TERM PAPER

DETAILS OF
CONSTRUCTION
(CE 200)
…………………………...
BEAM, COLUMN &
SLAB
…………………………….

SPRING 2020
A2
Group 1

Submitted to
MR. S M SHAZEEBUR RAHMAN MR. SUBASHISH KUNDU SUNNY
Lecturer Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
 BEAM, COLUMN & SLAB
A Term Paper
Submitted by

Md. Faiyaz Ifteh Student ID: 19.01.03.027

Neaz Mahmud Hridoy Student ID: 19.01.03.028
Marium Amin Wafa Student ID: 19.01.03.029
Rafia Haque Student ID: 19.01.03.030
Tanjil Mazumder Student ID: 19.01.03.031
Rajowanul Jannat Student ID: 19.01.03.032

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course of Details of Construction

(CE 200)
Department of Civil Engineering

Submitted to:

Name: Mr. S M Shazeebur Rahman Name: Mr. Subashish Kundu Sunny

Designation: Lecturer Designation: Lecturer

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

September 2021
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, we are very grateful to The Almighty for providing us with good health,
which was necessary to finish this term paper successfully.

We would like to express our heart-felt gratitude to our honorable teachers, Lecturer
Mr. S M Shazeebur Rahman and Lecturer, Mr. Subashish Kundu Sunny for helping
us with all the necessary facilities for this term paper and for their valuable guidance
throughout the semester. We are indebted to them for their constructive criticism and
enthusiastic encouragement towards us. It would have been nearly impossible for us
to carry out this research without them continuously inspiring us.

This term paper is an accumulation of all of our efforts. Particularly for this, we would
like to shout out cordial appreciation to few people for their kind advices, suggestions
and excellent directions.

Page | 1
 ABSTRACT

This term paper contains detailed information about a few of very important
components of a building, such as beam, column and slab. In this paper, we have
discussed types, shapes, advantages, disadvantages, design criteria, applications and
construction purposes of these components. The construction steps of beam, column
and slab have been broadly discussed here with necessary figures and real images
which might help the reader to acknowledge the process evidently. Moreover, the
limitation and efficiency of constructing these components have been also denoted
here which will be helpful for choosing the appropriate design structure.
Even in this Covid-19 pandemic situation, we have tried our best to visit construction
sites and tried to collect effective images from there, solely to make this paper more
benefitting and appreciable.

Page | 2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................... 1
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... 3
Chapter-1: BEAM ............................................................................................................... 4
Classification of Beam .............................................................................................. 4
According to end support condition ............................................................... 4
According to the materials ............................................................................. 8
According to structural behaviour ................................................................. 10
Construction Steps of Beam .................................................................................... 11
Chapter-2: COLUMN .............. ......................................................................................... 17
Classification of Column ......................................................................................... 17
Based on construction materials .................................................................... 17
Based on slenderness ratio ............................................................................. 21
Based on column ties ..................................................................................... 23
Construction Steps of Column ................................................................................. 25
Chapter-3: SLAB ................................................................................................................ 31
Classification of Slab ............................................................................................... 31
Based on way of loading ............................................................................... 31
Beam slab ...................................................................................................... 33
Flat slab ......................................................................................................... 33
Flat plate slab ................................................................................................ 34
Waffle slab .................................................................................................... 35
Construction Steps of Slab ...................................................................................... 35
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 41

Page | 3
 Chapter-1
BEAM

A beam is a horizontal structural member in a building to resist the lateral applied to

the beams axis. The structural member which resists the forces laterally or
tranversely applied to the axis is called a beam.

We use beam in structure to

 Resist loads.
 Counter bending moment and shear force.
 Connect the frame together.
 Provide a uniform distribution of loads.

Figure 1.1: Beam.

Classification of Beam:
• According to end support condition,
1) Simply supported beam
2) Cantilever beam
3) Continuous beam
4) Fixed end beam
5) Overhanging beam
6) Double overhanging beam
Page | 4
1) Simply Supported Beam:
Simple supported beam is supported in both ends. One end of the beam is supported
by hinge support and another one by roller support. This support allows to the
horizontal movement of the beam.

Figure 1.2: Simply Supported Beam.

2) Cantilever Beam:
It is a type of beam constrained at one end with the other end extending freely
outwards. When a load is applied to the beam it transfers that load to the fixed end
by bending.

Figure 1.3: Cantilever Beam.

Page | 5
3) Continuous Beam:
A continuous beam is a type of beam extending over more than two supports
distributed throughout its length.

Figure 1.4: Continuous Beam.

4) Fixed End Beam:

This beam is fixed from both ends. It does not allow vertical movement and rotation
of the beam.

Figure 1.5: Fixed End Beam.

Page | 6
5) Overhanging Beam:
Over hanging beam is combination of simple supported beam and cantilever beam.
One or both of end over hang of this beam.

Figure 1.6: Overhanging Beam.

6) Double Overhanging Beam:

A simple beam with both ends extending beyond to support on both ends.

Figure 1.7: Double Overhanging Beam.

Page | 7
• According to the materials,
1) R.C.C beam
2) Steel beam
3) Prestressed concrete beam

1) R.C.C. Beam:
Reinforced concrete beams are the important structural element of a building that
are designed to carry transverse external loads. This loadable to cause bending
moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion across their length. As we know
that the concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension. Therefore, to
counteract balance these defects the steel reinforcement is used to take up tensile
stresses in reinforced concrete beams. The RCC beam is generally designed to
support the loads from slabs, other beams, walls, columns and transfer the loads to
the columns supporting them.

Figure 1.8: R.C.C. Beam.

RCC beam can be classified according to their cross-sectional shape.

a) Rectangular
b) T-beam
c) L-beam
Page | 8
2) Steel Beam:
A steel beam is a structural steel product that is made to support heavy loads. Steel
beams come in different sizes and types, hence their different application in the
construction of structures and buildings. They are used in supporting house frames
and roof structures. They are used to secure structures from harsh weather
conditions. They cannot be attacked by termites or rodents. They are resistant to
corrosion and fire.

Figure 1.9: Steel Beam.

Steel beam can be classified according to their section.

a) I-section
b) T-section
c) C-section

3) Prestressed Concrete Beam:

Prestressed beams are ideal for industrial applications and multi storey residential
projects including dormitories, hostels, apartment and more.

Page | 9
 Figure 1.10: Prestressed Concrete Beam.

Advantage:
 Quick installation for reduced on site labour needs and costs.
 Factory production to ensure product is consistent and meets all quality
standards.
 Shorter project lead time.
 Wide range of depths to meet exact building needs.

• According to structural behaviour,

1) Singly reinforced
2) Doubly reinforced

1) Singly Reinforced Beam:

The beam that is longitudinally reinforced only in tension zone, it is known as
singly reinforced beam. It is responsible for carrying ultimate bending moment and
tension. Compression is counter by concrete. Practically this is not applicable.

Page | 10
 Figure 1.11: Singly Reinforced Beam.

2) Doubly Reinforced Beam:

The beam that is reinforced with steel both in tension and compression zone, it is
known as doubly reinforced beam. It is used when the depth is restricted. This
reinforcement beam is used in structures.

Figure 1.12: Reinforced Beam.

 Construction Steps of Beam:

1) Reinforcement Placement
2) Formwork
3) Concrete Casting
4) Curing
Page | 11
 5) Removal of Formwork

1) Reinforcement Placement:
i. Confirm the formwork dimensions and stability.
ii. Confirm cut length and bending dimensions.
iii. Tying of Beam Reinforcements.
iv. Arrangement of Primary and Secondary beams.
v. Arrangement of Beam-Column Junction at Corners.
vi. Arrangement of Continuous Beam-Column Junction.
vii. Reinforcement Arrangement of Overhang (Cantilever) Beams.

Figure 1.13: Reinforcement Placement.

 Stirrups:
Stirrups are provided in beams due to following reason,
 They hold longitudinal or main steel in right position during concreting.
 They resists sesmic forces in column and resist longitudinal buckling.
 They carries shear force generated in beam due to regular changing
bending moment over span.

Page | 12
 Figure 1.14: Stirrups.

 Spacing of Stirrups:
As shear strength requirement is more at the supports than the center,the spacing of
Stirrups increases towards the center of the beam.

 Hooks:
Hook is offered in stirrups for the subsequent purposes,
 To avert buckling of column.
 The major need for protection against bond breakdown.
 Hooks are provided for to resist seismic movement.
 To keep longitudinal steel bars in position and hold steel tightly.

Figure 1.15: Hook.

Page | 13
 Clear Cover:
 Clear cover is the least and minimum distance between outer face of of main
reinforcement with link including thickness of plaster and finishing of concrete.
 Size of clear cover of beam should be ranging between 25mm to 40mm.
 Clear cover of size 25 mm is apply in presence of dry climate environment and
35 mm to 45 mm size should be taken in presence of wet climatic environment
or sea side location.

Figure 1.16: Clear Cover.

2) Formwork:
Beam formwork is generally formed with either timber or metal panels. In this type
of formwork, the process is to produce a box surrounded with frames at the perfect
size of the beam and fasten it firmly on the kicker left from base or the last phase of
beam concreting.

Page | 14
 Figure 1.17: Formwork of Beam.

Formwork materials:
i. Wood
ii. Either all wood or some wood components.
iii. Plywood
iv. Aluminium
v. Steel
vi. Plastics

Consideration should be given on the following point for formwork construction,

 It should be built up tightly and sustained competently and braced both
horizontal and vertical with the intention of preserving its shape.
 The joints in the framework should be firm against seepage of cement grout.
 The formwork should be arranged correctly to the preferred line and levels
with plane surface.
 It should be supported with firm base.

3) Concrete Casting:
Generally casting of beam is done along with slab. Sometimes at first, the lower
part of beam is casted and then the upper part is casting along with slab.
Page | 15
 Figure 1.18: Concrete Casting of Beam.

4) Curing:
Curing is the process to the internal moisture up which continues the hydration.
While there are shuttering, the top surface is waterlogged and other surfaces are
moisture proof by shuttering method. The curing time for beam is generally 21
days.

5) Removal of Formwork:
The process of removal of formwork occurs after the concrete has turned and
gained sufficient strength ,which is called formwork striking time.
i. Shuttering forming vertical faces of beam should be removed first.
ii. Shuttering forming soft to slab should be removed first.
iii. Duration of time up to which the formwork should be kept in place depends
upon many factors such as type of cement used, shape and position.

Page | 16
 Chapter-2
COLUMN

Columns are defined as vertical load bearing members supporting axial

compressive loads chiefly.

 Columns are structural member transfer load from beams to footings.

 Columns can be said short or long depending on its slenderness ratio or l/d
ratio.
 Additional loads from snow, wind or other horizontal forces can cause
bending in the columns.
 Columns then need to be designed for axial load bending.
 Longitudinal rebar runs vertically and is held in place by ties.
 Longitudinal bars are typically about 4% of the gross column area; ties are
usually #3 or #4 bars.

Figure 2.1: Column.

Classification of Column:
• Columns can be of many types on loading, length, column ties, frame bracing
etc. According to construction materials the types of columns used in
construction are stated below:

Page | 17
 1) R.C.C Column
2) Steel Column
3) Timber Column
4) Composite Column
5) Pre stressed Column

1) R.C.C Column:
R.C.C column is a vertical structural member which transfer loads from beam and
slab directly stands on columns.Most of the bulding failure occurs not onlybfor
design fault but also for poor construction practices.

Figure 2.2: R.C.C Column.

R.C.C columns are mainly constructed in 4 different stages, which are:

i. Column layout work.
ii. Column reinforcement work.
iii. Column formwork and
iv. Pouring concrete.

R.C.C column can be classified according to their cross-sectional shape.

a) Square
b) Rectangular
c) Circular
d) Hexagonal
Page | 18
 e) Octagonal
f) L-shape
g) T-shape

Figure 2.3: Cross sectional shape of R.C.C. column.

2) Steel column:
A steel column is a vertical structural member used in construction to provide
essential support. They may carry loads in compression or they may transfer loads
from things like beams, ceiling, floor slabs or roof slabs to floor or foundation.

Figure 2.4: Steel Column.

Steel column can be classified according to their section.

Page | 19
 a) I- section
b) T- section
c) C-section
d) Hollow box section

3) Timber Column:
Timber column are designed for house, reception areas and refurbishment
properties. They provide an aesthetic appearance creating a feeling of space and
openness.

Figure 2.5: Timber Column.

4) Composite Column:
Composite column are a combination of two traditional structure forms: (i)
Structural Steel and (ii) Structural Concrete. As composite columns were generally
developed after steel columns and reinforced concrete columns, their design
approach could have been based on their steel or concrete design method.

Page | 20
 Figure 2.6: Steel-Concrete Composite Column.

5) Prestressed Column:
Prestressed column can be considered as an extension of ordinary reinforced
concrete columns where reinforcing steel is used to resist tension.

Figure 2.7: Prestressed Column.

• BASED ON SLENDERNESS RATIO:

1) Long Column
2) Intermediate Column
3) Short Column

Page | 21
1)Long Column:
 Long Column is considered to be long if the ratio of effective length of
column to its least lateral dimension is greater than 12.
 Long column is weaker than a short column and generally, it is not preferred.
 Long column,whose laterial dimension is very small when compared to its
length (or height) is called as long column.
 It is generally fails by buckling.
 The slenderness ratio is greater than 45.
 As the height of column increase the load carrying capacity is less.
 Long column radius of gyration is less.
 Load carrying capacity is less.
 Long column is subjected to buckling stress.
 The failure of the long column is buckling.

2) Intermediate Column:
 This column will fail by inelastic buckling when a localized buckling when a
localized yielding occurs.
 This will be initiated at some point of weakness and crookedness.
 Its failure strength cannot be determine using either the elastic buckling
criterion of the long column or yielding the crierion column.

3)Short Column:
 Short column is considered to be short if the ration of effective length to its
least dimension is less than 12.
 The short column is stronger than a long column and it is highly preferable.
 It is generally fails by crushing.
 The slenderness ratio is less than 45.
 As the height of the column decreases the load- carrying capacity is more.
 Short column radius of gyration is more.
 The short column is subjected to compressive stress.

Page | 22
 Figure 2.8: Column based on structural behaviour.

• BASED ON COLUMN TIES:

 Ties:
A tie is a linear structural components designed to resist tension. It is the opposite
struct and column, which is designed to resist tension.
Connecting ties that provide a continuous structural load transfer path the top of the
building to its foundation and helping to protect the building. So, lateral
reinforcement use to tie individual bars and thus the name is tie. It is also prevent
highly stressed slender longitudinal bars from buckling outward by bursting the thin
concrete cover.

Page | 23
 Figure 2.9: Column with ties.

Types of Ties:
I) Rectangular Tie: The rectangular ties are transverse reinforcement which forms
an individual ring with a fixed spacing each the links.
II) Spiral Tie: The helical reinforcement differs from the ties as the latter one posses
spacing between individual ties. In helical reinforcement instead of spacing, the
measured value is pitch.

Figure 2.10: Rectangular and Spiral tied column.

Page | 24
  Construction Steps of Column:
1) Reinforcement placement
2) Formwork
3) Concrete Casting
4) Compaction
5) Removal of formwork
6) Curing

1) Reinforcement Placement: In this stage of works the location of columns are

determined practically in the field.
i. It is done by laying rope according to gribs and then mark the location of
columns related to rope.
ii. After making the column locations, we start to place reinforcement as
instructed in the structural drawing.
iii. In rectangular column main vertical reinforcement requirement is minimum 4
main bar.
iv. In circular main vertical reinforcement requirement is minimum 6 main bar.
v. Necessary cutting and straightening is done if required.
vi. Preferable bars of full length shall be used.
vii. Overlapping of bars, where necessary shall be done as directed by the
engineer.

Page | 25
 Figure 2.11: Reinforcement Placement of Column.

 Overlapping:
A lapis essential when two pieces of reinforcing bar are overlapped to create a
constant line of rebar. The length of lap is dependent on the concrete strength, the
rebar grade, size and spacing. The purpose of providing lap is to transfer load from
one bar to another bar aside from maintaining contuinity. The placement of lap is
influenced by the bending moment of the column.

 Hooks:
Hook is offered in stirrups for the subsequent purposes,
 To avert buckling of column.
 The major need for protection against bond breakdown.
 Hooks are provided for to resist seismic movement.
 To keep longitudinal steel bars in position band hold steel tightly.

Page | 26
2) Formwork or Shuttering:
Formwork is temporary support as a mould for fresh concrete in which concrete
poured and cast in the desired shape and gain strength, hardened and matured. It is
used in different shapes and sizes according to our construction elements in the
form of PCC, RCC works in building, bridge, tunel, sanitary pipeline work.

Figure 2.12: Formwork or shuttering.

3) Concrete Casting:
The casting procedure is given below:
i. Collect the samples for maturity testing. Check slump and temperature if
inclined with what's designed.
ii. The surfaces of construction joints should be the thoroughly wet, free from
laitance before pouring fresh concrete.
iii. For the casting, deposit concrete continuously. Make sure that concrete is cast
as heatly as possible and avoid considerable height difference that promotes
aggregates segregation.
iv. The concrete should be compacted using a mechanical vibrator. The use of
vibrators should be limited to the time necessary for consolidation.

Page | 27
 Figure 2.13: Ongoing concrete casting of a column.

4) Compaction:
Compaction of concrete is an operation in which fresh concrete is compacted in
forms and make it encircle reinforcement and other embedded objects such as tubes
in the mold.
It is used to get highest density of concrete. Historically it was achieved by
ramming or punning but now a days compaction is mostly carried out by vibration.
The main purpose of compaction of concrete is to get the dense mass of concrete
without voids.

Method of Compaction of concrete:

Following are the different methods of compaction of concrete, which are given
below:
I. Manual Compaction.
II. Concrete Compaction by Pressure and Jolting.
III. By Spinning.
IV. Mechanical Compaction by Vibration.

Page | 28
5) Removal of Formwork:
Removal of formwork is recommended only when the concrete has gained strength
to take up its dead weight without the further help to formwork or any pops.
Method of Removing formwork:
Following are the method of removing formwork which are given below:

i. Shuttering forming vertical faces of walls, beams and columns sides(which bear
no loads but are used only to retain the concrete should be removed first.
ii. Shuttering forming soffit to slabs should be removed next.
iii. Shuttering forming soffit of beams or other heavily loaded shuttering should be
removed in the end.

Figure 2.14: Removal of Formwork.

6) Curing:
i. Curing of concrete is a method by which the concrete is protected against loss
of moisture required for hydration and kept within the recommended range.
ii. It will increase the strength and decrease the permeability of hardened
concrete.
iii. It is also helps in mitigating thermal and plastic cracks.
iv. Curing is continued for 28 days and gunny bag is used for curing.

Page | 29
Figure 2.15: Curing of Column.

Page | 30
 Chapter-3
Slab

Slabs are flat, horizontal structural elements made of reinforced concrete that
receive the load and transfer it through the beams to the columns and tie the
footings to the soil below. It is used in both load bearing structure and framed
structure. The thickness of the slab varies from 100mm to 500mm. A slab can be a
floor or a roof slab.

Figure 3.1: Slab.

Classification of Slab:
• Slab can be broadly classified into two categories,
1) One Way Slab
2) Two Way Slab

1) One Way Slab:

 One way slab is a slab which is supported by beams on the two opposite sides
to carry the load along one direction.
 The ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is equal or greater than 2.
Longer span/shorter span=l/b≥2.
Page | 31
  Main reinforcement is provided only in one direction.
 The deflection shape is cylinder.
 The crank is provided in two direction.
 In one way slab quantity of steel is less.

2)Two Way Slab:

 The slabs are supported on all the four sides.
 The loads are carried along with both direction.
 In two way slab,the ratio of longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less than 2.
Longer span/shorter span=l/b<2.
 Main reinforcement bars are provided in both direction.
 The deflection shape is like a dish or saucer.
 In two way slab quantity of slab is more as compared to the one way slab.
 In a two way slab bending is in both directions.

Figure 3.2: One Way Slab & Two Way Slab.

Page | 32
 Other Categories:

• Beam Slab:
 The floor/roof consists of beam and slab.
 The thickness of slab is small while depth of beam is large .
 It provides lesser clear ceiling heights.
 Here load from slab is transferred to beam and from beam to column.
 In this slab more formwork is needed.
 Formwork is complicated and hence costly.
 Deep panel is not needed above column.
 Dead load of structure is more.

Figure 3.3: Beam Slab.

Flat Slab:
 The floor consists of walls and there are no beams.
 The thickness of slab is large
 It provides lesser clear ceiling heights.
 Here load from slab is directly transferred to column.
 In this slab,less formwork is needed.
 Formwork is simple and hence not costly.
 Drop panel is provided above column.
 Dead load of structure is less.
 Minimum thickness of slab is 125 mm.
 Reinforcement are commonly provided in two layers.
Page | 33
 Figure 3.4: Flat Slab.

Flat Plate Slab:

 Flat plate slabs are connected to the column directly.
 It can bridge smaller sapns beacuse of lower shear capacity and deflection
control.
 Flat plates are most economical for spans from 15 ft to 20 ft.
 We use the flat plate commonly in many types of construction.Its a
generalized construction methodology used in residential and commercial
sectors.
 Long haul deflection might be controlling elements.
 May not be appropriate for substantial burdens.

Figure 3.5: Flat Plate Slab.

Page | 34
Waffle slab:
• A waffle slab is a type of slab with holes underneath giving the appearance of
waffles.
• It is usually used where large spans are required to avoid maybe columns
interfering with space
• Waffle slabs provide stiffer and lighter slabs than an equivalent flat slab.
• Relatively lightweight hence economical.
• It uses 30% less concrete band less steel than a raft slab.
• They provide low floor deflections.
• Excellent vibration control.
• It has good finishes and robustness.

Figure 3.6: Waffle Slab.

 Construction Steps of Slab:

1) Reinforcement Placement
2) Formwork
3) Concrete Casting
4) Compaction
5) Leveling
6) Curing

Page | 35
1) Reinforcement Placement:
i. Reinforcement detailing of a slab is done based on its support conditions.
ii. Slab maybe supported on walls or beams or columns.
iii. In one way slab main reinforcement is parallel to shorter and the
reinforcement parallel to longer direction is called distribution steel.
iv. In two way slab main reinforcement is provided along both direction.
v. Slabs could be simple supported, continuous or cantilever.

Figure 3.7: Reinforcemnt Placement of Slab.

2) Formwork:
i. Formwork is a parmanent or temporary structure in which constructor pour
fresh concrete to harden subsequently.
ii. A slab formwork comes in handy when a building requires suspended
concrete slabs with no direct connection to the ground.
iii. It consists of Formwork panels, shores, joints, stringers and other supporting
materials.

Page | 36
 Figure 3.8: Formwork.

Types of Formwork:
I) Steel formwork:
Steel formwork is of steel panels constructed out of thin steel plates. Using steel in
formwork increases the initial cost, but in the long run. It proves to be economical
as it can be reuse more times, normally ten times more than timber formwork. As
steel has no ability to absorb wtater concrete.

Figure 3.9: Steel Formwork.

II) Timber formwork:

Page | 37
It is generally used for small works requiring fewer repetition since its initial cost is
less. It is better to use timber with free from loose knots light in weight and easily,
workable with nails without splitting and should be well seasoned. These
formworks can be reused for 10 to 12 times.

Figure 3.10: Timber Formwork.

 Clear cover:
The size of clear cover of slab should be ranging between 20mm to 30 mm. Clear
cover of size 20mm apply for 4 to 5 inch thick slab.

3) Concrete casting:
The construction joint shall be pre decided and fixed prior to start of the concreting.
It is planned to have two construction joints for main building as decided. Stock of
material shall be sufficient to start the concrete. It shall be ensured by stores dept
that concreting is not stopped on a account of materials.

Page | 38
 Figure 3.11: Concrete Casting of Slab.

4) Compaction:
Use a steel tired rake to rake the soil level. Remove any rocks maybe in the soil
Spray down the slab area with benefits of proper concrete compaction include:
i. Increased ultimate strength of concrete.
ii. Enhanced bond between concrete and Reinforcement.
iii. Minimisation of shrinkage characteristics.
iv. Minimisation of other forms of cracking.

Figure 3.12: Compaction.

Page | 39
5) Leveling:
i. Tapering cracks or heaves to reduce tripping hazards.
ii. Flattering high spots or ridges before we flooring.
iii. Grinding down leftover thin set or other hard coating.
iv. Removing a sealed surface to accept adhesive thin set or epoxy.

Figure 3.13: Leveling.

6) Curing:
The curing shall be started immediately after thumb set of the concrete laid After
concrete is placed, the concrete increases in strength very quickly of 3-7 days.
Concrete which is moist curved for 7 days is about 50% stronger than uncured
concrete. Ideally, the slab could be water cured for 7 days.

Figure 3.14: Curing.

Page | 40
 REFERENCES

• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-beam-and-the-
types-of-
beams&ved=2ahUKEwjUl8PJ0pXzAhVVzDgGHSWIBagQFnoECEIQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1T3br0DL327yzVWiv1LbGh
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/09/type
s-of-
beams.html&ved=2ahUKEwjUl8PJ0pXzAhVVzDgGHSWIBagQFnoECCcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1q9sqzP89oaerF4UuYW
Wsv
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/NabeelRajpoot1
/construction-
processcolumnbeamslab&ved=2ahUKEwih8fuo05XzAhVazzgGHfgpB3MQFnoECDIQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0Z4iJcmuF8
BjJGNPtzRPTk
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://civilwale.com/design-steps-for-rcc-
beam/&ved=2ahUKEwih8fuo05XzAhVazzgGHfgpB3MQFnoECBUQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1tyb79X9qJXHei5JivD-hB
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.constructionnews.co.in/column-
construction-
steps.html&ved=2ahUKEwjSsq7d05XzAhX9xzgGHffeBqsQFnoECDcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0mMRFa1YrrEiS1xbK7GYw
g
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://civiljungle.com/how-to-structural-design-a-
building-house-step-by-step-part-4-column-
design/&ved=2ahUKEwjSsq7d05XzAhX9xzgGHffeBqsQFnoECBAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0vQ7MLKHrnw9-5x-_Ma-Zo
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://theconstructor.org/concrete/concrete-floor-
slab-construction/25628/&ved=2ahUKEwih3KT-05XzAhXazjgGHeWyBSEQFnoECBAQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3CR-
RWBCqo8-zbgxH1kzzX&ampcf=1
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://civiljungle.com/slab-
construction/&ved=2ahUKEwih3KT-05XzAhXazjgGHeWyBSEQFnoECBQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0w-
zucXcDYiWrPNlJpXRyf
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.mech4study.com/2016/04/what-is-
beam-types-of-
beams.html&ved=2ahUKEwjUl8PJ0pXzAhVVzDgGHSWIBagQFnoECCkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2E5SoxWuOah7LQdjY5
NT8-
• https://civilread.com/16-different-types-slabs-construction/

Thank you
Page | 41