o Example: The government provides for accessibility of information through
government websites. The schemes and data can be accessed by people easily.
 Alleviate property: The elimination of ghost beneficiaries and reaching the needy and
real benefits reduces poverty.
o Example: Provision of details in the database, for example, Aadhaar data saves the
demographic and biometric data.
 Impetus: There is an impetus on the government to adopt technologies by seeking the
private sector as partners.
o Example: Developing Darpan portal and e - PDS delivery and One nation one ration
card scheme.
 Projects: India has Bharat Net project for optical fibre network-based communication
and boosting digital infrastructure. Megharaj GI cloud to accelerate delivery of services,
e- kranthi for transforming e-governance.
2. In various fields :
 Health: Low cost and better health care by AI-driven diagnostics and personalized
treatment.
o Example: Usage of mobile x - rays during COVID -19 in government hospitals.
 Farmers: Latest technology to farmers increases crop yield due to real-time advisory and
detection of pest attacks and informing of sowing practices.
o Example: Developing precision agriculture indicating the requirements to the
specific soil type. Implementation of Rythu Barosakendras in Andhra Pradesh.
 Infrastructure: There is the strengthening of infrastructure and connectivity for desired
outputs.
o Example: UDAN schemes and IRCTC along with permissions for private transports,
provide for strengthening of infrastructure.
 Empowerment: This technology empowers specially-abled people with ease of access to
various data and utilities.
o Example: Accessible India campaign provides all the necessary services for the
disabled.
 Business: There is an increase in ease of living and ease of doing business using smart
technologies.
o Example: The development of smart cities and programs like AMRUT provide for
the development of amenities for living and business in cities.
3. Issues :
 Leakages: There are issues of data leakage as the technology is more data-driven.
o Example: There are issues of data leakage in the UIDAI website providing Aadhar
details of people.
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 Low HRD: There is low human capacity in India with low development in the skills of
people.
o Example: India stands at 131st rank at HDI indicating poor human capital.
 Lack of infrastructure: There is a lack of internet and high costs associated with
infrastructure development.
o Example: The penetration of the Internet is so low and there is a greater gender
divide with women having lower than 27% access to smart phones.
 Privacy and security: The concerns of the digital divide along with security and privacy
issues due to lack of awareness create hurdles.
o Example: People's right to privacy provided under article 21 of the constitution will
be under threat with leakage of data without their consent.
Conclusion:
The governance must be adaptive to various technologies coming up the way and implement them in
all its spheres for effective management of resources. India with the present technology is providing
momentum in governance and must be increased further.

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 UPSC CSE 2020 EXAM
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