LAPORAN MAKMAL INSTRUMENTASI

INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM OF RESISTANCE

TEMPERATURE DETECTOR (RTD) FOR THE WATER
TEMPERATURE MESUREMENT

(SKMM3941)

PREPARED FOR
DR. CHIONG MENG SOON

PREPARED BY:
MOHAMAD AQIL BIN MOHD ZAKI A16KM0175
 Data Collection
Table 1: Data Collection

RRTD (Ώ) Offset voltage ,Vab (mV) Output voltage, Vout (V)
Temperature
(℃) Theoretical Experimental Theoretical Experimental Theoretical Experimental
Value Value Value Value Value Value

0 100.00 121.10 0 55.6 0 0.493

10 103.85 122.00 47.22 57.00 0.472 0.520

20 107.70 125.20 92.68 87.50 0.927 0.802

30 111.55 132.30 136.49 176.80 1.365 1.754

40 115.40 135.90 178.74 208.60 1.787 2.056

50 119.25 139.50 219.50 246.80 2.195 2.447

60 123.10 143.40 258.85 287.70 2.589 2.843

70 126.95 147.80 296.87 322.60 2.969 3.184

80 130.80 151.50 333.62 358.80 3.336 3.563

90 134.65 155.40 369.17 389.90 3.692 3.866

100 138.50 159.00 403.564 425.20 4.036 4.205

Sample Calculation

Ω
Theoretical value when ∆ T = 10℃ , Ro =100Ω , γ=0.00385 , R4 is the RTD and
℃
R1=R2=R3=100Ω

1 RTD= Ro (1+ γ ∆ T )=103.9Ω

2 Vab = D= ( R 2+R 4R 4 − R 3+R 3R 1 )V = 47.2 mV

R2 R2
3 Vout =
R1
( V 2−V 1 )= ( V )=0.472V
R 1 ab
 Analysis & Interpretation

Graph of RTD Resistance(Ω) against Temperature, T (℃ )

160

140 f(x) = 0.391393939393939 x + 104.453333333333

f(x) = 0.384909090909091 x + 100.022727272727
120

100
RTD (Ω)

80

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Theoretical Linear (Theoretical)
Temperature
Linear (Theoretical) ,T(℃Experimental
Linear (Experimental) Linear (Experimental)

From the graph above, it shows two linear positive graph. The RTD increase linearly as the
temperature increase. The relationship between input and theoretical results is consistence
with the experiment result. The RTD value at 0 degree Celcius is assumed to be 104.45 ohm
since the water bath is not cold enough to be exactly 0 degree Celcius. However, there is
some differences existed due error during the experiment. From the theoretical equation

RTD = Ro (1+ γ ∆ T )

RTD = Ro γ ∆ T + R o

where Ro is the y-intercept and Ro γ is the gradient of the graph. Then, from the experiment
trend plotted, the equation obtained is y = 0.3914x + 104.45

Gradient
γ = , where Ro = 104.45Ω
Ro

0.3914 Ω
γ = =0.00375
104.45 ℃

This implies when there is an increase of 1℃ , the RTD will increase 0.00375 Ω which has a
difference of 0.0001 compare to theoretical values which is reasonable since there is error
made during the experiment.
 Graph of Offset voltage, 𝑉𝑎𝑏 against Temperature, T
500
450 f(x) = 4.04836363636364 x + 82.22
Offset voltage, 𝑉𝑎𝑏 (𝑚𝑉

400 f(x) = 4.027 x + 11.0863636363637

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Temperature, T (℃ )

Theoretical Linear (Theoretical) Linear (Theoretical)

Linear (Theoretical) Experimental Linear (Experimental)
Linear (Experimental) Linear (Experimental)

The graph above shows two positive linear trend and it seems to be parallel. The offset
voltage increase linearly as the temperature increase. The relationship between input and
theoretical results is consistence with the experiment result. The gradient of theoretical result
is 4.027 while the experimental result is 4.0484 which differ 0.0214. It shows the
experimental gradient is higher than the theoretical gradient which is reasonable since there
exist error during the experiment. The offset voltage at 0 degree Celcius is assume to be
82.22 mV since the water bath is not cold enough to reach exactly 0 degree Celcius.
 Graph of Output voltage, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 against Temperature, T
5
4.5 f(x) = 0.0405436363636364 x + 0.777800000000001
Output voltage, 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑉)

4 f(x) = 0.04027 x + 0.110863636363637

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Temperature ,T(℃

Theoretical Linear (Theoretical) Linear (Theoretical)

Experimental Linear (Experimental) Linear (Experimental)

The graph shows two positive linear trends and it seems to be parallel. The output voltage increase
linearly as the temperature increase. The gradient of theoretical result is 0.0403 while the gradient for
experimental result is 000405 which differ only 0.0002. The gradient of experimental result shows a
higher value since there exist some impurities inside the water watch which lead to error. The output
voltage of experimental result at 0 degree Celcius is assumed to be 0.7778 V since the water bath is
not cold enough to reach exactly 0 degree Celcius.
Table 2: Calculate the Percentage Error

Temperature Percentage Error Percentage Error Percentage Error

(℃) RRTD (%) Vab (%) Vout (%)

0 21.1 - -

10 17.1 20.71 10.17

20 16.25 29.53 13.48

30 18.60 29.53 28.50

40 17.76 16.71 15.05

50 16.98 12.44 11.48

60 16.49 11.15 9.81

70 16.42 8.67 7.24

80 15.83 7.55 6.80

90 15.41 5.62 4.71

100 14.80 5.36 4.18

Experiment 1: Measure values of R when T=0℃ and T= 100℃

1. RTD plug is connected to the DMM and the input voltage is set to 5V.
2. A multi-meter is used to measure the resistance of the RTD in the ice water bath.
3. The reading of RTD resistance is recorded for increase interval of 10℃ until the
temperature reached T=100℃.

Experiment 2: Measure of offset and output voltages for different temperature.

1. Input voltage is set to 5V and a multi-meter is used to check.

2. RTD is connected to the bridge.
3. RTD is soaked into ice water bath using T=0℃ .
 4. Reading of of Vab and Vout are recorded and tabulated.
5. Steps above is repeated by using increment of 10℃ until the temperature reached 100
℃

Question

Q1) Comment on the values of Ro and γ obtained in the experiments.

Experiment: Ro = 104.5Ω

Ω
γ = 0.00375
℃
Theoretical: Ro = 100 Ω

Ω
γ = 0.00385
℃

The experimental value of γ is lower than theoretical value of γ . The experimental value of
Ro is higher than theoretical value of Ro since there exist some impurities in the water bath.

104.5−100
Error ( Ro ) = x 100 %=4.5%
100
¿
Error ( γ ) = ¿ 0.00375−0.00385∨ 0.00385 x 100 % ¿= 2.6%

Q2) Comment on the accuracy of RTD Instrumentation system used in the experiment.

The accuracy of RTD instrumentation system use in the experiment can be refer by using the
Ω
γ value we get from the experiment which is 0.00375 . It is differ from the theoretical
℃
Ω
value just only 0.0001 . However, we could observed that slightly difference will lead to
℃
big difference in result if compare with theoretical value. Reasons that caused this error to
happen are due to some unavoidable factors made during the experiment. One of them is heat
loss during the experiment which is cause by there exist difference in temperature between
the soak bath and environment. Heat will loss to environment since there is a temperature
difference and cause the water bath temperature to be uneven and eventually lead to lack to
accuracy. Besides, accuracy of sensitivity of digital multi-meter and RTD is not high enough
and cannot detect small changes when there is an increase in temperature.
 Conclusion

In this experiment, we could see that all the result including RTD, Offset voltage and
output voltage increase with temperature. The experiment result shows a higher gradient if
compare with theoretical gradient. The final γ shows a difference of 0.00001 which is 2.6%
error and is considered reasonable since there exist some error which is unavoidable.
However, actions still have to be taken so that the accuracy of the instrumentation system
could be improve to reduce the error made during the experiment.