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Financial Management Core Concepts 2nd Edition Brooks Solutions Manual 1
Financial Management Core Concepts 2nd Edition Brooks Solutions Manual 1
Chapter 7
Stocks and Stock Valuation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES (Slide 7-2)
1. Explain the basic characteristics of common stock.
2. Define the primary market and the secondary market.
3. Calculate the value of a stock given a history of dividend payments.
4. Explain the shortcomings of the dividend pricing models.
5. Calculate the price of preferred stock.
6. Understand the concept of efficient markets.
IN A NUTSHELL…
In this chapter, the author covers the basic characteristics of stocks—both common and
preferred—and describes how they are traded in primary and secondary markets.
Considerable attention is given to the pricing of stocks and how expected dividends help
determine a stock’s value. The methodology, advantages, and disadvantages associated
with dividend discount models are covered next, followed by the formula for pricing
preferred stock. Finally, the concept of efficient markets is discussed with particular
emphasis on the role that information plays in the pricing of stocks.
LECTURE OUTLINE
7.1 Characteristics of Common Stock (Slides 7-3 to 7-11)
Common stock, like bonds, represents a major financing vehicle for corporations and
provides holders with an opportunity to share in the future cash flows of the issuer.
Unlike bonds, however, holding common stock signifies ownership in the company, with
no maturity date, and variable periodic income. This section covers the basic
characteristics of common stock in comparison with bonds. A good grasp of this material
is tantamount to understanding the valuation models that follow.
183
©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
184 Brooks Financial Management: Core Concepts, 2e
7.1 (A) Ownership: As part owners of the company, common shareholders are entitled to
share in the residual profits of the company, and have a claim to all its assets and cash
flow once the creditors, employees, suppliers, and taxes are paid off. Ownership via
common stock also confers voting rights to the shareholders allowing them to participate
in the management of the company by electing the board of directors, which ultimately
selects the management team that runs the company’s day-to-day operations.
7.1 (B) Claim on Assets and Cash Flow (Residual Claim): right to share in the
residual assets and cash flow of the issuer, once all the other stakeholders have been paid
off.
7.1 (C) Vote (Voice in Management)
Standard voting rights: Typically, one vote per share provided to shareholders to vote in
board elections and other key changes to the charter and bylaws. This standard can be
altered by issuing several classes of stock.
Non-voting stock, which is usually for a temporary period of time, or super voting rights,
which provide the holders with multiple votes per share, increasing their influence and
control over the company.
7.1 (D) No Maturity Date: Common stock is considered to have an infinite life since
unlike bond-holders; shareholders do not have a promised future date when they will
receive their investment back.
7.1 (E) Dividends and Their Tax Effect: Companies pay cash dividends periodically
(usually every quarter) to their shareholders out of net income. Unlike coupon interest
paid on bonds, dividends cannot be treated as a tax-deductible expense by the company.
For the recipient, however, dividends are considered to be taxable income. More material
on dividends and dividend policy is covered in Chapter 17.
7.1 (F) Authorized, Issued, and Outstanding Shares:
Authorized shares: is the maximum number of shares that the company may sell, as
specified in the charter.
Issued shares represent the number of shares that has already been sold by the company
and are either currently available for public trading (outstanding shares) or held by the
company for future uses such as rewarding employees (treasury stock).
7.1 (G) Treasury Stock represents non-dividend paying, non-voting shares that are being
held by the issuing firm right from the time they were first issued or shares that have been
later repurchased by the issuing firm in the market.
7.1 (H) Preemptive Rights which are privileges that allow current shareholders to buy a
fixed percentage of all future issues before they are offered to the general public are
provided to common shareholders so as to allow them to maintain their proportional
ownership in the company.
A Bear market is the label for a prolonged declining market, based on the analogy that a
bear swipes with his paws from the top down.
The problem with this approach is that, unlike bonds, which have a pre-determined
coupon payment and maturity or par value, common stocks do not specify a fixed
periodic dividend rate nor do they mature at a future date and pay a stated par value. Thus
the timing and magnitude of cash flow from common stock ownership is uncertain and
variable, making valuation difficult and more of an art than a science.
Since the main cash flow received from common stock is the periodic dividend, 4
variations of a dividend pricing model have been used to value common stock, each of
which makes a different assumption about the dividend stream and the maturity of the
stock; whether the dividends are constant or growing and whether we hold the stock
forever or up to a point at which we sell it.
The variations are:
1. The constant dividend model with an infinite horizon
2. The constant dividend model with a finite horizon
3. The constant growth dividend model with a finite horizon
4. The constant growth dividend model with an infinite horizon
Note: It is important to remind students that models can only estimate stock values
based on projected cash flows. The market price that a stock trades for at any given
time is a reflection of consensus estimates of future cash flow and the discount rate,
and these consensus estimates change frequently, so by using these pricing models we
are trying to connect with the idea that when it comes to pricing stocks what matters is
the timing and amount of cash flow.
7.3 (A) The Constant Dividend
Model with an Infinite Horizon (Slides 7-22 to 7-23)
Under this model, it is assumed that the firm is paying the same dividend amount in
perpetuity. That is,
Div1 = Div2 = Div3 = Div4 = Div5 = Div6 = Div7 = Div8 = Div∞
Recall in Chapter 4 (equation 4.7), it was shown that for perpetuities,
PV = PMT/r; where r the required rate and PMT is the cash flow.
Thus, for a stock that is expected to pay the same dividend forever,
Price = Dividend/Required rate of return
selling price), similar to a typical non-zero coupon, corporate bond. Of course, one would
have to estimate the future selling price, since that is not a given value, unlike the par
value of a bond.
Where r = the required rate of return. With some algebraic derivation, this formula can be
Div0 1 g
simplified to… Price0
r g
And because, Div1 = Div0 × (1+g)
Div1
Price0
r g
And more generally
Divn1
Pricen ,
r g
Where, Divn+1 is the estimated next dividend of the stock with the given growth rate of
the dividends, g, at time period n.
Note: For this model to be applicable, the required rate, r, must be greater than the
growth rate, g. Otherwise, we will be dividing by zero, (if r = g) or by a negative (if r
< g), both of which would lead to non-meaningful values.
Example 4: Constant growth rate, infinite horizon (with growth rate given)
Let’s say that the Peak Growth Company just paid its shareholders an annual dividend of
$2.00 and has announced that the dividends would grow at an annual rate of 8% forever.
If investors expect to earn an annual rate of return of 12% on this investment how much
would they offer to buy the stock for?
Div0 = $2.00; g=8%; r=12%
Div1=Div0*(1+g) Div1=$2.00*(1.08)Div1=$2.16
Div1
Price0
r g
$2.16
Price0
(.12 .08)
Price0 = $54
Note: Remind students that r and g must be in decimals.
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
$0.50 $0.55 $0.61 $0.67 $0.73 $0.81 $0.89 $0.98 $1.08 $1.25
First, estimate the historical average growth rate of dividends by using the following
equation:
1
FV n
g 1
PV
Where FV = 2008 Dividend = $1.25
PV = 1999 Dividend = $0.50
n = number of years in between = 9
1
1.25 9
g 1 = 0.10717
0.5
g = 10.72%
Next, use the constant growth, infinite horizon model to calculate price:
Div0 = 2008 Dividend = $1.25; Div1= Div0*(1+g) $ 1.25*(1.1072)$1.384
r = 14%; g = 10.72% (as calculated above)
Div1
Price0
r g
$1.384
Price0
(.14 .1072)
Price0 = $42.19
Price0 1
1 r 1 r n
+
r g
where, g = the constant growth rate,
r = the required rate, and
n = the investor’s holding period.
Pricen = Selling price in period n
Note: This formula would lead to the same price estimate as the Gordon model, if it
is assumed that the growth rate of dividends and the required rate of return of the
next owner, (after n years) remain the same.
Div0 1 g 1 g
n
Price0 1
1 r Pricen
+
r g 1 r n
Where based on the infinite period, constant growth model we solve for the selling price,
Price7 as follows:
Div 8
Price7 = 1.25(1.1072)8/(.14-.1072) = $86.07
r g
1.25 1.1072 1.1072 86.07
7
Price0 1 +
.14 .1072 1.14 1.147
Price0 = $42.195 *0.184829 + 34.40 = $42.19
Method 2: Since the growth rate is constant forever, and the required rates of return of
both investors is the same, we can also use the Gordon model.
Div0 1 g
Price0
r g
$1.25*(1.1072)
Price0 = $42.19
(.14 .1072)
constant rate for long periods of time. In reality, the dividend growth patterns of most
firms tend to be variable, making the valuation process complicated. However, if we can
assume that at some point in the future, the dividend growth rate will become constant,
we can use a combination of the Gordon Model and present value equations to calculate
the price of the stock.
Questions
1. What are three key features of common stock?
There are many features to choose from but here is a list of three key features:
(1) Residual Claim, the common stock shareholder is entitled to all assets and cash
flow of the company after the liabilities have been satisfied.
(2) No Maturity Date, the stock never pays out a principal at maturity and is
considered permanent financing.
(3) Vote, shares allow owners to vote on activities, charter changes, board members,
etc.
2. What are the differences between authorized, issued, and outstanding shares?
Authorized shares are the number of shares a company can sell and is set by the
charter of the company. Issued shares are the authorized shares that have been sold or
distributed and are available for trading. Not all issued shares are available for public
trading. The shares in the “public domain” for trading are the outstanding shares.
Treasury stock, for example, represents stock that although issued are being held by
the company and therefore not available for trading.
3. What is the role of the investment banker in the primary sale of common stock?
The investment banker is the partner to the company in the sale of common stock in
the primary market. The investment banker serves as the distributor of information to
potential buyers, the expert to the company on pricing and timing of the sale, and the
marketer of the shares.
4. What are the potential repercussions if the investment banker does not perform
the due diligence task?
Failure to perform due diligence leaves the investment banker liable for potential
lawsuits by those who bought the newly issued shares.
Problems
1. Anderson Motors, Inc. has just set the company dividend policy at $0.50 per year.
The company plans on being in business forever. What is the price of this stock if
a. an investor wants a 5% return?
b. an investor wants an 8% return?
c. an investor wants a 10% return?
d. an investor wants a 13% return?
e. an investor wants a 20% return?
ANSWER
Use the constant dividend infinite dividend stream model:
Price = Dividend / r
a. Price = $0.50 / 0.05 = $10.00
b. Price = $0.50 / 0.08 = $6.25
c. Price = $0.50 / 0.10 = $5.00
d. Price = $0.50 / 0.13 = $3.85
e. Price = $0.50 / 0.20 = $2.50
2. Diettreich Electronics wants its shareholders to earn a 15% return on their investment
in the company. At what price would the stock need to be priced today if Diettreich
Electronics
had a
a. $0.25 constant annual dividend forever?
b. $1.00 constant annual dividend forever?
c. $1.75 constant annual dividend forever?
d. $2.50 constant annual dividend forever?
ANSWER
Use the constant dividend infinite dividend stream model:
Price = Dividend / r
a. Price = $0.25 / 0.15 = $1.67
b. Price = $1.00 / 0.15 = $6.67
c. Price = $1.75 / 0.15 = $11.67
d. Price = $2.50 / 0.15 = $16.67
3. Singing Fish Fine Foods has a current annual cash dividend policy of $2.25. The price
of the stock is set to yield a 12% return. What is the price of this stock if the dividend
will be paid
a. for 10 years?
b. for 15 years?
c. for 40 years?
d. for 60 years?
e. for 100 years?
f. forever?
ANSWER
Use the finite constant dividend model except with f (use infinite constant dividend
model)
Price = Dividend × (1 – 1/(1+r)n) / r
a. Price = $2.25 × (1 – 1/(1.12)10 / 0.12 = $2.25 × 5.6502 = $12.71
b. Price = $2.25 × (1 – 1/(1.12)15 / 0.12 = $2.25 × 6.8109 = $15.32
c. Price = $2.25 × (1 – 1/(1.12)40 / 0.12 = $2.25 × 8.2438 = $18.54
d. Price = $2.25 × (1 – 1/(1.12)60 / 0.12 = $2.25 × 8.3240 = $18.73
e. Price = $2.25 × (1 – 1/(1.12)100 / 0.12 = $2.25 × 8.3332 = $18.75
f. Price = $2.25 / 0.12 = $18.75
4. Pfender Guitars has a current annual cash dividend policy of $4.00. The price of the
stock is set to yield an 8% return. What is the price of this stock if the dividend will
be paid
a. for 10 years and then a liquidating or final dividend of $25.00?
b. for 15 years and then a liquidating or final dividend of $25.00?
c. for 40 years and then a liquidating or final dividend of $25.00?
d. for 60 years and then a liquidating or final dividend of $25.00?
e. for 100 years and then a liquidating or final dividend of $25.00?
f. forever with no liquidating dividend?
ANSWER
Use the finite constant dividend model liquidating dividend except with f (use infinite
constant dividend model)
Price = Dividend × (1 – 1/(1 + r)n) / r + Liquidating Dividend × (1/(1 + r)n)
a. Price = $4.00 × (1 – 1/(1.08)10 / 0.08 + $25.00 × 1/1.0810
= $4.00 × 6.7101 + $25 × 0.4632 = $26.84 + $11.58 = $38.42
b. Price = $4.00 × (1 – 1/(1.08)15 / 0.08 + $25.00 × 1/1.0815
= $4.00 × 8.5595 + $25 × 0.3152 = $34.24 + $7.88 = $42.12
c. Price = $4.00 × (1 – 1/(1.08)40 / 0.08 + $25.00 × 1/1.0840
= $4.00 × 11.9246 + $25 × 0.0460 = $47.70 + $1.15 = $48.85
d. Price = $4.00 × (1 – 1/(1.08)60 / 0.08 + $25.00 × 1/1.0860
= $4.00 × 12.3766 + $25 × 0.0099 = $49.51 + $0.24 = $49.75
e. Price = $4.00 × (1 – 1/(1.08)100 / 0.08 + $25.00 × 1/1.08100
= $4.00 × 12.4943 + $25 × 0.0005 = $49.98 + $0.01 = $49.99
f. Price = $4.00 / 0.08 = $50.00
5. King Waterbeds has an annual cash dividend policy that raises the dividend each year
by 4%. Last year’s dividend was $0.40 per share. What is the price of this stock if
a. an investor wants a 5% return?
b. an investor wants an 8% return?
c. an investor wants a 10% return?
d. an investor wants a 13% return?
e. an investor wants a 20% return?
ANSWER
Use the constant growth dividend model with an infinite dividend stream:
Price = Last Dividend × (1 + g) / (r – g)
a. Price = $0.40 × (1.04) / (0.05 – 0.04) = $0.4160 / 0.01 = $41.60
b. Price = $0.40 × (1.04) / (0.08 – 0.04) = $0.4160 / 0.04 = $10.40
c. Price = $0.40 × (1.04) / (0.10 – 0.04) = $0.4160 / 0.06 = $6.93
d. Price = $0.40 × (1.04) / (0.13 – 0.04) = $0.4160 / 0.09 = $4.62
e. Price = $0.40 × (1.04) / (0.20 – 0.04) = $0.4160 / 0.16 = $2.60
6. Seitz Glassware is trying to determine its growth rate for its an annual cash dividend.
Last year’s dividend was $0.25 per share. The stock’s target return rate is 10%. What
is the stock’s price if
a. the annual growth rate is 1%?
b. the annual growth rate is 3%?
c. the annual growth rate is 5%?
d. the annual growth rate is 7%?
e. the annual growth rate is 9%?
ANSWER
Use the constant growth dividend model with an infinite dividend stream:
Price = Last Dividend × (1 + g) / (r – g)
a. Price = $0.25 × (1.01) / (0.10 – 0.01) = $0.2525 / 0.09 = $2.81
b. Price = $0.25 × (1.03) / (0.10 – 0.03) = $0.2575 / 0.07 = $3.68
c. Price = $0.25 × (1.05) / (0.10 – 0.05) = $0.2625 / 0.05 = $5.25
d. Price = $0.25 × (1.07) / (0.10 – 0.07) = $0.2675 / 0.03 = $8.92
e. Price = $0.25 × (1.09) / (0.10 – 0.09) = $0.2725 / 0.01 = $27.25
7. Miles Hardware has an annual cash dividend policy that raises the dividend each year
by 3%. Last year’s dividend was $1.00 per share. Investors want a 15% return on this
stock. What is the stock’s price if
a. the company will be in business for 5 years and not have a liquidating dividend?
b. the company will be in business for 15 years and not have a liquidating dividend?
c. the company will be in business for 25 years and not have a liquidating dividend?
d. the company will be in business for 35 years and not have a liquidating dividend?
e. the company will be in business for 75 years and not have a liquidating dividend?
f. forever?
ANSWER
Use the constant growth dividend model with a finite dividend stream:
Price = Last Dividend × (1 + g) / (r – g) × [1 – ((1+g) / (1+r))n]
a. Price = $1.00 × (1.03) / (0.15 – 0.03) × [1 – ((1.03) / (1.15))5]
= $1.03 / 0.12 × [1 - 0.5764] = $8.58 × [0.4236] = $3.64
b. Price = $1.00 × (1.03) / (0.15 – 0.03) × [1 – ((1.03) / (1.15))15]
= $1.03 / 0.12 × [1 - 0.1915] = $8.58 × [0.8085] = $6.94
c. Price = $1.00 × (1.03) / (0.15 – 0.03) × [1 – ((1.03) / (1.15))25]
= $1.03 / 0.12 × [1 - 0.0636] = $8.58 × [0.9364] = $8.03
d. Price = $1.00 × (1.03) / (0.15 – 0.03) × [1 – ((1.03) / (1.15))35]
= $1.03 / 0.12 × [1 - 0.0211] = $8.58 × [0.9789] = $8.40
e. Price = $1.00 × (1.03) / (0.15 – 0.03) × [1 – ((1.03) / (1.15))75]
= $1.03 / 0.12 × [1 - 0.0003] = $8.58 × [0.9997] = $8.58
f. Price = $1.00 × (1.03) / (0.15 – 0.03) = $1.03 / 0.12 = $8.58
8. Sia Dance Studios has an annual cash dividend policy that raises the dividend each
year by 2%. Last year’s dividend was $3.00 per share. The company will be in
business for forty years with no liquidating dividend. What is the price of this stock if
a. an investor wants a 9% return?
b. an investor wants an 11% return?
c. an investor wants a 13% return?
d. an investor wants a 15% return?
e. an investor wants a 17% return?
ANSWER
Use the constant growth dividend model with a finite dividend stream:
Price = Last Dividend × (1 + g) / (r – g) × [1 – ((1+g) / (1+r))n]
a. Price = $3.00 × (1.02) / (0.09 – 0.02) × [1 – ((1.02) / (1.09))40]
= $3.06 / 0.07 × [1 - 0.0703] = $43.71 × [0.9297] = $40.64
b. Price = $3.00 × (1.02) / (0.11 – 0.02) × [1 – ((1.02) / (1.11))40]
= $3.06 / 0.09 × [1 - 0.0340] = $34.00 × [0.9660] = $32.85
c. Price = $3.00 × (1.02) / (0.13 – 0.02) × [1 – ((1.02) / (1.13))40]
9. Fey Fashions expects the following dividend pattern over the next seven years:
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7
$1.00 $1.10 $1.21 $1.33 $1.46 $1.61 $1.77
Then the company will have a constant dividend of $2.00 forever. What is the price
of this stock today if an investor wants to earn
a. 15%?
b. 20%?
ANSWER
There are two dividend patterns here; the first is a constant growth pattern for the next
seven years and then a constant dividend forever. Solve each part separately and then add
the two parts.
Part one: Constant growth for seven years, first find growth rate and note that there are
six changes in the dividend stream over the seven years.
g = ($1.77 / $1.00)1/6 – 1 = 1.771/6 – 1 = 10%
Next, use the finite dividend growth model
Price = Dividend × (1 + g) / (r – g) × [1 – ((1+g) / (1+r))n]
Part two: Use the constant dividend (infinite period) model and then discount the price at
period 7 back to the present
Price7 = Dividend8 / r
Price0 = Price7 / (1 + r)7
a. Part One Price = $1.00 (1.10) / (0.15 – 0.10) × [ 1 – (1.10/1.15)7]
Part One Price = $22.00 × 0.2674 = $5.88
Part Two Price = ($2.00 / 0.15) / (1.15)7 = $13.33 / 2.66 = $5.01
Price = $5.88 + $5.01 = $10.89
b. Part One Price = $1.00 (1.10) / (0.20 – 0.10) × [ 1 – (1.10/1.20)7]
Part One Price = $11.00 × 0.4561 = $5.02
Part Two Price = ($2.00 / 0.20) / (1.20)7 = $10.00 / 3.5832 = $2.79
Price = $5.02 + $2.79 = $7.81
10. Staton-Smith Software is a new up-start company and will not pay dividends for the
first five years of operation. It will then institute an annual cash dividend policy of
$2.50 with a constant growth rate of 5% with the first dividend at the end of year six.
The company will be in business for 25 years total. What is the price of this stock if
an investor wants
a. a 10% return?
b. a 15% return?
c. a 20% return?
d. a 40% return?
ANSWER
Calculate the price at the beginning of the sixth year (end of the fifth year) with the finite
constant growth dividend model and then discount the price by five years to the present
value.
a. Price5 = $2.50 / (0.10 – 0.05) × [1 – (1.05/1.10)20]
Price5 = $50.00 × 0.6056 = $30.28
Price0 = $30.28 / 1.105 = $30.28 / 1.6105 = $18.80
b. Price5 = $2.50 / (0.15 – 0.05) × [1 – (1.05/1.15)20]
Price5 = $25.00 × 0.8379 = $20.95
Price0 = $20.95 / 1.155 = $20.95 / 2.0114 = $10.41
c. Price5 = $2.50 / (0.20 – 0.05) × [1 – (1.05/1.20)20]
Price5 = $16.67 × 0.9308 = $15.51
Price0 = $15.51 / 1.205 = $15.51 / 2.4883 = $6.23
d. Price5 = $2.50 / (0.40 – 0.05) × [1 – (1.05/1.40)20]
Price5 = $7.14 × 0.9968 = $7.12
Price0 = $7.12 / 1.405 = $7.12 / 5.3782 = $1.32
11. Fenway Athletic Club plans to offer its members preferred stock with a par value of
$100 and a 6% annual dividend rate. If a member wants the following returns, what
price should he or she be willing to pay?
a. Theo wants a 10% return.
b. Jonathan wants a 12% return
c. Josh wants a 15% return
d. Terry wants an 18% return
ANSWER
Use the constant dividend model with infinite horizon
Price = Dividend / r
a. Theo’s Price = $100 × 0.06 / 0.10 = $60.00
b. Jonathan’s Price = $100 × 0.06 / 0.12 = $50.00
c. Josh’s Price = $100 × 0.06 / 0.15 = $40.00
d. Terry’s Price = $100 × 0.06 / 0.18 = $33.33
12. Yankee Athletic Club has preferred stock with a par value of $50 and an annual 6%
cumulative dividend. Given the following market prices for the preferred stock, what
is each investor seeking for his or her return?
a. Alex is willing to pay $40.00
b. Derek is willing to pay $30.00
c. Mark is willing to pay $20.00
d. Johnny is willing to pay $15.00
ANSWER
Use the constant dividend formula rearranged for the return, r = Dividend/ Price where
the dividend is $50.00 × 0.06 = $3.00
a. Alex’s return = $3.00 / $40.00 = 0.075 or 7.5%
b. Derek’s return = $3.00 / $30.00 = 0.10 or 10%
c. Mark’s return = $3.00 / $20.00 = 0.15 or 15%
d. Johnny’s return = $3.00 / $15.00 = 0.20 or 20%
13. Villalpondo Winery wants to raise $10 million from the sale of preferred stock. If the
winery wants to sell 1 million shares of preferred stock, what annual dividend will
they have to promise if investors demand
a. a 12% return?
b. an 18% return?
c. an 8% return?
d. a 6% return?
e. a 9% return?
f. a 7% return?
ANSWER
Use the constant dividend formula rearranged for the dividend,
Dividend = r × Price
And the price of the shares is $10,000,000 / 1,000,000 = $10.00 per share
a. A 12% return means: Dividend = 12% × $10.00 = $1.20 per year
b. A 18% return means: Dividend = 18% × $10.00 = $1.80 per year
c. A 8% return means: Dividend = 8% × $10.00 = $0.80 per year
d. A 6% return means: Dividend = 6% × $10.00 = $0.60 per year
e. A 9% return means: Dividend = 9% × $10.00 = $0.90 per year
f. A 7% return means: Dividend = 7% × $10.00 = $0.70 per year
14. Find the annual growth rate of the dividends for each of the firms listed in the table
below.
Dividend Payment per Year
ANSWER
Either find the change each year and then average the change or
g = (Dividend 2004 / Dividend 1999)1/5 – 1
Loewen g = ($1.28 / $1.00)0.20 – 1 = 0.0506 = 5.06%
Morse g = ($0.59 / $1.00)0.20 – 1 = -0.10 = negative 10%
Huddleston g = ($2.00 / $1.00)0.20 – 1 = 0.1487 = 14.87%
Meyer g = can only measure for the years 2001 to 2004, ($1.00 / $0.25)1/3 – 1 = 0.5874 =
58.74%
15. Using Yahoo! Finance (http://finance.yahoo.com/) and ticker symbol PEP, find
PepsiCo’s historical dividend payment and current price. Historical dividends are
available in the historical price section. Use these payments to find the annual
dividend growth rate. (If you have a quarterly pattern be sure to annualize this
quarterly growth rate.) Now, find the required rate of return for this stock, assuming
that the future dividend growth rate will remain the same and the company has an
infinite horizon. Does this return seem reasonable for PepsiCo?
To find the average growth rate for the thirteen years with twelve changes we have:
($1.89 / $0.515)1/12 -1 = 0.1144 or 11.44%
Now by using the constant growth formula and the current price of $65.75 we solve for r:
Price = Last Dividend × (1 + g) / (r – g)
$65.75 = $1.89 × (1 + 0.1144) / (r – 0.1144)
$65.75 = $2.11 / (r – 0.1144)
r – 0.1144 = $2.11 / $65.75
r = 0.03209 + 0.1144 = 0.1464 or 14.64%
This looks like a reasonable required return for a stock.
16. Using Yahoo! Finance (http://finance.yahoo.com/) and ticker symbol HPQ, find
Hewlett-Packard’s recent dividend payments and current price. Historical dividends
are available in the historical price section. Use these payments to find the annual
dividend growth rate. (If you have a quarterly pattern be sure to annualize this
quarterly growth rate.) Now, find the required rate of return for this stock assuming
that the future dividend growth rate will remain the same and the company has an
infinite horizon. Does this return seem reasonable for Hewlett-Packard?
ANSWER
For this problem Hewlett-Packard has had a constant dividend for the past ten years of
$0.32 per year and with a current price of $42.74 as of January 3, 2011 we can estimate
the required return from the constant dividend model which is same as the constant
growth model with g equal to zero:
Price = Last Dividend / (r)
$42.74 = $0.32 / r r = $0.32 / $42.74
r = 0.007487or 0.7487%
This looks like an unreasonably low required return for a stock.
17. Using Yahoo! Finance, update the dividends for Coca-Cola for the last ten years. Find
both the arithmetic growth rate and the geometric growth rate of the dividends.
ANSWER
Year Dividend Change (percent)
2010 $1.76 $1.76-$1.64 = $0.12 (.12/1.64 = 7.32%
2009 $1.64 $1.64 – $1.52= $0.12 ($0.12/1.52 = 7.89%)
2008 $1.52 $1.52 – $1.36 = $0.16 ($0.16/$1.36 = 11.76%)
2007 $1.36 $1.36 – $1.24 = $0.12 ($0.12 / $1.24 = 9.68%)
2006 $1.24 $1.24 – $1.12 = $0.12 ($0.12 / $1.12 = 10.71%)
18. Using Yahoo! Finance, update the dividends for Johnson & Johnson for the last ten
years. Find both the arithmetic growth rate and the geometric growth rate of the
dividends.
ANSWER
Year Dividend Change (percent)
2010 $2.11 $2.11 – $1.90 = $0.21 ($0.21/$1.90 = 11.05%)
2009 $1.90 $1.90 – $1.795 = $0.105 ($0.105/$1.795 = 5.85%)
2008 $1.795 $1.795 – $1.62 = $0.175 ($0.175/$1.62 = 10.80%)
2007 $1.62 $1.62 – $1.455 = $0.165 ($0.165 / $1.455 =
11.34%)
2006 $1.455 $1.455 – $1.275 = $0.18 ($0.18 / $1.275 = 14.12%)
2005 $1.275 $1.275 – $1.095 = $0.18 ($0.18 / $1.095 = 16.44%)
2004 $1.095 $1.095 – $0.925 = $0.17 ($0.17 / $0.925 = 18.38%)
2003 $0.925 $0.925 – $0.80 = $0.125 ($0.125 / $0.80 = 15.63%)
2002 $0.80 $0.80 – $0.70 = $0.10 ($0.10 / $0.70 = 14.29%)
2001 $0.70
Average Change 13.1% (Arithmetic Growth Rate)
Geometric growth rate = ($2.11 / $0.70)1/9 – 1 = 13.04%
P/Y = 1, C/Y = 1
INPUT 9 ? -0.55 0 1.795
KEYS N I/Y PV PMT FV
COMPUTE 13.04
19. Using Yahoo! Finance, update the dividends of Wal-Mart for the last ten years. Find
the arithmetic growth rate and the geometric growth rate of the dividends.
ANSWER
Year Dividend Change (percent)
2010 $1.212 $1.212 – $1.092 = $0.12 ($0.12/$1.092=10.99%)
2009 $1.092 $1.092 – $0.952=$0.14 ($0.14/$0.952= 14.71%)
2008 $0.952 $0.952 – $0.88 = $0.072 ($0.072/$0.88 = 8.18%)
2007 $0.88 $0.88 – $0.672 = $0.208 ($0.208 / $0.672 = 30.95%)
2006 $0.672 $0.672 – $0.60 = $0.072 ($0.072 / $0.60 = 12.00%)
2005 $0.60 $0.60 – $0.52 = $0.08 ($0.08 / $0.52 = 15.38%)
2004 $0.52 $0.52 – $0.36 = $0.16 ($0.16 / $0.36 = 44.44%)
2003 $0.36 $0.36 – $0.30 = $0.06 ($0.06 / $0.30 = 20.00%)
2002 $0.30 $0.30 – $0.28 = $0.02 ($0.02 / $0.28 = 7.14%)
2001 $0.28
Average Change 19%
Geometric growth rate = ($1.212 / $0.28)1/9 – 1 = 17.68%
P/Y = 1, C/Y = 1
INPUT 9 ? -0.28 0 1.212
KEYS N I/Y PV PMT FV
COMPUTE 17.68
20. Using Yahoo! Finance, update the dividends of Intel for only the last six years. Find
the arithmetic growth rate and the geometric growth rate of the dividends.
ANSWER
Year Dividend Change (percent)
2010 $0.632 $0.632 – $0.56 = $0.072 ($0.072/$0.56 = 12.86%)
2009 $0.56 $0.56 – $0.546 = $0.014 ($0.014/$0.546 = 2.56%)
2008 $0.546 $0.546 – $0.452 = $0.094 ($0.094/$0.452 = 20.80%)
2007 $0.452 $0.452 – $0.40 = $0.052 ($0.052 / $0.40 = 13.00%)
2006 $0.40 $0.40 – $0.32 = $0.08 ($0.08 / $0.32 = 25.00%)
2005 $0.32
Arithmetic growth rate = (12.86%+2.56%+20.8%+13%+25%)/5 = 14.84%
Geometric growth rate = ($0.632 / $0.32)1/5 – 1 =14.58%
P/Y = 1, C/Y = 1
INPUT 5 ? -0.32 0 0.632
21. Using the answer to Problem 17 on the Coca-Cola growth rates and the current
trading price, determine the current required rate of return for the company.
ANSWER
Coca-Cola price was at $65.22 as of January 3, 2011
$1.76 1 0.1044
Coca-Cola’s r 0.1044 = 0.1342 or 13.42%
$65.22
22. Using the answer to Problem 18 on the Johnson & Johnson growth rates and the
current trading price, determine the current required rate of return for the company.
ANSWER
Johnson and Johnson’s price was at $62.82
$2.11 1 0.13.04
Johnson and Johnson’s r 0.1304 =.1684 or 16.84%
$62.82
23. Using the answer to Problem 19 on the Wal-Mart growth rates and the current trading
price, determine the current required rate of return for the company.
ANSWER
Wal-Mart’s price was at $54.56
$01.212 1 0.1768
Wal-Mart’s r 0.1768 = .2029 or 20.29%
$54.56
24. Using the answer to Problem 20 on Intel growth rates and the current trading price,
determine the current required rate of return for the company.
ANSWER
Intel’s price was at $20.85 on January 3, 2011
$0.632 1 0.1458
Intel’s r 0.1458 = 0.1805 or 18.05%
$20.85
25. Given the growth rates for Coca-Cola, Johnson & Johnson, Wal-Mart, and Intel from
the dividend history in Problems 21 through 24, what price would you predict for
each stock if they all had a required return of 18%? Why are Wal-Mart and Intel
prices troublesome?
ANSWER
$1.76 1 0.1044
Coca-Cola, P $25.71
0.18 0.1044
$2.11 1 0.1304
Johnson and Johnson, P $48.09
0.18 0.1304
$1.212 1 0.1768
Walmart, P $445.71
0.18 0.1768
$0.632 1 0.1458
Intel, P $21.18
0.18 0.1458
Wal-Mart’s predicted price is unrealistically high since the required rate is so close to the
growth rate. Intel’s price on the other hand seems okay.
26. Assume that Exxon-Mobil’s price dropped to $30 overnight. Given the dividend
growth rate of Exxon-Mobil of 5.07% and the last annual dividend of $1.28, what is
the implied required rate of return necessary to justify the new lower market price of
$30.00?
ANSWER
$1.28 1 0.0507
Exxon-Mobil’s r 0.0507 = 0.0955 or 9.55%
$30.00
27. Peterson Packaging Incorporated does not currently pay dividends. The company will
start with a $0.50 dividend at the end of year three and grow it by 10% for each of the
next six years until it nearly reaches $1.00. After six years of growth, it will fix its
dividend at $1.00 forever. If you want a 15% return on this stock, what should you
pay today, given this future dividend stream?
ANSWER
The first step is to look at the timing and amount of the cash flow that you will receive as
a shareholder.
Expected Dividend Stream of Peterson Packaging
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 … T ∞
--- $0.00 $0.00 $0.50 $0.55 $0.61 $0.67 $0.73 $0.81 $0.89 $1.00 …$1.00
We notice that there are three distinct dividend patterns -- a period of no dividends, T1 to
T2; a period of constant growth dividends, T3 to T9; and a period of constant dividends,
T10 to T∞. To price this stock we need to determine the present value of each pattern.
The first pattern, no dividends, is rather easy to value. It is zero.
The second pattern is a constant growth dividend stream with a finite horizon.
But we need to realize that this pattern does not start until the end of year three.
Therefore, when we apply the dividend growth model we will be getting a price for the
end of year two and we will receive seven dividends:
Div3 1 g
n
Price2 1
r g 1 r
$0.50 1 0.10 7
Price2 1
0.15 0.10 1 0.15
Price2 = $10.00 × (0.2674) = $2.674
The price at the end of period 2 is a future value. Now we must discount this future value
at 15% for its present value:
FV
PV
1 r
n
$2.674 $2.674
Price0 = PV $2.02
1 0.15 2
1.3225
The final dividend pattern is a perpetuity and we can use equation 7.1 here:
Dividend10
Price9
r
$1.00
Price9 $6.67
0.15
And again, we must discount this future value at 15% for its present value:
$6.67
Price0 $1.90
1 0.15
9
reduce, or even suspend cash dividends. And even though past dividends may be a good
predictor of future dividends, the timing and amount of dividends can and do vary across
time for a company. The dividend models are really expected dividend models, and if we
were to write these models correctly we would use an expectations operator with the
dividends, E(Div0) and E(Div1) instead of Div0 and Div1.
Solutions to Mini-Case
Lawrence’s Legacy A
This case requires students to think in a critical and applied way about the nature of
common stock investments, primary and secondary markets, the implications of EMH,
stock valuation models, and the limitations of stock valuation models.
1. Why do you think Lawrence specified to invest money in stocks rather than
bonds or certificates of deposit?
This question can be the stimulus for a broad ranging discussion of the nature of
common stock.
Lawrence wants the memorial trust fund to provide meaningful grants in perpetuity.
Common stock represents ownership of a percentage of a corporation. The nominal
value of corporate assets, sales, earnings and dividends should all be able to increase
with inflation. If the corporation is successful, the original value of an investment can
increase many times over. Because stock represents a percentage of the company’s
value, over the long run, stock prices and dividends can also be expected at least to
keep pace with inflation and sometimes much more. Bonds and CD’s on the other
hand, have fixed maturity values, fixed interest payments, and do not offer the growth
opportunities available with stock. Trust funds that are invested too conservatively are
safer in the short-term, but often provide income that becomes insignificant over time.
Perhaps some students will have received “scholarships” of $50 or $100 at their high
school graduations. When these scholarships were first created, those would have
been meaningful amounts, but have become somewhat insignificant.
2. How will the trust obtain the cash to make the grants if the dividends do not
amount to 5% of the portfolio’s value?
Unless stocks are specifically purchased for high dividend yields rather than growth,
it is unlikely that dividend income will be sufficient for the grants. Some stock will
need to be sold from time to time in order to generate cash. You could say that we
will be making our own dividends.
3. What is the difference between common stock and preferred stock?
Preferred stock usually pays a fixed dividend. As a result, the price moves more
closely with interest rates than with the growth and profitability of the company. In
other words, preferred stock acts more like a bond than like common stock, and is
probably not the kind of thing Mr. Lawrence had in mind.
Common stock represents ownership of a percentage of the company, so its value
goes up when the company prospers, and diminishes when the company earnings or
expected future earnings go down. Unlike preferred stock, common stock has voting
rights. Because of the voting rights, even an inefficient, poorly managed company can
be valuable because another company or group of investors may find it cheaper to
buy a controlling interest in the company and change management than to duplicate
the company’s assets.
4. How do we know if we are paying a fair price for the stock that we purchase?
There is no way to know in advance if a stock will turn out to be a good or bad
investment, but it is reassuring to know that for larger companies, millions of shares
are bought and sold every day. The price we pay will be very close to the price paid
by the buyer just before or after us. Many stock purchases and sales take place
between large institutional investors managed by people with advanced degrees in
finance or economics, and whose only job is to know everything there is to know
about the companies they invest in. If these investors agree to pay a particular price,
and equally sophisticated investors agree to sell at the same price, then the price must
reflect all the information it is legally possible to have. These conditions describe
what is known as the semi-strong form of the efficient market hypothesis, which
implies that no investor has an unfair advantage over any other investor.
5. For what are we actually paying when we buy a share of stock?
2. Constant growth rate, infinite horizon (with growth rate estimated from past
history. Using the historical dividend information provided below to calculate the
constant growth rate, and a required rate of return of 18%, estimate the price of Nigel
Enterprises’ common stock.
Nigel Enterprises’ Annual Dividends
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
$0.35 $0.45 $0.51 $0.65 $0.75 $0.88 $0.99 $1.10 $1.13 $1.30
Next, use the constant growth, infinite horizon model to calculate price:
Div0 = 2010 Dividend = $1.30; Div1= Div0*(1+g) $1.30*(1.157)$1.504
r = 18%; g = 15.7% (as calculated above)
Div1
Price0
r g
$1.504
Price0
(.18 .157)
Price0 = $65.40
3. Pricing common stock with multiple dividend patterns. The Wonder Products
Company is expanding fast and therefore will not pay any dividends for the next 3
years. After that, starting at the end of year 4, it will pay a dividend of $0.75 per share
to its common shareholders and increase it by 12% each year until it pays $1.50 at the
end of year 10. After that it will pay $1.50 per year forever. If an investor wants to
earn 15% per year on this investment, how much should he pay for the stock?
4. Pricing non-constant growth common stock. The WedLink Corporation just paid a
dividend of $1.25 to its common shareholders, and announced that it expects the
dividends to grow by 25% per year for the next 3 years, then drop to a growth rate of
16% for an additional 2 years, after which it expects the dividends to converge to the
industry median growth rate of 8% per year. If investors are expecting 12% per year
on WedLink’s stock, calculate the current stock price.
5. Pricing common stock with constant growth and finite life versus infinite life.
(a) The ANZAC Corporation plans to be in business for 30 years. They announce that
they will pay a dividend of $3.00 per share at the end of one year, and continue
increasing the annual dividend by 4% per year until they liquidate the company at
the end of 30 years. If you want to earn a rate of return of 12% by investing in
their stock, how much should you pay for the stock?
(b) If the company was to announce that it would continue increasing the dividend at
4% per year forever, how much more would you be willing to pay for its stock,
assuming your required rate of return is still 12%?
Div1 1 g 30
Price0 1
r g 1 r
$3.00 1.04 30
Price0 1
.12 .04 1.12
Price0 $37.5*0.89174 = $33.44
ANSWER (B)
If the growth rate is 4% forever, the price of the stock can be figured out by using the
Gordon Model;
Div1
Price0 $3.00/(.12 - .04) $37.50
r g