Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

Essentials of The Living World 5th Edition George Johnson

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Chapter 05
Energy and Life

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Objects that are not actively moving but have the capacity to do so are said to possess
A. kinetic energy.
B. potential energy.
C. entropy.
D. living energy.

Please see section 05.01. "Potential" always indicates some unrealized ability or unreleased
energy, whether used in scientific terms or otherwise.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.01.01 Define energy, and differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.
Section: 05.01
Topic: Energy

5-1
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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

2. The process of lowering the activation energy of a reaction is

A. respiration.
B. catalysis.
C. oxidation.
D. photosynthesis.

Please see section 05.03. Enzymes are biological catalysts.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.03.02 Define activation energy and catalysis.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Energy
Topic: Enzymes

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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

3. Reactions that tend to occur spontaneously, releasing energy, are called

A. endergonic.
B. exergonic.
C. catalytic.
D. productive.

Please see section 05.03. Energy-releasing reactions occur spontaneously.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.03.01 Differentiate between endergonic and exergonic reactions.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Chemical Reactions
Topic: Energy

4. Enzymes are catalysts because they operate to

A. lower activation energy.
B. raise activation energy.
C. supply activation energy.
D. supply the reactants.

Please see section 05.03. Enzymes catalyze reactions by holding reactants together in a shape
which is more likely to lead to the reaction occurring.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.03.02 Define activation energy and catalysis.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Enzymes

5. The site on the surface of a reactant where it binds to the enzyme is called the
A. reactive site.
B. allosteric site.
C. active site.
D. binding site.

Please see section 05.04. Reactants are held by the enzyme at the binding site.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.04.01 Differentiate between active site and substrate binding site.
Section: 05.04
Topic: Chemical Reactions
Topic: Enzymes

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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

6. Which factor is least important for enzyme function?

A. Temperature of the cytoplasm
B. The amount of reactant in the cell
C. pH of the cytoplasm
D. Relative humidity
E. Presence of a repressor

Please see sections 05.04 and 05.05. Enzymes work in solution, so the humidity in the air is
irrelevant.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.05.01 Describe how repressors interact with allosteric sites of enzymes and the results of this interaction.
Section: 05.05
Topic: Enzymes

7. Which activity occurs without an input of cellular energy?

A. Swimming movements of some types of cells
B. Driving endergonic reactions
C. Movement of organelles within cells
D. Movement of water across the cell membrane

Please see section 05.06. The uptake of water by cells is generally spontaneous, occurring by
osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to areas
where more solutes are found.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: ATP
Topic: Chemical Reactions
Topic: Energy

5-4
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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

8. ATP is composed of a sugar, the organic base adenine, and

A. three phosphate groups.
B. two phosphate groups.
C. three nitrate groups.
D. phenylalanine.

Please see section 05.06. The bonds between successive phosphates store a large amount of
energy.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: ATP

9. The process of converting the energy from food molecules into energy of ATP is
A. cellular respiration.
B. catalysis.
C. thermodynamics.
D. photosynthesis.

Please see section 05.06. Cellular respiration uses oxygen to extract energy from reduced
carbon compounds such as glucose or protein.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: ATP

5-5
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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

10. In reference to enzyme activities, repressors _____ the active site, while activators
________ it.
A. restore; disrupt
B. promote; disrupt
C. disrupt; restore
D. disrupt; bind to
E. stimulate; repress

Please see section 05.05. Enzyme shape, and thus function, can be changed by a number of
factors, including chemicals which bind to the enzymes.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.05.01 Describe how repressors interact with allosteric sites of enzymes and the results of this interaction.
Section: 05.05
Topic: Enzymes

11. The site on the enzyme surface where the reactant fits is referred to as the
A. reactive site.
B. allosteric site.
C. active site.
D. binding site.

Please see section 05.04. The active site is where the reactant(s) bind and the chemical
reaction, catalyzed by an enzyme, actually occurs.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.04.01 Differentiate between active site and substrate binding site.
Section: 05.04
Topic: Enzymes

5-6
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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

12. Objects that are moving are said to possess

A. kinetic energy.
B. potential energy.
C. entropy.
D. living energy.

Please see section 05.01. When potential energy is released and motion occurs, kinetic energy
is being observed.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.01.01 Define energy, and differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.
Section: 05.01
Topic: Energy

13. The making and breaking of chemical bonds are called

A. entropy reactions.
B. chemical reactions.
C. thermodynamic reactions.
D. catalysis reactions.
E. activation energy reactions.

Review the discussion of chemical reactions in section 05.01.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.01.01 Define energy, and differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.
Section: 05.01

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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

14. Which process is driven by something other than the energy in ATP?
A. Muscle contraction
B. Active transport
C. Heat production
D. Diffusion of oxygen into the blood
E. Cytoplasmic transport

Please see section 05.06. Diffusion of oxygen into cells is driven by a concentration gradient
not by ATP hydrolysis.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: Chemical Reactions
Topic: Energy

15. Which statement about energy would lose points on an exam?

A. The biological world gets its energy from the sun.
B. Chemical bonds store potential energy.
C. All forms of energy can be converted to heat.
D. Energy is defined as the ability to do work.
E. A boulder perched on a hill has kinetic energy.

Please see section 05.01. A boulder on top of a hill has potential energy which will become
kinetic if it starts to roll.

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 05.01.01 Define energy, and differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.
Section: 05.01
Topic: Energy

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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

16. The First Law of Thermodynamics states

A. that energy can be changed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
B. that energy is constantly being created by entropy events.
C. that energy can be used and then destroyed because of entropy's actions on it.
D. that energy can be destroyed while it is producing entropy.

Please see section 05.02. A switch from potential to kinetic energy is an example of a change
in form.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.02.01 State the first law of thermodynamics.
Section: 05.02
Topic: Energy

17. Chemical reactions that take up energy are called ______ reactions.
A. exergonic
B. endergonic
C. catalysis
D. catalytic

Exergonic reactions release energy while endergonic reactions take it up. Please see section
05.03.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.03.01 Differentiate between endergonic and exergonic reactions.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Chemical Reactions
Topic: Energy

5-9
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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

18. A competitive inhibitor interferes with

A. the active site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.
B. the repressor site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.
C. the allosteric site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.
D. the oxidized site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.
E. the reduced site of the enzyme so a substrate cannot bind.

Please see section 05.05. A competitive inhibitor competes for the active site with the proper
substrate.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.05.01 Describe how repressors interact with allosteric sites of enzymes and the results of this interaction.
Section: 05.05
Topic: Enzymes

19. If you were to use a hand grasping some clay to shape it as an analogy for an enzyme
binding a substrate, what would describe one hand changing shape as it contacted the other?
A. perfect
B. induced
C. partial
D. tight

Please see section 05.04. Induced fit involves one molecule causing the other to change shape
for a tighter connection.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 05.04.01 Differentiate between active site and substrate binding site.
Section: 05.04
Topic: Enzymes

5-10
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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

20. The extra energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and to initiate a
chemical reaction is called
A. exergonic energy.
B. endergonic energy.
C. kinetic energy.
D. activation energy.
E. catalytic energy.

Please see section 05.03. Activation energy is released during the reaction, but it is a required
initial input, like a small push to get a vehicle over a hump so that it can start to roll.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.03.02 Define activation energy and catalysis.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Chemical Reactions
Topic: Energy

21. If you wanted to halt the flow of energy into the biological world, you would want to do
away with
A. oceans.
B. plants.
C. sun.
D. volcanoes.
E. large animals.

Please see section 05.01. Sunlight powers autotrophic organisms, which directly or indirectly
feed all other living things.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 05.01.01 Define energy, and differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.
Section: 05.01
Topic: Energy

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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

22. Most human enzymes work best within the range of

A. pH 3 - 5.
B. pH 4 - 6.
C. pH 6 - 8.
D. pH 8 - 10.
E. pH 11 - 14.

Please see section 05.04. The pH range 6-8 is relatively close to neutral.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.04.02 Explain the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Section: 05.04
Topic: Enzymes

23. Which is incorrect about enzymes?

A. Enzyme repressors disrupt enzyme active site shape.
B. A noncompetitive inhibitor of enzymes interferes with the active site of the enzyme.
C. Enzymes need to have a precise shape to work correctly.
D. In humans, extremely high fevers can be fatal because enzymes begin to denature and stop
working.
E. Some enzymes can work in extreme temperatures or very low pH.

Please see section 05.05. In noncompetitive inhibition, an inhibitor binds to the allosteric site
of an enzyme and alters the shape of the enzyme, but it does not interfere directly with the
active site of the enzyme.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.05.01 Describe how repressors interact with allosteric sites of enzymes and the results of this interaction.
Section: 05.05
Topic: Enzymes

5-12
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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

24. To build a model of an ATP molecule, you would need models for what components?
A. Deoxyribose, 3 phosphates, 1 guanine
B. Ribose, 2 phosphates, 1 thymine
C. Deoxyribose, ribose, 1 cytosine
D. Ribose, 3 phosphates, 1 adenine
E. Glucose, 3 phosphates, 1 guanine

Please see section 05.06. An ATP molecule has three kinds of parts, including adenine,
deoxyribose sugar, and three phosphates.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: ATP

25. If an organism has food available and needs ATP, it should run
A. cellular respiration.
B. photosynthesis.
C. feedback inhibition.
D. entropy.
E. catalysis.

Please see section 05.06. Food consists of reduced carbon compounds, and the energy in it
can be extracted using cellular respiration and turned into the energy in the bonds of ATP.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: Energy

5-13
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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

True / False Questions

26. During the ATP cycle, ATP is assembled from three phosphates, ribose, and adenine.
FALSE

Please see section 05.06. In the ATP-ADP cycle, ATP is assembled from ADP and one
phosphate.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: ATP

Fill in the Blank Questions

27. The site where a noncompetitive inhibitor molecule binds to the surface of an enzyme is
the ______________ site.
allosteric

Please see section 05.05. Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a site which causes the enzyme
shape to change and the enzyme, thus, to become less active or inactive.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.05.01 Describe how repressors interact with allosteric sites of enzymes and the results of this interaction.
Section: 05.05
Topic: Enzymes

5-14
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

28. If you were looking for a book about energy, you would look for a title which included
the word "_______."
thermodynamics

Please see section 05.01. Thermodynamics includes laws dealing with the conservation of
energy and with disorder.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.01.01 Define energy, and differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.
Section: 05.01
Topic: Energy

29. If a ball fell off a table, it would lose its ______ energy.
potential

Please see section 05.01. Potential energy is stored energy, energy at rest.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.01.01 Define energy, and differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.
Section: 05.01
Topic: Energy

30. When an endergonic reaction is driven by the splitting of ATP molecules, such that both
of these reactions occur simultaneously, the two-part reaction is called a _____________
reaction.
coupled

Please see section 05.06. Coupling allows the spontaneous nature of one reaction to drive
another non-spontaneous reaction.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: Chemical Reactions
Topic: Energy

5-15
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

31. If a ball begins to roll down an incline, its ________ energy is converted into _______
energy.
potential, kinetic

Please see section 05.01. When a body moves downward, potential energy is turned into
kinetic energy.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.01.01 Define energy, and differentiate between kinetic and potential energy.
Section: 05.01
Topic: Energy

32. The second law of thermodynamics states that _________________.

disorder, or entropy, increases in a closed system

Please see section 05.02. An increase in disorder can make a reaction occur spontaneously.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.02.02 State the second law of thermodynamics.
Section: 05.02
Topic: Energy

33. If your room becomes progressively messier over the course of a month, you have
allowed an increase in ___________.
entropy or disorder

Please see section 05.02. Any increase in disorder, in an organism or in a room, is an increase
in entropy.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 05.02.02 State the second law of thermodynamics.
Section: 05.02
Topic: Energy

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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

34. If you add a metal powder to a solution, and the activation energy of a chemical reaction
in that solution decreased, the addition of the metal resulted in ________.
catalysis

Please see section 05.03. In catalysis, something, such as an enzyme, reduces activation
energy and causes a reaction to speed up.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 05.03.02 Define activation energy and catalysis.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Enzymes

35. In __________ reactions, the products contain more energy than the reactants.
endergonic

Please see section 05.03. Endergonic reactions take up energy and thus are not spontaneous
on their own.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.03.01 Differentiate between endergonic and exergonic reactions.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Chemical Reactions
Topic: Energy

36. If you added some potato extract to a jar of peroxide, and then the peroxide began to
quickly break down, you would suspect that the extract contained one or more __________
which promote(s) the breakdown reaction.
enzymes

Please see section 05.04.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 05.04.01 Differentiate between active site and substrate binding site.
Section: 05.04
Topic: Enzymes

5-17
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

37. The site on an enzyme where a substrate binds is the ___________ site, and the site on
the substrate that binds to the enzyme is the __________ site.
active, binding

Please see section 05.04. Where the substrate is bound and where the reaction occurs are not
exactly the same location since the former is on the substrate and the latter is on the enzyme.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.04.01 Differentiate between active site and substrate binding site.
Section: 05.04
Topic: Enzymes

Essay Questions

38. Do all cells contain the same active enzymes? Support your answer.

No, different enzymes are present and active at different times, depending on the needs of the
cells producing the enzymes. Cells control what happens within themselves by controlling
what enzymes are present, where they are placed, and whether they are active. Please see
section 05.05.

Bloom's Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 05.05.01 Describe how repressors interact with allosteric sites of enzymes and the results of this interaction.
Section: 05.05
Topic: Enzymes

39. What happens to enzymes when the temperature increases beyond their optimal reaction
requirement?

The enzyme becomes denatured. Chemical bonds that maintain the enzyme's shape and
configuration are too weak to hold the peptide chains in their proper position. Please see
section 05.04.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.04.02 Explain the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Section: 05.04
Topic: Enzymes

5-18
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

40. Explain how enzymes are regulated by feedback inhibition.

Enzymes can be regulated by a mechanism called feedback inhibition, where the product of
the reaction acts as the repressor. Enzyme inhibition can occur in two ways. Competitive
inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme. Noncompetitive
inhibitors can bind to the enzyme at the allosteric site, changing the shape of the enzyme and
making it unable to bind to the substrate. Please see section 05.04.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.05.01 Describe how repressors interact with allosteric sites of enzymes and the results of this interaction.
Section: 05.05
Topic: Enzymes

41. State the components of an ATP molecule.

An ATP molecule is composed of three parts. First, a ribose sugar molecule serves as a
backbone to which the other two parts are attached. Next, there is adenine, one of the four
nitrogenous bases found in a DNA molecule. Finally, there is a chain of three phosphates.
Please see section 05.06.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: ATP

42. Distinguish between reactants, substrates, and products.

Reactants are sometimes called substrates and are the molecules that enter a chemical
reaction. Products are the results of a chemical reaction. Please see section 05.03.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.03.01 Differentiate between endergonic and exergonic reactions.
Section: 05.03
Topic: Chemical Reactions

5-19
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McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

43. List and explain four uses for ATP in a cell.

Answers may vary but should include topics shown in table 05.01: ATP can be used to
drive endergonic reactions, muscle contraction, the activation of molecules, coupled transport
and active transport through the cell membrane, cytoplasmic transport within the cell,
flagellar movements and cell crawling, and the production of heat. Please see section 05.06.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: ATP
Topic: Chemical Reactions

44. Describe the ATP-ADP cycle.

The phosphates in the ATP molecule carry negative charges and repel each other. In this
way, they are poised to push apart and contain a considerable amount of potential energy.
When the endmost phosphate of ATP is broken off, a sizeable energy packet is released, along
with ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate. The addition of energy to
ADP and Pi can regenerate ATP, and thus a cycle of releasing energy from ATP to do work in
the cell alternating with regenerating ATP makes up the ATP-ADP cycle. Please see section
05.06.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 05.06.01 Explain how the phosphate groups of ATP store potential energy and how organisms use this energy to power
endergonic reactions.
Section: 05.06
Topic: ATP

5-20
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Chapter 05 - Energy and Life

True / False Questions

45. If you were asked to examine a model of a metabolic pathway which had one part, you
would know that a mistake had been made because metabolic pathways have many parts.
TRUE

Metabolic pathways usually involve at least several enzymes catalyzing several sequential
chemical reactions. Please see section 05.04.

Learning Outcome: 05.04.02 Explain the effects of temperature and pH on enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Section: 05.04
Topic: Metabolic Pathways

5-21
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McGraw-Hill Education.