Synchronous Machines a Generators Motors (Alternator) ¥If Synchronous machine is doubly excited, i.e. its rotor poles and stator windings are excited then it works as a motor. >In synchronous motor, rotor poles are excited by a de current while stator windings are connected to the ac supply. >The rotor of Synchronous motor rotates in synchronism with the rotating magnetic field produced by the stator, hence its name.Synchronous Motor Construction > The stator is the stationary part on which armature winding is wound. The rotor is the rotating part of the machine on which the field winding is wound. Ft consists of a Yoke, pole core, stator, rotor, armature, slip rings, bearings, and fan. >The yoke is the outer portion of it is used as a protecting cote for the machine. It protects against the environmental conditions such that the inner parts do not get damaged. It also gives mechanical support to the machine as well > Pole core is consists of pole shoe that gives support for the windings to rest on the pole shoe. The entire winding and pole shoe are considered as the pole core.Synchronous Motor Construction Stator: * The stator consists of a cast-iron frame, which supports the armature core, having slots on its inner periphery for housing the armature conductors. DC supply inputConstruction Stator: >The stator is similar in construction of 3 phase induction motor consisting of three phase windings. > The stator develops rotating flux when it is energized.Construction Rotor: > The rotor can be either a permanent magnet rotor (PMSM) or a wound rotor. > The rotor is ike a flywheel having alternate N and S poles fixed to its outer rim. > The magnetie poles are excited (or magnetised) from direct current supplied by a dc. source, > In most cases, necessary exciting (or magnetising) current is obtained from a small d.c. shunt generator which is belted or mounted on the shaft of the alternator itself. > Because the field magnets are rotating, this current is supplied through two sliprings (for wound ‘As the exciting voltage is relatively small, the slip-rings and brush gear are of light construction, >The s ips rings are responsible for the smoother operation between the brushes in order to avoid twisting of the winding, > The brushes are used for the collection of current from the slip ri gs. The bearings are employed for the operation to be performed smoother.Synchronous Motor Working >The working principle of a synchronous motor is based on the interaction between a rotating magnetic field in the stator and a rotor with permanent magnets or winding that produces a magnetic field. >When an AC voltage is applied to the stator winding, it creates a rotating magnetic field due to the alternating current. >The rotor of the synchronous motor tries to align with this rotating magnetic field and rotates at the same speed as the magnetic field, which is known as the synchronous speed. >The stator consists of a coil winding that is excited with AC power while the rotor works as a magnet.Synchronous Motor Working »As the stator produces a rotating magnetic field, the rotor with permanent magnets tries to align itself with the stator's magnetic field and rotates at the synchronous speed. >The interaction between the rotating magnetic field in the stator and the rotor's magnetic field creates torque, which drives the rotation of the motor. >The synchronous motor operates at synchronous speed, which is determined by the frequency of the AC power system and the number of poles in the motor. >The synchronous speed is given by the formula: Synchronous Speed (in RPM) = (120 x Frequency of AC power) / Number of polesTypes of Rotor Salient pole Cylindrical poleTypes of Rotor Cylindrical rotor * Uniform airgap + Used in high speed operations generally steam turbine or gas turbine. * Due to uniform airgap the flux distribution is uniform and hence smooth and less noisy operation. Salient pole rotor * Non uniform airgap + Used in low speed operation generally in hydel power plants. * Due to non-uniform flux distribution the operation is quite noisy.Applications of Synchronous Motors > Synchronous motors are commonly used in applications that require precise speed control and high efficiency. >For example, they are widely used in industrial processes, such as compressors, pumps, and fans, where precise control of speed is crucial for efficient operation. »They are also used in electric vehicles, locomotives, and other transportation systems, where high torque and efficiency are important. } Additionally, synchronous motors are used in renewable energy systems, such as hydroelectric power plants and wind turbines, where they can be used as generators to convert mechanical energy into clectrical energy. >However, they require careful control of the excitation and have some limitations in terms of complexity, maintenance, and flexibility compared to other types of motors, such as induction motors.