Week 7

Wireless Communication

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From Speech to Radio Transmission
Speech
Speech

Digitizing and Source

Step 1 source coding decoding

Channel Channel
Step 2 coding decoding

Interleaving De-interleaving

Step 3
Burst deformatting
Burst formatting

Deciphering
Step 4 Ciphering

Demodulation
Modulation equalization
Step 5

Diversity
Step 6 Transmission

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 Speech Quality - Source Coding
Codec Type Mean Opinion Score (MOS) Rate (kb/s)

PCM A law 4.25 64

GSM EFR 4.2 12.2

CDMA 13 4.2 13
D-AMPS 4 8
GSM FR 3.8 13
CDMA 8 3.4 8

Quality MOS Listening Effort Required

Excellent 5 Complete relaxation possible, no effort.

Good 4 Attention necessary, no appreciable effort.

Fair 3 Moderate effort.

Poor 2 Considerable effort.

Bad 1 No meaning understood with feasible effort.

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 A/D Conversion
• Sampling
• Quantization
• Coding
-Sampling
4kHz. Double it 8000bps.
Quantizer normally in telephony. 8 bits
In GSM you have 13 bit quantizer.
2^13= 8192 levels.
Coding- 13 bits per sample.
Total output in bps?
8000 x 13= 104Kbits/sec.
One TDMA Slot share among 8 user?
8x104K=832Kbit/sec. which is impossible?
GSM Channel bandwidth 200KHz. So we have compress it with source coding GSM.
RPE, LPC
200Khz.

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 Source Coding
• Segmentation?
• 20ms blocks.
• Normal human 30-40 phenomes . 10-30 ms
phenomes.
• 1/20ms- 50 times in one sec.
• GSM source Coder allow 260 bits. A/D
conversion provides 13 bit but source coder
will convert it into 260 bits.
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 Channel Coding
• Convolutional Coding.
• 256 bits from Source coding convert it & add
redundant bits.
• 1:2 coder
• 3 Block
• 1- 50 very important bits
• 2-132 important bits
• 3- 78 not so important bits

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 Channel Processing
• Overview
20 ms Speech blocks 20 ms 20 ms
A B C

260 bits 260 bits 260 bits

Source coding
Channel coding

A 456 bits B 456 bits C 456 bits

A A A A B B B B B B B B 8 Sub blocks C C C C
5 6 7 8 Interleaving 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4
of 57 bits

A5 A6 A7 A8 B5 B6 B7 B8
8 Bursts B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4

Normal 3 57 bits 1 26 bits 1 57 bits 3

burst
Tail Information CRL Training CRL Information Tail

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 Interleaving: TCH Full Rate 456
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 455
coded bits
Divide 456 bits in 8 sub-blocks

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

57 Rows
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 reordering
15 &
•• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• partitioning
• • • • • • • • out
448 449 450 451 452 453 454
455

4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3

diagonal
interleaving

bit
interleaving

burst
b0 b1 b56 b0 b1 b56

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 Burst Formatting
Normal Burst

1 frame:
4.615 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Training Guard
DATA S S DATA
sequence Band

3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25

Burst
148 bits
Guard

156.25 bits
0.577 ms

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 Burst Formats
Frequency Correction Burst
(FCCH)
Guard
Tail Data Tail Period
3 bits 142 fixed bits (0) 3 bits 8.25 bits

156.25 bits (0.577 ms)

Synchronization Burst
(SCH)
Guard
Tail Data Extended Training Sequence Data Tail Period
3 bits 39 encrypted bits 64 synchronization bits 39 bits 3 bits 8.25 bits

156.25 bits (0.577 ms)

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 Burst Formats
Normal Burst

Tail Data Training Sequence Data Tail Guard

Period
3 bits 57 encrypted bits 1 26 bits 1 57 encrypted bits 3 bits 8.25 bits

156.25 bits (0.577 ms)

Dummy Burst
Guard
Tail Dummy Sequence Training Sequence Dummy Sequence Tail Period

3 bits 58 mixed bits 28 midamble bits 58 mixed bits 3 bits 8.25 bits

156.25 bits (0.577 ms)

Access Burst
Training
Tail Sequence Data Tail Guard Period

8 bits 41 synch bits 36 encrypted bits 3 bits 68.25 bits

156.25 bits (0.577 ms)

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 Ciphering
Burst to be
Data S S Data
transmitted

Plain data: 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0.....

Ciphering sequence: 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0.....
XOR:
Ciphered data (transmitted): 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0.....
Ciphered sequence: 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0.....
XOR:
Recovered data: 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0.....

Received Data
Training
S sequence S Data
burst

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 Modulation

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 Discontinuous Transmission Features

Hearpiece speech From receiver

decoder
Digital to
Analog
Converter Comfort
noise
function

Microphone speech To transmitter

encoder
Analog to
Digital
Converter Voice Activity
Detection

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 Radio Resource Management

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 Types of Handoff
• There are mainly two types of handoff
1. Hard handoff
2. Soft handoff
• Hard Handoff:
A hard handover is one in which the channel in the source cell is
released and only then the channel in the target cell is engaged.
Thus the connection to the source is broken before the
connection to the target is made for this reason such handovers
are also known as break-before-make. Hard handovers are
intended to be instantaneous in order to minimize the disruption
to the call. A hard handover is perceived by network engineers as
an event during the call.

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 Conti….
• Soft Handoff:
A soft handover is one in which the channel in the source cell
is retained and used for a while in parallel with the channel in
the target cell. In this case the connection to the target is
established before the connection to the source is broken,
hence this handovers is called make-before-break. The
interval, during which the two connections are used in
parallel, may be brief or substantial.

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 Cell Selection
Purpose: get synchronization
with the GSM network
prior establishing any communication.

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 Immediate Assignment

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Registration: the Very First Location
Update

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