Q.

What is IC Engine

Ans. IC Engine stands for Internal Combustion Engine. It is an engine that converts the chemical
energy of fuel into mechanical energy through the process of combustion occurring inside the
engine. This type of engine is widely used in various applications, including automobiles,
motorcycles, generators, and small-scale power plants.

Q. What is helical springs

Ans. Helical springs are mechanical devices that store mechanical energy by exerting a force
when they are compressed or stretched. They are made up of a helical-shaped wire or strip
wound into a coil form. Helical springs are commonly used to provide resistance or support in
various mechanical systems. They are widely used in automotive suspensions, mechanical
watches, industrial machinery, and many other applications. The coil shape of the spring allows it
to compress or extend linearly when a force is applied, and it returns to its original shape when
the force is removed.

Q. What is belt drive

Ans. Belt drive is a mechanism used to transmit power or motion between two rotating shafts by
means of a flexible belt. The belt is typically made of a flexible material, such as rubber or
synthetic fibers, and it wraps around pulleys or sheaves mounted on the shafts.

In a belt drive system, one pulley is connected to the power source (such as an engine or motor),
known as the driving pulley, while the other pulley is connected to the driven load, known as the
driven pulley. When the driving pulley rotates, it causes the belt to move, which in turn transfers
the rotational motion to the driven pulley, thus driving the load.

Belt drives offer several advantages, including smooth and quiet operation, flexibility in adjusting
the speed ratio between the driving and driven shafts, and the ability to absorb shock and
vibration. They are commonly used in various applications, such as in automotive engines,
industrial machinery, and household appliances, where a reliable and efficient power
transmission is required.

Q.. Explain and design the connecting rod shank

Ans.. The connecting rod shank is a crucial component in an internal combustion engine that
connects the piston to the crankshaft. It experiences high cyclic loads and is subjected to tensile,
compressive, and bending forces. The design of the connecting rod shank needs to ensure
strength, stiffness, and reliability. Here is a brief explanation of the design considerations for the
connecting rod shank:

1. Material Selection:
- Choose a material with high strength, stiffness, and fatigue resistance, such as alloy steel or
forged steel.

- Consider factors like weight, cost, and manufacturability when selecting the material.

2. Geometry and Dimensions:

- Determine the required length and cross-sectional area of the connecting rod shank based on
the engine specifications and load calculations.
- Design the cross-sectional shape of the shank, typically with an I-beam or H-beam
configuration for optimal strength-to-weight ratio.
- Consider the piston pin and crankpin bore sizes when determining the diameter and thickness
of the shank.

3. Stress Analysis:
 - Perform stress analysis on the connecting rod shank using mathematical calculations or finite
element analysis (FEA).
- Consider the operating conditions, including the engine RPM, peak combustion pressures,
and inertia forces.
- Analyze the stresses in the shank due to tension, compression, and bending loads, ensuring
that they remain within the allowable limits for the selected material.
- Check for potential failure modes, such as fatigue or buckling, and apply appropriate safety
factors to account for uncertainties.

4. Manufacturing and Machining:

- Consider the manufacturing process, such as forging or machining, to produce the
connecting rod shank with the desired shape and dimensions.
- Ensure proper heat treatment and surface finish to enhance the strength and durability of the
shank.
- Pay attention to critical features like the piston pin and crankpin bores to ensure accurate and
precise mating surfaces.

The design of the connecting rod shank requires a balance between strength, weight, and
manufacturing considerations. Proper design and analysis techniques, along with material
selection and manufacturing processes, contribute to the reliable and efficient performance of
the connecting rod in an engine.

Q.. Design of belt with different steps.

Ans..

Belts

Belt drives are commonly used in transmission of power between two shafts which are at some
distance. The belts run over pulleys, the pulley connected with the source of power is called the
driver pulley and the other pulley is a called a driven. Sometimes belt drives may have idler
pulleys also.

Types of Belt - Based on cross section

Ÿ Flat Belt

Ÿ V-Belt or Wedge Belt

Ÿ Timing or Toothed Belt

Ÿ Round Belt

Types of Belt Drives

Ÿ Open Belt Drive

Ÿ Crossed Belt Drive

Ÿ Quarter Turn Belt Drive

Ÿ Belt Drives with Idler Pulley

Open Belt Drive

Shafts are parallel

Ÿ Rotation of pulleys in same direction

Crossed Belt Drive

Ÿ Shafts are parallel

Ÿ Rotation of pulleys in opposite direction

Quarter Turn Belt Drive

Ÿ Shafts are at right angle

Ÿ Rotation in one definite direction

Belt Drives with Idler Pulley

Ÿ Used when open belt drives angle of contact is less

Ÿ Used when required belt tension is not achieved

Materials used for belts

Since belt drives are friction drives, belts are made from materials which have high co-efficient of
friction. Since the belts are made of different materials, the coefficient of friction also varies.
Hence co-efficient of friction decides how much power is transferred. Some of the commonly
used belt materials are listed below.

Ÿ Leather belt

Ÿ Nylon-Core belt

Ÿ Rubber belt

Ÿ Cotton and Canvas belt

Ÿ Balata Belting

Ÿ Rubber on fabric belt

Q.. what is meant by hydrodynamic.

Ans.. Hydrodynamic refers to the study or description of the behavior of fluids in motion,
particularly the forces and effects related to the flow of liquids. In the context of fluid dynamics,
hydrodynamic focuses on the interaction between a fluid and solid surfaces, and how the fluid
motion and pressure distribution affect the behavior of the system.

In the field of engineering, hydrodynamic is often associated with the analysis of fluid flow in
various applications, such as pumps, turbines, pipes, and hydraulic systems. It involves
understanding the principles of fluid mechanics, including concepts like viscosity, pressure,
velocity, and flow patterns.

Hydrodynamic analysis plays a crucial role in designing efficient fluid systems and optimizing
their performance. By studying and predicting fluid behavior under different conditions,
engineers can make informed decisions regarding system design, component sizing, and
operational parameters. This knowledge helps in ensuring proper fluid flow, minimizing losses,
reducing wear and tear, and maximizing the overall efficiency of the system.

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Q...Design and force analysis of bevel with example.

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Q... write the design procedure of the journal bearing.

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