Environment Science Issues Solutions 1st Edition Molles Test Bank 1

Environment Science Issues Solutions 1st Edition Molles
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Molles Test Bank Chapter 8
1. A fishery collapse is when:

A. a commercially important species goes extinct.
B. a commercially important species cannot sustain itself.
C. the annual catch declines to less than 10% of its historic catch.
D. a larger than normal catch in one year reduces the population to 10% of its
historic abundance.
ANS: C
Question type: Multiple choice
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
Bloom’s level: Understanding
Level of difficulty: Easy
2. In commercial fishing, bycatch refers to:

A. incidental mortality of nontarget species.
B. subsistence fishing.
C. catch per unit effort.
D. longline fishing.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
3. Marine fisheries account for _____ of the fish harvested globally.

A. 1%
B. 10%
C. 25%
D. 90%
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
Bloom’s level: Remembering
4. The controlled growing of aquatic organisms as a crop, mainly for food, is:
A. subsistence fishing.
B. commercial fishing.
C. aquaculture.
D. recreational fishing.
ANS: C
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
Bloom’s level: Remembering
5. The destruction of noncommercial species incidental to commercial fishing is:

A. catch per unit effort.
B. bycatch.
C. catch and release.
D. maximum sustained yield.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of subsistence fishing?

A. use of hand lines and nets
B. inshore fishing along coastline
C. limited hours or days of fishing
D. on board processing and freezing of catch
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of industrial fishing?

A. large, powerful boats
B. use of fish finding technology
C. on board processing and freezing of catch
D. use of hand lines and nets
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
8. An aspect of sports fishing that is NOT found in commercial fishing is:

A. gillnetting.
B. longline fishing.
C. bottom trawling.
D. catch and release.
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
9. The use of weighted nets that are dragged along the ocean floor is:
A. longline fishing.
B. trawling.
C. gillnetting.
D. subsistence fishing.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
10. Which of the following fishing methods does NOT result in bycatch?
A. gillnetting
B. bottom trawling
C. longline fishing
D. All industrial fishing methods result in bycatch.
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
Level of difficulty: Moderate
11. The harvesting of clams by vacationers for personal consumption is an example of:
A. subsistence fishing.
B. commercial fishing.
C. recreational fishing.
D. bycatch.
ANS: C
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
Bloom’s level: Applying
12. A fishery stock is a:

A. individuals of the same species found in a geographic area.
B. a subpopulation of a species that is reproductively isolated from other stocks.
C. individuals of the same species found in the same body of water.
D. a commercially harvested species.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
13. A method used to estimate the population size and geographic range of a fishery stock is:
A. catch per unit effort.
B. mark and recapture.
C. maximum sustained yield.
D. stock assessment.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
14. In the graph, population growth would be MOST rapid when the population:
A. is smallest.
B. approaches the carrying capacity.
C. is approximately one-half the carrying capacity.
D. is approximately twice the carrying capacity.
ANS: C
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
Bloom’s level: Evaluating
Level of difficulty: Difficult
15. Reproductive success and survival in a fish population is highest when:

A. population density is high.
B. it is at a very low population density.
C. it is at an intermediate density.
D. it is at the carrying capacity.
ANS: C
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
16. The greatest harvest of a renewable natural resource that does NOT reduce future yields is:
A. maximum harvest.
B. maximum sustained yield.
C. catch and release.
D. catch per unit effort.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.1
17. The name of the process resulting in the deflection of winds from a N-S direction as a result
of the Earth’s rotation is the:
A. westerlies.
B. trade winds.
C. Gulf stream.
D. Coriolis effect.
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.2
18. In the Atlantic Ocean, heat from tropical waters is transported to higher latitudes by the:
A. Gulf stream.
B. Labrador current.
C. Coriolis effect.
D. trade winds.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.2
19. The boundaries of major marine environments are delimited primarily by:
A. the extent of the euphotic zone.
B. average ocean temperatures.
C. primary productivity.
D. chlorophyll a.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.2
20. The layer of the ocean where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis is the:
A. euphotic zone.
B. Gulf stream.
C. upwelling.
D. ocean floor.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.2
21. The high net primary production which characterizes upwelling regions is a result of:
A. cold, nutrient rich water brought to the surface by ocean currents.
B. warm tropical waters brought to northern regions by the Gulf stream.
C. abundant light for photosynthesis in the euphotic zone.
D. high levels of chlorophyll a.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.2
Bloom’s level: Analyzing
22. The cycling of phosphorus differs from that of carbon or nitrogen in that it:
A. is not an essential nutrient for most living organisms.
B. does not exist as a gaseous form in the atmosphere.
C. is taken up from the soil by plants.
D. is not transported through water.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.2
23. Phosphorus is transported to distant ecosystems through:

A. wind and water.
B. the removal of a gaseous form from the atmosphere.
C. weathering of phosphorus-containing rock.
D. the food web.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.2
24. Which of the following statements is supported by the data from Pacific coastal locations
presented in the graph?
A. Fish production is highest for locations closest to the shoreline.

B. Fish production is correlated with primary production.
C. Fish production is higher on the west coast than the east coast.
D. Most of the inshore fish on the Pacific coast are herbivores.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.2
25. Which of the following would be expected to have the lowest primary productivity?
A. coastal waters along eastern North America
B. upwelling area along western South America
C. the Gulf of Mexico
D. offshore Atlantic Ocean
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.2
26. During El Niño events, widespread mortality of marine mammals and birds is correlated with
modest increases in ocean surface temperatures. Which of the following BEST explains these
observations?
A. A lack of upwelling currents results in low primary production which is
transmitted through the food web.
B. Marine mammals are particularly sensitive to high temperatures.
C. A weakening of the trade winds allows them to migrate away from coastal areas.
D. Since El Niño affects climate, other factors must be responsible for the deaths.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.3
27. The energy that fuels the upwelling along the western coast of South America is provided
by:
A. prevailing winds that blow westward across the Pacific ocean.
B. cold, nutrient-rich water in deep offshore waters.
C. the Gulf Stream.
D. El Niño.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.3
28. During an El Niño event, the prevailing trade winds which blow across the Pacific Ocean
weaken. As a direct result of this:
A. the vertical upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich waters shuts down.
B. the reproduction and survival of marine mammals and sea birds is affected.
C. offshore fish harvests collapse.
D. the populations of anchovies and other small fishes are reduced.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.3
29. Depletion of the right and bowhead whales in the 19th century was a result of:
A. public perception that whales were dangerous to ocean navigation.
B. development of harpoon guns.
C. a lack of international treaties to limit their harvest.
D. development of larger ships that could accommodate whale carcasses for
processing.
ANS: C
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.4
30. The decline of blue whales in the 20th century was a result of:
A. technological improvements that made harvesting this species possible.
B. international agreements to set quotas on whale harvest.
C. a combination of technological improvements and lack of international
agreements to limit whale harvest.
D. changes in ocean food webs.
ANS: C
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.4
31. The loss of the cod and other predatory fishes in the northwestern Atlantic had multiple
effects on the structure of the marine food web including all of the following EXCEPT:
A. a decrease in plankton feeding fish.
B. a decrease in zooplankton.
C. an increase in phytoplankton biomass.
D. a decrease in nutrients.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.4
32. The trophic cascade observed in the food web of the northwestern Atlantic resulted because:
A. plankton-feeding forage species increased in the absence of apex predators.
B. phytoplankton biomass increased because of higher nutrient levels.
C. zooplankton biomass increased because of higher plankton biomass.
D. growth in the forage fish populations allowed the recovery of the cod.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.4
33. Despite the construction of fish ladders on many of the dams in the Columbia River, survival
and reproduction of salmon remains impaired because of:
A. degraded and unsuitable habitat for salmon spawning above the dams.
B. overharvesting of adult salmon in the Pacific Ocean.
C. salmon no longer return to the rivers they originated from.
D. overfishing of salmon in the impoundments formed by the dams.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.5
34. Dams on the Klamath River in Oregon and California have impacted salmon populations in
all of the following ways EXCEPT:
A. prevented the migration of salmon to upper portions of the watershed.
B. water diversion for agriculture in the upper watershed has reduced river flow.
C. high algae densities have decreased oxygen levels.
D. cooler water temperatures behind the dams have created unsuitable habitat for
salmon.
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.5
35. Which of the following statements concerning aquaculture is correct?

A. It is a nonpolluting, sustainable, food production system.
B. It is the fastest growing food production system today.
C. It is limited to marine species of fish.
D. It makes up a small fraction of total fisheries production today.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.6
36. A concern about the escape of domesticated forms of fish from aquacultural operations into
native ecosystems is that domesticated:
A. fish and wild fish populations will interbreed.
B. forms will compete with and displace wild fish populations.
C. fish are not adapted to survive in the wild.
D. fish are more sensitive to disease.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.6
37. Problems common to both aquaculture and terrestrial agriculture include all of the following
EXCEPT:
A. high nutrient levels from feeding operations.
B. oxygen depletion and fish kills.
C. high concentrations of animal waste.
D. spread of communicable diseases.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.6
38. The high productivity of coastal fisheries in the tropics are due to _____, which often serve
as nursery areas for fishes and other marine species.
A. shrimp farms
B. mangrove forests
C. coastal aquacultural operations
D. impoundments created by dams
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.6
39. The clearing of mangrove forest in the expansion of tropical shrimp culture has been
accompanied by all of the following EXCEPT:
A. loss of nursery areas for commercially important and other species.
B. loss of biodiversity in the coastal zone.
C. increased vulnerability of coastal area to storms and tsunami.
D. loss of coastal agricultural land.
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.6
40. A way that the percentage of fishing mortality through bycatch can be reduced is by:
A. setting minimum size limits for fish and shellfish.
B. limiting the length of the fishing season.
C. limiting the number of days at sea.
D. limiting the size and type of fishing gear.
ANS: D
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.7
41. Gillnets were banned in California because:

A. bycatch losses caused many predatory fish populations to collapse.
B. they reduced the amount of harvest of target species.
C. the state extended the length of the fishing season.
D. of an international treaty banning whaling.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.7
42. A benefit of transferable quotas, or catch shares in a fishery, is that:

A. the season can be extended and more fish can be harvested.
B. any type of fishing gear can be employed.
C. when a minimum share is guaranteed, there is less competition among fishers.
D. they can be used in any part of the country.
ANS: C
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.7
43. Field experiments with the seagrass, Zostera has correlated productivity and stability of the
ecosystem with:
A. depth of the water.
B. fishing pressure.
C. genetic diversity.
D. grazing by geese and other herbivores.
ANS: C
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.8
44. Field investigations have found that aquatic ecosystems with high biodiversity are:
A. more stable and productive.
B. subject to frequent habitat loss due to storms and tsunami.
C. limited to tropical oceans.
D. those protected by marine protected areas.
ANS: A
Chapter:
Book section: 8.8
45. How does climatic and habitat diversity lead to genetic diversity populations of sockeye
salmon around Bristol Bay, Alaska?
A. Natural selection favors genetic variants adapted to local environmental
conditions.
B. Physical isolation result in sympatric species of salmon.
C. Larger rivers act as islands that are colonized by different salmon stocks.
D. Environmental diversity leads to ecosystem stability.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.8
46. Because sockeye salmon return to the river environments they originated from to reproduce:
A. populations develop genetic differences as they adapt to local conditions.
B. they are constantly interbreeding and genetically mixing with other salmon
populations.
C. habitat instability resulting from climate variation leads to genetic instability.
D. the genetic make-up of different salmon populations are indistinguishable.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.8
47. An ecosystem-based management approach to fisheries is the creation of:

A. transferrable quotas.
B. marine protected areas.
C. inshore aquaculture zones.
D. a moratorium on whaling.
ANS: B
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.8
48. The difficulties in moving forward on dam removal on the Klamath River, California center
around:
A. sediment removal, once a dam is removed.
B. potential water quality changes that might impact salmon spawning.
C. economics impacts on local employment and income from agriculture, recreation,
tourism, and fishing.
D. behavior of the salmon toward the new pattern of water flows and habitat.
ANS: C
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.9
49. An aquacultural practice that involves the rearing of multiple species of trophic levels in the
same space or proximity is:
A. integrated mariculture.
B. constructed wetland.
C. marine protected areas.
D. organic aquaculture.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.10
50. The environmental impact of high levels of nutrients generated from intensive land-based
aquacultural operations can be reduced by the use of:
A. constructed wetlands.
B. discharge into shallow coastal bays.
C. disposal in deep offshore trenches.
D. low nutrient feeds.
ANS: A
Chapter: 8
Book section: 8.10

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Environment Science Issues Solutions 1st Edition Molles

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Molles Test Bank Chapter 8

1. A fishery collapse is when:

2. In commercial fishing, bycatch refers to:

3. Marine fisheries account for _____ of the fish harvested globally.

5. The destruction of noncommercial species incidental to commercial fishing is:

6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of subsistence fishing?

7. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of industrial fishing?

8. An aspect of sports fishing that is NOT found in commercial fishing is:

12. A fishery stock is a:

15. Reproductive success and survival in a fish population is highest when:

23. Phosphorus is transported to distant ecosystems through:

A. Fish production is highest for locations closest to the shoreline.

35. Which of the following statements concerning aquaculture is correct?

41. Gillnets were banned in California because:

42. A benefit of transferable quotas, or catch shares in a fishery, is that:

47. An ecosystem-based management approach to fisheries is the creation of:

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