____________________________________________________________________________________________

M.Sc. Semester-III
Paper-V: Unit-I

Industrial Safety
(Skill Enhancement Course)

Reading Material for academic purpose

M.Sc. Chemistry: Semester– III

Compiled

By

Dr. Vijay Champaneri Dr.Aniruddhasinh Rana

Dr. Motibhai Patel. Dr Amit C. Purohit
Ishanki Bharadwaj. Mr. Nikhil Raval

______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Sr. Content Page

No. No.
A CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS
B OBJECTIVES OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT

C PREFACE

1. Hazard Identification, Communication and Hazard Symbol

2. Risk Assessment

3. Process Safety Risk Assessment

4. Static electricity, its hazards, and control measures

5. Industrial Hygiene Risk Assessment

6. Fire & Explosion Risk Management

7. Environmental Risk Assessment

8. Chemical Storage Safety and Bulk storage of chemicals

CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENTS

Accidents can be classified in various ways such as: • Classification

based on the magnitude of danger of life and property.

These can be subdivided into following four categories:

(1) Minor
(2) Moderate
(3) Major
(4) Disaster

Minor. Where there is no loss of life.

Moderate. Where there is injury but no loss of life and property.
Major. Where there is loss of life.
Disaster. Where there is extensive loss of Property and/or Life.

• Classification based on ‘principal-cause and effect’. These can be

sub-divided into several categories such as

1. Fires and Explosions

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Electrical Accidents

-Shocks and Flashovers

-Fires and Explosions initiated by Sparks and Shortcircuit Currents
-Failures and Accidents in Electrical Plants

3. Chemical Accidents and Explosions

-Emission of Gases, Fumes, Dust, Chemical fluids Nuclear Disasters,

Radiation of Radioactive Rays

4. Accidents with Machines, Plant, Tools

Due to human error
- Due to failure of plant accessory
- Due to process hazard (e.g, eye-injury due to Laser, Welding-
light)

5. Falling of Objects on body

Construction work

-During operation of plant (e.g. while shifting by crane)

6. Falling of persons in pits or from height

7. Accidents from Civil Works (Buildings, Bridges, Construction

Works)

-During construction work service life of plant

8. Human-made Accidents.
Sabotage, thefts of critical parts

9 Natural Disasters.
Floods, Lightning, Landslides, Earthquakes, Volcano. Refer Table

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Unsafe Conditions and Unsafe Actions

Safety management should be alert to identify unsafe conditions in

which probability of accidents/disaters is high. The unsafe conditions
may be physical or human.
The unsafe condition may be internal or external to the plant.
The management is responsible to identify, remove or minimize
unsafe uconditions by appropriate actions.

Management’s Responsibility

-Identify unsafe condition

-Analyse unsafe conditions, cause and effect
-Decide method of attack
-Remove unsafe condition
-Be alert
-Educate and train personnel

Individual who is present in the unsafe condition is possibly helpless.

He can only report his observation to concerned responsible person.
In industry, there are several overlapping zones of activities and
some dead pockets between two overlapping activities unsafe at the
interface.

OBJECTIVES OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT

The objectives are to prevent accidents, personal injuries and deaths,

to minimize unsafe situations and unsafe acts by personnel by
applying management techniques. Other objectives include:

Humanitarian. Accidents cannot be eliminated completely.

However they can be minimized And prevented to a great extent.
Prime humanitarian objective is concern for personal safety of
Workers and staff. By effective safety management, the sufferings of
workers and their families Are eliminated or minimized.

Objectives include:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Taking care of workers and staff in the event of an accident by
providing fast Treatment and financial assistance and
compensation.
2. 2. Providing environment and surrounding.
3. Welfare.
4. Continuous vigil and improvements.

Morale. The reduction of injuries and deaths, concern about well-

being of workers boosts up the moral of workers and organization.

Legal. The objective of management is to implement the stipulation

of Acts and Rules formulated by Legal, Government Standards,
Industrial, Statutory bodies.
Mandatory Safety Functions Activities. Factory Acts stipulate
safety provisions (Fac-Tory Act 1948, Sec 21 to 41).
These provisions must be followed by every factory convered by
this act.
They are obligatory and absolute and are in no way dependent
upon previous notice or Warning from the Inspector of Factories.
The provisions dealing with the safety of workers in different
states are supplemented by rules framed by each state government.
So in relation to a factory in a particular state, the rules of that state
government must be referred to.

Organizational. To reduce down time, expenditure on workers

compensation, legal ex- penditure and improve productivity and
profits. Sometimes Safety is a question of Survival of the company.
Some accidents (disateres) result in closure of the company.

Commercial. To enhance company’s image and prestige. Improve

public relations, there By improving commercial competitiveness.

Social. To help society by improving environment, minimising

miseries of people thus Leading to happy human life.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

PREFACE

Health Safety and Environment (HSE) is very important aspect in industries, in

organizations, in domestic life and in day to day work. The laid down guidelines,
rules & regulations by authorities, organizations are necessary to follow as a part
of accident prevention program. Though safety in each field is of equal
importance, safety in Industrial sector needs more attention because of its
specific nature, properties of Processes & Chemical hazards.

To develop the basic understanding and skill about Industrial Safety aspects in
students, “Veer Narmad South Gujarat University (VNSGU)” is introducing
“Industrial Safety & Water Analysis Techniques” topic in syllabus as a part of
Skill Enhancement Course in Master of Science, M. Sc. Chemistry Semester III.

Ankleshwar Environmental Preservation Society, Ankleshwar is running Post

Diploma in Industrial Safety (PDIS) and Post Diploma in Environmental
Technology and Management (PDIET&M) since 1998, affiliated with Technical
Examination Board, Gandhinagar as per government guidelines. Since the topic is
part of curriculum, it is equally important to prepare a reading material on the
topic for the students. In light of above, Sajjan Institute of Science, managed by
AEPS, along with the VNSGU team have referred, for the syllabus related contents
exclusively for academic purpose.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Syllabus of PDIS is based on the book “Fundamentals of Industrial Safety and
Health”, written by renowned late Shri Dr. K. U. Mistry, Former Chairman of
Gujarat Pollution Control Board and published by Siddharth Prakashan,
Ahmedabad.

The syllabus of PDIS was referred to compile the syllabus for “Industrial Safety”
for M. Sc. Chemistry, 3rd Semester of VNSGU.

We are sure that the contents of this reading material would be useful to
students of the course from academic perspective and enhancing their basic
knowledge on Safety.
*******************************

1. Hazard Identification, Communication and Hazard Symbol

Industrial Safety is one of the major aspects of accident prevention program.

Though safety in each field is of equal importance, Industrial safety needs more
attention because of its specific nature. Particularly, Chemical safety seems more
complicated because chemicals, Unit Processes and Unit Operations have many
hazards, Hazardous properties. Needs to know the hazards in each process and
operation, communicate to all concern. Its required details study to identify and
implement various suitable technical and administrative control measure to
prevent accident.

When chemicals are transported by road, by rail, by water (sea, river, channel),
by pipeline, by air, needs to communicate about the hazard to general public and
related authorities, so that in case of any eventuality, concern person can take
appropriate actions.

There are following types of hazards in day to day industrial life needs to
communicate to all concern and control appropriately to prevent from accident:

• Physical Hazard
• Mechanical & Electrical Hazard
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
• Chemical Hazard
• Fire & Explosion Hazard
• Heat, Noise, Radiation Hazard
• Ergonomic Hazard
• Biological Hazard
• Environmental Hazard
• Transportation hazard
• Engulfment by liquid or flowing solids Hazard ……….

Following are the Hazard symbols to communicate to the concern person:

Chemical Related Hazard:

Other Hazard:

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Biological Hazard Electrical Hazard Asphyxiation / Radiation Hazard
Hazard

Noise Hazard Ergonomic Hazard Heat Stress Machine guard

Fall Hazard Road Hazard Collision Hazard Environmental

Hazard

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Risk Assessment

The purpose of a risk assessment is to identify hazards in the workplace in order

to implement control measures that can eliminate or minimise risks as much as
possible. Hazard may lead to fire, explosion, exposure to employees, Danger to
Human life, Public and further lead to Business interruption. This, in turn, to take
appropriate Technical and administrative control measures, will help with
providing a safer working environment.

Risk assessments should be completed in consultation with experts, production,

engineering functions and concern employees. Four Steps procedure is
necessary in Risk Assessment Process: Identification of hazards, Evaluation of
hazards (mentioned in earlier topic) and their detailed analysis., Planning and
implementing measures to reduce hazards and Frequent review. RA will focus on
three types of risk assessments (a) Baseline risk assessments, (b) Issue based
risk assessments and (c) Continues risk assessments.

There is a relation between Hazard & Risk and one must do the detail studies on
Probability, Frequency or likelihood of hazard occurring to estimate the risk.
Accordingly, we should take appropriate control measures. The Risk is the
likelihood or probability of an adverse outcome or event.

There are various types of Risk Assessment and not limited to as explain below:
• Process Safety Risk Assessment
• Static Electricity Risk Assessment
• Chemical Storage Risk Assessment
• Fire & Explosion Risk Assessment
• Industrial Hygiene Risk Assessment (Noise, Illumination, Ventilation,
Ergonomics, Heat Stress,
• Environmental Risk Assessment

There is a need to do the Quantitative and Qualitative Risk Assessment. There

are various types of techniques available like HAZOP, HAZAN, Hazard
Identification to control the Hazards and Risk. Let us know more about the
various Risk Assessment as listed above in next chapters.

**************************************

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Process Safety Management

Employers have a Process Safety Management system in place that follows these
rules and practices for accident prevention:

a. Process Safety Information

• Permissible exposure limits, Toxicity, Reactivity data, Corrosively
data, Physical data, Thermal and chemical stability data, Hazardous
effects of inadvertent mixing of different materials
• Process chemistry, Maximum intended inventory, A block process
flow diagram, Safe upper and lower limits for items such as flows,
pressures, temperatures or compositions, An evaluation of the
consequences of deviations, particularly those affecting employees’
health and safety
b. Process Hazard Analysis
• Process hazard analyses (PHA’s) are designed to identify, evaluate,
and control the hazards of processes involving extremely hazardous
chemicals. Employers are required to adhere to one or more of the
following methods in order to determine and evaluate the hazards
involved in the process:

What-if/checklist, Fault tree analysis, Failure mode and effects

➢
analysis (FMEA), Hazard and operability study (HAZOP),
Appropriate equivalent methodology
➢ PHA’s must be updated every 5 years
c. Operating Procedure
• Establish and execute written operating procedures and tasks with
clear instructions that reflect current practices.
• Instructions should emphasize hazards, health considerations,
operating limitations, safety practices and special circumstances.
• These operating procedures must be up to date and readily available
to employees involved in all covered processes.
d. Employee Participation
• Needs to consult with employees regarding process hazard analyses
Worksite employees and contractor employees are included in this
standard.
e. Process Safety Management Training to employees and contractors
• Prior to starting the process, production, the training should
emphasize safety and health hazards, emergency operations.
Refresher training should be completed at least once every three years.
• Contract employers should ensure that their employees received
training, are aware of potential process hazards, understand
emergency action plans, are familiar with facility safety rules.
f. Pre-Startup Safety Review
• Verify equipment and construction are in accordance with design
specifications, Confirm that proper safety, maintenance, operating and
emergency procedures are in place, Assure that process operator
training has been successfully completed
g. Mechanical Integrity
• Piping and Pumps systems (including components, valves)
• Pressure vessels and storage tanks, Relief and vent systems and
devices, Controls (monitoring devices, alarms, sensors, interlocks)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
• Emergency shutdown systems
h. Management of Change (MOC) Process
• MOC must confirm the change’s impact on employees’ safety and
health
• The technical basis for a proposed change,
• Modifications to current operating procedures and Authorization
requirements for a proposed change
• Training to all concern for Approved changes.
i. Safety Work Permit System
j. Incident Investigation/Accident Investigation
k. Emergency Planning and Emergency Response
l. Safety Compliance Audits

************************************

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Static electricity, its hazards, and control measures

Static electricity can build up as a stationary electric charge on the surface of an

object or a person and, under the right conditions, can discharge, causing
someone to feel a shock. These shocks caused by static electricity occur mainly
when the atmosphere is dry, particularly in winter.
Common situations when static electricity is noticeable in our everyday life
include:

• the brief electric shock felt when a person touches a metal object after
walking across a carpeted floor or stepping out of a vehicle
• the crackling and clinging of fabrics as they are removed from a clothes
dryer

The human body is an electrical conductor and can accumulate a static charge if
insulated from ground. To most people, static electricity is simply an annoyance,
but in many industries, particularly those where combustible materials are
handled, static electricity can be quite dangerous as the work environment then
becomes at risk for fires and explosions. For Preventing Fire Hazards, that are
caused by Static Electricity, needs to control by proper earthing / grounding.

For human, Static shock can be unpleasant, but the brief jolt that is felt is
typically not dangerous. However, there may be a situation when the shock
causes a sudden, involuntary reaction that results in a slip, trip or caught-in
injury.

When friction causes a high level of static electricity to build up, the discharge
can cause a fire or explosion if flammable or combustible substances are nearby.
Dry environments are more prone to static build up. Any moisture in the air can
help disperse the static charge on an object.

Static electricity can be generated by materials in motion, for example:

• contact and separation, materials unwinding or passing over a roller

• liquids moving through hoses or pipe systems
• pouring, mixing, pumping or filtering fluids
• filling drums, cans, pails or tanks
• rapid heat change when material goes through an oven
• sheet cutting, slitting or trimming processes

Ignition hazards from static electricity may be controlled by methods such as:

a) Engineering specific solutions that reduce charge generation, charge

accumulation.
b) Inerting of the equipment.
c) Adding ventilation on or near the equipment or the area where the
equipment is used.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
d) Removing the ignitable mixture from the area where static electricity
could cause an ignition-capable discharge.
e) Neutralizing the charges, the primary methods of which are grounding
isolated conductors and air ionization

Control of static electricity can be performed by following ways:

• Grounding and bonding.

• Control by humidity.
• Ionization.
• Use of anti-static (conductive) materials.

Static electricity warning and grounding safety signs can alert employees visitors
and remind workers to ensure they are electromagnetically discharged before
handling equipment or entering designated areas. Signs can be placed at points
where static discharge is required.

*******************************************

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Industrial Hygiene Risk Assessment

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) defines industrial

hygiene as the process of recognizing, evaluating, and controlling potentially
harmful hazards in or around the workplace that may impact employees by
causing injury or making them ill.

Industrial hygiene is important because it protects employees / human life from

a wide variety of injuries and illnesses, such as:

• Repetitive stress injuries: These are caused by performing the same motion
many times throughout the day, which can have a negative impact on joints
and bones.
• Hearing loss: This can occur when employees are exposed to high levels or
high frequencies of noise.
• Poisoning: Toxic chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, cleaning agents,
and formaldehyde can lead to poisoning when absorbed through the skin.
• Respiratory conditions: Chronic bronchitis, pneumonitis, and asbestosis
can result from exposure to air that contains dust or other contaminants.
• Skin diseases: Rashes, blisters, eczema, and dermatitis may occur when
workers’ skin comes into direct contact with hazardous materials or
chemicals.
• Nonfatal and fatal illnesses: Workers can be exposed to a wide variety of
illnesses in settings such as hospitals and laboratories. Additionally, COVID-
19 is a top concern for most companies whose workers spend extended
periods of time close to one another.

Industries are required to conduct a written Hygiene Risk Assessment

that identifies all the hazards that might threaten the hygiene of the work
environment, Human Health, and / or the final products.

The Types of Occupational Hazards in Industrial Hygiene (IH) are defined as

follows:

• Air contaminants, such as aerosols and fibers.

• Biological hazards, such as bacteria and viruses.
• Chemical hazards, such as harmful vapors and fumes.
• Ergonomic hazards, such as lifting heavy objects or working with large
machinery.
• Physical hazards, such as radiation and heat

Perform Qualitative and Quantitative IH Risk assessment to decide appropriate

control measures. Comprehensive exposure risk assessment is required to
protect human health.

IH related issues are needs to be controlled by Engineering measures, providing

proper Equipment and supported by administrative controls like SOP, Check-list,
Inspection, audit, training etc.

• Provide proper ventilation, Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV), fume hoods

in laboratory.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
• For cleaning / housekeeping, use vacuum equipment and avoid the use of
brushes or compressed air for removing dust from clothing, surfaces and
machinery, flooring etc.
• AT last resource, when engineering controls are not possible, provide
PPEs), (Personal Protective Equipment) RPE (Respiratory protection
Equipment),

Needs to have proper medical checkup of the employees to verify the control
measures are suitable or further improvement required.

****************************************

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Fire & Explosion Risk Management (FERA)

Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to as the "fire triangle." Add in
the fourth element, the chemical reaction, and you actually have a fire
"tetrahedron." The important thing to remember is: take any of these four
things away, and you will not have a fire or the fire will be extinguished.

The 5 main classes of fires are categorized, how to suppress the fire and type of
fire extinguisher to be used are as follows. In industries there is need to calculate
the fire load, accordingly water storage capacity, fire hydrant system, sprinkler
system, requirement of pumps to be provided. Fire NOC is also required to be
taken from authority.

Fire How to Fire Extinguisher

Fuel Type
Class Suppress Type

Freely
Water, ABC/powder, water,
Class A burning
Smothering water mist, foam
combustibles

Burning ABC/powder, CO2,

Class B Smothering
liquid or gas water mist, clean agent

Non-
ABC/powder, CO2,
Class C Electrical fire conductive
water mist, clean agent
chemicals

Dry powder
Class D Metallic fire Powder
agent

Cooking or Smothering, Wet chemical, water

Class K
grease fire wet chemical mist

Fire behavior can be characterized as the manner in which a fire reacts to the
interaction of fuel, properties of chemicals, Chemical reaction, Temperature,
pressure, Weather and topography.

The four main parameters used to describe fire behavior include:

• rate of spread,
• fire line intensity,
• flame length, and
• flame height.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
FERA required details of process, type of reactions (Exothermic / endothermic/
Run away reaction), MSDS of chemicals involved in the process and plant
structure, Preventive and protective measures, training, Nitrogen Inertisation etc.

Fire and explosion hazard assessment is the process of conducting hazard

assessments and ensuring all ignition, oxygen, and fuel sources are identified at
or adjacent to the proposed work site or industrial process.

An explosion risk assessment consists of a hazard identification of substances

and their explosion properties, area classification to identify where an explosion
hazard may occur and how often.

There are following stages to Carrying out the assessment:

• Identify & Evaluate the fire hazards.

• Remove / reduce the risks by engineering & administrative controls.
• Identify people at risk.
• Record your findings, prepare an emergency plan and provide training.
• Review and update the fire risk assessment regularly.

Always needs to emphasis on preventive measures then Protective measures.

************************************

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Environmental Risk Assessment

Environment is the basic requirement for survival and sustaining life on earth.
For all organizations, government, Environmental Protection is core philosophy,
is concerned with the protection, promotion and preservation of environment.

Environment refers to the surroundings or the habitat in which individuals,

animals or plants live. A clean and green environment is crucial for living a
healthy and peaceful life. The environment plays a huge role in the existence
of life on planet earth. The continued exploitation of natural resources has led
to a major imbalance in the environment. We have to limit the consumption of
natural resources and should try to be dependent on renewable resources if
we want to save the earth. Conservation of natural resources like trees and
water leads to a pollution-free environment. We should stop using plastic or
poly bags and be dependent on eco-friendlier product to save the
environment.

Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment

by individuals, groups and governments. Its objectives are to conserve natural
resources and the existing natural environment and, where possible, to repair
damage and reverse trends.

Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) is a process for estimating the likelihood

or probability of an adverse outcome or event due to pressures or changes in
environmental conditions resulting from human activities.

ERA differs from EIA by focusing first on environmental conditions, then on the
factors causing changes to these conditions. EIA generally focuses on a specific
project and the nature of its impacts on the environment.

In ERA and EIA five “Rs” are important: Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Rot (Kitchen
wastes), Recycle. Carrying out an ERA involves six steps:

a. problem identification;
b. hazard characterization;
c. exposure characterization;
d. risk characterization;
e. documenting the assessment and implementing precautions; and
f. monitoring at regular intervals. Sustainable Living Alternatives

ERA and EIA depends on the Occurrence Probability, Frequency of Detection and
Nature of Consequences. To arrive at the possibility of impact of our activities on
the Environment, requires proper technical and scientific assessment and
appropriate control measure must be planned to protect environment.

*************************************

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Chemical Storage and Bulk Storage Safety

The safe storage of hazardous chemicals is an essential part of laboratory safety,

plant safety, warehouse safety. Chemical storage is complex. There are
regulations to store the chemicals depending upon their characteristics. The
general concept is to prevent chemicals from causing harm to people, property,
other chemicals, or the environment.

In order to fully understand the hazards associated with stored chemicals, we

first need to know what chemicals are being stored. Safe storage begins with an
up-to-date inventory of chemicals and knowledge of the hazards posed by each
chemical

General Storage Requirements

• All chemicals must be stored in a safe, secure location.

• Shelves should be level, stable, and secured to the wall or another stable
• Store chemicals away from direct sunlight, sources of heat, and egress
pathways
• Hazardous chemicals must be stored at designated locations only.
• Do not store chemicals on the floor, window ledges, or balconies.
• Keep containers closed unless you are dispensing a chemical or adding to the
container.
• Provide secondary containment for liquids whenever possible.
• Ensure proper hazard label on containers, and be sure MOC (Material Of
Construction) of container, tanks, carboys are compatible with the chemical
• Cold rooms, refrigerators, and freezers have additional requirements,
particularly for flammables.

Chemical Segregation

Chemicals should always be segregated according to their specific hazard(s) to

prevent unintended reactions. Begin by categorizing and separating chemicals by
the following categories.
• Pyrophoric, Water reactive, Flammables, Corrosives, Oxidizers, Toxics
• Explosives, Compressed gases, Cryogens

As a general rule, chemicals need to be physically segregated from incompatible

chemicals; some key requirements are listed below.

• Store flammable liquids in approved safety containers in . Do not store

anything but flammable or combustible liquids in these
• Segregate acids from
• Keep oxidizers away from flammables and combustibles.
• Keep corrosives away from substances that they may react with and
release corrosive, toxic, or flammable vapors
• Do not store chemicals alphabetically unless they are compatible.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Bulk storage of Flammable & Explosive chemicals

Bulk storage terminology is used when the chemicals are stored in the tanks.
Following safety measures are necessary to ensure to avoid any eventuality.

a. Appropriate MOC w.r.t. chemical properties (i.e. SS, MS, PP/FRP, HDPE,
Rubber lines, etc.).
b. Design it for pressure / vacuum depending on the properties and storage
conditions.
c. Provision of level Indicator. (in the flied and parallel to control room).
d. Provide breather valve with Nitrogen purging for flammable chemicals.
Otherwise normal breather valve to avoid Explosion or Implosion.
e. Make provision of Hi level and HI-Hi level audio visual alarm. At Hi-Hi level
pump shall stop to avoid overflow from tank. It shall be rest by authorized
person only.
f. Provide proper loading / unloading station with leakage collection system.
g. Loading unloading operation shall be carried out by trained and authorized
person only.
h. Provide Bund wall / Dyke. Dyke should be at least 110% of the storage
capacity of the tank
i. Provide proper scrubber with scrubbing media to control the gaseous
emissions
j. All electrical installation shall be in line with the requirements of chemical
properties.
k. Make provision for Earthing / grounding and check its continuity regularly.
l. Provide cooling facility for low boiling point chemicals. Provide cryogenic
cooling system for the storage of Ammonia, LPG, Nitrogen and such gases.
m. Make provision of %LEL sensor or specific gas sensor to know the leakage of
the gas from storage tank with audio visual alarm.
n. Provide fire hydrant system and automatic sprinkler system.
o. Provide fence surrounding to tanks as directed by authority
p. Declare the area as “Restricted Entry” with CCTV camera, security guards.
q. Provide emergency gate at other side of the tank farm.
r. Tank farm shall be made Part of Preventive Maintenance Program.
s. Cautionary notices and instructions regarding fire, explosion, health hazard,'
unsafe practices, symbols and colour used on labels.
t. Prohibition of smoking and source of ignition. Notice necessary.
u. Hazard Label, NFPA Diamond to be displayed on the storage tank, Drums,
Carboys, Bags.

**************************************

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________