Basic Logic Functions

Unit 3.1
Outline
Basic logic functions (logic gates): NOT,
AND, OR
More logic functions: NAND, NOR, XOR
and XNOR
Applications
Technological parameters
 Logic gates
• Logic gates are electronic circuits that implement basic
functions in binary logic.
• Binary logic is built under the Boolean Algebra
• Each basic function is represented by a symbol in a digital
circuit
• Examples:
Identity NOT gate or inverter

A A A NOT(A)
Summary
AND OR NAND NOT

NOR XOR XNOR

 A f
Inverter
f ( A) = A
NOT gate
• Application example

Binary number

1s-complement
 A f
B

AND gate f ( A,B ) = AB

• Application example: frequency display

A
E Counter

Register,
Reset signal Decoder
and
Frequency
display
 A f
B

AND gate f ( A,B ) = AB

• Application example: the seat belt alarm

Input A: Engine ON/OFF

ON=1, OFF=0
f ( A,B,C ) = ABC

Input B: Seat belt sensor Alarm

Fastened=0, unfastened=1

30 sec
Counter
C=End of the count
 A f
B

NAND gate f ( A,B ) = AB

• Symbols

A A
f f
B B

A f A f
B B

AB = A + B
 A f
B

NAND gate f ( A,B ) = AB

• Application example: the tank level light

Tank A
Level sensor A

LED
1 (light-emitting diode)
0
The green light is
ON when the
1 content of both
Tank B tanks are above
the security level

Level sensor B
 A f
B

NAND gate f ( A,B ) = AB

• Application example: The tank level light

Tank A

1
1
The red light is
0 ON when the
Tank B content of any
tanks are below
the security level
 A f
B

OR gate f ( A,B ) = A + B

• Application example: security system

Window sensors
Open=1, Close=0

A
f ( A,B,C ) = A + B + C

B Audible
Alarm

C
 A f
B

NOR gate f ( A,B ) = A + B

• Symbols

A A
f f
B B

A f A f
B B

A + B = A.B
 A f
B

NOR gate f ( A,B ) = A + B

• Application example: The landing gear system

Landing gear sensor If the red LED is ON →

Spread out=0 The landing gear system is folded
Folded=1 (inputs 111)

¿0?

¿1?

If the green LED is ON →

The landing gear system is spread out
(inputs 000)
 A f
B

XOR gate f ( A,B ) = A  B = AB + AB

• Chronogram: • Application example: the half adder

carry-out bit sum bit

inputs outputs
A B Cout S
0
0
0
1

f
 A f
B

XNOR gate

• Chronogram:
Technological Parameters

Propagation delay (gate delay)

DC Voltage: DC Voltage supply is the energetic source in ICs
Power dissipation: The rate at which energy is dissipated,
or lost, from an electronic system. P=I2R
Logic levels: H and L levels (Unit 1)
Speed-power: The product of the gate speed or propagation
delay of an electronic circuit and its power dissipation.
Fan-in & Fan-Out:
 Propagation Delay
Propagation delay (gate delay):
period of time from when the
input becomes stable (ready to Input
change) to the time when the
output is stable (ready to change)

Output
Fan-out
Driving gate

The Fan-out is the

(maximum) number of
gates that can be
connected to the output of
the driving gate

The Fan-in is the

(maximum) number of
inputs a gate can handle.
 ICs
power supply pin ground pin
output inputs

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