LAPORAN MAKMAL GETARAN

VIBRATION OF A COMPOSITE SYSTEM

(SKMM3941)

PREPARED FOR
DR. CHIONG MENG SOON

PREPARED BY:
MOHAMAD AQIL BIN MOHD ZAKI A16KM0175
 Data Collection
Experiment 1

Length Beam, L 31.75 in

Thickness Beam, d 0.5 in
Width Beam, b 1.0 in
Weight Beam, W 4.53 lb
Young Modulus, E 30 x 10^6 lb/in^2
Weight of Motor and Attachment, M 6.75 lb
Gravity, g 32.2 ft/s^2

N Additiona Weight of Motor Motor RPM 1 1 %

f=
60 f2 f2
o l load (m) &Attachment(M Speed Theor
(Hz) Experimen Theory
lb ) lb (RPM) y
Experimen
Experimen t t

t
1 0 6.75 1335 22.25 2.019E- 1.967E 2.64
03 -03
2 5 11.75 1072 17.87 3.131E- 3.062E 2.25
03 -03
3 10 16.75 918.2 15.30 4.27E-03 4.157E 2.71
-03
4 15 21.75 810.2 13.50 5.487E- 5.252E 4.47
03 -03
Sample Calculation

Theoretical
b h3 1.00 x 0.53
I= = =1.042 x 10−2
12 12

√ √
π EIg π (30 x 106)(1.042 x 10−2)(386.4)
f 2= = =45.23
2 L2 w 2 x 31.8 2 4.53
31.8

() ( )
2 2 3 2
1 4π L 1
= M+
f 48 EIg f2

() ( )
2 2 3 2
1 4 π 31.8
= (6.75) + 1 =1.967E-03 Hz−2
f 48 ¿ ¿ 45.23

Experimental
N=1335 rpm
f=N/60=1335/60= 22.25 Hz

()
1 2
f
= (1/22.25)2= 2.019E-03 ¿

|experiment −theoratical|
Error % = x 100 % = (2.019-1.967)/1.967 x100% = 2.64%
theoratical

Graph of (1/𝑓)^2 against total load, W

6.00E-03
(1/𝑓)^2 , (𝐻𝑧)^−2

0.00022326
f(x) = 0.000219 x +x0.00048875
+ 0.000551794999999999
4.00E-03

2.00E-03

0.00E+00
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Total load, W (lb-wt)

Theoretical Linear (Theoretical)

Linear (Theoretical) Experimental
Linear (Experimental) Linear (Experimental)
Experiment 2

Applied Frequency, f 22.25hz

Cantilever Width, b 1.004
Cantilever Thickness, d 0.059 in
Cantilever Weight, m 0.75 lb
Young’s Modulus, E 30 x 10^6 lb/in^2
Gravity, g 32.2 ft/s^2
Weight of Motor and Attachment, M 4.53 lb

Results

L (experiment) = 3.45 in

L (theory) = 3.52 in

Sample Calculation

3 3
b h 1.01 x 0.06
I= = =1.818E-05 inch4
12 12

3 EIg 3 ( 30 x 106 ) ( 1.818 x 10−5 ) ( 386.4 )

L3 = = =43.71877
4 π2 m f 2 4 π 2 ( 0.75 ) ( 22.12)

L=3.52 inch

|experiment −theoratical|
% error = x 100 % = (3.45-3.52)/3.52 x100% =1.99%
theoratical
 Analysis & Interpretation
Compare and describe the experiment and theoretical value of f.

The results show there is some difference in reading of theoretical calculation and

experimental result. In general, the value of theoretical f is larger than experimental f. This

will lead to theoretical is smaller than experimental When totally load is 0lb, the theoretical

is 0.0005 which is closer to the actual value 0 if compare with experimental value which is

0.0006. The error if we compare experimental value with theoretical value, the highest error

is just only 4.44% among 4 reading which happen when total load is 11.75lb while the lowest

error is 2.95% which happen when load is 21.75lb. The error occur can due to the shaky hand

of students when taking the rpm value and also wrong determination of maximum vibration

which reached resonance.

Compare and describe the experiment and theoretical values of f2.

Referring equation ()
1 2 4 π 2 L3
f
=
48 EIg
M+
f2( )
1 2
, the y intercept of graph is ( )
1 2
f2
, the

( ) value is
2
1
experimental 0.0006 which gives f 2=40.82Hz while the theoretical value of
f2

( )
1 2
f2
is 0.0005 which give a f 2=¿ 44.72Hz. We could observe that theoretical frequency is

higher than experimental frequency. Error is calculated as follow

|experiment −theoratical|
% error = x 100 % = (40.82-44.72)/44.72 x 100% =8.72% .
theoratical
State the assumption made when applying the Dunkeley’s formula.

 Homogeneous beam is use which means the material is same at any point and
completely solid
 Beam is perfectly elastic.
 Weight of shaft is negligible.

Explain the condition when resonance occurs.

Resonance occur when the frequency of certain obtain reach the natural frequency of the
environment, the object will vibrate with maximum amplitude. Resonance can only happen
when there is oscillation and vibration. It is essential to know to prevent any failure in the
system when design.

Briefly describe the effect of different supports on the beam, if any.

Different support in beam will lead to different number of freedom of the system and thus
giving a different result. We assume zero deflection at the fixed end theoretically. However,
it shows a minor deflection which is unavoidable. This will lead to different profile of the
beam since the starting end is not exactly zero.

Give an example where the formula might be used in practise.

Dunkerly’s formula can be used in many application that involving vibration since it could
obtain a fundamental frequency for specific system. Application such as bridge and building
which used by public should be ensure that the system won’t fail in catastrophic mode due to
resonance.

Compare and describe the experimental and theoretical value of L for the cantilever.

The theoretical value of L which is 3.52 inch is higher than the experimental L which is
3.45inch. There is some difference occur by comparing two L value since there consist of
factor which could lead to error. The error is 1.99% which is considerably small. The error
made is because the length we obtained from experiment is not so accurate since we only
detect the resonance where the vibration is maximum amplitude by naked eyes by adjusting
the voltage. It takes some time for the system to vibrate, so it is very difficult to obtain the
perfect accurate result as in calculation.

Briefly comment on the vibration absorption & transmission ability of the cantilever
unit.

The cantilever unit can absorb and transmit the vibration if and only if the distance of centre
mass is correctly calculated. The ability of absorption and transmission will increase when
length is determined correctly.
 Discussion
Experiment 1: To verify the Dunkeley’s formula in determining the fundamental
frequency of a composite system.

a. First,the length ,width and thickness of the beam is measured and tabulated in the table.

b. The motor is switched on with the rotor speed increasing slowly until resonance condition
(maximum vibration ) is achieved.

c. The speed of the rotor is then determined using tachometer at a roughly 0.3m distance from
the rotating object.

d. The motor speed is reduced slowly after the data is recorded.

e. A 5lb-wt weight is added to the attachment below the motor and step b to c is repeated.

f. Step b to e are repeated using masses 5lb-wt to 15lb-wt with 5lb-wt interval.

Experiment 2: To investigate undamped vibration absorption/transmission

a) The width and thickness of the cantilever is measured and recorded in the table.

b) The motor is switched on with the rotor speed increasing slowly until resonance condition
is reached.

c) The speed of the rotor is then determined using tachometer at a roughly 0.3m distance
from the rotating object.

d) The cantilever unit is fastened to the attachment below the motor.

e) The distance of the center of a mass from the center of the absorber is determined by
adjusting the location of the load on cantilever to achieve minimum vibration of the beam.
 Conclusion
The objectives of this experiment are achieved. Dunkeley’s formula is useful for calculating
the fundamental frequency of the composite system.There are errors between the theoretical
value and experimental value of frequency, but it is within 6.79% to 9.82%. Also, the bigger
the total load applied ,the higher the 1/f 2 value , which means lower f value . This tells us
that resonance occurs at lower frequency if the total load become higher. So ,we should take
care of the oscillating system if the load of the object is bigger , because resonance may occur
at lower frequency.

From second experiment, we know that cantilever unit can be used to absorb the vibration
energy from the primary oscillator which resonance occur as long as the length of center of
mass to the cantilever unit is in appropriate length. The length of the experiment value is
3.45in while, the theoretical length is 3.52 in . The data is valid since the percentage error
only 6%.