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Chapter 13 - Evidence of Evolution
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Chapter 13
Evidence of Evolution
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The sequence of eras beginning with the earliest era and proceeding forward to the most
recent era in the geologic time scale is
A. Archean - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.
B. Cenozoic - Archean - Mesozoic.
C. Archean - Paleozoic - Proterozoic.
D. Mesozoic - Cenozoic - Paleozoic.
E. Paleozoic - Mesozoic - Cenozoic.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 13.01.01 List the lines of evidence that support evolutionary history.
Section: 13.01
Topic: Evolution--Speciation
13-1
2. The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the

A. Mesozoic era.
B. Archean era.
C. Proterozoic era.
D. Cenozoic era.
E. Paleozoic era.

Section: 13.01
13-2
3. A fossil is defined as any evidence of an organism from

A. at least 500 years ago.
B. at least 1000 years ago.
C. at least 25,000 years ago.
D. at least 10,000 years ago.
E. at least 100,000 years ago.

Learning Outcome: 13.02.01 Explain why hard body parts are more likely to appear in the
fossil record.
Section: 13.02
4. The abundant remains of ammonites in Oklahoma indicate

A. that Oklahoma was in the past a vast desert with almost no rainfall.
B. that Oklahoma was in the past part of a mountain range that has now eroded.
C. that Oklahoma was in the past covered by a shallow ocean.
D. that Oklahoma was part of a vast tropical forest.
E. that Oklahoma was always a grassland.

fossil record.
Section: 13.02
13-3
5. Fossils may be
A. from impressions left after an organism decays.
B. formed as organic matter is replaced by minerals, turning to stone.
C. formed when plant resin or tar preserves the specimen.
D. casts from footprints that have filled with mud and then turned to stone.
E. All answers are correct.

fossil record.
Section: 13.02
6. Relative dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A. radioactive isotopes
B. a molecular clock
C. structural features
D. depth within rock layers
E. embryonic structures

Learning Outcome: 13.02.02 Describe two ways that the age of a fossil can be determined.
Section: 13.02
13-4
7. Absolute dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

A. depth within rock layers
B. radioactive isotopes
C. a molecular clock
D. structural features
E. embryonic structures

Section: 13.02
8. If an isotope's half-life is 100 years, then

A. that isotope will no longer exist in 50 years.
B. that isotope will no longer exist in 200 years.
C. in 50 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.
D. in 100 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain.
E. in 200 years only half of the atoms in a sample of that isotope will remain
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Section: 13.02
9. Carbon-14 is useful in determining the age of a fossil up to about

A. 40,000 years ago.
B. 10,000 years ago.
C. 20,000 years ago.
D. 50,000 years ago.
E. 100,000 years ago.

Section: 13.02
13-5
10. Potassium-40 is useful in determining the age of a fossil

A. in samples less than 25,000 years of age.
B. in samples of 40,000 to 50,000 years of age.
C. in samples 300,000 years of age and older.
D. in samples aged between 50,000 and 100,000 years of age.
E. in samples aged between 100,000 years and 250,000 years.

Section: 13.02
11. Earth once consisted of a single large landmass and one ocean. The landmass is named
A. Panthalassa.
B. Pangaea.
C. Laurasia.
D. Gondwana.
E. Ultima Continenta.

Learning Outcome: 13.03.01 Explain how biogeography can be used to explain the evolution
of a species.
Section: 13.03
13-6
12. If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect common ancestry,
these structures are
A. vestigial.
B. analogous.
C. homologous.
D. homeotic.
E. heterologous.

Learning Outcome: 13.04.01 Compare and contrast homologous, vestigial, and analogous
structures.
Section: 13.04
13. If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect independent

evolution, these structures are
A. analogous.
B. vestigial.
C. homologous.
D. homeotic.
E. heterologous.

structures.
Section: 13.04
13-7
14. If a structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional
organ in another species, this structure is termed
A. analogous.
B. homologous.
C. homeotic.
D. vestigial.
E. heterologous.

structures.
Section: 13.04
15. A gene that when mutated leads to organisms with structures in abnormal places is
termed
A. parsimonious.
B. homeotic.
C. homologous.
D. vestigial.
E. dominant.

Learning Outcome: 13.05.01 Explain how embryonic development can reveal evolutionary
relationships.
Section: 13.05
13-8
16. Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A. a leaf or stem
B. a bone or shell
C. an organ like an eye or lung
D. a complete large organism
E. an organism that died on land

fossil record.
Section: 13.02
17. Which of the following is least likely to be preserved as a fossil?

A. a bone or shell
B. a leaf or stem
C. an organ like an eye or lung
D. a complete large organism
E. an organism that died on land

fossil record.
Section: 13.02
13-9
18. The half life of 14C is 5,730 years. 11,460 years after an organism dies what percent of the
initial 14C will still be present in the organism bones?
A. 50%
B. 25%
C. 75%
D. 100%
E. 0%
Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Section: 13.02
19. The half life of 14C is 5,730 years. If you test a fossilized bone and find that it has 1/8th
the 14C as a modern bone, you could conclude that it is approximately __ years old.
A. 5,730 x 2 = 11,460
B. 5,730 x 1 = 5,730
C. 5,730 x 8 = 42,960
D. 5,730 / 8 = 716
E. 5,730 x 3 = 17,190

Section: 13.02
13-10
20. Marsupials are mammals that

A. lay eggs.
B. do not give live birth.
C. have evolved recently.
D. carry their young in a pouch.
E. breathe through gills.

of a species.
Section: 13.03
21. The fossil record indicates that at one time marsupials were common to both Australia
and South America, but today most South American marsupials have become extinct. The
most probable explanation for marsupials being common to Australia yet not very common to
South America today is that
A. South American marsupials were displaced by placental mammals when a land bridge
formed between North America and South America about seven million years ago.
B. marsupials were able to flourish in South America because of its isolation from other land
masses.
C. placental mammals are less fully developed than marsupials when born and therefore have
a better chance of survival after birth.
D. South American and Australian marsupials interbred.
E. marsupials can survive only in warm climates like Australia.

of a species.
Section: 13.03
13-11
22. Within the country of Indonesia, the island of Sumatra has tigers and rhinos, while to the
East, the island of Sulawesi has cockatoos and tree kangaroos. What is the best explanation
for this observation?
A. The climates on the two islands are very different, allowing some species to survive, and
others not.
B. Some species can migrate between islands and others cannot.
C. Animals in Sumatra evolved independently, while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.
D. Animals in Sumatra came from Asia, while those in Sulawesi came from Australia.
E. Animals in Sumatra and Sulawesi both came from Asia, but those in Sulawesi migrated
farther.

of a species.
Section: 13.03
23. The wings of a bat and a bird are examples of

A. analogous structures.
B. homologous structures.
C. vestigial structures.
D. homeotic structures.
E. heterologous structures.

structures.
Section: 13.04
13-12
24. The wings of a bat and an insect are examples of

A. analogous structures.
B. homologous structures.
C. vestigial structures.
D. homeotic structures.

structures.
Section: 13.04
25. The femur in a snake and pelvis in a whale are examples of

A. homologous structures.
B. analogous structures.
C. homeotic structures.
D. vestigial structures.

structures.
Section: 13.04
13-13
26. The observation that most aquatic animals, like fish, penguins, and whales, all have
streamlined bodies and fins or flippers for steering are a result of
A. sexual selection.
B. artificial selection.
C. analogous selection.
D. vestigial selection.
E. convergent evolution.

structures.
Section: 13.04
27. Amphibians, birds, and mammals look the most similar as _____.
A. newborns
B. embryos
C. adults
D. fossils
E. juveniles

relationships.
Section: 13.05
13-14
28. In a fruit fly embryo, the end that becomes the head contains high amounts of the protein
bicoid. What may happen if you injected high levels of bicoid in the other end of the embryo?
A. It would fail to develop a head.

B. It would develop two heads.
C. Legs would grow out of its head.
D. It would not grow legs.
E. It would not have segments.

relationships.
Section: 13.05
29. In a fruit fly embryo, the homeotic gene Antp determines where legs grow. When the
promoter of Antp is mutated, flies grow legs from their head instead of antennae. In this
mutation
A. Antp must be turned off in the body.
B. the Antp protein is no longer functional.
C. antennae grow where the legs would normally be found.
D. Antp must be turned on in the head.
E. Antp is turned off in the head.

relationships.
Section: 13.05
13-15
30. The number of differences between cytochrome c of humans and cytochrome c of other
organisms is as follows: Rhesus monkey - 1 difference; pigeon - 12 differences; fruit fly - 24
differences. The order in which these species are most similar to humans is
A. Rhesus monkey, pigeon, fruit fly.
B. pigeon, Rhesus monkey, fruit fly.
C. pigeon, fruit fly, Rhesus monkey.
D. Rhesus monkey, fruit fly, pigeon.
E. fruit fly, pigeon, Rhesus monkey.

Learning Outcome: 13.06.01 Describe how DNA sequences can reveal evolutionary
relatedness.
Section: 13.06
31. If many human genes differ in about 10% of their bases from another species' same genes
and substitutions occur at an estimated rate of 2% per one million years then
A. approximately 5 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
B. approximately 3 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
C. approximately 10 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
D. approximately 20 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
E. approximately 200,000 years have passed since the two species diverged.

Learning Outcome: 13.06.02 Explain the use of a molecular clock to estimate when two
species diverged.
Section: 13.06
13-16
32. If many genes from two species differ in about 5% of their bases and substitutions occur
at an estimated rate of 5% per one million years then
A. approximately 1 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
B. approximately 5 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
C. approximately 10 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
D. approximately 20 million years have passed since the two species diverged.
E. approximately 50 million years have passed since the two species diverged.

species diverged.
Section: 13.06
33. Why do different mutations accumulate in two species once they diverge?
A. They can no longer mate and exchange mutated genes.
B. The molecular clock runs at different speeds in different species.
C. All answers are correct.
D. Natural selection favors mutations in one species over another.
E. Convergent evolution causes the difference in mutations.

species diverged.
Section: 13.06
13-17
34. Evolution occurs in

A. individuals.
B. communities.
C. species.
D. genotypes.
E. alleles.

Section: 13.01
True / False Questions
35. Dinosaurs lived essentially during the Paleozoic era.

FALSE

Section: 13.01
36. Earth's history spans about 4.6 billion years.

TRUE

Section: 13.01
13-18
37. The abundant presence of ammonite fossils in a large area indicates that the area was
once part of an ocean.
TRUE

fossil record.
Section: 13.02
38. The fossil record is often incomplete, simply because scientists will never be able to
discover some of the fossils that are buried deep in the earth.
TRUE

fossil record.
Section: 13.02
39. When ocean levels dropped about 70 million years ago, marsupial mammals moved into
North America and displaced many of the placental mammal species.
FALSE

of a species.
Section: 13.03
13-19
40. Placental mammals give birth to more fully developed offspring than marsupial mammals
and therefore have a greater chance of survival. This helps to explain why placental mammals
from North America displaced many native South American marsupial mammals when a land
bridge formed between the two continents.
TRUE

of a species.
Section: 13.03
41. Skeletal organization relating to limbs used for movement in vertebrates would be an
example of analogous structures.
FALSE

structures.
Section: 13.04
42. Skeletal organization relating to limbs used for movement in vertebrates would be an
example of homologous structures.
TRUE

structures.
Section: 13.04
13-20
43. The techniques used to study molecular evolution are based on the comparison of
nucleotide and amino acid sequences among species.
TRUE

Learning Outcome: 13.06.01 Describe how DNA sequences can reveal evolutionary
relatedness.
Section: 13.06
13-21
Multiple Choice Questions
13-22
44. In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards", what was hypothesized about
the loss of legs in modern-day snakes?
A. Snakes descended from land-dwelling or marine ancestors.
B. Snakes descended only from burrowing lizards on land.
C. Snakes descended only from marine lizards.
D. Snakes do not have forelimbs or hindlimbs.
E. Some extant snakes have forelimbs or hindlimbs.

Learning Outcome: 13.07.01 Describe the evidence that suggests that snakes evolved on land
from four-legged ancestors.
Section: 13.07
Type: Investigating Life
45. In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards", how did the scientists test the
hypothesis?
A. Examined decrease in length of hindlimbs in land-dwelling snakes.
B. Compared anatomy of fossil ancestors and extant snakes.
C. Examined decrease in length of hindlimbs in marine snakes.
D. Compared terrestrial, freshwater, and marine snakes.
E. Compared anatomy of snakes, other reptiles, mammals, and birds.

Section: 13.07
13-23
46. In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards", what structures were examined
between species?
A. analogous
B. convergent
C. homologous
D. vestigial
E. homeotic

Section: 13.07
47. In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards", what is the significance of
Najash rionegrina, an extinct, land-dwelling species of snake with functional legs, pelvis, and
sacrum?
A. Has a common ancestor to modern-day snakes, but placed in a derived group
B. Has the same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
C. Is an ancestor to modern-day snakes, but has different anatomical organization than
modern-day snakes
D. Is an ancestor to modern-day snakes and has same anatomical organization as modern-day
snakes
E. Is an outgroup unrelated to modern-day snakes

Section: 13.07
13-24
48. In the section "Investigating Life: Evolving Backwards", what is the significance of the
marine fossil snakes (highlighted in the figure)?
A. Is an ancestor to modern-day snakes and has same anatomical organization as modern-day
snakes
B. Is an outgroup unrelated to modern-day snakes
C. Has the same anatomical organization as modern-day snakes
D. Has a common ancestor to modern-day snakes, but placed in a derived group
E. Is the ancestor to modern-day snakes, but has different anatomical organization than
modern-day snakes

Section: 13.07
49. What can be used as a molecular clock to estimate the time since organisms diverged
from a common ancestor?
A. DNA
B. all types of RNA
C. only ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
D. ATP

species diverged.
Section: 13.06
13-25
50. What is needed to estimate species relatedness with a molecular clock?

A. DNA accumulates mutations at a regular rate
B. known mutation rate for a gene
C. the number of differences in DNA sequences for a gene in two species
D. the same gene identified in two species

species diverged.
Section: 13.06
51. Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

A. streamlined body shape in marine predators
B. lack of pigmentation and working eyes in cave-dwelling and deep-sea organisms
C. wings and ability to fly in birds and insects
D. marsupial moles and placental moles

structures.
Section: 13.04
13-26
52. Which of the following is NOT a vestigial structure in humans?

A. tail bone
B. muscles which wiggle ears
C. muscles which make body hair erect when cold
D. wisdom teeth
E. thumbs

structures.
Section: 13.04
53. Which of the following is NOT evidence that supports evolutionary theory?
A. fossil links between species
B. vestigial structures
C. analogous structures
D. embryonic development
E. shared DNA sequences

Section: 13.01
13-27

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Chapter 13 - Evidence of Evolution

Biology The Essentials 1st Edition Hoefnagels Solutions Manual

Multiple Choice Questions

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

2. The Cretaceous and Jurassic periods are part of the

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

3. A fossil is defined as any evidence of an organism from

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

4. The abundant remains of ammonites in Oklahoma indicate

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

6. Relative dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

7. Absolute dating uses ______ to estimate how old a fossil is.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

8. If an isotope's half-life is 100 years, then

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

9. Carbon-14 is useful in determining the age of a fossil up to about

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

10. Potassium-40 is useful in determining the age of a fossil

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

13. If similarities between two structures in different organisms reflect independent

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

16. Which of the following is most likely to be preserved as a fossil?

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

17. Which of the following is least likely to be preserved as a fossil?

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

20. Marsupials are mammals that

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

23. The wings of a bat and a bird are examples of

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

24. The wings of a bat and an insect are examples of

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

25. The femur in a snake and pelvis in a whale are examples of

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

A. It would fail to develop a head.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

34. Evolution occurs in

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

True / False Questions

35. Dinosaurs lived essentially during the Paleozoic era.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

36. Earth's history spans about 4.6 billion years.