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Quantum Optics Notes 3 27
Quantum Optics Notes 3 27
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A number of people have improved this work by graciously providing corrections, comments, and suggestions.
• Jonathan Mackrory (U. Oregon) has also pointed out a vast number of corrections.
• Steven van Enk (U. Oregon) has provided a number of corrections.
• Anders Larsen (Aarhus U.) identified a sloppy argument in Section 18.1.1, and the derivation there
follows his suggested proof. Anders also pointed out a sloppy and overzealous use of the term ‘‘Poisson
process.’’
Contents 7
2 Classical Coherence 63
2.1 Wiener–Khinchin Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.2 Optical Wiener–Khinchin Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.2.1 Michelson Interferometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2.2 Example: Monochromatic Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.2.3 Spectrum of Atomic Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.2.4 Normalized One- and Two-Sided Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3 Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.4 Coherence Time, Coherence Length, and Uncertainty Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.5 Interference Between Two Partially Coherent Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.6 Second-Order Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.6.1 Thermal Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.6.2 Experiment of Hanbury Brown and Twiss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.7 Phase Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
8 Contents
3 Rate-Equation Model 97
3.1 Quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.2 Fundamental Light–Atom Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.3 Einstein Rate Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.4 Relations Between the Einstein Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.5 Line Shape and Spectral Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.5.1 Broadband Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.5.2 Nearly Monochromatic Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.6 Absorption Coefficient and Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
16 Photodetection 681
16.1 Counting Photons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
16.2 Beam Splitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
16.3 Collision of One Photon and a Beam Splitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
16.4 Two-Photon Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
16.4.1 Simple Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
16.4.2 Coherence Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
16.4.2.1 Quantum Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
16.4.2.2 Pulse-Annihilation Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
16.4.2.3 Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
16.4.2.4 Interference of Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Index 1189