Design example:

Wood diaphragm using

envelope method

FPINNOVATIONS
Acknowledgements
The publication was developed by FPInnovations and Canadian Wood Council based
on design and construction practice and relevant research. This publication would not
have been possible without financial support of Forestry Innovation Investment of
Province of British Columbia.

Authors:
Benny Neylon, P.Eng., C.Eng., M.Sc., BAI BA, Equilibrium Consulting Inc.
Jasmine Wang, Ph.D., P.Eng., Canadian Wood Council
Chun Ni, Ph.D., P.Eng., FPInnovations

Reviewers:
Dejan Erdevicki, Dipl.Ing., MIStructE, P.Eng., Struct.Eng., Associated Engineering

Disclaimer
The information contained in this publication represents the latest research and
technical information made available from many sources. It is the responsibility of all
persons undertaking the design and construction of the buildings to fully comply with
the requirements of the National Building Code of Canada and CSA Standards. The
authors, contributors, funders and publishers assume no liability for any direct or
indirect damage, injury, loss or expense that may be incurred or suffered as a result of
the use of or reliance on the contents of this publication. The views expressed herein
do not necessary represent those of individual contributors, FPInnovations or
Canadian Wood Council.

Copyright
No portion of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any
means mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior
written permission of FPInnovations and Canadian Wood Council.

2
I N T R O D U C TI O N
T hi s b uil di n g i s a t y pi c al o n e -st or e y c o m m er ci al b uil di n g l o c at e d i n V a n c o u v er, B C. T h e pl a n
di m e n si o n s ar e 3 0. 5 m x 1 2. 2 m ( 1 0 0’ x 4 0’), wit h a b uil di n g h ei g ht of 5 m. T h e w all s ar e w o o d -
b a s e d s h e ar w all s, wit h a w o o d di a p hr a g m r o of a n d a st e el m o m e nt fr a m e at t h e st or efr o nt. T h e r o of
pl a n i s s h o w n i n Fi g ur e 1.
T h e sit e i s S ei s mi c Cl a s s ‘ C’. Wi n d, s n o w a n d s ei s mi c fi g ur e s s p e cifi c t o t h e pr oj e ct l o c ati o n ar e
t a k e n fr o m t h e c urr e nt v er si o n of t h e Briti s h C ol u m bi a B uil di n g C o d e ( 2 0 1 2 ).
R o of d e a d l o a d i s a s s u m e d t o b e 1. 0 k P a a n d t h e w all w ei g ht i s 0. 5 k P a. T h e w ei g ht of n o n -
str u ct ur al it e m s i n cl u di n g m e c h a ni c al e q ui p m e nt a n d t h e st or efr o nt f a ç a d e h a s n ot b e e n i n cl u d e d i n
t hi s e x a m pl e f or si m pli cit y.

A B C
9. 1 5 m 2 1. 3 5 m

1
S P F j oists

St e el m o m e nt
fr a m e

1 2. 2 m
Wood Gl ul a m b e a ms
s h e ar w all N
2
3 0. 5 m

D eri v ati o n of F or c e
S n o w L o a d:
S s = 1. 8 k P a , S r = 0. 2 k P a [ N B C C, A p p e n di x C, T a bl e C-2]

I s = 0. 9 ( S L S ) , I s = 1. 0 (U L S ) [ N B C C, T a bl e 4. 1. 6. 2]

S = I s [S s ( C b C w C s C a ) + S r ]

S S L S = 0. 9 × ( 1. 8 × 0. 8 × 1. 0 × 1. 0 × 1. 0 + 0. 2) = 1. 4 8 k P a

S U L S = 1. 0 × ( 1. 8 × 0. 8 × 1. 0 × 1. 0 × 1. 0 + 0. 2) = 1. 6 4 k P a

3
L at er al F or c e s i n N -S Dir e cti o n
Wi n d L o a d:
I w = 1. 0 (U L S ) [N B C C , A p p e n di x C, T a bl e C-2]

q = 0. 4 8 k P a [N B C C , A p p e n di x C, T a bl e C-2]

C p = 0. 7 5 [ N B C C C o m m e nt ar y]

C g = 2. 0 [ N B C C C o m m e nt ar y]
0. 2
C e = ( 5. 0 / 1 0 ) = 0. 8 7 ( 0. 9 mi ni m u m is us e d) [ N B C C 4. 1. 7. 1 . 5 a]
p = I wq C e C g C p = 1. 0 × 0. 4 8 × 0. 9 × 0. 7 5 × 2. 0 = 0. 6 5 k P a [ N B C C 4. 1. 7. 1 ]
N w ,N − S = 1. 4 × ( 0. 6 5 × 5 × 3 0. 5) = 1 4 0 k N

S ei s mi c L o a d:
S a ( 0. 2) = 0. 9 4 [N B C C , A p p e n di x C, T a bl e C-2]

I E = 1. 0 (U L S ) f or N or m al b uil di n g, Sit e Cl a s s ‘ C’

R o of
W R = 0. 2 5 S n o w l o a d + 1. 0 D e a d l o a d
= 0. 2 5 × 1. 6 4 × 1 2. 2 × 3 0. 5 + 1. 0 × 1. 0 × 1 2. 2 × 3 0. 5 = 5 2 4 k N

W all s
W W ,N − S = w ei g ht of h alf h ei g ht of p er p e n di c ul ar w alls + w ei g ht of f ull h ei g ht of p ar all el w alls
= 1/ 2 × 5. 0 × 3 0. 5 × 0. 5 × 2 + 5 × 1 2. 2 × 0. 5 × 2 = 7 6 + 6 1 = 1 3 7 k N

T ot al S ei s mi c w ei g ht
W N−S = W R +W W ,N − S = 524 + 137 = 661 k N
3/ 4
T a = 0. 0 5 × h n f or s h e ar w all a n d ot h er str u ct ur e s [ N B C C 4. 1. 8. 1 1. 3 c]
= 0. 0 5 × ( 5. 0 ) 3 / 4 = 0. 1 7 s

S ( T ) = F a S a ( 0. 2 ) f or T ≤ 0. 2 s [ N B C C 4. 1. 8. 4. 7]
= 1. 0 × 0. 9 4 = 0. 9 4

A c c or di n g t o Cl a u s e 4. 1. 8. 9. 3, f or c o m bi n ati o n s of diff er e nt t y p e s of S F R S a cti n g i n t h e s a m e dir e cti o n

i n t h e s a m e st or e y, R d R o s h all b e t a k e n a s t h e l o w e st v al u e of R d R o c orr e s p o n di n g t o t h e s e s y st e m s.
R d R o = mi n( R d R o ( w o o d s h e ar w all ) , R d R o ( st e el m o m e nt fr a m e )
)
= mi n( 3. 0 × 1. 7, 1. 5 × 1. 3) = 1. 5 × 1. 3

4
 2 / 3 × S ( 0. 2 ) ×I ×W
V E ,N − S = E
[ N B C C 4. 1. 8. 1 1. 2 c ]
RdR o
2 / 3 × 0. 9 4 × 1. 0 × 6 6 1
= = 212 k N
1. 5 × 1. 3

T h er ef or e, t h e g o v er ni n g l at er al f or c e i n N ort h -S o ut h dir e cti o n i s t h e s ei s mi c l o a d.

L at er al F or c e s i n E -W Dir e cti o n
Wi n d L o a d:
N w ,E − W = 1. 4 × ( 0. 6 5 × 5 × 1 2. 2) = 5 5 k N

S ei s mi c L o a d:
W all s
W W ,E − W = w ei g ht of h alf h ei g ht of p er p e n di c ul ar w alls + w ei g ht of f ull h ei g ht of p ar all el w alls

= 1/ 2 × 5. 0 × 1 2. 2 × 0. 5 × 2 + 5 × 3 0. 5 × 0. 5 × 2 = 3 1 + 1 5 2 = 1 8 3 k N

T ot al s ei s mi c w ei g ht
W E −W = W R +W W ,E − W = 524 + 183 = 707 k N

R d R o = 3. 0 × 1. 7 f or w o o d s h e ar w all s

2 / 3 × S ( 0. 2) ×I ×W
VE ,E − W = E
[ N B C C 4. 1. 8. 1 1. 2 c ]
RdR o
2 / 3 × 0. 9 4 × 1. 0 × 7 0 7
= = 87 k N
3. 0 × 1. 7

T h er ef or e, t h e g o v er ni n g l at er al f or c e i n E a st -W e st dir e cti o n i s t h e s ei s mi c l o a d.

5
S h e ar w all d e si g n wit h e n v el o p e m et h o d
Di a p hr a g m s ar e t y pi c all y d e si g n e d a s s u mi n g t h at t h e di a p hr a g m i s fl e xi bl e, s p a n ni n g b et w e e n s h e ar
w all s li k e a si m pl y s u p p ort e d b e a m. H o w e v er, t h e a s s u m pti o n of fl e xi bl e di a p hr a g m i s n ot al w a y s v ali d
a n d c o ul d l e a d t o u n c o n s er v ati v e d e si g n if u s e d i n t h e wr o n g cir c u m st a n c e s. I n r e alit y, w o o d
di a p hr a g m s f all s o m e w h er e b et w e e n t h e fl e xi bl e a n d ri gi d b e h a vi o ur. I n t hi s c a s e, e n v el o p e a p pr o a c h
w hi c h t a k e s t h e hi g h e st f or c e s fr o m ri gi d a n d fl e xi bl e a s s u m pti o n s c a n b e u s e d a s a c o n s er v ati v e
e sti m ati o n . T hi s a p pr o a c h i s r e c o m m e n d e d i n sit u ati o n s w h er e it i s diffi c ult t o e sti m at e r el ati v e stiff n e s s
of t h e l at er al f or c e -r e si sti n g s y st e m a n d di a p hr a g m s.

D e si g n of s h e ar w all s wit h fl e xi bl e di a p hr a g m a s s u m pti o n

N- S dir e cti o n
It i s a s s u m e d t h at t h e l at er al f or c e fr o m t h e w ei g ht of t h e t o p h alf of t h e w all s p er p e n di c ul ar t o t h e
l at er al l o a d dir e cti o n i s r e si st e d b y t h e di a p hr a g m a n d i s r e di stri b ut e d t o s h e ar w all s b a s e d o n
di a p hr a g m fl e xi bilit y. T h e l at er al f or c e fr o m t h e f ull w ei g ht of t h e w all p ar all el t o t h e l at er al l o a d dir e cti o n
i s r e si st e d b y t h e w all it s elf.
A s s u mi n g s ei s mi c f or c e fr o m t h e r o of a n d p er p e n di c ul ar w all s i s e q u all y di stri b ut e d al o n g t h e b uil di n g
l e n gt h
2 1 2 × ( 6 6 1 − 6 1) / 6 6 1
v N−S = = 6. 3 1 k N / m
3 0. 5
F or fl e xi bl e di a p hr a g m s, a n a c ci d e nt al e c c e ntri cit y of 5 % of di a p hr a g m di m e n si o n p er p e n di c ul ar t o
a p pli e d f or c e s h o ul d b e t a k e n i nt o a c c o u nt a n d t h e l ar g e st s ei s mi c f or c e s h o ul d b e u s e d i n t h e d e si g n
of e a c h v erti c al el e m e nt ( C o m m e nt ar y J i n N B C C -2 0 1 0 Str u ct ur al C o m m e nt ari e s) .

A B C
9. 1 5 m 2 1. 3 5 m

1
6. 1 m
6. 1 m

6. 3 1 k N / m

1. 8 9 k N / m

6
S h e ar w all at Gri dl i n e A
 3 0. 5 / 2 − 9. 1 5 / 2  9. 1 5 1 9. 1 5 6 1/ 2
V A = 1. 8 9 ×  1 + × × + 6. 3 1 × + 212 × = 4 6. 0 k N
 3 0. 5 / 2  2 2 2 661
v A = 4 6. 0 / 1 2. 2 = 3. 7 7 k N / m

T h e s h e ar w all c o n si sti n g of S P F fr a mi n g m e m b er a n d 1 2. 5 m m pl y w o o d wit h 8 d n ail s ( d = 3. 2 5 m m)

s p a c e d at 1 5 0 m m o. c. ar o u n d p a n el e d g e s i s s el e ct e d. T h e s p e cifi e d s h e ar str e n gt h, v d , i s 7. 1 k N/ m
a n d t h e f a ct or e d l at er al l o a d r e si st a n c e i s :
v r , A = φ v d K D K S F J u b J s p J h d = 0. 7 × 7. 1× 1. 1 5 × 1. 0 × 1. 0 × 0. 8 × 1. 0 = 4. 5 7 k N / m > 3. 7 7 k N / m

S h e ar w all at Gri dli n e B

V = 1. 8 9 ×
(3 0. 5 / 2 − 9. 1 5 / 2 ) 1
2
× − 1. 8 9 ×
(3 0. 5 / 2 − 2 1. 5 / 2 ) × 1 + 6. 3 1 ×  9. 1 5 + 2 1. 3 5  + 2 1 2 × 6 1 / 2
2

B  
3 0. 5 / 2 2 3 0. 5 / 2 2  2 2  661
= 1 1 1. 8 k N

v B = 1 1 1. 8 / 1 2. 2 = 9. 1 6 k N / m

T h e s h e ar w all c o n si sti n g of S P F fr a mi n g m e m b er a n d 1 2. 5 m m pl y w o o d wit h 8 d n ail s ( d = 3. 2 5 m m)

s p a c e d at 5 0 m m o. c. ar o u n d p a n el e d g e s i s s el e ct e d. T h e s p e cifi e d s h e ar str e n gt h, v d , i s 1 7. 4 k N/ m
a n d t h e f a ct or e d l at er al l o a d r e si st a n c e i s :
v r , B = φ v d K D K S F J u b J s p J h d = 0. 7 × 1 7. 4 × 1. 1 5 × 1. 0 × 1. 0 × 0. 8 × 1. 0 = 1 1. 2 k N / m > 9. 1 6 k N / m

S h e ar w all at Gri dli n e C

 3 0. 5 / 2 − 2 1. 3 5 / 2  2 1. 3 5 1 2 1. 3 5
V C = 1. 8 9 ×  1 + × × + 6. 3 1 × = 8 0. 5 k N
 3 0. 5 / 2  2 2 2
v C = 8 0. 5 / 1 2. 2 = 6. 6 0 k N / m

A st e el m o m e nt fr a m e wit h W 3 6 0 x 1 9 6 c ol u m n s a n d W 5 3 0 x 2 1 9 b e a m w a s s el e ct e d b a s e d o n
pr eli mi n ar y si zi n g of t h e st e el m e m b er s a n d i n v e sti g ati o n of t h e di s pl a c e m e nt v er s u s f or c e i n a
pr o pri et ar y 2 D a n al y si s s oft w ar e pr o gr a m.

7
E- W dir e cti o n
A s t h er e ar e o nl y t w o w all s i n t h e E a st -W e st dir e cti o n, e a c h w all t a k e 5 0 % of t h e l at er al l o a d pl u s a n
a d diti o n al 5 % e c c e ntri c l o a d.

S h e ar w all at Gri dli n e 1 a n d 2

8 7 × ( 7 0 7 − 1 5 2) / 7 0 7
V1 = V2 = × ( 0. 5 5 / 0. 5) + 8 7 × (( 1 5 2 / 2) / 7 0 7 ) = 4 6. 9 k N
2
v 1 = v 2 = 4 6. 9 / 3 0. 5 = 1. 5 4 k N / m

T h e s h e ar w all c o n si sti n g of S P F fr a mi n g m e m b er a n d 1 2. 5 m m pl y w o o d wit h 8 d n ail s ( d = 3. 2 5 m m)

s p a c e d at 1 5 0 m m o. c. ar o u n d p a n el e d g e s i s s el e ct e d. T h e s p e cifi e d s h e ar str e n gt h, v d , i s 7. 1 k N/ m
a n d t h e f a ct or e d l at er al l o a d r e si st a n c e i s:
v r, 1 = v r, 2 = φ v d K D K S F J u b J s p J h d = 0. 7 × 7. 1× 1. 1 5 × 1. 0 × 1. 0 × 0. 8 × 1. 0 = 4. 5 7 k N / m > 1. 5 4 k N / m

D e si g n of s h e ar w all s wit h ri gi d di a p hr a g m a s s u m pti o n

F or a di a p hr a g m t h at i s d e si g n at e d a s ri gi d, t h e l at er al f or c e i s di stri b ut e d t o t h e s u p p orti n g s h e ar w all s
a c c or di n g t o t h eir r el ati v e stiff n e s s, wit h c o n si d er ati o n of a d diti o n al s h e ar f or c e d u e t o t or si o n f or
s ei s mi c d e si g n. I n a d diti o n t o t h e t or si o n d u e t o n at ur al e c c e ntri cit y, N B C C r e q uir e s t h at a mi ni m u m
e c c e ntri cit y of 1 0 % of t h e pl a n di m e n si o n of t h e b uil di n g p er p e n di c ul ar t o t h e dir e cti o n of s ei s mi c l o a d
s h o ul d al s o b e c o n si d er e d.
I n or d er t o d et er mi n e t h e s h e ar w all s stiff n e s s, t h e s h e ar w all s o bt ai n e d fr o m t h e fl e xi bl e di a p hr a g m
d e si g n ar e u s e d a s t h e i niti al i n p ut.
T h e s h e ar w all stiff n e s s c a n b e d et er mi n e d a s f oll o w s :
F vL
k = = 2
∆ 2v H v H H
+ + 0. 0 0 2 5 H e n + da
3E AL Bv L
w h er e
v = m a xi m u m s h e ar d u e t o s p e cifi e d l o a d s at t h e t o p of t h e w all, N/ m m
H = h ei g ht of s h e ar w all s e g m e nt, m m
E = el a sti c m o d ul u s of b o u n d ar y el e m e nt, N/ m m 2
A = cr o s s -s e cti o n al ar e a of t h e b o u n d ar y m e m b er, m m 2
L = l e n gt h of s h e ar w all s e g m e nt, m m
B v = s h e ar t hr o u g h -t hi c k n e s s-ri gi dit y of t h e s h e at hi n g, N/ m m [ T a bl e 7. 3 A - 7. 3 C, C S A O 8 6]
en = n ail d ef or m ati o n, m m [ Cl a u s e A. 9. 7, C S A O 8 6]
da = t ot al v erti c al el o n g ati o n of t h e w all a n c h or a g e s y st e m (i n cl u di n g f a st e n er sli p, d e vi c e
el o n g ati o n, a n c h or or r o d el o n g ati o n, et c.) at t h e i n d u c e d s h e ar l o a d

8
T h e stiff n e s s ’ s of t h e s h e ar w all s ar e li st e d i n t h e t a bl e b el o w :
S h e ar v A L B v F or c e/ n ail en da Δ k
2
W all [ N/ m m] [ m m] [ m m] [ N/ m m] [ N] [ m m] [ m m] [ m m] [ k N/ m]
A 3. 7 7 10640 12200 5700 566 0. 4 0 1. 8 9 9. 0 6 5074
B 9. 1 6 10640 12200 5700 458 0. 2 8 4. 5 9 1 3. 4 4 8312
C 6. 6 0 N/ A N/ A N/ A N/ A N/ A N/ A 1 8. 9 9 4240
1 1. 5 4 10640 30500 5700 231 0. 1 2 0. 7 7 2. 9 2 16079
2 1. 5 4 10640 30500 5700 231 0. 1 2 0. 7 7 2. 9 2 16079
N ot e:
1) E n d st u d s of s h e ar w all s i n Gri dli n e A a n d B ar e m a d e of t w o 2 x 6’ s ( 7 6 x 1 4 0 m m).
2
2) E = 9 5 0 0 N/ m m
3) e n : F or c e p er n ail = v x n ail s p a ci n g → e n f or 8 d c o m m o n n ail ( d = 3. 2 5 m m) fr o m T a bl e A. 9. 7 of C S A-O 8 6
4) d a i s c al c ul at e d b a s e d o n t h e p er c e nt a g e utili z ati o n of c a p a cit y of H H D Q 1 1 h ol d-d o w n ( b y Si m p s o n) at e a c h
e n d of s h e ar w all. F or H H D Q 1 1 h ol d -d o w n, d efl e cti o n = 5. 5 4 m m at c a p a cit y of 5 5. 2 5 k N.
a) F or s h e ar w all at gri dli n e A, d a = ( 3. 7 7 x 5) / 5 5. 2 5 x 5. 5 4 = 1. 8 9 m m
b) F or s h e ar w all at gri dli n e B, d a = ( 9. 1 6 x 5) / 5 5. 2 5 x 5. 5 4 = 4. 5 9 m m
c) F or s h e ar w all at gri dli n e 1 a n d 2, d a = ( 1. 5 4 x 5) / 5 5. 2 5 x 5. 5 4 = 0. 7 7 m m
5) T h e f or c e -di s pl a c e m e nt r el ati o n s hi p, or stiff n e s s, f or t h e st e el m o m e nt fr a m e w a s o bt ai n e d fr o m a 2 D a n al y-
si s u si n g a pr o pri et ar y s oft w ar e pr o gr a m.

F or ri gi d di a p hr a g m, t h e l at er al f or c e di stri b ut e d t o s u p p orti n g s h e ar w all i c a n b e d et er mi n e d a s

f oll o ws:
F × ki T × k i × d i
Vi = +
∑ k J

w h er e
k = w all stiff n e s s, N/ m m
d = di st a n c e fr o m t h e w all t o t h e c e ntr e of ri gi dit y ( C o R), m m.
T = t or si o n al m o m e nt
F = t ot al l at er al l o a d o n t h e s u p p orti n g s h e ar w all s
∑ ∑
2 2
J = kdx + kdy

9
N- S dir e cti o n
T h e c e nt er of m a s s ( C o M ) i s l o c at e d at h alf of t h e b uil di n g l e n gt h i n t h e N-S a n d E -W dir e cti o n. T h e
c e ntr e of ri gi dit y i n t h e E -W dir e cti o n ( C o R E- W ) i s c oi n ci d e nt wit h t h e C o M . T h e c e ntr e of ri gi dit y i n t h e
N- S dir e cti o n (C o R N- S ) i s d et er mi n e d a s f oll o w s:

Co R =
∑ k ⋅d
=
5 0 7 4 × 0 + 8 3 1 2 × 9. 1 5 + 4 2 4 0 × 3 0. 5
= 1 1. 6 5 m fr o m Gri dli n e A
∑
N−S
k 5074 + 8312 + 4240

T h e t or si o n i s d et er mi n e d a s f oll o w s:
T N−S = 2 1 2 × ( 6 0 0 / 6 6 1) × ( 3 0. 5 / 2 − 1 1. 6 5) ± 2 1 2 × ( 6 0 0 / 6 6 1) × 0. 1 × 3 0. 5 = 6 9 4 ± 5 8 8 k N ⋅ m

F or s h e ar w all s i n Gri dli n e s A a n d B, t h e m a xi m u m l at er al f or c e o n e a c h s h e ar w all i s d et er mi n e d wit h

T N − S = 6 9 4 − 5 8 8 =1 0 6 k N ⋅m .

F or s h e ar w all s i n Gri dli n e s C, 1 a n d 2, t h e m a xi m u m l at er al f or c e o n e a c h w all i s d et er mi n e d wit h

T N − S = 6 9 4 + 5 8 8 =1 2 8 2 k N ⋅m .

T h e f or c e o n s u p p orti n g s h e ar w all s d u e t o l at er al l o a d a n d e c c e ntri cit y i s s h o w n b el o w.

T h e l at er al f or c e o n e a c h w all i s d et er mi n e d a s f oll o w:
2 2
S h e ar K x,i K y,i d x,i d y,i k d x,i Kd y,i Vi vi
W all [ k N/ m] [ k N/ m] [ m] [ m] [ k N⋅⋅m] [ k N⋅⋅m] [ k N] [ k N/ m]
A 5074 - 1 1. 6 5 - 688886 - 6 3. 5 5. 2 0
B 8312 - 2. 5 0 - 52018 - 1 0 0. 1 8. 2 0
C 4240 - 1 8. 8 5 - 1506301 - 7 6. 1 6. 2 4
1 - 16079 - 6. 1 - 598298 3 6. 5 1. 2 0
2 - 16079 - 6. 1 - 598298 3 6. 5 1. 2 0

A s t h e f a ct or e d s h e ar r e si st a n c e of s h e ar w all i n G ri dli n e A i s s m all er t h a n t h e s h e ar f or c e, n ail s p a ci n g

i s r e vi s e d t o 1 0 0 m m o. c. al o n g t h e p a n el e d g e s t o a c c o m m o d at e t h e i n cr e a s e i n f or c e. T h e s p e cifi e d
s h e ar str e n gt h , vd , i s 10 . 3 k N/ m a n d t h e f a ct or e d l at er al l o a d r e si st a n c e i s:
v r = φ v d K D K S F J u b J s p J h d = 0. 7 × 1 0. 3 × 1. 1 5 × 1. 0 × 1. 0 × 0. 8 × 1. 0 = 6. 6 3 k N / m > 5. 2 0 k N / m

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Wit h t h e n e w s h e ar w all c o nfi g ur ati o n i n Gri dli n e A , t h e a b o v e pr o c e s s i s r e p e at e d u ntil t h e f or c e
di stri b uti o n t o e a c h s h e ar w all i s c o n v er g e d. T h e t a bl e b el o w s h o w s t h e f or c e di stri b uti o n t o all t h e
s h e ar w all s d uri n g e a c h it er ati o n .
S h e ar It er ati o n 1 It er ati o n 2 It er ati o n 3 It er ati o n 4 It er ati o n 5
W all K i Vi K i Vi K i Vi K i Vi K i Vi
[ k N/ m] [ k N] [ k N/ m] [ k N] [ k N/ m] [ k N] [ k N/ m] [ k N] [ k N/ m] [ k N]
A 5074 6 3. 5 6387 6 9. 4 6202 6 8. 3 6231 6 8. 5 6226 6 8. 5
B 8312 1 0 0. 1 8431 9 4. 1 8491 9 5. 2 8481 9 5. 1 8482 9 5. 1
C 4240 7 6. 1 4240 7 6. 2 4240 7 6. 0 4240 7 6. 0 4240 7 6. 0
1 16079 3 6. 5 16079 3 9. 1 16079 3 8. 8 16079 3 8. 9 16079 3 8. 9
2 16079 3 6. 5 16079 3 9. 1 16079 3 8. 8 16079 3 8. 9 16079 3 8. 9

E- W dir e cti o n
T h e c e nt er of m a s s ( C o M) i s l o c at e d at h alf of t h e b uil di n g l e n gt h i n t h e E -W dir e cti o n. T h e c e ntr e of
ri gi dit y ( C o R) i n t h e E-W dir e cti o n i s c oi n ci d e nt wit h t h e C o M. T h er ef or e t or si o n i s d u e t o t h e a c ci d e nt al
t or si o n o nl y.
T h e s ei s mi c f or c e t o b e di stri b ut e d t o t h e s h e ar w all s i n t h e E-W dir e cti o n i s c al c ul at e d a s f oll o w s:
( 7 0 7 − 1 5 2)
FE −W = 87 × = 68 k N
707
T h e t or si o n i s d et er mi n e d a s f oll o w s:
TE −W = ± 8 7 × ( 5 5 5 / 7 0 7 ) × 0. 1 ×1 2. 2 = ±8 3 k N ⋅ m

U si n g t h e s h e ar w all s stiff n e s s o bt ai n e d fr o m t h e ri gi d di a p hr a g m d e si g n i n N-S dir e cti o n a s t h e i niti al

i n p ut, th e t a bl e b el o w s h o w s t h e c o n v er g e n c e of s h e ar f or c e, v , f or e a c h s h e ar w all .
S h e ar It er ati o n 1 It er ati o n 2 It er ati o n 3
W all K i Vi K i Vi K i Vi
[ k N/ m] [ k N] [ k N/ m] [ k N] [ k N/ m] [ k N]
A 6226 1. 6 7144 1. 7 7144 1. 7
B 8482 0. 3 8744 0. 2 8744 0. 2
C 4240 1. 9 4240 1. 9 4240 1. 9
1 16079 4 5. 7 16079 4 5. 6 16079 4 5. 6
2 16079 4 5. 7 16079 4 5. 6 16079 4 5. 6

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T h e t a bl e b el o w s u m m ari s e s t h e c al c ul at e d l at er al f or c e o n e a c h s h e ar w all b a s e d o n fl e xi bl e a n d ri gi d
di a p hr a g m a s s u m pti o n s, wit h t h e hi g h e st f or c e t a k e n f or e n v el o p e a p pr o a c h. T hi s t a bl e al s o s h o w s t h e
diff er e n c e i n d e si g n f or c e d e p e n di n g o n w hi c h m et h o d i s c h o s e n.
S h e ar Fl e xi bl e di a p hr a g m Ri gi d di a p hr a g m E n v el o p e a p pr o a c h
W all Vi vi Vi vi Vi vi
[ k N] [ k N/ m] [ k N] [ k N/ m] [ k N] [ k N/ m]
A 4 6. 0 3. 7 7 6 8. 5 5. 6 1 6 8. 5 5. 6 1
B 1 1 1. 8 9. 1 6 9 5. 1 7. 8 0 1 1 1. 8 9. 1 6
C 8 0. 5 6. 6 0 7 6. 0 6. 2 3 8 0. 5 6. 6 0
1 4 6. 9 1. 5 4 4 5. 6 1. 5 0 4 6. 9 1. 5 4
2 4 6. 9 1. 5 4 4 5. 6 1. 5 0 4 6. 9 1. 5 4

Di a p hr a g m d e si g n

N- S dir e cti o n
A s s u mi n g t h at di a p hr a g m s ar e d e si g n e d t o yi el d b ef or e t h e s u p p orti n g S F R S, t h e di a p hr a g m s h all b e
d e si g n e d f or s ei s mi c l o a d s d et er mi n e d u si n g t h e R d R o f a ct or s f or t h e v erti c al S F R S a c c or di n g t o
Cl a u s e 9. 8. 5. 2. 1 of C S A O 8 6. S u c h s ei s mi c d e si g n l o a d s, h o w e v er, s h all n ot b e l e s s t h a n l o a d s
d et er mi n e d u si n g R d R o = 2. 0. A s t h e s ei s mi c l o a d i n N -S dir e cti o n i s d et er mi n e d u si n g R d R o = 1. 9 5, it
m e et s t hi s r e q uir e m e nt.

T h e m a xi m u m s h e ar f or c e o n t h e di a p hr a g m c a n b e d et er mi n e d fr o m t h e r e a cti o n f or c e at t h e
s u p p orti n g s h e ar w all s b a s e d o n f or c e e q uili bri u m. B a s e d o n t h e m a xi m u m f or c e o n e a c h s h e ar w all
u si n g e n v el o p e a p pr o a c h, t h e m a xi m u m s h e ar f or c e s o n di a p hr a g m at Gri dli n e A, B a n d C ar e
o bt ai n e d a s f oll o w s :
V D ,A = 6 8. 5 − 2 1 2 × ( 6 1 / 2 ) / 6 6 1 = 5 8. 7 k N → v D ,A = 5 8. 7 / 1 2. 2 = 4. 8 1 k N / m
 3 0. 5 / 2 − 9. 1 5  9. 1 5
V −
= 6. 3 1 × 9. 1 5 + 1. 8 9 ×  1 + × − ( 4 6. 0 − 2 1 2 × ( 6 1 / 2 ) / 6 6 1) = 3 3. 6 k N →
D ,B
 3 0. 5 / 2  2
v −D ,B = 3 3. 6 / 1 2. 2 = 2. 7 5 k N / m

V +
D ,B
= ( 1 1 1. 8 − 2 1 2 × ( 6 1 / 2 ) / 6 6 1) − V −
D ,B
= 6 8. 4 k N → v +D ,B = 6 8. 4 / 1 2. 2 = 5. 6 1 k N / m
V D ,C = 8 0. 5 k N → v D ,C = 8 0. 5 / 1 2. 2 = 6. 6 0 k N / m

S el e ct 3 8 m m x 2 3 5 m m S P F j oi st s a n d 1 2 . 5 m m pl y w o o d wit h 3.6 6 m m n ail s at 1 0 0 m m o. c. al o n g

di a p hr a g m b o u n d ar i e s ( p a n el l a y o ut c a s e 3), t h e f a ct or e d s h e ar str e n gt h i s
v r = φ v d K D K S F J s p = 0. 7 × 1 0. 5 × 1. 1 5 × 1. 0 × 0. 8 = 6. 7 6 k N / m > 6. 6 0 k N / m

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E- W dir e cti o n
T h e s ei s mi c f or c e o n s u p p orti n g s h e ar w all at Gri dli n e 1 a n d 2 i s
V 1 = V 2 = 4 6. 9 − 8 7 × ( 1 5 2 / 2 ) / 7 0 7 = 3 7. 5 k N → v 1 = v 2 = 3 7. 5 / 3 0. 5 = 1. 2 3 k N / m
I n t h e E-W dir e cti o n w o o d di a p hr a g m i s s u p p ort e d o n w o o d s h e ar w all s, a n d t h er ef or e i n a c c or d a n c e
wit h Cl a u s e 9. 8. 4. 2 of C S A O 8 6, t h e s ei s mi c d e si g n f or c e f or t h e di a p hr a g m i s t a k e n a s:
V D = C D × F

w h er e
C D = t h e l e s s er of 1. 2 a n d C , ( C i s t h e o v er-c a p a cit y c o effi ci e nt f or t h e s h e ar w all, C = v r / v f )
= mi n( 1. 2, 4. 5 7 / 1. 2 3) = 1. 2
F = f a ct or e d s ei s mi c f or c e c al c ul at e d u si n g R d R o f or w o o d s h e ar w all s

T h er ef or e
V D = 1. 2 × 3 7. 5 = 4 5. 1 k N → v D = 4 5. 1 / 3 0. 5 = 1. 4 8 k N / m

Wit h 3 8 m m x 2 3 5 m m S P F j oi st s a n d 1 2 . 5 m m pl y w o o d wit h 3.6 6 m m n ail s at 1 0 0 m m o. c. al o n g

di a p hr a g m b o u n d ar i e s ( p a n el l a y o ut c a s e 1), t h e f a ct or e d s h e ar str e n gt h i s
v r = φ v d K D K S F J s p = 0. 7 × 1 0. 5 × 1. 1 5 × 1. 0 × 0. 8 = 6. 7 6 k N / m > 1. 4 8 k N / m

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D e si g n e x a m pl e :
W o o d di a p hr a g m u si n g
e n v el o p e m et h o d

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