Chapter 5

Solution Manual for Chemistry The Molecular Nature

of Matter 7th Edition by Jespersen Hyslop ISBN
111851646X 9781118516461
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Chapter Five
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Practice Exercises
5.1 2Na(s) + O2(g) ¾¾ ® Na2O2(s)
Oxygen is reduced since it gains electrons.
Sodium is oxidized since it loses electrons.

5.2 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) ¾¾ ® 2AlCl3(aq)

Aluminum is oxidized and is, therefore, the reducing agent.
Chlorine is reduced and is, therefore, the oxidizing agent.
5.3 ClO2–: O –2 Cl +3
5.4 (a) Ni +2; Cl –1
(b) Mg +2; Ti +4; O –2
(c) K +1; Cr +6; O –2
(d) H +1; P +5, O –2
(e) V +3; C 0; H +1; O –2
(f) N –3; H +1
5.5 First the oxidation numbers of all atoms must be found.
N2O5 + 3NaHCO3 ¾¾ ® 2NaNO3 + 2CO2 + H2O
Reactants: Products:
N = +5 N = +5
O = –2 O = –2
Na = +1 Na = +1
H = +1 H = +1
C = +4 C = +4
O = –2 O= –2
O = –2
None of the oxidation numbers change, therefore it is not a redox reaction.
KClO3 + 3HNO2 ¾¾
® KCl + 3HNO3

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Reactants: Products:
K = +1 K = +1
Cl = +5 Cl = –1
O = –2 O = –2
H = +1 H = +1
N = +3 N = +5
O = –2 O = –2
The oxidation numbers for K and Na do not change. However, the oxidation numbers for the
chlorine atom decreases. The oxidation numbers for nitrogen increase.
Therefore, KClO3 is reduced and HNO2 is oxidized.
This means KClO3 is the oxidizing agent and HNO2 is the reducing agent.
This reaction is the redox reaction.
5.6 First the oxidation numbers of all atoms must be found.
Cl2 + 2NaClO2 ¾¾ ® 2ClO2 + 2NaCl
Reactants: Products:
Cl = 0 Cl = +4
Na = +1 Na = +1
Cl = +3 Cl = –1
O = –2 O = –2
The oxidation numbers for O and Na do not change. However, the oxidation numbers for all
chlorine atoms change. There is no simple way to tell which chlorines are reduced and which are
oxidized in this reaction.
One analysis would have the Cl in Cl2 end up as the Cl in NaCl, while the Cl in NaClO2 ends up as
the Cl in ClO2. In this case Cl2 is reduced and is the oxidizing agent, while NaClO2 is oxidized and
is the reducing agent.

5.7 Al(s) + Cu2+(aq) ¾¾ ® Al3+(aq) + Cu(s)

It is not balanced because the charges are not balanced.
First, we break the reaction above into half-reactions:
Al(s) ¾¾ ® Al3+(aq)
Cu2+(aq) ¾¾ ® Cu(s)
Each half-reaction is already balanced with respect to atoms, so next we add electrons to balance
the charges on both sides of the equations:
Al(s) ¾¾ ® Al3+(aq) + 3e–
2e– + Cu2+(aq) ¾¾ ® Cu(s)
Next, we multiply both equations so that the electrons gained equals the electrons lost,
2(Al(s) ¾¾ ® Al3+(aq) + 3e–)
3(2e– + Cu2+(aq) ¾¾® Cu(s))
which gives us:
2Al(s) ¾¾ ® 2Al3+(aq) + 6e–
6e– + 3Cu2+(aq) ¾¾ ® 3Cu(s)
Now, by adding the half-reactions back together, we have our balanced equation:
2Al(s) + 3Cu2+(aq) ¾¾
® 2Al3+(aq) + 3Cu(s)

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5.8 TcO4− + Sn2+ ¾¾ ® Tc4+ + Sn4+

First, we break the reaction above into half-reactions:
TcO4– ¾¾ ® Tc4+
Sn2+ ¾¾ ® Sn4+
Each half-reaction is already balanced with respect to atoms other than O and H, so next we balance
the O atoms by using water:
TcO4– ¾¾ ® Tc4+ + 4H2O
Sn2+ ¾¾® Sn4+
Now we balance H by using H+:
8H+ + TcO4– ¾¾ ® Tc4+ + 4H2O
Sn2+ ¾¾ ® Sn4+
Next, we add electrons to balance the charges on both sides of the equations:
3e– + 8H+ + TcO4– ¾¾ ® Tc4+ + 4H2O
Sn2+ ¾¾ ® Sn4+ + 2e–
We multiply the equations so that the electrons gained equals the electrons lost,
2(3e– + 8H+ + TcO4– ¾¾ ® Tc4+ + 4H2O)
3(Sn2+ ¾¾ ® Sn4+ + 2e–)
which gives us:
6e– + 16H+ + 2TcO4– ¾¾ ® 2Tc4+ + 8H2O
3Sn2+ ¾¾ ® 3Sn4+ + 6e–
Now, by adding the half-reactions back together, we have our balanced equation:
3Sn2+ + 16H+ + 2TcO4– ¾¾
® 2Tc4+ + 8H2O + 3Sn4+
5.9 2H2O + SO2 ¾¾ ® SO42– + 4H+ + 2e–
4OH– + 2H2O + SO2 ¾¾® SO42– + 4H+ + 2e– + 4OH–
4OH– + 2H2O + SO2 ¾¾ ® SO42– + 2e– + 4H2O
4OH– + SO2 ¾¾ ® SO42– + 2e– + 2H2O
5.10 Follow the ten steps to balance a redox reaction.
MnO4– ¾¾
® MnO2
C2O4 ¾¾
2–
® CO32–
MnO4– ¾¾® MnO2
C2O42– ¾¾
® 2CO32–
MnO4– ¾¾ ® MnO2 + 2H2O
C2O4 + 2H2O ¾¾
2–
® 2CO32–
MnO4– + 4H+ ¾¾ ® MnO2 + 2H2O
C2O42– + 2H2O ¾¾® 2CO32– + 4H+
MnO4– + 4H+ + 3e– ¾¾® MnO2 + 2H2O
C2O4 + 2H2O ¾¾
2–
® 2CO32– + 4H+ + 2e–
(MnO4– + 4H+ + 3e– ¾¾® MnO2 + 2H2O) × 2
(C2O4 + 2H2O ¾¾
2–
® 2CO32– + 4H+ + 2e–) × 3

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 Chapter 5

2MnO4– + 3C2O42– + 2H2O ¾¾ ® 2MnO2 + 6CO32– + 4H+

Adding 4OH– to both sides of the above equation we get:
2MnO4– + 3C2O42– + 2H2O + 4OH– ¾¾
® 2MnO2 + 6CO32– + 4H+ + 4OH–
2MnO4– + 3C2O42– + 2H2O + 4OH– ¾¾
® 2MnO2 + 6CO32– + 4H2O
2MnO4– + 3C2O42– + 4OH– ¾¾
® 2MnO2 + 6CO32– + 2H2O
5.11 Zn + H+ ¾¾ ® Zn2+ + H2
Divide the reaction into two half reactions and balance the number of atoms
Zn ¾¾ ® Zn2+
2H+ ¾¾ ® H2
Balance the charges with electrons
Zn ¾¾ ® Zn2+ + 2e–
2H+ + 2e– ¾¾® H2
5.12 (a) molecular: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
ionic: Mg(s) + 2H (aq) + 2Cl (aq) ¾¾
+ –
® Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + H2(g)
net ionic: Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) ¾¾® Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
(b) molecular: 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) ¾¾
® 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)
ionic: 2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) + 6Cl–(aq) ¾¾
® 2Al3+(aq) + 6Cl–(aq) + 3H2(g)
net ionic: 2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) ¾¾ ® 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)
5.13 Cu2+(aq) + Mg(s) ¾¾
® Cu(s) + Mg2+(aq)
5.14 (a) 2Al(s) + 3Cu2+(aq) ¾¾
® 2Al3+(aq) + 3Cu(s)
(b) Ag(s) + Mg2+(aq) ¾¾ ® No reaction
5.15 C4H4S(s) + 6O2(g) ¾¾
® 4CO2(g) + 2H2O + SO2(g)
5.16 C5H8(g) + 7O2(g) ¾¾
® 5CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
5.17 2Sr(s) + O2(g) ¾¾
® 2SrO(s)
5.18 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ¾¾
® 2Fe2O3(s)

Review Questions

5.1 (a) Oxidation is the loss of one or more electrons.

Reduction is the gain of one or more electrons.
(b) The oxidation number decreases in a reduction and increases in an oxidation.
5.2 The number of electrons involved in both the reduction and the oxidation must be the same; only
those electrons that come from the reductant and go to the oxidant are involved. No electrons from
external or uninvolved sources are allowed to enter the process, and there cannot be any electrons
left unreacted at the end of the process. An oxidizing agent is the species that is reduced or gains
electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. A reducing agent is the species that is oxidized or loses
electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction.

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5.3 Oxidation state and oxidation number are synonyms. Thus, the As is in the +3 oxidation state.
5.4 The oxidation state of nitrogen is +4 in both reactants and products. The oxygen atoms are –2 in
the reactants and products. Thus, the reaction is not a redox reaction.
The oxidation state of Cr is +6 in both reactants and products. No other element changes oxidation
state. Therefore this is not a redox reaction.
5.5 This change in oxidation number represents a reduction of nitrogen by 5 units, and it requires that
nitrogen gain 5 electrons.
5.6 The side of the half-reaction in which the sum of the oxidation numbers is larger gets the electrons.
Water is used to balance oxygen atoms in a redox reaction because that is the species that reacts or
is formed, not oxygen.
5.7 Water is used to balance oxygen atoms in a redox reaction because that is what is reacting.
5.8 (a) +9 charge on the left, +1 charge on the right; add 8 electrons to the left side.
(b) 0 charge on the left, +6 charge on the right; add 6 electrons to the right side.
5.9 (a) is a reduction
(b) is an oxidation
5.10 The equation is not balanced since the charge is different on either side of the arrow. It is easily
balanced by inspection to give:
2Ag+ + Fe ¾¾ ® 2Ag + Fe2+
5.11 A "nonoxidizing acid" is one in which the H+ ion is the strongest oxidizing agent. That is, the anion
of the acid is not itself a better oxidizing agent than H+. Examples are HCl and H2SO4. The
oxidizing agent in a nonoxidizing acid is the H+.
5.12 NO3–(aq)
5.13 The possible products of the reduction of nitric acid are NO2(g), NO(g), or NH4+.
5.14 The possible products of the reduction of sulfuric acid are H2S(g) or SO2(g).
5.15 It is a reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound.
5.16 The metal must be below hydrogen in the activity series in order for it to react with HCl.
5.17 This would be any metal higher (less reactive) than hydrogen, i.e. gold, mercury, silver, and copper.
5.18 The most active types of metals will react with water for example:
2Cs(s) + 2H2O ¾¾
® 2CsOH(aq) + H2(g)
2Rb(s) + 2H2O ¾¾
® 2RbOH(aq) + H2(g)
Ba(s) + 2H2O ¾¾
® Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Up to
Pb(s) + 2H2O ¾¾
® Pb(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
5.19 The best reducing agents are those that are most easily oxidized and are found at the bottom of the
activity series. The best oxidizing agents are those that are most easily reduced and are found at
the top of the activity series. (See Table 5.3 for clarification.)
5.20 Based on the activity series, the manganese is oxidized and therefore is the reducing agent.

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5.21 Combustion is the rapid reaction of a substance with oxygen, which is accompanied by the
evolution of light and heat. Rusting the reaction of iron with oxygen. Tarnishing is the reaction of
a metal with sulfur.
5.22 Historically, the reaction of a substance with oxygen was termed oxidation. Now we realize that
reaction with oxygen most typically means that oxygen acquires electrons from the substance with
which it reacts. The oxidation of a substance is, therefore, taken to represent the loss of electrons
by a substance, whether the substance has reacted with oxygen or with another oxidizing agent.
5.23 (a) CO2(g) and H2O(g)
(b) CO(g), CO2(g) and H2O(g)
(c) C(s) and H2O(g)
(d) Since there is excess oxygen in air, the major products will be CO2(g), and H2O(g)
5.24 The products will be CO2, H2O, and SO2:
2C2H6S(l)+ 9O2(g) ¾¾
® 4CO2(g) + 2SO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
5.25 The other product is water:
4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) ¾¾
® 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g)
5.26 The reaction of sulfur with air produced sulfur dioxide, SO2 gas. The limiting reagent is sulfur. Air
contains approximately 20% O2 and there is an excess of air present in combustion.
5.27 A titration of a redox reaction differs from a titration of an acid with a base because the titration
reaction uses the oxidizing agent or the reducing agent itself as the indicator.
5.28 Potassium permanganate is often used for redox titrations since it is a strong oxidant and it changes
color from dark purple to light pink. The end point is seen as the dark purple solutions.

Review Problems

5.29 The sum of the oxidation numbers should be equal to the total charge:
(a) ClO4–: Cl +7, O –2
(b) Cl–: Cl –1
(c) SF6: S +6, F –1
(d) Au(NO3)3: Au +3, N +5,O –2
5.30 The sum of the oxidation numbers should be equal to the total charge:
(a) S2–: –2
(b) SO2: S +4, O –2
(c) P4: P0
(b) PH3: P –3, H +1
5.31 The sum of the oxidation numbers should be equal to the total charge:
(a) O: –2 (c) O: –2
Na: +1 Na: +1
Br: +1 Br: +5
(b) O: –2 (d) O: –2
Na: +1 Na: +1

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Br: +3 Br: +7
5.32 The sum of the oxidation numbers should be equal to the total charge.
(a) Cl: –1 (c) O: –2
Mn: +2 Mn: +6
(b) O: –2 (d) O: –2
Mn: +7 Mn: +4
5.33 The sum of the oxidation numbers should be zero:
(a) S: –2 (c) Cs +1
Bi: +3 O –1/2 (The Cs can only have an oxidation number
of +1 or 0.)
(b) Cl: –1 (d) F –1
Ce: +4 O +1
5.34 (a) Sr: +2 (c) O +2
O: –2 F –1
Br: +5
(b) Cr: +3 (d) H +1
S: –2 F –1
O 0
5.35 Ti +3; N –3
5.36 Zr is in the +4 oxidation state and O is –2.
5.37 O3; oxidation number of O is 0
5.38 N +4; O –2
5.39 (a) substance reduced (and oxidizing agent): HNO3
substance oxidized (and reducing agent): H3AsO3
(b) substance reduced (and oxidizing agent): HOCl
substance oxidized (and reducing agent): NaI
(c) substance reduced (and oxidizing agent): KMnO4
substance oxidized (and reducing agent): H2C2O4
(d) substance reduced (and oxidizing agent): H2SO4
substance oxidized (and reducing agent): Al
5.40 (a) substance reduced (and oxidizing agent): H2SO4
substance oxidized (and reducing agent): Cu
(b) substance reduced (and oxidizing agent): HNO3
substance oxidized (and reducing agent): SO2
(c) substance reduced (and oxidizing agent): H2SO4
substance oxidized (and reducing agent): Zn
(d) substance reduced (and oxidizing agent): HNO3
substance oxidized (and reducing agent): I2

5.41 Cl2(aq) + H2O ¾¾

® H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + HOCl(aq)

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In the forward direction: The oxidation number of the chlorine atoms decreases from 0 to –1.
Therefore Cl2 is reduced. However, in HOCl, chlorine has an oxidation number of +1, so Cl2 also
oxidized! (One atom is reduced, the other is oxidized.)
In the reverse direction: The Cl– ion begins with an oxidation number of –1 and ends with an
oxidation number of 0. Therefore the Cl– ion is oxidized: This means Cl– is the reducing agent.
Since the oxidation number of H+ does not change, HOCl must be the oxidizing agent.
5.42 N is both reduced and oxidized. N is reduced in the conversion of NO2 to NO, a two electron
reduction step, and N is oxidized on the conversion of NO2 to NO3–, a one electron oxidation step.
Thus, NO2 is both the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.

5.43 (a) 2S2O32– ¾¾

® S4O62–
OCl– ¾¾ ® Cl–
2S2O32– ¾¾ ® S4O62–
OCl– + 2H+ ¾¾® Cl– + H2O
2S2O32– ¾¾ ® S4O62– + 2e–
OCl– + 2H+ + 2e– ¾¾
® Cl– + H2O
OCl– + 2S2O32– + 2H+ ¾¾
® S4O62– + Cl– + H2O
(b) NO3– ¾¾ ® NO2
Cu ¾¾ ® Cu2+
NO3– + 2H+ ¾¾ ® NO2 + H2O
Cu ¾¾ ® Cu2+
NO3– + 2H+ + e– ¾¾
® NO2 + H2O
Cu ¾¾ ® Cu + 2e
2+ –

(NO3– + 2H+ + e– ¾¾ ® NO2 + H2O) × 2

Cu ¾¾ ® Cu2+ + 2e–
2NO3– + Cu + 4H+ ¾¾
® 2NO2 + Cu2+ + 2H2O
(c) IO3– ¾¾ ® I–
H3AsO3 ¾¾ ® H3AsO4
IO3– + 6H+ ¾¾
® I– + 3H2O
H2O + H3AsO3 ¾¾ ® H3AsO4 + 2H+
IO3– + 6H+ + 6e– ¾¾® I– + 3H2O
H2O + H3AsO3 ¾¾ ® H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e–
IO3– + 6H+ + 6e– ¾¾® I– + 3H2O
(H2O + H3AsO3 ¾¾ ® H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e–) × 3
IO3– + 3H3AsO3 + 6H+ + 3H2O ¾¾ ® I– + 3H3AsO4 + 3H2O + 6H+
which simplifies to give:
IO3– + 3H3AsO3 ¾¾
® I– + 3H3AsO4
(d) SO42– ¾¾ ® SO2
Zn ¾¾ ® Zn2+
SO42– + 4H+ ¾¾® SO2 + 2H2O

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Zn ¾¾ ® Zn2+
SO42– + 4H+ + 2e– ¾¾ ® SO2 + 2H2O
Zn ¾¾ ® Zn + 2e
2+ –

Zn + SO42– + 4H+ ¾¾
® Zn2+ + SO2 + 2H2O
5.44 (a) NO3– ¾¾
® NH4+
Zn ¾¾ ® Zn2+
NO3– + 10H+ ¾¾® NH4+ + 3H2O
Zn ¾¾ ® Zn2+
NO3– + 10H+ + 8e– ¾¾® NH4+ + 3H2O
Zn ¾¾ ® Zn2+ + 2e–
NO3– + 10H+ + 8e– ¾¾ ® NH4+ + 3H2O
(Zn ¾¾ ® Zn2+ + 2e–) × 4
NO3– + 4Zn + 10H+ ¾¾
® 4Zn2+ + NH4+ + 3H2O
(b) 2Cr3+ ¾¾ ® Cr2O72–
BiO3– ¾¾
® Bi3+
2Cr3+ + 7H2O ¾¾
® Cr2O72– + 14H+
BiO3– + 6H+ ¾¾® Bi3+ + 3H2O
2Cr3+ + 7H2O ¾¾ ® Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e–
BiO3– + 6H+ + 2e– ¾¾
® Bi3+ + 3H2O
2Cr3+ + 7H2O ¾¾ ® Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e–
(BiO3– + 6H+ + 2e– ¾¾
® Bi3+ + 3H2O) × 3
2Cr3+ + 3BiO3– + 18H+ + 7H2O ¾¾
® Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 3Bi3+ + 9H2O
which simplifies to give:
2Cr3+ + 3BiO3– + 4H+ ¾¾
® Cr2O72– + 3Bi3+ + 2H2O
(c) I2 ¾¾ ® 2IO3–
OCl– ¾¾ ® Cl–
I2 + 6H2O ¾¾® 2IO3– + 12H+
OCl– + 2H+ ¾¾® Cl– + H2O
I2 + 6H2O ¾¾® 2IO3– + 12H+ + 10e–
OCl– + 2H+ + 2e– ¾¾
® Cl– + H2O
I2 + 6H2O ¾¾ ® 2IO3– + 12H+ + 10e–
(OCl– + 2H+ + 2e– ¾¾ ® Cl– + H2O) × 5
I2 + 5OCl– + 6H2O + 10H+ ¾¾® 2IO3– + 5Cl–+ 12H++ 5H2O
which simplifies to:
I2 + 5OCl– + H2O ¾¾
® 2IO3– + 5Cl– + 2H+
(d) Mn2+ ¾¾ ® MnO4–
BiO3– ¾¾
® Bi3+
Mn2+ + 4H2O ¾¾
® MnO4– + 8H+

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BiO3– + 6H+ ¾¾
® Bi3+ + 3H2O
Mn2+ + 4H2O ¾¾
® MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e–
BiO3– + 6H+ + 2e– ¾¾
® Bi3+ + 3H2O
(Mn2+ + 4H2O ¾¾ ® MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e–) × 2
(BiO3– + 6H+ + 2e– ¾¾® Bi3+ + 3H2O) × 5
2Mn2+ + 5BiO3– + 30H+ + 8H2O ¾¾ ® 2MnO4– + 5Bi3+ + 16H+ + 15H2O
which simplifies to:
2Mn2+ + 5BiO3– + 14H+ ¾¾
® 2MnO4– + 5Bi3+ + 7H2O
5.45 (a) (Sn + 2H2O ¾¾ ® SnO2 + 4H+ + 4e–) × 3
(NO3– + 4H+ + 3e– ¾¾
® NO + 2H2O) × 4
3Sn + 4NO3– + 16H+ + 6H2O ¾¾ ® 3SnO2 + 12H+ + 4NO + 8H2O
which simplifies to: 3Sn + 4NO3– + 4H+ ¾¾® 3SnO2 + 4NO + 2H2O
(b) PbO2 + 2Cl– + 4H+ + 2e– ¾¾
® PbCl2 + 2H2O
2Cl– ¾¾ ® Cl2 + 2e–
PbO2 + 4Cl– + 4H+ ¾¾
® PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
(c) Ag ¾¾ ® Ag + e
+ –

NO3– + 2H+ + e– ¾¾
® NO2 + H2O
Ag + 2H+ + NO3– ¾¾® Ag+ + NO2 + H2O
(d) (Fe3+ + e– ¾¾
® Fe2+) × 4
2NH3OH+ ¾¾ ® N2O + H2O + 6H+ + 4e–
4Fe3+ + 2NH3OH+ ¾¾
® 4Fe2+ + N2O + 6H+ + H2O
5.46 (a) H2C2O4 ¾¾ ® 2CO2 + 2H+ + 2e–
(HNO2 + H+ + e– ¾¾
® NO + H2O) × 2
H2C2O4 + 2HNO2 ¾¾® 2CO2 + 2NO + 2H2O
(b) (HNO2 + H2O ¾¾® NO3– + 3H+ + 2e–) × 5
(MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– ¾¾ ® Mn2+ + 4H2O) × 2
5HNO2 + 2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5H2O ¾¾ ® 5NO3– + 2Mn2+ + 15H+ + 8H2O
which simplifies to give:
5HNO2 + 2MnO4– + H+ ¾¾
® 5NO3– + 2Mn2+ + 3H2O
(c) (H3PO2 + 2H2O ¾¾® H3PO4 + 4H+ + 4e–) × 3
(Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– ¾¾® 2Cr3+ + 7H2O) × 2
3H3PO2 + 2Cr2O72– + 28H+ + 6H2O ¾¾ ® 3H3PO4 + 4Cr3+ + 14H2O + 12H+
which simplifies to:
3H3PO2 + 2Cr2O72– + 16H+ ¾¾
® 3H3PO4 + 4Cr3+ + 8H2O
(d) XeF2 + 2e– ¾¾® Xe + 2F–
2Cl– ¾¾ ® Cl2 + 2e–
XeF2 + 2Cl– ¾¾® Xe + Cl2 + 2F–

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5.47 For redox reactions in basic solution, we proceed to balance the half reactions as if they were in
acid solution, and then add enough OH– to each side of the resulting equation in order to neutralize
(titrate) all of the H+. This gives a corresponding amount of water (H+ + OH–  H2O) on one side
of the equation, and an excess of OH– on the other side of the equation, as befits a reaction in basic
solution.
(a) (CrO42– + 4H+ + 3e– ¾¾ ® CrO2– + 2H2O) × 2
(S2– ¾¾ ® S + 2e–) × 3
2CrO42– + 3S2– + 8H+ ¾¾® 2CrO2– + 3S + 4H2O
–
Adding 8OH to both sides of the above equation we obtain:
2CrO42– + 3S2– + 8H+ + 8OH– ¾¾
® 2CrO2– + 3S + 4H2O + 8OH–
2CrO42– + 3S2– + 8H2O ¾¾ ® 2CrO2– + 8OH– + 3S + 4H2O
which simplifies to:
2CrO42– + 3S2– + 4H2O ¾¾® 2CrO2– + 3S + 8OH–
(b) (C2O42– ¾¾ ® 2CO2 + 2e–) × 3
(MnO4– + 4H+ + 3e– ¾¾ ® MnO2 + 2H2O) × 2
3C2O4 + 2MnO4 + 8H ¾¾
2– – +
® 6CO2 + 2MnO2 + 4H2O
–
Adding 8OH to both sides of the above equation we get:
3C2O42– + 2MnO4– + 8H+ + 8OH– ¾¾
® 6CO2 + 2MnO2 + 4H2O + 8OH–
3C2O42– + 2MnO4– + 8H2O ¾¾ ® 6CO2 + 2MnO2 + 4H2O + 8OH–
which simplifies to give:
3C2O42– + 2MnO4– + 4H2O ¾¾ ® 6CO2 + 2MnO2 + 8OH–
(c) (ClO3– + 6H+ + 6e– ¾¾® Cl– + 3H2O) × 4
(N2H4 + 2H2O ¾¾ ® 2NO + 8H+ + 8e–) × 3
4ClO3– + 3N2H4 + 24H+ + 6H2O ¾¾ ® 4Cl– + 6NO + 12H2O + 24H+
–
which needs no OH , because it simplifies directly to:
4ClO3– + 3N2H4 ¾¾
® 4Cl– + 6NO + 6H2O
(d) (SO32– + H2O ¾¾® SO42– + 2H+ + 2e–) × 3
(MnO4– + 4H+ + 3e– ¾¾
® MnO2 + 2H2O) × 2
3SO32– + 3H2O + 8H+ + 2MnO4– ¾¾ ® 3SO42– + 6H+ + 2MnO2 + 4H2O
Adding 8OH– to both sides of the equation we obtain:
3SO32– + 3H2O + 8H+ + 2MnO4– + 8OH– ¾¾
® 3SO42– + 6H+ + 2MnO2 + 4H2O + 8OH–
3SO32– + 11H2O + 2MnO4– ¾¾
® 3SO42– + 10H2O + 2MnO2 + 2OH–
which simplifies to:
3SO32– + 2MnO4– + H2O ¾¾
® 3SO42– + 2MnO2 + 2OH–
5.48 (a) (CrO2– + 2H2O ¾¾® CrO42– + 4H+ + 3e–) × 2
(S2O82– + 2e– ¾¾
® 2SO42–) × 3
3S2O82– + 2CrO2– + 4H2O ¾¾ ® 2CrO42– + 6SO42– + 8H+
–
Adding 8OH to both sides of this equation:
3S2O82– + 2CrO2– + 4H2O + 8OH– ¾¾
® 2CrO42– + 6SO42– + 8H+ + 8OH–
3S2O82– + 2CrO2– + 4H2O + 8OH– ¾¾
® 2CrO42– + 6SO42– + 8H2O

5-11
 Chapter 5

which simplifies to give:

3S2O82– + 2CrO2– + 8OH– ¾¾ ® 2CrO42– + 6SO42– + 4H2O
(b) (SO32– + H2O ¾¾ ® SO42– + 2H+ + 2e–) × 3
(CrO42– + 4H+ + 3e– ¾¾ ® CrO2– + 2H2O) × 2
3SO32– + 2CrO42– + 8H+ + 3H2O ¾¾ ® 3SO42– + 2CrO2– + 6H+ + 4H2O
Adding 8OH– to both sides of the equation we get:
3SO32– + 2CrO42– + 8H+ + 3H2O + 8OH– ¾¾ ® 3SO42– + 2CrO2– + 6H+ + 4H2O + 8OH–
3SO32– + 2CrO42– + 11H2O ¾¾ ® 3SO42– + 2CrO2– + 2OH– + 10H2O
which simplifies to:
3SO32– + 2CrO42– + H2O ¾¾® 3SO42– + 2CrO2– + 2OH–
(c) (O2 + 2H+ + 2e– ¾¾ ® H2O2) × 2
N2H4 ¾¾ ® N2 + 4H+ + 4e–
2O2 + 4H+ + N2H4 ¾¾® 2H2O2 + N2 + 4H+
2O2 + N2H4 ¾¾
which simplifies to: ® 2H2O2 + N2
(d) (Au + 4CN ¾¾
–
® Au(CN)4 + 3e ) × 4
– –

O2 + 4H + 4e ¾¾
+ –
® 2H2O
(O2 + 4H+ + 4e– ¾¾® 2H2O) × 3
4Au + 16CN– + 3O2 + 12H+ ¾¾® 4Au(CN)4– + 6H2O
–
Add 12 OH to both sides
4Au + 16CN– + 3O2 + 12H+ + 12 OH– ¾¾
® 4Au(CN)4– + 6H2O + 12 OH–
This simplifies to
4Au + 16CN– + 3O2 + 6H2O ¾¾
® 4Au(CN)4– + 12OH–
5.49 NO3– + 10H+ + 8e– ¾¾® NH4+ + 3H2O
(Mg ¾¾ ® Mg2+ + 2e–) × 4
10H+(aq) + NO3–(aq) + 4Mg(s) ¾¾
® NH4+(aq) + 4Mg2+(aq) + 3H2O(aq)
5.50 2I– + Cl2 ¾¾
® I2 + 2Cl–
5.51 H2O + C ¾¾ ® CO + H2
5.52 C6H12O6 ¾¾
® CH3CH2OH + CO2
C6H12O6 ¾¾
® CH3CH2OH
C6H12O6 ¾¾
® CO2
C6H12O6 ¾¾
® 3CH3CH2OH + 3H2O
C6H12O6 + 6H2O ¾¾
® 6CO2
C6H12O6 + 12H+ ¾¾
® 3CH3CH2OH + 3H2O
C6H12O6 + 6H2O ¾¾
® 6CO2 + 24H+
(C6H12O6 + 12H+ + 12e– ¾¾
® 3CH3CH2OH + 3H2O) × 2
C6H12O6 + 6H2O ¾¾
® 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24e–
3C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 24H+ + 24e– ¾¾
® 6CH3CH2OH + 6H2O+ 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24e–
3C6H12O6 ¾¾
® 6CH3CH2OH + 6CO2

5-12
 Chapter 5

C6H12O6 ¾¾
® 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
5.53 (H2C2O4 ¾¾ ® 2CO2 + 2H+ + 2e–) × 3
K2Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e– ¾¾
® 2K+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
3H2C2O4 + K2Cr2O7 + 14H+ ¾¾
® 6CO2 + 2K+ + 2Cr3+ + 6H+ + 7H2O
which simplifies to:
3H2C2O4 + K2Cr2O7 + 8H+ ¾¾
® 6CO2 + 2K+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
5.54 (OCl– + 2H+ + 2e– ¾¾® Cl– + H2O) × 4
S2O32– + 5H2O ¾¾ ® 2SO42– + 10H+ + 8e–
4OCl– + S2O32– + 5H2O + 8H+ ¾¾
® 4Cl– + 2SO42– + 10H+ + 4H2O
which simplifies to:
4OCl– + S2O32– + H2O ¾¾
® 4Cl– + 2SO42– + 2H+
5.55 O3 + 6H+ + 6e– ¾¾® 3H2O
Br + 3H2O ¾¾
–
® BrO3– + 6H+ + 6e–
O3 + Br– + 3H2O + 6H+ ¾¾
® BrO3– + 3H2O + 6H+
which simplifies to:
O3 + Br– ¾¾
® BrO3–
5.56 (Cl2 + 2e– ¾¾® 2Cl–) × 4
S2O32– + 5H2O ¾¾® 2SO42– + 10H+ + 8e–
4Cl2 + S2O32– + 5H2O ¾¾
® 8Cl– + 2SO42– + 10H+
5.57 (a) Molecular: Mn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® MnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Ionic: Mn(s) + 2H (aq)+ 2Cl (aq) ¾¾
+ –
® Mn2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + H2(g)
Net Ionic: Mn(s) + 2H+(aq) ¾¾® Mn2+(aq) + H2(g)
(b) M: Cd(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® CdCl2(aq) + H2(g)
I: Cd(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) ¾¾
® Cd2+(aq) +2Cl–(aq) + H2(g)
Net Ionic: Cd(s) + 2H+(aq) ¾¾ ® Cd2+(aq) + H2(g)
(c) M: Sn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® SnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
I: Sn(s) + 2H (aq) + 2Cl (aq) ¾¾
+ –
® Sn2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + H2(g)
Net Ionic: Sn(s) + 2H+(aq) ¾¾
® Sn2+(aq) + H2(g)
5.58 (a) Molecular: Co(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® CoCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Ionic: Co(s) + 2H (aq)+ 2Cl (aq) ¾¾
+ –
® Co2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + H2(g)
Net Ionic: Co(s) + 2H+(aq) ¾¾® Co2+(aq) + H2(g)
(b) M: 2Cs(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® 2CsCl(aq) + H2(g)
I: 2Cs(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) ¾¾
® 2Cs+(aq) +2Cl–(aq) + H2(g)
Net Ionic: 2Cs(s) + 2H+(aq) ¾¾ ® 2Cs+(aq) + H2(g)
(c) M: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
I: Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) ¾¾
® Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + H2(g)

5-13
 Chapter 5

Net Ionic: Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) ¾¾

® Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
5.59 (a) Molecular: Ni(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¾¾ ® NiSO4(aq) + H2(g)
Ionic: Ni(s) + 2H (aq)+ SO4 (aq) ¾¾
+ 2–
® Ni2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + H2(g)
Net Ionic: Ni(s) + 2H+(aq) ¾¾® Ni2+(aq)+ H2(g)
(b) Molecular: 2Cr(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) ¾¾® Cr2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
Ionic: 2Cr(s) + 6H+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) ¾¾
® 2Cr3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) + 3H2(g)
Net Ionic: 2Cr(s) + 6H+(aq) ¾¾ ® 2Cr3+(aq) + 3H2(g)
5.60 (a) Molecular: Ba(s) + H2SO4(aq) ¾¾ ® BaSO4(s) + H2(g)
Ionic: Ba(s) + 2H (aq)+ SO4 (aq) ¾¾
+ 2–
® BaSO4(s) + H2(g)
Net Ionic: Ba(s) + 2H+(aq)+ SO42–(aq) ¾¾® BaSO4(s)+ H2(g)
(b) Molecular: 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) ¾¾ ® Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g)
Ionic: 2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) ¾¾
® 2Al3+(aq) + 3SO42–(aq) + 3H2(g)
Net Ionic: 2Al(s) + 6H+(aq) ¾¾ ® 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2(g)
5.61 (a) Dilute HNO3: 3Ag(s) + 4HNO3(aq) ¾¾ ® 3AgNO3(aq) + 2H2O + NO(g)
(b) Concentrated HNO3: Ag(s) + 2HNO3(aq) ¾¾® AgNO3(aq) + H2O + NO2(aq)
5.62 (a) Dilute HNO3: 3Hg(s) + 8HNO3(aq) ¾¾ ® 3Hg(NO3)2(aq) + 4H2O + 2NO(g)
(b) Concentrated HNO3: Hg(s) + 4HNO3(aq) ¾¾®
Hg(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O + 2NO2(aq) conc

5.63 Cu(s) ¾¾ ® Cu2+(aq) + 2e–

H2SO4(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e– ¾¾® SO2(g) + 2H2O
Cu(s) + H2SO4(aq)+ 2H (aq) ¾¾
+
® Cu2+(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O
The net ionic equation is the molecular equation.
5.64 C(s, graphite) + 2H2O ¾¾ ® CO2(aq) + 4H+ + 4e–
2H2SO4(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 4e– ¾¾
® 2SO2(g) + 4H2O
C(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) ¾¾ ® CO2(aq) + 2SO2(g) + 2H2O
5.65 In each case, the reaction should proceed to give the less reactive of the two metals, together with
the ion of the more reactive of the two metals. The reactivity is taken from the reactivity series
Table 5.3.
(a) Mn(s) + Fe2+(aq) ¾¾ ® Mn2+(aq) + Fe(s)
(b) N.R.
(c) Mg(s) + Co2+(aq) ¾¾ ® Mg2+(aq) + Co(s)
(d) 2Cr(s) + 3Sn2+(aq) ¾¾
® 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Sn(s)
5.66 In each case, the reaction should proceed to give the less reactive of the two metals, together with
the ion of the more reactive of the two metals. The reactivity is taken from the reactivity series
Table 5.3.
(a) N.R.

5-14
 Chapter 5

(b) 2Cr(s) + 3Pb2+(aq) ¾¾® 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Pb(s)

(c) 2Ag+(aq) + Fe(s) ¾¾ ® 2Ag(s) + Fe2+(aq)
(d) 3Ag(s) + Au3+(aq) ¾¾® Au(s) + 3Ag+(aq)
5.67 Increasing ease of oxidation: Pt, Ru, Tl, Pu
5.68 Increasing ease of oxidation: Ni, Y, Mo
5.69 The equation given shows that Cd is more active than Ru. Coupled with the information in Review
Problem 5.67, we also see that Cd is more active than Tl. This means that in a mixture of Cd and
Tl+, Cd will be oxidized and Tl+ will be reduced:
Cd(s) + 2TlCl(aq) ¾¾ ® CdCl2(aq) + 2Tl(s)
(The Tl(s) and the Cd(NO3)2(aq) will not react.)
5.70 The observation shows that Cr is more active than Ni, and that Cr is less active than Y, since no
reaction occurred. Therefore, Cr comes between Ni and Y in the activity series and will be less
active than Mo. The spontaneous reaction will be (b) Mo reducing Cr.
5.71 Mg(s) +Zn2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) ¾¾
® Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Zn(s)
5.72 Mg(s) + 4NO3–(aq) + 4H+(aq) ¾¾
® Mg2+(s) + 2NO3– + 2H2O + 2NO2(g)
5.73 2Li(s) + 2H2O ¾¾
® H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) + 2Li+(aq)
5.74 2K(s) +2H2O ¾¾
® 2K+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) + H2(g)
5.75 (a) 2C6H6(l) + 15O2(g) ¾¾® 12CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
(b) 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) ¾¾
® 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
(c) C21H44(s) + 32O2(g) ¾¾
® 21CO2(g) + 22H2O(g)
5.76 (a) 2C12H26(l) + 37O2(g) ¾¾® 24CO2(g) + 26H2O(g)
(b) C18H36(l) + 27O2(g) ¾¾® 18CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)
(c) C7H8(l) + 9O2(g) ¾¾ ® 7CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
5.77 (a) 2C6H6(l) + 9O2(g) ¾¾ ® 12CO(g) + 6H2O(g)
2C4H10(g) + 9O2(g) ¾¾ ® 8CO(g) + 10H2O(g)
2C21H44(s) + 43O2(g) ¾¾® 42CO(g) + 44H2O(g)
(b) 2C6H6(l) + 3O2(g) ¾¾ ® 12C(s) + 6H2O(g)
2C4H10(g) + 5O2(g) ¾¾ ® 8C(s) + 10H2O(g)
C21H44(s) + 11O2(g) ¾¾® 21C(s) + 22H2O(g)
5.78 (a) 2C12H26(l) + 25O2(g) ¾¾® 24CO(g) + 26H2O(g)
C18H36(l) + 18O2(g) ¾¾® 18CO(g) + 18H2O(g)
2C7H8(l) + 11O2(g) ¾¾ ® 14CO(g) + 8H2O(g)
(b) 2C12H26(l) + 13O2(g) ¾¾® 24C(s) + 26H2O(g)
C18H36(l) + 9O2(g) ¾¾ ® 18C(s) + 18H2O(g)
C7H8(l) + 2O2(g) ¾¾ ® 7C(s) + 4H2O(g)
5.79 C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) ¾¾
® 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

5-15
 Chapter 5

5.80 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) ¾¾

® 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
5.81 2(CH3)2S(g) + 9O2(g) ¾¾
® 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) + 2SO2(g)
5.82 C4H4S(l) + 6O2(g) ¾¾
® 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + SO2(g)
5.83 (a) 2Zn(s) + O2(g) ¾¾® 2ZnO(s)
(b) 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) ¾¾
® 2Al2O3(s)
(c) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) ¾¾® 2MgO(s)
(d) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ¾¾
® 2Fe2O3(s)
5.84 (a) 2Be(s) + O2(g) ¾¾® 2BeO(s)
(b) 4Li(s) + O2(g) ¾¾® 2Li2O(s)
(c) 2Ba(s) + O2(g) ¾¾® 2BaO(s)
(d) 4Bi(s) + 3O2(g) ¾¾
® 2Bi2O3(s)
5.85 Cu + 2Ag+ ¾¾
® Cu2+ + 2Ag
æ 1 mol Ag öæ 1 mol Cu öæ 63.546 g Cu ö
g Cu = (12.0 g Ag) ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ = 3.53 g Cu
è 107.868 g Ag øè 2 mol Ag øè 1 mol Cu ø

5.86 Al(s) + 3AgNO3(aq) ¾¾

® 3Ag(s) + Al(NO3)3(aq)
æ 1 mol AgNO öæ 1 mol Al öæ 26.98 g Al ö
g Al = (25.0 g AgNO3) çç 3 ÷ç
÷ç ÷÷ç ÷ = 1.32 g Al
è 169.9 g AgNO3 øè 3 mol AgNO3 øè 1 mol Al ø

5.87 (a) [MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– ¾¾® Mn2+ + 4H2O] × 2

[Sn2+ ¾¾® Sn4+ + 2e–] × 5
2MnO4– +5Sn2+ + 16H+ ¾¾ ® 2Mn2+ + 5Sn4+ + 8H2O
æ 0.250 mol SnCl öæ 1 mol Sn 2+ öæ 2 mol MnO- ö
(b) mL KMnO4 = (40.0 mL SnCl2) çç 2 ÷ç ÷ç 4÷
÷ç ÷
è 1000 mL SnCl 2 øè 1 mol SnCl 2 øçè 5 mol Sn 2+ ÷ø
æ öæ ö
1 mol KMnO4 ÷ 1000 mL KMnO4
×ç çç ÷÷ = 17.4 mL KMnO4
ç 1 mol MnO- ÷è 0.230 mol KMnO ø
è 4 ø 4

5.88 (a) [HSO3– + H2O ¾¾ ® SO42– + 3H+ + 2e–] × 3

ClO3– + 6H+ + 6e– ¾¾ ® Cl– + 3H2O
3HSO3– + ClO3– + 3H2O + 6H+ ¾¾ ® 3SO42– + 9H+ + Cl– + 3H2O
Which simplifies to:
3HSO3– + ClO3– ¾¾ ® 3SO42– + 3H+ + Cl–
æ 0.450 mol NaHSO öæ 1 mol HSO- ö
(b) mL NaClO3 = (30.0 mL NaHSO3) çç 3 ÷ç 3 ÷
÷ç 1 mol NaHSO ÷
è 1000 mL NaHSO 3 øè 3ø
æ - öæ öæ ö
1 mol ClO3 ÷ç 1 mol NaClO3 ÷ 1000 mL NaClO3
× ç çç ÷÷ = 30.0 mL NaClO3
ç 3 mol HSO- ÷ç 1 mol ClO- ÷è 0.150 mol NaClO ø
è 3 øè 3 ø 3

5.89 (a) IO3– + 6H+ + 6e– ¾¾

® I– + 3H2O
[SO32– + H2O ¾¾ ® SO42– + 2H+ + 2e–] × 3

5-16
 Chapter 5

IO3– + 3SO32– + 6H+ + 3H2O ¾¾ ® I– + 3SO42– + 3H2O + 6H+

Which simplifies to:
IO3– + 3SO32– ¾¾ ® I– + 3SO42–
æ 1 mol NaIO öæ 3 mol Na SO öæ 126.0 g Na SO ö
(b) g Na2SO3 = (5.00 g NaIO3) çç 3 ÷ç
÷ç 1 mol NaIO ÷÷çç 1 mol Na SO ÷÷
2 3 2 3
è 197.9 g NaIO 3 øè 3 øè 2 3 ø

= 9.55 g Na2SO3
5.90 (a) [Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O ¾¾ ® MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e–] × 2
[BiO3–(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 2e– ¾¾® Bi3+(aq) + 3H2O] × 5
2Mn2+(aq) + 5BiO3–(aq) + 8H2O + 30H+(aq) ¾¾ ®
2MnO4–(aq) + 5Bi3+(aq) + 15H2O + 16H+(aq)
which simplifies to give:
2Mn2+(aq) + 5BiO3–(aq) + 14H+(aq) ¾¾ ® 2MnO4–(aq) + 5Bi3+(aq) + 7H2O
æ ö
æ 1 g öæ 1 mol MnSO4 öç 1 mol Mn 2+ ÷
(b) mg NaBiO3 = (18.5 mg MnSO4) ç ÷çç ÷÷
è 1000 mg øè 151.0 g MnSO4 øçè 1 mol MnSO4 ÷ø
æ - öæ öæ öæ ö
5 mol BiO3 ÷ç 1 mol NaBiO3 ÷ 280.0 g NaBiO3 1000 mg NaBiO3
×ç çç ÷÷çç ÷÷ = 85.8 mg NaBiO3
ç 2 mol Mn 2+ ÷ç 1 mol BiO- ÷è 1 mol NaBiO øè 1 g NaBiO3 ø
è øè 3 ø 3

æ 1 mol NaIO öæ 1 mol IO – öæ 3 mol I – ö

5.91 (a) mol of I3– = 0.0421 g NaIO3 çç 3 ÷ç 3 ÷ç 3 ÷
÷
è 197.89 g NaIO3 øçè 1 mol NaIO3 ÷øçè 1 mol IO – ÷ø
3
= 6.38 × 10–4 mol I3–
æ ö
6.38 ´10 mol I3– ÷æ 1000 mL ö
–4
Molarity of I3– = ç ç ÷ = 6.38 × 10–3 M I3–
ç 100 mL ÷è 1 L ø
è ø
æ öæ öæ ö
1 L I3 ÷ç 6.38 ´10-3 mol I-3 ÷ç 1 mol SO2 ÷æ 64.07 g SO2 ö
-
–ç ç ÷
(b) g SO2 = 2.47 mL I3 ç - ÷ç - ÷ç 1 mol I- ÷çè 1 mol SO ÷ø
è 1000 mL I 3 øè 1 L I 3 øè 3 ø 2

= 1.01 × 10–3 g SO2

(c) The density of the wine was 0.96 g/mL and the SO2 concentration was 1.01 × 10–3 g SO2/in
50 mL
1.01 ´ 10-3 g SO2
concentration SO2 = = 2.02 × 10–5 g SO2/mL
50 mL
In 1 mL of solution there are 0.96 g of wine and 2.02 × 10–5 g SO2.
Therefore the percentage of SO2 in the wine is
2.02 ´ 10-5 g SO2
× 100% = 2.10 × 10–3 %
0.96 g wine
2.02 ´ 10-5 g SO2
(d) ppm SO2 = × 106 ppm = 21 ppm
0.96 g wine

æ 1 mol KIO öæ 1 mol IO – öæ 3 mol I – ö

5.92 (a) Molarity of I3– solution = 0.462 g KIO3 çç 3 ÷ç 3 ÷ç 3 ÷
÷ç 1 mol KIO ÷ç –÷
è 214.00 g KIO 3 øè 3 øè 1 mol IO ø
3

5-17
 Chapter 5

æ 1 ö
´ç ÷= 0.0259 M I3–
è 0.2500 L ø
æ 1 L öæ 0.0259 mol I- öæ 2 mol S O2- ö
(b) g (NH4)2S2O3 = 27.99 mL I3– solution ç ÷ç 3 ÷ç 2 3 ÷
è 1000 mL øçè 1L ÷ç 1 mol I- ÷
øè 3 ø
æ ö
1 mol (NH 4 )2S2O3 ÷æ 148.24 g (NH 4 )2S2O3 ö
×ç ç ÷ = 0.2149 g (NH4)2S2O3
ç 1 mol S O2– ÷çè 1 mol (NH ) S O ÷ø
è 2 3 ø 4 2 2 3
æ 0.2149 g (NH ) S O ö
(c) % by mass = çç 4 2 2 3 ÷ ´100% = 98.6% (NH4)2S2O3 in sample
÷
è 0.2180g sample ø
æ öæ öæ ö
0.02100 mol S2O32- ÷ç 1 mol I-3 ÷ç 2 mol Cu 2+ ÷
5.93 (a) mol Cu2+ = (29.96 mL S2O32–) ç
ç 1000 mL S O2- ÷ç 2 mol S O2- ÷ç 1 mol I- ÷
è 2 3 øè 2 3 øè 3 ø
= 6.292 × 10–4 mol Cu2+
æ 63.546 g Cu ö
g Cu = (6.292 × 10–4 mol Cu) × ç ÷ = 3.998 × 10–2 g Cu
è mol Cu ø
æ 3.998 ´ 10 –2 g Cu ö
% Cu = ç ÷ × 100% = 9.463%
çè 0.4225 g sample ÷ø
æ 1 mol CuCO öæ 123.56 g CuCO ö
3 ֍
g CuCO3 = (6.292 × 10–4 mol Cu) çç ÷ç 1 mol CuCO ÷÷ = 0.07774 g CuCO3
(b) 3
è 1 mol Cu øè 3 ø
æ 0.07774 g CuCO ö
% CuCO3 = çç 3 ÷ × 100% = 18.40%
÷
è 0.4225 g sample ø
æ öæ 2+ öæ 2+ ö
0.0281 mol MnO2-
2+ 2– ç 4 ÷ç 5 mol Fe ÷ç 55.845 g Fe ÷
5.94 (a) g Fe = 39.42 mL MnO4 ç 1000 mL MnO2- ÷ç 1 mol MnO2- ÷ç 1 mol Fe2+ ÷
è 4 øè 4 øè ø
= 0.309 g Fe2+
0.309 g
% Fe = × 100% = 22.7% Fe
1.362 g
æ 1 mol Fe öæ 1 mol Fe O öæ 231.55 g Fe O ö
(b) g Fe3O4 = (0.309 g Fe) ç ÷çç 3 4 ÷ç 3 4÷
÷ç ÷
è 55.845 g Fe øè 3 mol Fe øè 1 mol Fe3O4 ø
= 0.427 g Fe3O4
0.427 g
% Fe3O4 = × 100% = 31.4%
1.362 g

æ 0.02000 mol KMnO öæ 1 mol MnO- ö

5.95 (a) g H2O2 = (17.60 mL KMnO4) çç 4 ÷ç 4 ÷
÷ç 1 mol KMnO ÷
è 1000 mL KMnO 4 øè 4ø
æ ö
5 mol H 2O2 ÷æ 34.02 g H 2O2 ö
´ç ç ÷ = 0.02994 g H2O2
ç 2 mol MnO- ÷çè 1 mol H O ÷ø
è 4 ø 2 2
æ 0.02994 g H O ö
(b) çç 2 2 ÷ × 100% = 2.994% H O
÷ 2 2
è 1.000 g sample ø

5-18
 Chapter 5

æ 0.01000 mol KMnO öæ 1 mol MnO2- ö

5.96 g NaNO2 = (12.15 mL KMnO4) çç 4 ÷ç 4 ÷
÷ç 1 mol KMnO ÷
è 1000 mL KMnO 4 øè 4ø
æ ö
5 mol HNO2 ÷æ 1 mol NaNO2 öæ 68.995 g NaNO2 ö
´ ç ç ÷ç ÷ = 2.096 × 10–2 g NaNO2
ç 2 mol MnO2- ÷çè 1 mol HNO ÷øçè 1 mol NaNO ÷ø
è 4 ø 2 2
æ 2.096 ´ 10 –2 g NaNO ö
% NaNO2 = ç 2 ÷ × 100% = 2.096%
ç 1.000 g sample ÷
è ø

5.97 (a) 2CrO42– + 3SO32– + H2O ¾¾

® 2CrO2– + 3SO42– + 2OH–
æ 1 mol Na SO öæ 1 mol SO2- öæ 2 mol CrO2- ö
(b) mol CrO42– = (3.18 g Na2SO3) çç 2 3 ÷ç 3 ÷ç 4 ÷
÷ç 1 mol Na SO ÷ç 2- ÷
è 126.04 g Na 2SO 3 øè 2 3 øè 3 mol SO3 ø
= 1.68 × 10–2 mol CrO42–
Since there is one mole of Cr in each mole of CrO42–, then the above number of moles of
CrO42– is also equal to the number of moles of Cr that were present:
æ 52.00 g Cr ö
0.0168 mol Cr × ç ÷ = 0.875 g Cr in the original alloy.
è mol Cr ø
0.875 g Cr
(c) × 100% = 25.4% Cr
3.450 g sample

5.98 (a) (Sn2+ ¾¾ ® Sn4+ + 2e–) × 3

Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– ¾¾ ® 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
3Sn2+ + Cr2O72– + 14H+ ¾¾ ® 3Sn4+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
æ 1 mol Na Cr O öæ 1 mol Cr O2- ö
(b) g Sn = (0.368 g Na2Cr2O7) çç 2 2 7 ÷ç 2 7 ÷
÷
è 262.0 g Na 2Cr2O7 øçè 1 mol Na 2Cr2O7 ÷ø
æ ö
3 mol Sn 2+ ÷æ 1 mol Sn öæ 118.7 g Sn ö
´ç ç ÷ç ÷ = 0.500 g Sn
ç 1 mol Cr O2- ÷è 1 mol Sn 2+ øè 1 mol Sn ø
è 2 7 ø
æ 0.500 g Sn ö
(c) ç ÷ × 100% = 33.3%
è 1.50 g solder ø

æ 0.1000 mol KMnO öæ 5 mol C O2- ö

5.99 (a) mol C2O42– = (21.62 mL KMnO4) çç 4 ÷ç 2 4 ÷
÷ç 2 mol KMnO ÷
è 1000 mL KMnO 4 øè 4ø
= 5.405 × 10–3 mol C2O42–
(b) The stoichiometry for calcium is as follows:
1 mol C2O42– = 1 mol Ca2+ = 1 mol CaCl2
Thus the number of grams of CaCl2 is given simply by:
5.405 × 10–3 mol CaCl2 × 110.98 g/mol = 0.5999 g CaCl2
0.5999 g CaCl 2
(c) × 100% = 26.71% CaCl2
2.2463 g sample

æ 0.3000 mol Na S O öæ 1 mol I-3

ö
5.100 (a) mol I3– = (29.25 mL Na2S2O3) çç 2 2 3 ÷ç ÷
÷
è 1000 mL Na 2S2O3 øçè 2 mol Na 2S2O3 ÷ø

5-19
 Chapter 5

= 4.388 × 10–3 mol I3–

æ ö
2 mol NO-2 ÷
(b) mol NO2– = (4.388 × 10–3 mol I3–) ç = 8.776 × 10–3 mol NO2–
ç 1 mol I- ÷
è 3 ø
æ ö
1 mol NaNO2 ÷æ 68.995 g NaNO2 ö
(c) g NaNO2 = (8.776 × 10–3 mol NO2–) ç ç ÷ = 0.6055 g NaNO2
ç 1 mol NO- ÷çè 1 mol NaNO ÷ø
è 2 ø 2
% NaNO2 = (0.6055 g NaNO2 / 1.104 g sample) × 100% = 54.85% NaNO2

Additional Exercises
5.101 C6H12O6 ¾¾ ® 2C2H5OH + 2CO2Oxidation numbers: C6H12O6 C: 0 H: +1 O: –2
C2H5OH C: –2 H: +1 O: –2
CO2 C: +4 H: +1 O: –2
The C in 2C2H5OH has gained 8 electrons to go from an oxidation state of 0 in C6H12O6 to an
oxidation state of –2.
The C in 2CO2 has lost 8 electrons to go from an oxidation state of 0 in C6H12O6 to an oxidation
state of +4.

5.102 H2S(aq) + Cl2(g) ¾¾ ® S(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)

5.103 Bromine is both oxidized and reduced. The reduction of Br2 leads to Br– with an oxidation state of
–1 and the oxidation of Br2 leads to OBr– where bromine has an oxidation state of +1.The net ionic
equation is:
Br2(l) + H2O ¾¾ ® Br–(aq) + OBr–(aq) +2H+(aq)
5.104 Total charge = –2 = (charge of sulfur atoms) + (charge of oxygen atoms)
Charge of oxygens = 6(–2) = –12
Charge of sulfur atoms = –2 –(–12) = +10
+10 spread out over 4 sulfur atoms gives a charge of: +10/4 per S atom, or:
Oxidation number of S = +2.5

5.105 (a) (H3AsO3 + H2O ¾¾ ® H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e–) × 3

Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– ¾¾
® 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
3H3AsO3 + Cr2O72– + 3H2O + 14H+ ¾¾
® 3H3AsO4 + 2Cr3+ + 6H+ + 7H2O
which simplifies to give:
3H3AsO3 + Cr2O72– + 8H+ ¾¾
® 3H3AsO4 + 2Cr3+ + 4H2O
(b) 2I– ¾¾® I2 + 2e–
(HNO2 + H+ + e– ¾¾® NO + H2O) × 2
2I + 2HNO2 + 2H ¾¾
– +
® I2 + 2NO + 2H2O
(c) NiO2 + 2H+ + 2e– ¾¾
® Ni(OH)2
2Mn(OH)2 ¾¾ ® Mn2O3 + H2O + 2H+ + 2e–
NiO2 + 2Mn(OH)2 ¾¾® Ni(OH)2 + Mn2O3 + H2O
(d) (Fe(OH)2 + OH ¾¾
–
® Fe(OH)3 + e–) × 4
O2 + 2H2O + 4e– ¾¾® 4OH–
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 4OH– + 2H2O ¾¾
® 4Fe(OH)3 + 4OH–

5-20
 Chapter 5

which simplifies to:

4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O ¾¾
® 4Fe(OH)3
5.106 Element oxidized: Cl
Element reduced: Cl
Oxidizing agent: NaOCl
Reducing agent: NaClO2
5.107 (a) –2 (b) 0 (c) +4 (d) +4
5.108 The first reaction demonstrates that Al is more readily oxidized than Cu. The second reaction
demonstrates that Al is more readily oxidized than Fe. Reaction 3 demonstrates that Fe is more
readily oxidized than Pb. Reaction 4 demonstrates that Fe is more readily oxidized than Cu. The
fifth reaction demonstrates that Al is more readily oxidized than Pb. The last reaction demonstrates
that Pb is more readily oxidized than Cu.
Altogether, the above facts constitute the following trend of increasing ease of oxidation:
Cu < Pb < Fe < Al
5.109 No, the first, fourth and fifth reactions were not necessary.
5.110 Any metal that is lower than hydrogen in the activity series shown in Table 5.3 of the text will react
with H+: (c) zinc and (d) magnesium.
5.111 We choose the metal that is lower (more reactive) in the activity series shown in Table 5.3: (a)
aluminum (b) zinc (c) magnesium
5.112 (a) Zn + Sn2+ ¾¾
® Zn2+ + Sn
(b) 2Cr + 6H+ ¾¾
® 2Cr3+ + 3H2
(c) Pb + Cd2+ ¾¾
® N. R.
(d) Zn + Co ¾¾
2+
® Zn2+ + Co
(d) Mn + Pb2+ ¾¾
® Mn2+ + Pb
5.113 C12H22O11(s) + 12O2(g) ¾¾
® 12CO2(g) + 11H2O
5.114 (a) 2NBr3 + 6e– ¾¾ ® N2 + 6Br–
2NBr3 + 6H2O ¾¾ ® N2 + 6HOBr + 6H+ + 6e–
4NBr3 + 6H2O ¾¾ ® 2N2 + 6HOBr + 6Br– + 6H+
–
Add 6OH to both sides of the above equation:
4NBr3 + 6H2O + 6OH– ¾¾ ® 2N2 + 6HOBr + 6Br– + 6H2O
which simplifies to give:
4NBr3 + 6OH– ¾¾ ® 2N2 + 6HOBr + 6Br–
or 2NBr3 + 3OH– ¾¾ ® N2 + 3HOBr + 3Br–
(b) (Cl2 + 2e– ¾¾ ® 2Cl–) × 5
Cl2 + 6H2O ¾¾ ® 2ClO3– + 12H+ + 10e–
6Cl2 + 6H2O ¾¾ ® 2ClO3– + 10Cl– + 12H+
–
Adding 12OH to both sides gives:
6Cl2 + 6H2O + 12OH– ¾¾ ® 2ClO3– + 10Cl– + 12H2O
which simplifies to:

5-21
 Chapter 5

6Cl2 + 12OH– ¾¾ ® 2ClO3– + 10Cl– + 6H2O

or 3Cl2 + 6OH– ¾¾ ® ClO3– + 5Cl– + 3H2O
(c) H2SeO3 + 4H+ + 4e– ¾¾ ® Se + 3H2O
(H2S ¾¾ ® S + 2H + 2e–) × 2
+

2H2S + H2SeO3 + 4H+ ¾¾ ® 2S + 4H+ + Se + 3H2O

which simplifies to give:
2H2S + H2SeO3 ¾¾ ® 2S + Se + 3H2O
(d) MnO2 + 4H + 2e ¾¾
+ –
® Mn2+ + 2H2O
2SO32– ¾¾ ® S2O62– + 2e–
2SO32– + MnO2 + 4H+ ¾¾ ® Mn2+ + S2O62– + 2H2O
(e) XeO3 + 6H+ + 6e– ¾¾ ® Xe + 3H2O
(2I ¾¾
–
® I2 + 2e ) × 3
–

XeO3 + 6I– + 6H+ ¾¾ ® 3I2 + Xe + 3H2O

(f) (CN)2 + 2e ¾¾
–
® 2CN–
(CN)2 + 2H2O ¾¾ ® 2OCN– + 4H+ + 2e–
2(CN)2 + 2H2O ¾¾ ® 2CN– + 2OCN– + 4H+
Adding 4OH– to both sides gives:
2(CN)2 + 4OH– + 2H2O ¾¾ ® 2CN– + 2OCN– + 4H2O
which simplifies to:
(CN)2 + 2OH– ¾¾ ® CN–+ OCN– + H2O
5.115 First, balance the equation:
4H+ + 2e– + PbO2 ¾¾ ® Pb2+ + 2H2O
2Cl– ¾¾ ® Cl2 +2e–
4H+ + PbO2 +2Cl– ¾¾ ® Pb2+ + 2H2O + Cl2
Then calculate the number of grams of PbO2.
æ 1 mol Cl öæ 1 mol PbO öæ 239.2 g PbO ö
g PbO2 = 15.0 g Cl2 çç 2 ÷ç
֍
2 ֍
֍
2 ÷ = 50.6 g PbO2
÷
è 70.91 g Cl 2 øè 1 mol Cl 2 øè 1 mol PbO2 ø
5.116 The oxidation state of cerium in the reactant ion is +4. The number of moles of this ion in the
reactant solution is:
0.0150 M × 0.02500 L = 3.75 × 10–4 mol Ce4+
The number of moles of electrons that come from the Fe2+ reducing agent is:
0.0320 M × 0.02344 L = 7.50 × 10–4 mol e–
The ratio of moles of electrons to moles of Ce4+ reactant is therefore 2:1, and we conclude that the
product is Ce2+.
5.117 Cu + 2Ag+ ¾¾ ® 2Ag + Cu2+
The number of moles of Ag+ available for the reaction is
0.125 M × 0.255 L = 0.0319 mol Ag+
Since the stoichiometry is 2/1, the number of moles of Cu2+ ion that are consumed is 0.0319  2 =
0.0159 mol. The mass of copper consumed is
æ 63.546 g Cu ö
0.0159 mol × ç ÷ = 1.01 g.
è mol Cu ø

5-22
 Chapter 5

The amount of unreacted copper is thus: 12.340 g – 1.01 g = 11.33 g Cu. The mass of Ag that is
formed is:
æ 107.9 g Ag ö
0.0319 mol × ç ÷ = 3.45 g Ag.
è mol Ag ø
The final mass of the bar is: 11.33 g + 3.45 g = 14.78 g.

5.118 The reaction that occurs is 2Ag+(aq) + Cu(s) ¾¾ ® 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq). If we assume that there is
excess copper available, we need to determine the number of moles of Ag that will be produced.
The number of moles of Ag+ available for the reaction is
0.250 M × 0.0500 L = 0.0125 mol Ag+
We can determine the amount of copper consumed from the balanced equation. Since the
stoichiometry is 2/1, the number of moles of Cu2+ ion that are consumed is 0.0125  2 = 0.00625
mol. Convert this number of moles to a number of grams:
æ 63.546 g Cu ö
0.00625 mol × ç ÷ = 0.397 g.
è mol Cu ø
The amount of unreacted copper is thus: 32.00 g – 0.397 g = 31.60 g Cu.
The mass of Ag that is formed is:
æ 107.9 g Ag ö
0.0125 mol × ç ÷ = 1.35 g Ag.
è mol Ag ø
The final mass of the bar will include the unreacted copper and the silver that is formed:
31.60 g + 1.35 g = 32.95 g.
5.119 The tarnishing reaction is:
8Ag(s) + O2(g) + 4HS–(aq) + 2H2O ¾¾ ® 4Ag2S(s) + 2H2(g) + 4OH–(aq)
The polishing reaction is:
3Ag2S(s) + 2 Al(s) ¾¾ ® 6Ag(s) + Al2S3(s)
5.120 2Ti4+(aq) + Zn(s) ¾¾ ® 2Ti3+(aq) + Zn2+(aq)
8SO2(g) + 16 H2(g) ¾¾ ® S8(s) + 16H2O
The activity series only lists metals in order of reactivity, not ions, non–metals, or molecules.
5.121 First we need a balanced equation:
Cl2 + 2e– ¾¾ ® 2Cl–
S2O32– + 5H2O ¾¾ ® 2SO42– + 10H+ + 8e–
4Cl2 + S2O32– +5H2O ¾¾ ® 8Cl– + 2SO42– + 10H+
æ 1 mol Cl öæ 1 mol Na S O öæ 158.132 g Na S O ö
2 2 3 ֍
g Na2S2O3 = (4.25 g Cl2) çç ÷ç 1 mol Na S O ÷÷ = 2.37 g Na2S2O3
2 ֍ 2 2 3
֍ 4 mol Cl
è 70.906 g Cl 2 øè 2 øè 2 2 3 ø

5.122 (a) (Sn2+ ¾¾ ® Sn4+ + 2e–) × 5

(MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– ¾¾ ® Mn2+ + 4H2O) × 2
5Sn2+ + 2MnO4– + 16H+ ¾¾ ® 5Sn4+ + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
æ 0.0500 mol KMnO öæ 1 mol MnO- öæ 5 mol Sn 2+ ö
(b) g Sn = (8.08 mL KMnO4 soln) çç 4 ÷ç 4 ÷ç ÷
÷
è 1000 mL KMnO4 øçè 1 mol KMnO4 ÷øçè 2 mol MnO- ÷ø
4
æ 1 mol Sn öæ 118.71 g Sn ö
×ç ÷ç ÷ = 0.120 g Sn
è 1 mol Sn 2+ øè 1 mol Sn ø

5-23
 Chapter 5

0.120 g Sn
(c) % Sn = × 100% = 40.0% Sn
0.300 g sample
æ 0.0500 mol KMnO öæ 1 mol MnO- öæ 5 mol Sn 2+ ö
(d) g SnO2 = (8.08 mL KMnO4 soln) çç 4 ÷ç 4 ÷ç ÷
÷
è 1000 mL KMnO4 øçè 1 mol KMnO4 ÷øçè 2 mol MnO- ÷ø 4
æ 1 mol SnO öæ 150.71 g SnO ö
× çç 2 ÷ç 2 ÷ = 0.152 g SnO2
÷ç ÷
è 1 mol Sn 2+ øè 1 mol SnO2 ø
0.152 g SnO2
% SnO2 = × 100% = 50.7% SnO2
0.300 g sample

Multi-Concept Problems
5.123 This is an example of an esterification reaction, the reaction of an organic acid with an organic
base, an alcohol.
CH3(CH2)6COOH (l) + CH3OH(l) ¾¾ ® CH3(CH2)6COOCH3(l) + H2O
2CH3(CH2)6COOCH3(l) + 25O2(g) ¾¾ ® 18CO2(g) + 18H2O
(
3 )
æ 0.877 g CH CH COOCH öæ
ç 2 6 3 ÷ 1000 mL öæ 3.785 L ö
ç ÷ç ÷ = 3319 g gal
–1
ç mL ÷è L øè gal ø
è ø

1 gal ç ÷ç
( )
æ 3319 g öæ 1 mol CH 3 CH 2 6 COOCH 3 öæ
֍ 18 mol CO2
öæ ö
÷ç 44.01 g ÷
è gal øçè 158.24 g øè 3 2 6 ( 3ø )
÷ç 2 mol CH CH COOCH ÷è mol CO2 ø

= 8309 g CO2 produced

æ 14525 mi öæ 1 gal öæ 8308 g CO 2 öæ 1 lb ö
lb CO2 yr–1 = ç ÷ç ÷çç ÷÷ç ÷ = 8300 lb yr–1
è yr øè 32 mi øè 1 gal øè 454 g ø
æ öæ öæ ö
0.0500 mol S2O32– ÷ç 1 mol I3– ÷ç 1 mol IO3– ÷
–ç
5.124 mg KIO3 = 22.61 mL S2O3 ç 1000 mL ÷ç 2 mol S O2– ÷ç 3 mol I – ÷
è øè øè ø
2 3 3

æ öæ öæ ö
1 mol KIO3 ÷ 214.00 g KIO3 1000 mg KIO3
×ç çç ÷÷çç ÷÷ = 40.32 mg KIO3
ç 1 mol IO – ÷è 1 mol KIO øè 1 g KIO3 ø
è 3 ø 3

5.125 It is first necessary to write a balanced equation for the reaction of MnO4– with Sn2+.
Sn2+ ¾¾ ® Sn4+ + 2e–
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– ¾¾ ® Mn2+ + 4H2O
5Sn2+ + 2MnO4– + 16H+ ¾¾ ® 5Sn4+ + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
Then, we calculate the original moles of Sn2+ in the 50.0 mL of 0.0300 M SnCl2 solution.
æ ö
0.0300 mol Sn 2+ ÷
mol Sn2+ = (50.0 mL Sn2+) ç = 0.0015 mol Sn2+
ç 1000 mL ÷
è ø
The moles of Sn2+ that were titrated are calculated by multiplying (remembering to include
stoichiometry) molarity (0.0100 M) by volume of titrant (0.02728 L).
æ öæ ö
0.0100 mol MnO-4 ÷ç 5 mol Sn 2+ ÷
mol Sn2+ = (0.02728 L MnO4–) ç = 6.82 × 10–4 mol Sn2+
ç 1 L ÷ç 2 mol MnO- ÷
è øè 4ø
This number of moles of tin ion remaining is subtracted from the total that was available in the 50.0
mL portion that was titrated,

5-24
 Chapter 5

mol Sn2+ remaining = 0.0015 mol Sn2+ – 6.82 × 10–4 mol Sn2+ = 8.18 × 10–4 mol Sn2+
and the answer is converted to the number of moles of MnO4– that had reacted with this number of
moles of Sn2+.
æ ö
2 mol MnO-4 ÷
mol MnO4– = (8.18 × 10–4 mol Sn2+) ç = 3.27 × 10–4 mol MnO4–
ç 5 mol Sn 2+ ÷
è ø
Multiply this number by 10 to get the moles of MnO4– that had not reacted with the SO2 in the
original 500 mL of 0.0200 M KMnO4.
3.27 × 10–4 mol MnO4– × 10 = 3.27 × 10–3 mol MnO4–
By difference, calculate the moles of SO2 that had reacted, which is equal to the number of moles
of S in the original sample.
æ ö
0.0200 mol MnO-4 ÷
mol MnO4– added to SO2 = (500 mL MnO4) ç = 0.0100 mol MnO4–
ç 1000 mL ÷
è ø
Balanced reaction of SO2 and MnO4–
SO2 + 2H2O ¾¾ ® SO42– + 4H+ + 2e–
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– ¾¾ ® Mn2+ + 4H2O
5SO2 + 2MnO4– + 2H2O ¾¾ ® 2Mn2+ + 5SO42– + 4H+
æ ö
5 mol SO2 ÷
mol SO2 = (0.0100 mol MnO4– – 3.27 × 10–3 mol MnO4–) ç = 0.0168 mol SO2
ç 2 mol MnO- ÷
è 4ø
The mass of S is calculated by dividing moles by atomic mass,
æ 1 mol S öæ 32.067 g S ö
g SO2 = (0.0168 mol SO2) çç ÷÷ç ÷ = 0.539 g S
è 1 mol SO2 øè 1 mol S ø
and the percentage of S in the original sample is the mass of S divided by the total sample mass,
times 100.
0.540 g S
%S= × 100% = 51.7% S
1.045 g sample

5.126 The balanced equation is the place to start.

6Fe2+(aq) + Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) ¾¾ ® 6Fe3+(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O()
Because amounts of both reagents are specified, we must work a limiting reactant problem to find
out which of the two reactants is completely consumed. From the number of moles of this reactant
that disappear, we can calculate the number of moles of H+ that react. This amount is subtracted
from the initial number of moles of hydrogen ion, and the amount of titrant is calculated by dividing
moles by molarity of NaOH solution.
If Fe2+ is the limiting reactant:
æ æ öæ öö
ç
è
(
mL NaOH = ç 0.400 mol H+ - 400 mL Fe2+ ç )çè 1000 mL Fe
0.060 mol Fe2+ ÷ç 14 mol H + ÷÷æ 1 mol NaOH ö
ç ÷
÷ç 6 mol Fe2+ ÷÷è 1 mol H+ ø
2+
øè øø
æ 1000 mL NaOH ö
×ç ÷ = 34,400 mL NaOH
è 0.0100 mol NaOH ø
If Cr2O72– is the limiting reactant:
æ æ öæ öö

è
(
mL NaOH = çç 0.400 mol H+ - 300 mL Cr2O72- ç )çè 1000 mL Cr O
0.0200 mol Cr2O72- ÷ç 14 mol H + ÷÷
2-
2 7
÷
÷ç 1 mol Cr O2- ÷
øè 2 7 øø

5-25
 Chapter 5

æ 1 mol NaOH öæ 1000 mL NaOH ö

×ç ÷ç ÷ = 31,600 mL NaOH
è 1 mol H+ øè 0.0100 mol NaOH ø
Na2Cr2O7 is the limiting reagent, therefore 31,600 mL of NaOH is needed.
5.127 The balanced equation for the reaction is:
5H2C2O4 + 2MnO4– + 6H+ ¾¾ ® 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
æ 1 mol K C O öæ 2 mol KMnO ö
(0.1244 g K 2C2O4 ) çç 2 2 4 ÷ç
÷ç 5 mol K C O ÷÷
4
è 166.2 g K 2 2 4 øè
C O 2 2 4ø
M KMO4 = = 0.02149 M KMnO4
æ 1L ö
(13.93 mL KMnO4 ) ç ÷
è 1000 mL ø

5.128 The balanced equation for the oxidation-reduction reaction is:

3H2C2O4 + Cr2O72– + 8H+ ¾¾ ® 6CO2 + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
æ 0.200 moles K Cr O öæ 3 moles H C O ö
mol H2C2O4 = (6.25 mL K2Cr2O7) çç 2 2 7 ÷ç
÷ç 1 mole K Cr O ÷÷
2 2 4
è 1000 mL K 2 2 7 øè
Cr O 2 2 7ø
= 3.75 × 10–3 mol H2C2O4
So, if we titrate the same oxalic acid solution using NaOH we will need:
æ 2 moles NaOH öæ 1000 mL NaOH ö
ml NaOH = (3.75 × 10–3 mol H2C2O4) çç ÷÷ç ÷ = 16.7 mL NaOH
è 1 mole H 2C2O4 øè 0.450 moles NaOH ø

5.129 The balanced redox reaction is:

5H2C2O4 + 2MnO4– + 6H+ ¾¾ ® 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
æ 0.02000 moles KMnO öæ 5moles H C O ö
mol H2C2O4 = (18.30 mL KMnO4) çç 4 ÷ç
֍
2 2 4÷
÷
è 1000 mL KMnO4 øè 2mole KMnO4 ø
= 9.15 × 10–4 mol H2C2O4
The sample of oxalic acid to be titrated with NaOH is 25.00 mL so we need to determine the number
of moles of oxalic acid in this sample size.
9.15 ´ 10–4 mol H 2C2O4
´ 25.00 mL = 1.525 ´ 10-3 mol H 2C2O4
15.00 mL
The balanced neutralization reaction is:
2OH– + H2C2O4 ¾¾ ® C2O42– + 2H2O
The molarity of the NaOH is given by:
æ 2 mol NaOH öæ 1 öæ1000 mL ö
1.525 ´ 10-3 mol H 2C2O4 çç ÷ç
÷ ÷ç ÷ = 0.1549 M NaOH
è 1 mol H 2C2O4 øè19.69 mL NaOH øè L ø

5.130 To begin, determine balanced equations for the reaction of SO32– with CrO42– and for S2O32– with
CrO42–.
3SO32– + 2CrO42– + H2O ¾¾ ® 3SO42– + 2CrO2– + 2OH–
3S2O32– + 8CrO42– + H2O ¾¾ ® 6SO42– + 8CrO2– + 2OH–
We know that the amount of CrO42– that reacted is
æ ö
0.0500 moles CrO2-
mol CrO42– = (80 mL CrO42–) ç 4 ÷ = 4.00 × 10–3 mol CrO42–
ç 1000 mL CrO2- ÷
è 4 ø
We also know the amount of SO42– produced

5-26
 Chapter 5

æ 1 mol BaSO öæ 1 mol SO2- ö

mol SO42– = (0.9336 g BaO4–) çç 4 ÷ç 4 ÷ –3 2
÷ç 1 mol BaSO ÷ = 4.00 × 10 mol SO4
è 233.39 g BaSO 4 øè 4ø
Let x = moles SO32– and y = moles S2O32– in the 100 mL sample, from the balanced equations and
the known quantities we can write:
æ 2- ö æ 2- ö
1 mol SO4 ÷ ç 2 mol SO4 ÷
4.00 × 10–3 mol SO42– = x ç +y
ç 1 mol SO2- ÷ ç 1 mol S O2- ÷
è 3 ø è 2 3 ø
æ ö æ 2- ö
2 mol CrO2-
4 ÷ + y ç 8 mol CrO4 ÷
4.00 × 10–3 mol CrO42– = x ç
ç 3 mol SO2- ÷ ç 3 mol S O2- ÷
è 3 ø è 2 3 ø
We can solve for x and y from these and calculate the initial concentration of SO32– and S2O32–.
 1 mol SO  é æ 2 öæ öù
–3 2–   ê3
ç 2 mol SO2- ÷ ç 1 mol SO32- ÷ú
2  – y
x = 4.00 × 10 mol SO4  4
 1 mol SO 4  ê çè 1 mol S O2- ÷øçè 1 mol SO2- ÷øú
ë 2 3 4 û

 1 mol SO 2  é æ 2 mol SO2- öù

x = 4.00 × 10–3  3  – ê yç 3 ÷ú
 1  ê ç 1 mol S O2- ÷ú
  ë è 2 3 øû
é æ öù
2 mol SO32- ÷ú
x = 4.00 × 10–3 mol SO32– – ê y ç
ê ç 1 mol S O2- ÷ú
ë è 2 3 øû
Substitute x
æ 2- ö æ 2- ö
2 mol CrO4 ÷ ç 8 mol CrO4 ÷
4.00 × 10–3 mol CrO42– = x ç +y
ç 3 mol SO2- ÷
ç 3 mol S O2- ÷
è è 3 ø2 3 ø
ì é æ 2- öùü æ 2- ö
ï –3 2- ê ç 2 mol SO3 ÷úï ç 2 mol CrO4 ÷
4.00 × 10 mol CrO4 = í4.00 ´ 10 mol SO3 - y
–3 2–
ý
ïî ê ç 1 mol S O2- ÷úï ç 3 mol SO2- ÷
ë è 2 3 øûþ è 3 ø
æ ö
8 mol CrO2-
+ yç 4 ÷
ç 3 mol S O2- ÷
è 2 3 ø
ö æ
2 mol CrO2-
4.00 × 10–3 mol CrO42– = 4.00 ´ 10-3 mol SO32- ç 4 ÷
ç 3 mol SO2- ÷
è 3 ø
é æ öùæ ö æ 2- ö
2 mol SO32- ÷úç 2 mol CrO2-
4 ÷ + y ç 8 mol CrO4 ÷
-ê yç
ê ç 1 mol S O2- ÷úç 3 mol SO2- ÷ ç 3 mol S O2- ÷
ë è 2 3 øûè 3 ø è 2 3 ø
æ 2- ö æ 2- ö
4.00 × 10–3 mol CrO42– = 2.667 ´ 10-3 mol CrO2- - 1.333 y ç 1 mol CrO4 ÷ + y ç 8 mol CrO4 ÷
4 ç 1 mol S O2- ÷ ç 3 mol S O2- ÷
è 2 3 ø è 2 3 ø
æ ö
1 mol CrO2-
1.333 × 10–3 mol CrO42– = 1.333 y ç 4 ÷
ç 1 mol S O2- ÷
è 2 3 ø
y = 1.000 × 10–3 mol S2O32–
Substitute y back into the x equation:
é æ öù
2 mol SO32
–3
x = 4.00 × 10 mol SO3 2–
–ê yç ÷ú
ê ç 1 mol S O2 ÷ú
ë è 2 3 øû

5-27
 Chapter 5

é æ 2 öù
2 mol SO3 ÷ú
x = 4.00 × 10–3 mol SO32– – ê1.000 ´ 10-3 mol S2O32 ç
ê ç 1 mol S O2 ÷ú
ë è 2 3 øû
x = 4.00 × 10–3 mol SO32– – 2.00 × 10–3 mol SO32–
x = 2.00 × 10–3 mol SO32–
Therefore the concentration of SO32– is:
2.00 ´10-3 mol SO32-
= 0.0200 M SO32–
0.100 L solution
And the concentration of S2O32– is
1.00 ´10-3 mol S2O32-
= 0.0100 M S2O32–
0.100 L solution

5-28