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Chapter 5 - 1682315540591
Chapter 5 - 1682315540591
Engage 2.2
Pa per 2
A cyc list is cyc ling from his hom
e to his sch ool 8 km away. The spe
wh ich is con stan t thro ugh out , is x ed of the cyclist,
km/h.
(a) Wr ite dow n an exp ress ion, in
term s of x, for the tim e taken by the
his sch ool from his hom e, in hours. cyclist to reach
---t
~ ... \O
_j__ ~
~ _ J;l f "k-_
1,,\0 - - ¼-~
,t_--10
• ~2-t;t,JL1- ~ro/
(d)
'K "' 'I-~ -=-
']2x. - i2,:, -J2o+x -f(}1,
3i-i. - -x, r11.-t-.. io
'l-
T b c p p to f• ~. function r =a.z2 + bz + c,
0 is caJcd I parabo 11
a; la.
graph 'tumS' is called die
Tbc poilt wbele the ve rtn .
If Ille graph opens upwa rebate of the
vertex is die mlalm■ m or rds. the s,-coo
milllimam turning po
the graph is caacaw ■p lllt and
wards.
If cbc gnpb opens dawn
w.-ds. the ~ of
vertex is the •r •m am or th e
muimum turning po
the graph is caacaw do int and
wnwards.
The YerticaJ line that p8
8IC8 through the va
the ui s of symmetry. ta is called
Every parabola is sym
about its axil of symme metrical
try.
The poiJr where the
graph croues the ~
u-iltertept is the
The points (if Ibey e:w
t) wh
tothe roots of the cqnlrion ere die graph crosses the z-am are ailled the ~ er u p a
11 0. = . They caaespood
(Modified from textbo
ok pages 446)
Investigation 1: Graph
s of the form y = x 2
+k
Using your GDC, grap
h the fo llo w in g fu nc
same set of axes. tio ns on th e
2
(1) Y= x (2) y= x 2 + 2 (3)
ta y= x 2 -6
S te th e coordinates of the
ve rte x of ea ch fu nc
(1) tio n.
(2)
wnt· (3)
e down the equation
of th e ax is of sy m m
et ry .
V er te x is
al so ca lle d
What effect does the th e tu rn in g
valu e of k have on th e po po in t.
sit io n of the gr ap hs ?
Translated thro ugh (
~
) to give y = x' + k
FaaJty d M:J1re r ooc:s
©Sc:roc.4 of lre Ar1s. ~ g:::pc:re Q ua dr at ic Fu nc tio
ns & Eq ua tio ns I .
14
(?..-+ IC.) 'l. ➔ mP ~~ ko ri ~
m y = (x - h)2 • f"~' H vt. ~ -
Investigation 2: Graphs of the for • tx,t ,' ve, _. ,
y =(x-2}2 (3)y=(x+4)2
(2)
,. 0,0 1 ,.
of each function.
State the coordinates of the vertex
(1) (2) (3)
axis of symmetry.
Write down the equation of the
(1) (2) (3)
wer.
Now use a GD C to check you r ans
ations I 15
Qu adr atic Functions & Equ
fcx l.ly d M.41 a, ai.:s
~at-eM5.~
f the form y === ~ 2 a:;i!=O
estigatioD 4: G raph s o . funct10n's on th e sa m e se t o f ax es .
Jov h the followin g
Using yo ur G' DC , graP •
. 1.2 ~ o v
(I ) y == x- i
(2) y == 2x
I 2
(3) y == -x
2
I - ~ - - - - - r{o..,o ~, F .- - - - - -
\
10
~>I
10
(4) y= -X 2
(5) y= -2 X 2
(6) y = --1X 2
2 1 0, 0)
10
,i
)C
10
Investigation 5: G
ra ph s of th e form
y = a(x -h ) 2 + k
(a) Without the us
e of GDC , sk et ch
co_ordinates of its
y-mtercept.
vertex. W ri te do w
th e gr ap h o f y =
n th e eq ua ti on o
2( x -1 )2 + 3 an d stat
e th e
i/
f th e ax is o f sy m
m et ry an d find th e
y
• Ve1tcx is
• Equation of th e ax
is
of sy m m et ry is
• T he y- in te rc ep t is
---------l~
----------.x
FaoJlyof tvbtherrm 0
::s
©SctoootlreArls,~ Q ua dr at ic Func
~ tions & Equations
I 16
(b) Wi tho ut the use of GDC, ske
tch the
graph of y =-3(.r +1)2 +2 and
state the
coordinates of its vertex. Write dow
y-intercept. n the equation of the axis of symmetry and find the
a>O
a<O
Sha pe - "Sm iley face " ©
Sha pe - "Fr own ing face"' ®
•
~
Q4{e) QS(b)
y = ¼x 2 is ''wider" th
an
11 = _4 x2 is "thinner
y = x2 and the grap
UIII " opens upwards h
I 11 = x 2 .
and the
graph opens do
wnwards.
QS( f)
QS(g)
QS(i)
(In addition,
for Question
6, w rite down its
Note: The equa e q u a ti o n o f
tion o f the ax th e axis o f sy
is o f symmet m m e tr y .)
in exam/or w ry w il l b e give
riting things n in a fo rm
6 Match each
li ke "axis o f sy m
m et ry = 2 " or
o fx =.... Students ofte
graph: quadra tic func
tio n with its ju st th e valu n lose m ar ks
,· ·- - -·· ··- - e o fx .
- .....
·- •·•
·- ·- ·- -. ..
= J
• Y -( x + 2
b 11 = (x - 2
2) - 3
3) + 2
,----
\
.- ,- --
d II = -( x r -•
- 3)2 + 2 ' ..
e II = - ½(x I
+ 2)2 - 3 !
f II = (z + 3) 2 + 2
9 II "" - 2(
x + 3) 2 + 2
;,
t I
I
'
3.2 Graphs of Quadratic Funct
ions (Completed Square for
m or vertex form)
In this section, we will explor
e how a quadratic function in
the form of y = cn:2 +b x+ c
can be expressed in the form
y = a(x -h ) 2 + k. This ma
kes graphing easier as the vertex
read off from this form, where is
by the vertex is (h,k).
The axis of symmetry is x = h.
Whenx = h,
y = a(O) + k = k.
Me tho d 1: Ex pa nd an d Co
mpare
Example 3.1
Express y =x 2 + 2x + 5 in the
form y = (x -11)2 + k. Hence ske
tch y =x 2 + 2x + S, stating
the coordinates of the vertex.
Write down equation of the axi
s of symmetry.
Expand:
x 2 + 2x + 5 =( x- h) 2 +k
=x 2 -2 hx +h 2 +k
Compare coefficient of x,
Compare constant,
Vertex is
Axis of symmetry is
G s
Hence sketch y = 2x 2 -12x + 23, stating the coordinates of the vertex. Write down its
axis of symmetry.
Expand
Vertex is
Axis of symmetry is
[Question: What is the value of they-intercept?]
Wbenx= O,y=
They-intercept is
$ 6 i
Method 2:
Example 3.3
-C - Self Tutor
f(]OJIY of tv'oll e, I iaoc:s Quadratic Functions & Equ,- -'t _' · " - ,,
a ions I 20
@~c:J1heAr1s.~
Example 3.4
Find the equation of each Quadratic functioo given its graph:
I y b
V(3, - 2)
2 lQuldr atic from Cr•ph.t pp i
1 Since the vertex is (3, - 2), the
quadratic bas the form b Since tho Wl1eX i1 (- 4, 2), the
ti= a(x - 3) 2 - 2 where a> O. quadratic bu the form
When z = 0, y = 16 11 = a(~ + 4) 2 + 2 wbcrc a < O.
When z = - 2, 11 = O
16 = a( - 3) 2 - 2
... 0=4(2}2+2
:. 16 = 9a - 2
: . 4.a= - 2
: . 18 = 9a
4• 2
:. a= -½
The quadratic hi
The quadratic is 11 = 2(:i: - aya - 2. 11 = - j(a: + 4)2 + 2.
Engage 3.2
Textbook . 450 Ex 21C.2
Q l (a)
.Y.
Y.
Ql (e)
Ql(i)
Y.
Y. Y.
•
3. 3 G ra ph s of Quadratic
In th is section, we wi Functions (Factorised
ll explore how a quad form)
be ex pr es se d in th e fo ratic function in the fo
rm y = a(x - p )(x - q). rm of y = ax 2 +b x+ c
th e x-intercepts. This makes graphing ca n
easier to find th e ro ot
s or
Re ad te xt bo ok p. 45
1, p. 452 Example 9 an
d 10, and p. 453 Exam
ple 11
Engage 3.3 Ex 21D p.4
6 Gr ap h ea ch 53 . . . .
qu ad rat ic function usm
g its axes mtercepts:
a y = x2 _ 4x + 4 b f( x) = (x -1 )(: r + 3)
< y = 2( x+ 2)2
d J( x) == -( x - 2)(x
+ 1)
e y = -3 (x + 1) 2 f 1/ = -3 (x - 4) (x - I)
h = ::!?.
2a
FooJtyd M:ltherrotb
@Sc ho dr J1 he A rt Q ua dr at ic Func tio
s, ~ ns & Equations I 23
Read textbook p. 457 Section F: Vertex
.
The vertex or turning point of the quadrat y ,-,vertex
ic function
y = ax2 + bx + c is the point at whi
ch the function
has:
• a muimum value for a. < 0 . ( \
• or
X
4 Suppose /(x) - x 2 +b x+ c.
Find the values of ban d c if y = f(x) has vertex:
a {1.3 )
e (½,1)
3.5
-. I
Finding a Q
We can use informat1 uadratic .
. ·0 ho Fu nctio
.
eq_uatton of a quadra n a ut axes . n
tic function . interc
The form , h epts, the vertex, and oth
. · er .
v. e c oose to wnte the points on a graph to
function in is often deten establish the
• If . nin .
a quadratic has Ve ed by the rnfonnation
• If a quadratic has rtex (h k) available:
. • ' we use the fonn
• If a quadratic touch:r-mtercepts O and /3 w f (x) = a(x - h)2 + k.
es th . . the f1
' e use
ex-axis at o, we use the onn J(x) = a(x - o){x - /3).
.
form f(x ) = a(x - a)2
Ex amp le 3.5 .
II
c ftmctioa w ith -- ,.:
.......
b
Fa aJ tyo f M::Jtrema
lb;
© S ct od ci 1r eA Q ua dr at ic Functio
lts ,~ ns & Equations I 25
Method 2 Using Simultaneous equation solver
Step 1: Identify 3 points on the curve (-1, 0), (0,3) and (3,0)
Ste 2: Substitutin these oints into the e uation:
O=a( -1) 2 +b( -1) +c
Sub (-1,0)
O=a-b+c
Sub (0,3) 3=c
Sub (3,0) 0=9a+3b+c
O= a - b + 3
Sub c = 3 into - - - eqn( 1)
0=9a+3b+3 ---eqn(2)
Step 3: Open "Calculator" Function, go the menu and select 3. Algebra and open
. .
3.1
! f{o-a-b+ 3 { }}
'"\' 0•9·~+3·b+l ' a,b .,
Example 3.6
r -
d .·
i ·:"~ - - .· - . . ,
Smee the z-intm:epts are 4 and -3. lhc quadratic bas lbe form 11 = ci(z - 4)(z + 3) where
ci+o.
When z =2. ,= -20
:. -20 = a(2 - 4)(2 + 3)
:. -20 = a(-2)(5)
:. Q - 2
The quadratic is • = 2(:r - 4)(:t + 3)
= 2(z2 - s - 12)
=2r- ~-24
Read p. 459 for Examp le 16 and p.460 Example 17
2 .
Find the quadrati c function with the given • your answers in the form Y1= a(x-h) +k.
graph. Give 11
a b : 11 C
y :
V(-2,3) ! V(-l,-2 )j
--¥.~--~x
l Find, in the fonn f(x) = a ( x - h} 2 + k ' the quadratic function which has:
a vertex ( - 2, -5) and which passes through (1, 13)
I -
8 Dennis throws a stone from a bridge 6 m above the
water. The peak of its flight occurs after travelling
9 m horizontally, and it lands in the water after
y
' I
travelling 27 m horizontally.
We choose a set of axes with the origin where the
bridge meets the water, as shown.
a Write down:
i the y-intercept
•
ii the ax.is of symmetry.
b Find both x-intercepts.
c Write a function for the height of the stone above the water in the form Y = a(x- a )(x - /3).
d Find the maximum height reached by the stone.
General form
Complete the square
Factorised form y =ax2 +bx+c
or Vertex form y = a(x - b )(x - c)
y a(x-h) 2 +k
Graph (for a> 0) Graph (for a > 0) Graph (for a > 0)